Historical aspects of the development of the transport system of Russia. Transport system - what is it? Development of the transport system of Russia Prospects for the development of the road transport infrastructure
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ESSAY
on the topic: "Development of transport in Moscow"
Entry
1. Development of land transport in the XII-XVII centuries.
2. The first type of public transport - vіznitski vіzki
3. Folding rake transport
4. Bus and trolley bus lines near the capital
5. Moscow - the head railway station of the country
6. Development of the Moscow taxi
7. Moscow Metro
Visnovok
List of victorious literature
Entry
Moscow is dear to all people as the capital, the largest center of industry, culture and science. The life of such a great modern place cannot be seen without massive passenger transport. Tsіkavo, how did the transport of the capital develop? What did Muscovites wear, for example, in the XII century. It is a pity that this topic has been little studied by the historians. Most of the descriptions of transport can be learned from the works of classical writers.
We know about the development of transport in Moscow in the XII-XVII centuries from the lectures of Academician V.A. Obraztsova. On the other hand, Moscow is located in the arch of the city, in the very center of the waterway of the highway, which links the Dnipro, the Volga, the Oka and the Klyazma among themselves. Words settled in rivers and rivers. "The most recent light ducts - plows can easily be dragged in the Moscow region by dragging: from the tide of the Dnieper - Vyazmi to Vazuzi - the tide of the Volga, from the tide of the Volga - Lami to the river Moscow near the lower Volokolamsk, and the stars - to the Oka" and so on.
Naturally, the waterways of success were the main and inspire the only type of transport accessibility of Moscow with the usma state princedoms. On Moskvі-rіtsі panuvalno povvavlennya, її vodi plowing various ships with goods and food.
"Land relief was paid only for a fee, - academician Zraztsov writes, - if the rivers and swamps froze"
1. Development of land transport in XII-XVIIArt.
transport russia passenger car subterranean
Land Rukh buv vlashtovany filthy, unhandy. Moscow streets were not wider than 6-10 meters, at the central parts of the place, railings (gat) were laid. There were places across the rivers, but most often they were ford (Krimskiy brіd, Cow brіd toshcho). The first, abiyak zbiti zbiti tree bridges served as entrances to the Kremlin.
The planning of the streets of Moscow was of a radial-kiltsev type, with which all the oval tracts converged with radii to the center of the city and were forgotten along the sides.
"The cross-sectional development of the walls of the city streets - concentric trio of walls of the walls: the Kremlin with Kitay-Gorod, the walls of the White City and the walls of the Earthen City."
The history of the development of Moscow explains the rich side of the territorial structure and the current territorial organization, the originality of the internal planning and forgetfulness.
From the monasteries, evoked by the XIII-XIV centuries to the center of the city, to the Kremlin, roads led, which changed into the important streets of the city of Moscow. Golovni vulitsis formed behind the main trade routes that connected Moscow with the largest Russian cities of that hour: Volodymyr, Tver, Novgorod, Smolensk and other cities. ; Ryazanskaya - on pіvdenniy skhіd, through the yak Moscow took off at that hour a part of the bread; Volodymyrska - on the way; Pereyaslavsk (and farther to Rostov the Great and Yaroslavl) - to the pіvnіchniy skhіd; Dmitrivska at pivnich; Tverska and Rzhevska - to the pіvnіchny stop; Smolensk (Mozhaisk) - on the way; Kaluzka - on the pіvdenny zakhіd. These roads gave Moscow a radial structure, and then became the main Moscow highways.
For the tracts of the royal passages, the roads were straightened, the sidewalks were built from boards. Bridges near Moscow began to appear in the middle of the 17th century. In 1646, roci in the city already had 4.6 km of broken logs and boardwalks.
Decree on December 28, 1681, put in place a new rule for coronation by crews to different stations. “To whom and if you ride in carriages, sleighs and tops. Boyars, okolnichim and Duma people in vlіtka - at the carriages, collection at the sleigh on 2 horses. The boyars at the holy carriages and sleighs on 4 horses, and on the oars - on 6 horses. Sleepers, clerks, cooks and noblemen cannot be charged on one horse, on horseback, on two horses and in carriages.”
Petro having put power on horse-drawn roads, punishing him to follow the “promising road”. The smuga for the road was 50 sazhens, which is about 106 meters. In 1704, a decree was issued: at the Kremlin and Kitai-mist, stone houses will be built and the streets and provulkiv will be rebuilt. And in 1705 it was punished to pave Moscow streets with a stone. "Everyone came to Moscow to bring 3 stones" In 1730, along the great streets, it was ordered to put 10 sazhens one type of one on the stovpah likhtar zkla.
2. The first type of public transport - vіznitski vіzki
To change the place with chovnami, at the vіzkah, the inhabitants of Moscow started long ago, may be filled in the place in an hour. More residents with more affordable way to transfer. But Moscow grew and grew. Її already it was impossible, not hastening to pass for a year-and-a-half. The axis of the same vinyl is a hot need for the needs of the transfer of the bulk of the koristuvannya.
The first type of public transport in Moscow was the carriage. The vizniki appeared at the beginning of the 17th century. At Moscow, peasants were vagrants, for the winter they came to the place of delivery. Sani and horses were the authority of these villagers. Most of the vizniks turned back to the village, and the town was left with less than a fifth of a part. Professional workers showed up more than 100 years ago. The stench is already small special carriages, handy for travelling, and you can carry a low-sleigh sleigh.
There are no simple rules for the movement: drive, turn and walk along the street vdozh i across, right and left sides, be it any kind of swedishness.
In the 19th century, the vizniki were divided into draymen, who victoriously transported, reckless - vlasniks of the best horses and command crews, as well as those who found it - "vanek", the villagers themselves. Until the end of the 19th century, there were already thousands of sprats. Ale stinks already could not solve all the problems of transporting Muscovites. A new type of transport is needed - a simple one and a cheap one. Adzha is not a skin Muscovite in a moment to pay a hryvnia to the banker.
3. Folding rake transport
They knew about the creation of rake transport - cinema-airways. This type of Russian transport is represented by a trailer, which, rolling along smooth rails, is pulled by two kinms. The horse-drawn carriage was double-topped, the upper part was vіdkrita (imperial). In front of the steep slopes (in the area of Trubnaya Square, the belly of the Tagansky hillock and in) a couple of other horses were harnessed (a postilion was guarding them). The first project of the Moscow Konka was built in 1862. In 1872, before the opening of the Polytechnic Exhibition, the Konka line was arranged from the current Belorussky railway station to the current Historical Museum. In 1875, the First Association of Cinema-Zaliznits was created in Moscow, in 1885 - the Belgian "Leading Association of Cinema-Zaliznits", yakі laid lines of Kіntsі along Boulevard Kіltsyu, along Sadovoi Kіltsyu and from the center to the outskirts ). “In 1900, the length of the horse-drawn tram was about 90 kilometers. The number of carriages is 241. In 1894-1896, Konka transported 47.5 million passengers”
The unparalleled advantages of Konka were tied up with the workers: at the trailer it was paid 10 times more for the people, the cost of travel was reduced by a factor of 1.
Ale, there were shortfalls near the transport transport: the speed of transferring trailers on Konka did not increase the speed of travel.
“It looked especially original from Trubnaya Square to Stritenka: up to 2 horses they added 4 more - in a train, in pairs. A boy sat on the skin of them. The tuple is broken. The coachman kicks the horses with a blow of the batog, the lad helps, the guides ring without interruption, the horse rush up the mountain, and bida, as if on the way to lean on the pishohid or the vіznik. Konk will have a zupinity, and even then it’s important to fix a cool day. Horse-drawn horse is adequately able to succumb and start to start on the back.”
Reiki Konki covered the whole place. For example, in the 19th century, the city's Duma started discussing the matter of replacing Konka with electric trams.
In 1895, there was a change in electric traction from one of the horse-drawn carriages - from Strasnoy (nine Pushkinskaya) square to Petrovsky Park - and in 1899, on April 6, the tram began to run on the new one. From that hour, this mode of transport began to develop rapidly. In 1913, the tram was carrying more than 250 million passengers. The trams were collapsing regularly (average operating speed is about 11 km/year; 1979 - 16 km/year).
Newspapers wrote that 20 people could fit in the middle of the car, and on the maidanchiks 18: 8 - in the front and 10 - in the back. The greatest speed of traffic is 35 versts per year.
“Two of the many tram routes previously had a small letter designation: “A” and “B”. Muscovites lagidly called them "anushka" and "insect".
The tram became the only means of mass internal transportation. The tram line covered the territory of the city unevenly: on the outskirts of the tram line, a lot of kilometers crossed each other, and in the center, where the radial exchanges converged, having become a right labyrinth of tram tracks. Naslіdki not zabarilis - at the center began vikati congestion.
In Denmark, the length of a single operational tram line will be 433 km. Zagalna dozhina tram routes - 840 km. Approximately 890 trams operate on the line (in 1994 there were 620 trams). The stench is transported for 1480 thousand passengers. From the development of the tram line, there were the Miussky (1903 year, on the basis of the Konki park), Presnensky, Novosokolnitsky, Ryazansky, Zolotorizsky, Zamoskvoretsky and Uvarovsky tram parks.
4. Bus and trolley bus lines near the capital
The first bus route near Moscow opened on 8 April 1924. vin pov'yazuvav Kalanchevskaya (ninі Komsomolsk) square with the Belarusian railway station. The first bus is described as follows: “a small red color ...” At that time, there were more bus routes (79 cars). The total length of the route became 82 km in 1924, 985 km in 1940, and 2753 km in 1970. The length of bus lines near the city is 4812 km. There are 3905 cars on the line. Near the rivers, buses transport an average of 36 million people.
Among ground types of transport, the bus eliminates persistence. On a new landing, it is close to a third of the obligation for internal passenger transportation. Bus routes are most often laid to deliver people to the nearest metro station.
At various times, in order to increase the transport capacity of buses, there was a practice of using two-top buses in a raised area, buses from separate sections. In the rest of the world, the most modern buses and large cities, with separate sections, especially attract Muscovites, as they are used as a mode of transport. Some of the buses operate as express.
Ale mi still not maєmo bus trains, as in the places of Belgium, Switzerland, Holland, Nіmechchini and Poland, shards of vikoristannya similar trains vimagає and creation of special smugs for bus traffic on highways.
The first trolleybus arrived in Moscow on the 7th leaf fall, 1933. The yogo line ran from the Belorussky railway station to the Leningrad highway to the Okruzhnaya zaliznitsa. The entire fleet of cars is also composed of two trolleybuses. Until 1940, the length of the trolleybus line grew up to 200 km, in 1970 - up to 776 km. In 1995, 1,700,000 passengers were not serviced by trolleybuses, and 1,380 trolleybuses were operated on 1,764 km of Moscow streets.
The trolleybus, which transports 19% of passengers, is the only transport to the center of Moscow, especially the city center, with wide and straight avenues from the city center. Although the number of trolleybus routes near Moscow is growing, since the 80s, a handful of passenger trolleybuses are shortening, and the comfort of travel is declining at the link. At that hour, as if beyond the cordon, interest to the trolleybus stations at the places is growing.
5. Moscow - the head railway station of the country
After the Crimean War (1853-1856), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Prosperity changed their ways, which would be necessary for the springs. The treasurer did not have a penny, and all hopes relied on the private reception of that ovnish positions.
Fashionable economist Engel pidrakhuvav, scho vygoda in the exploitation of the salaries to become 24% of their investments pennies. The capitalists Polyakova, Gladilina, Struve, Gubonina, Shipov and others voted for a 24% surplus. The structure of the productive forces has been shaped directly into life. Moscow has become one of the main centers of this life. Until the end of 1870 from Moscow, there were signs of offensive lines:
Moscow - Volodymyr Cherven 1861 177 versts
Moscow - Kolomna Lipen 1862 117 versts
Moscow - Sergiev Posad serpen 1862 66.1 versti
Moscow - Serpukhov leaf fall 1866 92 versti
Moscow - Smolensk Veresen 1870 392 versts
Moscow has become the leading hub of the country. The radial railroads of the significant world have inherited the straight lines of the ancient laying of unpaved roads.
Ale, the old roads might not call for pidyomi that slopes, but the transverse roads might have a smooth relief. Therefore, the railway stations and roads were not in the center of the city, but vicorist below the city, on the pivnіch vіd ny (Rizky and Savelіvskiy vokzal), on the pіvnіchniy skhіd (Leningradskiy, Yaroslavl, Kazanskiy railway stations on Komsomolskіy - kolishnіy Kalanchevskiy), railway station ). ) and to the next exit (Paveletsky railway station). In the middle of the garden ring, the road from the railway lines did not enter, all the stations are located between the borders of the huge Earthen Mist. Like the main dirt roads, and then the highways went to the center of the town, to Sadovoye Kilts, then the outpost center of accommodation on the exit from the New - tse Komsomolskaya Square and roztashovana not far from the Kursk railway station. Chotiri stations on tsikh two squares skip the main part of the primisky trains and the trains of the distant direct line. At the exit from the Sadovoe Kilts, the Belarusian and Kiev railway stations were called, from which not only the extras and domestic Russian long-distance drafts enter, but also a lot of trains to the Ukrainian countries of Europe.
The first trial flight of the train from Moscow to the station Troitsko-Ramenskoe happened at the beginning of 1862. Potyag warehouses from 2 wagons. The train took the fate of 30 people.
In the same fate, a train arrived from Moscow to Kolomna. So it was declared the success of the mission. In 1928, the first electric trains appeared on the coastal lines.
Today, the Moscow railroad may have 9 railway stations in its order in Moscow. Zagalna dovzhina zaliznytsya crossed 500 km. At the rivers, over 830 million people are huddled as servants, including 730 million on the primisky straight lines.
6. Development of the Moscow taxi
On the 2nd of spring 1907, the Moscow newspapers published a slander: “Vchora the first visitor in a car appeared at Moscow. Tax for profit”. So viniklo first Moscow taxi. Another date in the history of the capital's taxis is 21 March 1925, when 16 cars of the French company "Reno" and the Italian company "Fiat" went on their first flight from a small garage located in Georgievsky Provulka. From 1932 the Gaz-A cars were won, from 1936 - the M-1 ("Capacity") cars and the fronts of the lower fixed-route taxis (on Sadovoye Kil'tsy) 7-speed cars ZIS-101. In the war years (until 1958), as a taxi, the ZIS-110 car was often won. In 1946-60, the main vehicle of the Moscow taxi parks was the Peremoga bula (Gaz-20). Since 1960, passengers have been serving the Volga cars (Gaz-21). In 1971-1973, the models Gaz-24-01 and Gaz-24-04 came to be replaced. Rukhomiy warehouse of Moscow taxis is constantly growing. In 1995, 400 Moskvich Taxi cars arrived at the taxi parks. In 1996, there were 750 more cars. The firm TOV "Avtoline" is developing, on 150 routes victorious 800 minibuses "Raf". The route network covers the districts of the capital, there is insufficient provision of trolleybus and bus transport.
Prote, bus, tram, trolleybus and taxis gave more than a few times a day to the transport problem. That was praised for the decision about arranging the first metro in Moscow.
7. Moscow Metro
Moscow Metro. The word "metropolitan" was used to designate the back streets, which were laid along flyovers above the streets, or in the tunnels under them, the airways, which were only in great places ("metropolitan" means metropolitan).
The first of the first projects of the Moscow metro was eskіzno razrobleniya y 1901 roci. In 1902, the engineer P.I. Having proposed the project to Balinsky, it was not enough to connect the Zamoskvorechye metro station with the Tverskoy Zastava (the bottom of the Belorussky railway station) with an underground line, and it was planned to launch a flyover through Chervona Square and Pushkinskaya Square. Before the First Light War (1914-1918) there were other projects. In 1922, the city of Radyanskaya Vlad's city was destroyed. In 1925, the project of the so-called M'yasnitsky radius was broken up, but not satisfied with the needs of Muscovites in transport and without acceptance. Through an unacceptable mind, the propositions of some foreign companies were exhaled.
The planning of the first metro lines near Moscow was more complicated than the geography of the place. It was necessary to lay them out in such a way, so that you could get together with yourself the place of the greatest gravity of the city dwellers - stations, the greatest industries of business, the zone of mass recovery. In case of any waking strains, it took about 10 km more than a spurt. underground roads for 5 years.
The first line of the metro ran between the two largest parks of the city, Sokolnitsky and the Park of Culture, passing through Komsomolskaya Square, three railway stations and the center of the city. The length of the line її 13 stations became 11.6 km, the average transportation was 177 thousand passengers.
A special road was laid to Smolenskaya Square, and without delay they continued to the Kiev railway station. Another black one has connected two more stations with the center - Belorussky and Kursky, the Central Air Terminal, the largest stadium "Dynamo". The third, completed at the rocky vіyni, is another station - Paveletsky, as well as the most important crafts complex on the pivdenny-shіdnіy outskirts of the city. All lines closed in the center, immediately weakening the tension of ground transport, which allowed the gradual introduction of tram tracks.
From the beginning of everyday life, the metro stations were created like a spacious - lengthy architectural complex of monumental spores of great suspense significance. The following architects took part in the design of metro stations: V.G. Gelfreikh, I.A. Fomin, A.V. Schusєv that іn., yakі pragnuli not only create the most comfortable mind for passengers, but also give the skin station an individual architectural look. Urochist, major in the mood of the mystetsky metro complexes are embellished with statues and reliefs, monumental and decorative compositions (painting, mosaic, stained glass). Pіdbіr іznіh oblitsyuvalnyh mateіlіy utvorіє rich koloristicheski din at once. Under the hour of lining the metro station, it was over 20 sightings of marmur from various genera in the Urals, Altai, Central Asia, the Caucasus, Ukraine and other. Also vikoristan labradorite, granite, porphyte, rhodonite, onix and other materials.
At a time, the Moscow metro borrows 5 months per area and 1 month per number of passengers in the world. Nearly 9 million people go down near the subway every day. Today, the length of the metro line was 255.7 km with 9 railway stations and 150 stations and 4143 carriages.
Visnovok
Regardless of the greatness of the country, stained by the current system of Moscow's transport system in Moscow, the transport problem of the place, as before, is far from being completely permitted. Obviously, at the same time, Moscow has not lost its place, from which it is impossible to make a peak in the year, from the deepest windings at the borders of the Moscow Ring Road it is possible for 15-20 hvilin to reach a metro station. But hour after hour the scale of the growing task changed, the consumption of people, and today Muscovites are rightly dissatisfied with the state of the city's transport.
Rivne of transport services to the population is supported by the present day helpers.
First, the territory of the city grew strongly. While at the towns of Novobudov, routes for ground transport are being laid, the installation of normal connections is delayed for ten years before the laying of the metro line.
The metro has also lost the halo of modern, nadiy and swedish transport. Passengers have to spend a lot of time on the trip. Subway cars are re-vantage. Trying to change the delay due to the increased frequency of their traffic led to the re-tuning of the lines, some failures in the schedule of the traffic. It's a pity that parts of the subway train have become near the tunnel.
Thirdly, the orientation of land transport only on the delivery of people to the nearest metro stations has led to the fact that it is practical to use chord transport links to build between the dovkolishnim outskirts of Moscow.
List of victorious literature
1. All roads lead to Moscow. M., 1971
2. Until 850, the foundation of Moscow. M., 1996
3. Moscow transport at the development plan of Moscow. M.: "Knowledge", 1973
4. Transport of Moscow. History and the present. M., 1973
5. Transport of the state Rad. Edited by Professor I.V. Belova. M., 1987
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Actuality of those studies. The most important elements of the social infrastructure of the megalopolis need transport. The city of passenger transport is one of the corners of the life safety of the place, which can function like a robot of the government complex, and so is the way of life of the population. For the rest of the years of the social and economic crisis, the work of the Moscow passenger transport (DPT) was marked, the result of which was a change in the financing of the galley, a decrease in the volume of passenger transportation, and a shortened warehouse. All this has led to the fact that the development of DPT is exactly the same as the needs of the population in transfers, which reflects the social and economic problems that have a negative impact on the work of other bells and whistles of the economy of the place.
The largest supply of transport transfers is formed in the places of the population of over 1 million people. In Denmark, the 13th city of Russia may have a population of over 1 million people. Z yakі at the places of Russia 107.3 mln. chol. (73% of the total population), about 60% are regularly served by Russian passenger transport1.
Most of the largest places are especially acutely affected by transport problems. Функціонування пасажирського транспорту багато в чому визначає соціально-економічний потенціал мегаполісу і через фактор транспортної доступності впливає формування цін на ринку нерухомості, сприяє підвищенню економічної активності, тому формування системи міського замовлення на транспортне обслуговування населення є одним із пріоритетних завдань управління міських адміністрацій.
At the present time, about 8200.6 billion passengers are transported by public transport in Moscow on the river, 89% of which are the main types of public transport.
1 Transport in Russia: Statistical collection. - M., 2005. - P. 12. 3 metro - 29.6%, bus - 24%, tram - 20.8%), trolley bus -15.1%>). Light vehicles transport 10% of the total number of passengers. An insignificant part of the transportation (about 1%) is carried out by railway transport at the borders of the city.
With the rapid expansion of social transportation by land transport, passengers are entitled to free and cheap travel, commercial bus transportation is actively developing, which satisfies the population’s level of transport services at a lower level. The city has 544 bus routes, 85 trolleybuses, 38 trams, serving 7700 od. 871 routes are operated by commercial carriers; alone.
However, the problems of passenger transport are far from their effective solution. The reasons that were struck by the spectators are still unsearchable. Before them follow:
1. investigating between the development of the passenger transport system and the potential needs of the population in transportation; increase in the quality of transport services (increase in the capacity of a dry warehouse, increase in the intervals for land transport up to 15-20 minutes at the “peak” year, spend an hour on labor transferring 60% of the population of the place reach 2.5-3 years, replacing the normative 80-90 days , what causes the meaning of transport to that);
2. the inconvenience of the work of various types of transport for safe passenger transportation;
3. the lack of material and technical base, the above-standard depreciation of the dry warehouse, insufficient transportation and throughput capacity of passenger transport (nine significant part of the dry warehouse was used up by its resource: 47% of tram cars may have a term of service over 10 rokіv; 40% of bus services
1 Transport in Russia: Statistical collection. - M., 2005. - S. 10. 4 to 10 years; 46% of subway cars have a term of service for over 20 years; 57% of the bus fleet may have the term of operation over 6 years. Through the marriage of budgetary finance, the purchase of a new dry warehouse is not allowed to replace the old fleet of transport facilities);
4. subsidization of the city's passenger transport (with the additional collection of fares, less than 55% of the air traffic is covered), insufficient budgetary funding to cover shortfalls in the transportation of passenger categories of passengers.
In this way, the problem in full swing and its okremі її aspects create the instability of the social mood of the meshkans in the metropolis, reduce the rhythm of yoga life.
The transport system of the metropolis is one of the most important subsystems of the social infrastructure, and the management of the development of the whole world is to designate the top strategic tasks of Moscow. Balancing that harmonious development of the place is less possible for the maximum efficiency of the labor potential. For the achievement of the well-being of social groups, it is necessary to advance the development of passenger transport.
Officials who designate vimogi to the passenger transport of Moscow, є:
social benefits of the population;
Compensation of the territorial expansion between the virobnichiy territory and residential quarters of the capital's districts;
Significant work flow and the population from the frontier; transit flow of passengers through the city;
Active living life on the periphery of the city;
The expansion of the scale of the enterprises of the place is planned.
Wash away the transport service, which is also one of the indicators of the quality of life, which injects into it trivality. For the solution of the transport problems of Moscow, the activities of the administrative bodies, the establishment of organizations for the development and implementation of the transport policy, are of particular importance. For the sake of economics, think about what has been accumulated, to achieve the greatest possible security of the needs of the population in passenger transportation, directing them towards the achievement of a stable functioning of the DPT, yoga safety and efficiency.
Steps of scientific variability of the problem. Building the social infrastructure of the place has a long tradition. M. Weber, E. Durkheim, G. Zimmel, looking at the economic, social and psychological problems of the growth of the city, analyzed the demographic aspects and the moral health of the townspeople1.
A serious contribution to the analysis of the problems of social infrastructure was made by the sociologists of the country. Various aspects of the impact of material and speech elements on the effectiveness of various social groups of the population were analyzed by the robots of the students, who deal with the problems of social planning, management and forecasting: V.G. A. A. Burtnієks, N.A. Denisov, V.M. Kovalov, L.A. Kovalenko, L.N. I. .Lapina, V.S.Lukina, G.I.Osadchoi, Zh.T.Toshchenko, S.F.Frolova, O.V.Yuferova.2
At the same time, the structuring of the social infrastructure of the place is full of many undeveloped aspects, among which there are
1 Weber M. Growing up in the 19th century. - St. Petersburg, 1903; Zimmel G. Great places and spiritual life // Great places, their significant, political and economic significance. - St. Petersburg, 1905.
2 Afanasiev V.G. Suspіlstvo: sistemnіst, pіznannya і adminіnnya. - M., 1981; Bestuzhev-Lada I.V. Forecasting of social innovations. - M., 1993; Bestuzhev-Lada I.V. Social forecasting: Course of lectures. - M., 2001; Burtnieks A.A. Planning of social infrastructure - Riga, 1983; Denisov N.A. Social infrastructure of Russia: camp, problems and ways of development. - M., 1988; Kovalyov V.M. Sociology of social sphere management. - M., 2003; Kovalenko L.O. Planning the social infrastructure of the region (on the materials of the Murmansk region). - L., 1989; Kostinsky A.V. Planning for a comprehensive development of the social infrastructure of the regions - Kiev, 1989; Kuksanova N.V. Socially-pobutova infrastructure of Siberia. - Novosibirsk, 1993; Kurakov V.A. Resource security of the social sphere. - M., 1999; Kurakov V.L. Strategic planning for the development of the social sphere: methodology and concept of improving the performance of structural warehouses. - St. Petersburg, 2002; Lapin N.I. Theory and practice of social planning-M., 1975; Lukin B.C. Regional planning of social infrastructure - M., 1986; Osadcha G.I. Sociology of the social sphere. - M., 1999; Osadcha G.I. Social sphere of welfare: theory and methodology of sociological analysis. - M., 1996; Toshchenko Zh.T.Social infrastructure sustainability and development paths. - M: Dumka, 1980; Yuferov O.V. p align="justify"> Social infrastructure planning: sociological approach. -M, 1990. Weak system of management, in the case of Moscow passenger transport.
The transport system, as a way to improve the space, that most important type of social infrastructure of the place has not yet taken away the overhead visibility.
The economy of the transport system occupies more space, and the role of sustained implementation is shown in the works of K. Marx, V. Eucken, J. M. Keynes1. For the rest of the hour, the problems of the transport infrastructure find their place in the special literature and periodic publications, the robots of other practitioners (F.F. Rybakov, O.S. Belokrylova and others.), de priority of advice to technical aspects.
The promotion of the spacious aspect of social systems was the subject of respect for the deacons of the pastoral and foreign contributors. The connection between the economy, history and geographical space can be learned from various scientists of the 19th - 20th centuries. in a wide range from Friedrich List (“autarchy of the great expanses”) to Fernand Braudel (“world-economy”) and Immanuel Wallerstein (“light-systemic mind”)3. Russian sociologists and the economy of the past - M.I. Tugan-Baranovsky, V.I. Lenin, N.D. Kondratiev4, contemporary Russian scholars - A.A. Ilarionov, V.A. Osipov, Yu.M. Osipov and in5.; famous zakordonnі vchenі - M. Weber,
1 Marx K. Capital// Marx K., Engels F. Op. 2nd view. T.23-25; Oyken U. Fundamentals of national economy.-M.: Economics, 1996; Keynes J. M. The global theory of employment, a hundred and a penny / / Anthology of economic classics. T. 2. - M., 1993.
2Ribakiv F.F. Pivnіchny Zakhіd Rosії: problems of social and economic development // Economic science: problems of theory and methodology. St. Petersburg, 2002; Bilokrylova O.S. Theory of transitional economy. Rostov-on-Don; "Phoenix", 2002.
3 List F. Das National System der Politiscen Okoromie - Bruges.1968; Brodel F Material civilization, economy and capitalism. XV - XVIII Art. At 3 T. - M: Progress, 1982-1992; Vaiperstein I. The End of the Known World: Sociology of the 21st Century. - M: Logos, 2003.
4 Lenin V.I. Development of capitalism in Russia / Zіbr. Op. v.3; Vіn the same Imperialism as the naïve stage of capitalism// Poli. Zibr. Op. v. 16; Kondratiev N.D. Selected create M.: Economics, 1993; Tugan-Baranovsky M.I. Periodic industrial crisis. History of the English crisis. The hot theory of the crisis. – M, 1923.
5 Osipov Yu.M. Hour of Philosophy of the State. M.: Economy, 2003; Osipov Yu.M. Theory of government.-M., 1998.
F. Hayek, R. Coase et al. Pratsy knew about the methodological problems of the spatial development of social and economic systems, okremі nutriment їх structural organіzії stovno minds of the market and other ways of organizing the state life.
Actual problems of the development of local open space systems were examined on the robots of V.A. Chulanova, O.V. Bondarenko and in.
The problems of the city and urbanization began to look at the beginning of the 20th century in the sciences of the country. So, N.P. Antsiferov propagated a complex pidkhid to recognize the place as a single social organism. The food planning and development of the city was handled by J1.A. Velikhov, E.O. Kabo, N.A. Mіlyutin, V. Міхєєв, М.А. Okhitovich, S.T. Strumilin, D.S. Samoilov et al. The most active sociological sciences in the country were actively involved in the problems of scheduling the authorities between the city and the village, the comprehensive planning of the economic and social development of the city (N.A., Zh.T. Toshchenko, O.I. Shkaratan and іn.). The most promising and necessary for the development of the sociology of the locality is to pursue a complex and systemic approach to the process of urbanization and the problems of the locality (N.A. Aitov, A.S. Akhlezer, A.V. Dmitriev, L.A. Zelenov, V.M. Zuev, F.S. Fayzullin, O.N. Yanitsky and others). The development of social problems is associated with work, which reveals the mind and factor of the human way of life, the characteristics of the level of satisfaction with the needs and interests, change in the everyday activity of the townspeople (M. Bokiy, L. Shapiro, Yu. Kirillov; T.M. Karakhanova, A.A. Neshchadin, N.I. Gorin, V.D. Patrushev, V.V. Khmelov)4.
1 Weber M. Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism. - Ivano-Frankivsk: Ist-V'yu, 2002; Hayek F. Knowledge, competition, freedom. St. Petersburg: Pnevma, 1999; Hayek F. Self-indulgent. - M: Novini, 1992.
2 Chulanov V.A., Bondarenko O.V. and іn Sociology and ecology of the locality and locality. - Rostov n / D .: publishing house "Pegasus", 1997; Chulanov V.A., Kaminin I.I. that in. Problems of modern life (lectures on sociology). - Rostov n / D .: view of RDTTU, 1996;
3 Div: Antsiferov N.P. Ways to create a place as a social organism Dosvid of a complex approach, - L., 1926.
4 Bokiy M., Shapiro L., Kirilov Yu. Experience in the locality for the locality - Obnіnsk, 2002; Dmitriev A.V. SRSR
USA: social development in localities (Dosvіd porivnyalnogo analіzu). - L., 1981; Zeleny J1.A. Sociology of the place - M., 2000; The way of life of city dwellers in objective and subjective displays / Vidp. ed.
T.M. Karakhanova. - M., 2002; A. Neshchadin, N. Gorin The phenomenon of the place: social and economic analysis. eight
The place is the social center of supremacy, which embraces all stages of human life. The very place, taken in a flash, to become the material basis for the development of specialty. If one spends a singing hour on a person’s labor and less at a common place – in the middle from 18 to 60 years, then the place of servants of all life is from a canopy house to the treasury2.
Comprehensive and systemic approaches have won great popularity among sociologists, based on the possibility, they hope, of the most wide understanding and profound recognition of the essence of social phenomena. However, the declaration of the names of approaches does not guarantee their presence in the researched ones. Such a small amount of money was avenged by rich robots to achieve a place, a social planning, a way of life of the human population. Some of them were not insured with an objective mind for functioning as a place, and as a social infrastructure. The main respect was given to the kіlkіsnym pokazniks of the city development, which became the basis for shaping the way of life of the townspeople. At the stage of development, there is a noteworthy tendency to reveal the role of the "human" official. Zocrema, within the framework of the concept of social planning, there are those who want to move from normative planning to “required-prognostic”, if the life of the objects of social infrastructure is planned not from abstract norms, but from the direct needs of the Russian and cultural population, the cultural -historical minds
Actual concepts at the borders of sociology of the place turn to terminology, without intermediary with the way of life: "the quality of the middle ground", "the ribs of life", "the style of life".
M., 2001; Patrushev V.D. Life of a city dweller - M., 2001; Patrushev V., Karakhanova T., Kushnarova O. Hour of Meshkants in Moscow and the Moscow Region // SOTSIS. - 1992. - No. 6; Faizulin F. Sociological problems of the locality. - Saratov, 1981; Yanitsky O. Urbanization and social resistance to capitalism. - M., 1975; Khmelyev V.V. Reference guidelines for the social institution of service for the minds of Russian society. - M., 1999.
1st Div: Toshchenko Zh.T. Social infrastructure: the day and the way to development, - M., 1980.-S.65.
2 Div: Aitov N.A. Problems of planning the social development of the city, - M., 1971.-p.35. 9
In this way, on the basis of the two directly in the sociological science - sociology of the place and the sociology of the way of life - a middle ground was formed that combined the virishennu nutrition of the interdependence of the social infrastructure of the place and the way of life of the city dwellers.
Prote problem spіvvіdnoshnja needs of the townspeople and the social infrastructure of the place become overwhelmed. The event will require reciprocal connections between such phenomena as a way of life of the city's population and will become the social infrastructure of the city.
The 90 -TIR of the XX Tables on the basics of mutual Ekononiki has a half -ticking geopolitics - the tension of social sciences, in the subject of the pinge of the RIZNIST, the Obnini complex of the Pitannye, the Ekonomichny systems, the convictions of the ovytovyki, conflicts, conflicts. O.Dugin, A.I. Neklessa and in),1 yakі, so chi іnakshe, torkayutsya and problems of transport infrastructure. Before this class of problems can be seen the work of the problems of globalization: the transition to the post-industrial era (D. Bell, J. Gelbraith, V. Inozemtsev, M.L. Sastels, JI. .Faminsky, A. l
Fedotov, A. Shanin, G. Martin, A. Neklessa, V. Obolensky and others).
The space-hour positions of social actors, as if playing a memorable role and investing in the results of activity, urged to put the American sociologist E. Giddens at the center of sociological analysis. Given a proposition
1 Dugin A. Fundamentals of geopolitics. Geopolitical Future of Russia. Think Space. - M: "ARKTOGEYA-center", 2000; Neklesa A.I. Svіtova spіlnota: cartography of the post-modern world. -M., 2002.
2 Bell D. Future post-industrial industry. Dosvid social forecasting. - M: Academia, 1999; Castells M. Information epoch: economy, economy and culture. - M: GU VESH, 2000; Turow L. Future of capitalism. As today's economic forces make tomorrow's light. - Novosibirsk, 1999; Inozemtsiv V.L. Behind the borders of economic prosperity. M.: "Academia" - "Science", 1988; Faminskiy T. Economic globalization: basis, components, proofs, wikis for Russia // REZH.-2000. - No. 10; Fedotov A.G. Globalistics: the beginnings of science about the current world. - M., 2002; Shanin A.S. Localization as a product of globalization // Social and humanitarian knowledge. - 2003. - No. 3; Martin G.P., Schumann X. Western globalization: an attack on the prosperity of democracy. - M: Vidavnichy Dim "ALITINA", 2001; Neklesa A.I. Fourth Rome. Global vision and strategic planning in the last third of the XX century // Russian strategic research, vol. M., 2002; Obolensky V. Globalization of the light economy and Russia // Light economy and international weather. - 2001. - № 12. Sociology seems to be innovative and can be improved in the analysis of the social nature and characteristics of the transport system1. Due to the lack of viability of this problem, its scientific and practical significance, it becomes possible to become a matter of serious interest.
Vyshchevikladenі position zoomed in on those of dissertation completion, and also appointed yogo met that task.
Meta - development and analysis of the prospects for the development of the passenger transport system as the most important element of the social infrastructure of the city; development of recommendations for a thorough management of directing to satisfy the needs of the population in transport services.
To carry out an analysis of that study of the main current approaches to the establishment of the social infrastructure of the city, to see the specifics of the sociological approach to the achievement of the city's infrastructure;
Analyze the role of public passenger transport in the life of a safe place;
To analyze the prospects for the development of services to the market of transport services to the population;
To analyze the significance for passengers of the living indicators of transport services;
Expand the criteria for segmentation of the market and segmentation analysis of transport services according to the chosen criteria;
Follow the trends in the development of the transport system in the metropolis;
1 Giddens A. Class structure of the advanced Societies. L., 1973; GiddensA. New rules of sociological method.L.1976; Giddens A. Central problems social theory. - L., 1979; Giddens A. The Constitution of Society. Berkeley 1984; Giddens A. Sociology. Cambridge, 1989.
Meta - the study and analysis of the future, the prospects for the development of the passenger transport system as the most important element of the social infrastructure of the city in today's minds; development of recommendations for a thorough management of directing to satisfy the needs of the population in transport services.
To carry out an analysis of the main approaches to the development of the social infrastructure of the place, to see the specifics of the sociological approach to the achievement of the city's infrastructure;
Analyze the country, problems and prospects for the development of the market of transport services to the population;
Reveal the significance for passengers of long-term indications of transport services; specify and clarify the criteria for market segmentation and segmentation analysis of transport services for selected criteria;
Development of a rich factor model for the choice of service providers of various modes of transport by servicemen.
The object of research is the city of the passenger transport system as the most important element of the social infrastructure of the place.
The subject of the research is the development of the passenger transport system of the place based on the development of the level of satisfaction of the population with services and the process of segmentation of the transport market near the Moscow metro station.
Theoretical and methodological basis for the study of practice and foreign scientists from the problems of global, economic sociology, sociology of management and sociology of the locality, as well as the concepts, theories and approaches, which allow us to:
Theory of social management and sociology of management (V.G.
Afanasiev, Yu.I. Averin, N.M. Baykov, G.I. Gribanova, V.M. Ivanov, V.D. Patrushev, V.A. Sologub, Zh.T. Toshchenko and in.);
Complex sociological research (G.S. Batigin, Yu.Є. Volkov, )f E.M. Ozhiganov, M.M. Rubkevich et al.).
Empirical basis for research.
The analysis of the passenger transport system is based on empirical data, which can be divided into two groups.
The main group includes materials of sociological studies of the international, all-Union and municipal rіvnіv, conducted in the 80-90s. XX century, as well as on the cob of the XXI century. The most significant ones are:
1 gr. international research dedicated to food ® organization of transport and the quality of services. Vimir vikonani y mm.
1998, 1999, 2000, 2002 (Florence) (N = 6 thousand people, Express recruitment). I
2 gr. secondary analysis of empirical data on a number of significant sociological findings:
Sentsova K.A. - "Management of passenger transportation on railroad transport", Moscow 2003 (N=1560 people; questionnaire);
Vasilenko O.O. - "Providing socially significant services to the population of the city", Moscow 2005, (N = 3010 people, questionnaire); ^ Rotov M.S. “Management of regional passenger road transport from the butt of the Moscow region)”, Moscow 2004 rіk, (N=3010 people, questionnaire);
3 gr. Sociological studies of the method of development and the fallow of the way of life of the population will become a transport service were carried out with the participation of the author in 2003-2006 in Moscow. Selecting the achievement of rich levels. General population - the population of Moscow, 10383.0 million people1. Number of passengers: 1640 ground transport passengers, 1711 metro passengers, 1422 passengers. electric train, 443 pas. special transport. The primary data were formalized on a computer for the skin area of the site and were presented in a table of linear occurrence. Correlations and correlations were assigned to Pearson's coefficient. The study of the results in the districts and extrapolation of them in the locality was carried out with the improvement of the acid analysis, the removal of indications;
4 gr. In addition, international federal regional and international documents, middle-line and long-term program documents were awarded to the Order of the Russian Federation: “Basic Directions for Forming and Development of International Transport Corridors on the Territory of Russia”, (2005); Transport strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020; Strategy for the development of transport of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2010; mid-line and long-term forecasts of the social and economic development of the Russian Federation, (2005).
Follow-up methods: a) theoretical - structural-functional analysis; porіvnyalny method, system pіdkhіd, scho transferring interdisciplinary analysis; content analysis of official statistics, archival materials previously conducted by the State Unitary Enterprise NDiPD to the General Plan of Moscow, zvitiv; b) empiric - vibratory, survey method (questionnaire "Quality of services of Moscowtrans", "Riven of satisfaction of the client of the VDT" and focused interview of a group of experts "Priorities of competitive selection for the provision of transport services"; express, transport: "Community , pіlgi”, “Pilgi on the way to the public transport”,
2 Agabek'yan R.L. Mathematical methods in sociology. - Rostov-on-Don, 2005. - P.145.
Traffic jams”), caution, methodology for assessing the reliability of the services of the DPT, a secondary analysis of empirical data from global Russian achievements “Determining the throughput capacity of the metro and the speed of travel to the metro”; “The structure of spending time on labor in one book” (1980, 2000); content analysis of the document “On the implementation of the provisions of the Federal Law of August 22, 2004, No. 122-FZ for part of the transport accessibility to the majority categories of citizens in 2005. and sich-fierce 2006.
The reliability and credibility of the results of the investigations was confirmed by the theoretical provisions of the analysis of official statistics data, the results of sociological studies. The reliability of scientific positions, visnovkіv, practical recommendations is based on the representativeness of sociological and statistical information, logic and evidence-based visnovkіv.
Надійність матеріалів визначається застосуванням сучасних методів соціологічного дослідження, сумісністю методів збирання емпіричної інформації, а також коректним використанням методів кількісного та якісного аналізу при обробці даних, як власних досліджень, так і досліджень, проведених іншими авторами.
The significant importance of the deritatsky doslizhizhnye Polyaga is the formulant of the formulars, I will intensely intensely, I will intertwine the doslіdzhen at the framework of the socialist management, social studies, the comprehensive social unit of the napal, and the nitimony of the vitality of the visionary of the vitality of the vitality of the visual aid. The dissertation can be written for the development of promising divisions in the sociology of management, sociology of the place. The study of the theoretical and empirical material gives the possibility of developing the social infrastructure of the metropolis from broader sociological positions, which confirms the planning of the development of the development between the practice of managing and yogo scientific understanding. At the dissertation introduction to the science of empirical science
15th date of the sociological report "Social and economic problems of the development of passenger transport in Moscow in 2003-2006".
The significance of the follow-up is practical. The practical significance of dissertation work is practical for those who have been theoretically explored by the author, the bugatological model and methodical approaches are broken down, directing the improvement of the efficiency of managing flow processes in the system of passenger transport. The development of Swiss and high-speed passenger transportations is responsive to the development of business activity and the transport instability of the population of Moscow.
Invadajan, the recommendation of the driving is inhibited by the management of the Pashazhir transport, the rosrolin in the disetasi, and it is attached to the pirivoshni of the transport service of the village of the Enfluenna of the Enfluenza of the Transmitted Dogin, the competitive Rosa of the Temporary, the bothering of the time for the service of the tributary for the service of the tribute for the service of the time.
Matteriyali Diserentasi can be Vikoristan at the PIDGOTOTSI RARIV: "Socialistry Management", "Socialistry of the Mista", "Technology Social Roboti", "Sovereign MuniCyvnnya" At the Poreli-Tynivas, Yaki Gotya Fakhivtsiytovsky.
The scientific novelty of the work is poised in the offensive: the role of the public transport in the social infrastructure as an important factor in shaping the way of life of the population is designated;
The specificity of the interaction between the way of life and transport services in the city was revealed through the analysis of the needs of the local population;
16 criteria for segmentation of the market of passenger transportation and the whole segment of the group of supportive transport services;
The bugatological factor model for the choice of services of various types of transport by servicemen has been developed;
Analyzed the current state of the transport system of Moscow, її nevokoristani resources;
The recommendations for a promising development of the transport system with the method of satisfying the social needs of the local population, increasing the number and diversity of its objects; providing the population with sufficient information about transport services; ensuring their availability and improving the quality of service.
Regulations for blaming the Zakhist:
1. Suspіlna sutnіst dlyinі and virobnichi vіdnosiny signify the need for information exchange and non-intermediate contacts of people in different spheres of their activity, which is imperceptibly connected with transport transfers. Transport plays an important role in the city, ensuring the possibility of living in the city as a whole system with its administrative, economic, social and other functions. The world has an increase in the number of people, the places where people can get to transport without interruption.
2. Within the framework of the space-hour length of social waters, if the suspension is seen as a collapsible internally structured system, in a skin element, including the transport system, it can be seen as a subsystem, which can be connected and crossed with other subsystems, structural characteristics of the skin z subsystems, can be seen in the context of space-time facets - internal links and other equal mutual exchanges. The stench can be super-distinctive or symbiotic, differentiating or integrating, and yet obov'yazkovo add to the results of activity in the suspension.
3. At the socket of socialist ilfrastructure, it is tone of the rushi -by -winged out -of -the -rosy -sister megapapolis є not tilki niabus, and sincupliva of the seredity, the stimuny factor of the stimulus of the actively actively, the actively actively
4. Criteria for segmentation of the market of passenger transportation and selection of whole segment groups of supporters of transport services.
5. The transport supply of the population is an invisible part in the system of human needs and can be combined with them.
Approbation of the robot and the promotion of results. Approbation of the position of the dissertation was carried out at the international scientific and practical conference “The way of life of different groups of the population, which are trying to survive in a twisted life situation” (Moscow, 2005, 2006), for a period of 2003-2006 r.r. at the seminars of the Department of Sociology and Social Work of the Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, at the author's notices at scientific conferences and seminars that are held at the Moscow State University Service "Science - Service" (Moscow, 2004, 2005);
Materials collected from the initial processes of the Moscow State University for the Service and the Moscow State Budіvelny University (born in 2005-2006).
The structure of the dissertation. The work consists of an entry, two divisions, visnovkiv, a list of selected literature and supplements.
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List of literature for dissertation research Candidate of Sociological Sciences Aksionova, Olena Sergiivna, 2006 рік
1. Regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation for the organization of transport services for the population of municipal institutions
2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
3. Sovereign standard of the Russian Federation "Services of passenger road transport" (GOST R 51825-2001).
4. Law of the Russian Federation dated July 6, 1991 No. 1550-1 "About self-regulation in the Russian Federation".
5. Federal law dated March 22, 1991 No. 948-1 “On competition and exchange of monopolistic activities in commodity markets”.
6. Federal Law of 10.06.1993 p. No. 5151-1 "On certification of products and services".
7. Federal law dated 06.10.2003 r. No. 131-F3 "On the fundamental principles of organizing mass self-regulation in the Russian Federation"
8. Federal law of 09.01.1996 p. No. 2-FZ “On introducing changes and additions to the Law of the Russian Federation “On defending the rights of citizens” and the RRFSR Code on administrative law enforcement”.
9. Federal Law of 10.09.1997 p. No. 126-FZ "On the financial foundations of self-regulation in the Russian Federation".
10. Federal law dated 06.10.2003 r. No. 131-F3 "On the fundamental principles of organizing mass self-regulation in the Russian Federation" (calls on 01.01.2006).
11. Order of the Minister of Transport of the Russian Federation dated June 30, 2000 No. 68 "On the delivery of shlyakhovoy documentation for individual enterprises, as a way to carry out transportation by road transport."
12. Ordinance of the Council of Moscow No. 852-PP dated 07.12.2004. "About the perfect work and the provision of the infrastructure of the city of Moscow for the needs of the disabled and other categories of people with limited mobility."
13. Abbas H.A. Methods of maximizing the profit of transport business in case of inflation and growing credit // Business in the financial and credit sphere: Materials of scientific and practical conferences of students and young scientists. Rostov-on-Don, 1998.
14. Abishev Yu.Yu. Problems of shaping the image of the city: social and administrative aspect: Abstract of the thesis. Ph.D. N. Novgorod, 2005.
15. Avanes B.C. Tests in sociological research / Vidp. G.V. Osipiv. - M: Nauka, 1982. - 199 p.
16. Agєєva Y.Yu. Place like socio-cultural education: Monograph. -N.Novgorod, 2004.
17. Aitov N.A. Problems of planning the social development of the city. -M., 1971.-47 p.
18. Akimova T.V. Systems for investing in passenger road transport in Russia in modern minds: Dis. . cand. economy Sciences-M., 2003.
19. Aksionov I.Ya. Single transport system. M: Vishcha school, 1991.383 p.
20. Alexander K.E. Shvidk_sny reykovy transport at the place of delivery / Do. E. Alexander, N.A. Rudnev. M.: Budvidav, 1985. - 138 p.
21. Altinbaev R.Z. Social and infrastructure complex as a factor in the improvement of the life of a young city. Dis. cand. social Sciences. Kazan, 1994. - 140 p.
22. Altinbaev R.Z. Social-infrastructural complex as a factor of improvement, the way of life of a young city. Dis. cand. social Sciences. Kazan, 1994. - 140 p.
23. Anufriev E.A. Socialistic way of life (methodological and methodical nutrition): Monograph. - M: Vishcha school, 1980. - 183 p.
24. Antsiferov N.P. Ways for the formation of a place as a social organism: Dosvіd of an integrated approach. - JL, 1926.
25. Harutyunyan J1.A. Socialistic way of life: methodological problems of sociological education. / Ed. V.V. Stolyarov. - Yerevan: View of the Yerevan University, 1985.
26. Babosov E.M. Sociology of management. Head helper. – M.: TetraSystems, 2000. – 288 p.
27. Batigin G.S. Lectures on the methodology of sociological research. - M: Aspect Press, 1995. - 286 p.
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The development of the transport infrastructure of Moscow is important for the direct modernization of the Moscow region, and all of Russia. Historically, it has evolved that the passenger and vantage flows of the Ukrainian country itself pass through Moscow. For example, the Moscow Ring Road is not so common as a route, as it is the only possible transit route through Moscow. The Mayor of Moscow, Sergiy Sobyanin, having designated the main objectives of the effective integration of various types of transport: further development of motorway routes and an increase in throughput capacity, in addition to the existence of new highway pipelines, moreover, on warehouses.
Sovereign body, which is responsible for the development of the transport infrastructure, is the Department of Transport and the development of the road and transport infrastructure of Moscow.
The main problem to the opinion of the Department of Transportation, – tse stotne perevishchennya spromozhnosti when traveling to the city center during early peak hours.
For 2011, for the tribute to the Department of Transport, the transfer of the transport capacity from 8 to 9 wounds became:
Vehicle specifics: 42%
Metro: 21%
· Primisky transshipment transport: 40%
· Land transport: no transportation capacity
At once, the transportation capacity of individual and social transport was 23%. Thus, the transportation of the transport infrastructure in the early rush hour leads to a significant decrease in the comfort of the citizens. With all the interest in land-based public transport, the buildings were lower by 33%, which increased the possibility of more active recruitment for solving the transport problems of the city.
Three main direct improvement of the transport situation:
1. Speedy recovery of special vehicles when traveling during early peak hours until 2025 by 33%. Tse meant that approximately 50 yew. avtomobіlіstіv for a year may be quickened by public transport.
2. Expanding the capacity of public transport (until 2025) by 41%.
3. Increased maintenance of public transport services. Speeding up the average hour in public transport until 2025 by 25% (from 67 to 50 hours)
To improve the transport situation, the development of the transport development program for 2012 - 2016 was developed.
Main tasks of the program:
Short time for a trip to the Moscow passenger transport during the "peak" year
· Improvement of the carrying capacity of the Russian passenger transport
Improving the level of service and comfort of the passenger transport, including for low-mobility groups of the population
Improvement of the space of the street and road barriers and the provision of timely repairs and regulatory damages
· Creation of modern control systems and regulation of transport traffic
· Budіvnitstvo and rozm_shchennya pіshohіdnih transitions, given їх at vіdpovіdnіst іz vstanovlennymi norms
Within the framework of the program for the development of transport, there are 11 subprograms:
1. Metropolitan. Targets for 2016: less than 406 km of lines; 38 new stations; 85% of the population is provided with subway; more than 1000 metro cars of the new generation; the navigation system has been updated.
2. Vantage transport. The goal is to reduce the traffic on the street-road lane from the side of the vanage transport. The number of vintage car fleet, which works in the area, will decrease by 20%.
3. Land-based passenger transport. Targets for 2016: average intervals during the early-rush hour of 5-7 minutes; high accuracy of layout; promotion of service quality; over 70% of the dry warehouse - new low cost trolleybuses, buses, trams; 240 km of seeing swarms.
4. Bus stations and transport interchanges. Until 2016, it is planned to complete the work on all flat transfer hubs and on large capital ones. An hour for a transfer between modes of transport at all Moscow transfer hubs is not over 10 hours.
5. Intelligent transport system. Meta - improving the efficiency of traffic flows, increasing the throughput capacity of the street-road barrier, avoiding car congestion, reducing accidents on the roads. The main effect is that until 2016, the entire territory of the site will be surrounded by an intelligent transport system.
6. Development of new types of transport. Tsіlі: A short time for the arrival of special teams by means of transport to the place of supremacy, ensuring the possibility of benefits from government and commercial purposes; development of cycling transport as a support for business trips. Main effect: Introduction is close to 80 km. bike paths; speeding up the time of the arrival of the ryatuvalnyh teams by 50%.
7. Creation of a single parking space. Meta - organization of a regulated parking space to increase the traffic capacity of the street and road barriers and reduce the number of trips by special motor transport to the central part of the city. The main effect is that until 2016, the number of incorrectly parked cars near the city center will become clear again.
8. Automobile roads and street roads. Tsіlі: increase in throughput capacity and connection of street and road barriers; zbіlshennya schіlnostі vulichno-road merge; polypshennia as a cost to repair that morning is expensive. The main effect is the increase of the street and road barriers by 8.5%.
9. Internal water transport. Meta - improving the efficiency of functioning and increasing the competitiveness of inland water transport enterprises, distribution on the territory of the city of Moscow. The main effect is the river transportation of goods by water transport, an increase of 85%.
10. Railway transport. Targets for 2016: supply of additional main roads on 6 straight lines; zbіlshennya provіznoї zdatnostі for the peak year by 50%; average interval 3-4 min (at the peak of the year on 5 main routes); 300 new wagons.
11. Pishohidna availability of objects of infrastructure. The meta is a creation of quick, short-lived links between the objects of the Russian infrastructure (socio-cultural, industrial, trade recognition). The main effect is the life of 38 km of walking paths, the improvement of the central part of the city.
At the dawn of human civilization, and with the help of riches of the past century, rivers, seas, the strength of the wind, the physical strength of people and their creatures were victorious for moving in the expanses of different interests. The situation in the transport sphere of the rozvinenyh krai svіtu began to radically change in the other half of the nineteenth century. at the link with the successes of the industrial revolution, the present day of parity of electricity.
Mandrіvniki, merchants and wіysk were sold in ancient times, as well as in the early middle years in the non-autumn expanses of Russia, vikoristovuyuchi mainly horse-drawn and water transport. The filthy camp is expensive - it is typical for Russia with clay soils. So, apparently, on the cob of the XVIII century. after the transfer of the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg, foreigners were brought in, after they were stained on the road until five days later. And despite the fact that the first Russian emperor, and after him, and may be, all the attackers attached great respect to the state of prosperity in the country. Livshits V.N. Transport for 100 years / / Russia in the modern world. M: 2010.
The Tsar Annie Ivanovna adopted the rules for stimulating the road and making decisions about the arrangement of a “promising road from St. Petersburg to Moscow”. Created for the care of life, the Chancellery was already for the Empress Elizaveta Petrivna reorganized into a different one - the "Chancery of life of sovereign roads", as it ordered the mіstsev authorities to clear the main (sovereign) roads. The activity of the Chancellery was ineffective, and the Chergovskaya ruler of Russia, Katerina the Great, said, having passed the look over the roads to the authorities of the provinces organizing them, and in the course of time she created a new “Commission about roads in the state”, as if she were an operator in her kingdom. I after yogo king, wanting through the chotiri rocks, in 1800, he organized the “Expedition for the control of roads in the State”. Remaining for Emperor Oleksandr I Bula in 1809 handed over from the vіdanny roztashovanoї in Tver and Kerovano by Prince Georgy of Oldenburzky “Expedition of Water Communications”, unpretentiously transformed on the basis of the territorial-Galuz principle “Management of water and dry. This change in road management reforms in Russia is far from exhausted - the stench of it was successful in the 19th century, and in the 20th century, and continues in modern Russia.
Regardless of the number of reorganizations, the administration of the nobles of prosperity of Russia adopted the current development, which will become the transport of the empire. In the other half of the nineteenth century. to improve the quality of transport: speed, reliability, regularity and zbіlshennya obsyagіv transportation began to be more active.
The ordering of the Trans-Siberian Railway began on May 19, 1891. and was completed in sich 1916. Tse gigantic and foldable in the engineering v_dnoshnitsya dovzhinoy ponad 8 yew. kilometers
In a row from the zaliznichny the great development took off and water transport. Yakscho in 1860 in Russia there were about 400 river steamships, then in the 1890s - over 1.5 thousand. Russia, which was practically not small in the middle of the 19th century, had its navy and fought for the transportation of foreign ships, for the remaining ten years of the century it increased its number from 50 to 520. Timoshina T.M. Economic history of Russia. M.: Informational and educational Dim "Filin", Legal office "Yusticinin-form", 2009.-432 p.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the transport of Russia, including traditional horse-drawn and water transport, was poorly developed along highways and was in the process of intensive development of rail transport. Other types of transport (automobile, Moscow electric and others) spent more than a day at the process of birth.
From the beginning of the XX century. and before the entry of Russia at the First World War at Serpnia 1914 continuing to speed up the development of transshipment transport. On yoga part in 1913. 74% of the vantazhіv fell. Railway transport was one of the main contributors to capital - from 1903 to 1913. 2002 million rubles were invested in the new one. For the sake of argument: all trades for the same period saw 2,230 million rubles, and the number of all domestic river and sea merchant ships (steam-thermal and glass) at the same time with deposits at the inner waterway did not reach 7 million rubles. With this, the state became the biggest ruler of transport benefits, especially in the sphere of rail transportation. So, state roads of 1913. transported 75.1% of all commercial ideas. Until this hour, the vindication of automobile transport in Russia is due. From 1909 to 1917 39,440 vehicles were purchased overseas and 600 were driven in the middle of the country. At the beginning of the XX century. the fault of the damaged transport. Another decade already had close to 300 airplanes. Aviation has not yet won over the government's activity, the Crimean transported mail.
The first svіtova and gromadyanska wіyni ruinіvno appeared on transport - over 60% of the railroad, 90% of the locomotives and 80% of the wagons were brought out of order. In 1920 camp right trochs painted. 9377 steam locomotives were repaired, 197 km of new railroads were put into operation, 978 railroad bridges were renovated, in a simpler way. Ale, zagalom, until the end of the hromadyansk war, the average traffic of cars and steam locomotives (vantazhny and passenger) shrunk more and more, the railroad transportation fell on the 90s, and river - on the 80s of the XIX century. and folded in 1920 p. 30.4 and 24.3% in the year 1913, and even less in sea transportation - 21.4%. Fisher V. Europe: Economy, Sustainability and Power. 1914–1980 Moscow: Vlados Humanitarian Center, 2009. – P.212
Transition to peace rails and introduction in 1921. the new economic policy (NEP) in the country was allowed to proceed to the restoration of the planted war potential, even on the old technical basis. On transport until the end of 1926, 3835 km of new railroads were built and put into operation. The supply of steam locomotives from beyond the cordon and the countrymen grew, the first sea transport vessels were laid down, imported from beyond the cordon 4004 and 492 vehicles were prepared in the middle of the country.
Sovereign plan of electrification of Russia (GOELRO), warehouses until the end of 1920, richly in which it signified and directly distant development of transport. According to GOELRO, "the basis of the fundamental reconstruction of industry can be a single transport system that covers the railroads and the border of sea and river ways." It was planned to electrify 3.5 yew. km zaliznits і one hour zbuduvati 25-30 yew. km of new roads. There was a decrease in the cost of transportation, an increase in the throughput and capacity of transport. Aksenenko N.Y., Lapidus B.M., Misharin A.S. Zaliznitsi of Russia. Vіd reform before reform. – M.: Transport, 2010. – 335 p.
For the rocks of the Great Vitchiznyana war, about 47% of the railways were destroyed, 650 more than great bridges, 60% of the railway stations and railway stations were destroyed. Approximately five quarters of the fleet of the People's Commissariat for Water Transport were undermined and flooded. The number of the fleet, which was in operation in 1940, even before the end of 1941. rushed by half. Reinvention of transport took a few years of war, but in the transshipment transport - approximately 1948 remains. Orlov B.P. Development of transport of the SRSR. - M: View. AN SRSR, 1963. - 403 p.
Veresni 1955. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Rada of Ministers of the SRSR adopted a decision on the wide development of electric and diesel traction on the railroads of the country. The master plan for electrification of the saloon for 1956-1970 r.r. peredbachalos transfer elektrichnu traction 40 yew. km of air.
From 1960 to 1980 born the replacement of steam locomotives with diesel locomotives and electric locomotives, aircraft with reciprocating engines on jet engines was completed, in general, the equipping of river and sea vessels with diesel installations and the supply of heavy special-purpose vintage cars, comfortable swedish buses and aircraft, AN, AN (series AN) were completed improved the mass versatility for the population of passenger cars (Volga, Zhiguli and other), gradually expanded and improved the road barriers, pipeline systems, expanded and promoted transport automated control systems and planned renovations. Livshits V.N. Transport for 100 years / / Russia in the modern world. M: 2010.
The production of a new type of ship diesel installations (22-30 thousand kW) was mastered at the shipbuilding industry, new specialization of the vessel was initiated: container ships, lighter carriers, tankers, ships on cushions, large krigols with economical nuclear power plants and others. In the automotive industry, there were exhausted exhausts and over-tensioned self-skids.
In 1956, the Tu-104 aircraft launched the era of civil jet passenger aviation.
Born 1946-1950 on the internal river transport, at the same time, 400 self-propelled ships and 1100 non-self-propelled metal barges were launched, at 5.2 thousand. km, the length of the mooring front in the river ports was increased, the river flow along the Dnieper and the Mariinsky system was renewed, the reconstruction of the White Sea-Baltic and Dnipro-Buzky canals was completed, ship navigation on small rivers was reduced. During the war period, in connection with the development of rich oil and gas deposits, ahead of the Siberian ones, the main pipeline transport was created. Step by step, the life of high-diameter pipelines and a raised grip was mastered. Orlov B.P. Development of transport of the SRSR. - M: View. AN SRSR, 1963. - 403 p.
The rest of the decades of the XX century. In the region, radical economic reforms were carried out, aimed at the transition from a centrally planned system of economic management to a decentralized market. In the course of these reforms, the following was carried out: liberalization of the main part of prices for resources and products (goods and services), global privatization of state power, liquidation of the monopoly of foreign trade. Livshits V.N. Transport for 100 years / / Russia in the modern world. M: 2010.
In such a rank, as early as the XVIII century. great importance was given to the transport infrastructure, the rules of the road were adopted. At the beginning of the 20th century, the transport of Russia, including traditional horse-drawn and water transport, was poorly developed along highways and was in the process of intensive development of rail transport. Other types of transport (automobile, Moscow electric and others) spent more than a day at the process of birth. Great vpliv mali two world wars, had a chance to go through the folding path of renewal. With the development of Russia, they introduced new roads, and improved the transport infrastructure.
Socio-economical establishment, like borrowing vehicles from the transport structure of Russia, signifies its priority and unparalleled superiority from a glance of high-tech services, the main characteristics of which are: flexibility, mobility, reliability, terminology, savings of services, var. Transport, including international automobile transportation, plays a key role in the social and economic development of the Russian Federation. Yakscho in 2004 If the road transportation in the middle of the country has been reduced more than 2 times, then the international transportation has been more and less 10 times and become more than 18 million tons.
In addition, the exchange of foreign trade vantazhіv with the lands of distant abroad increased from 1.5 million tons to 13.45 million tons. Until 2008. Part of road transport is predicted at a rate of 15 - 20% of the total cost of air transportation, with an increase in international road transport links, the remaining fates will be 12 - 15% broadly.
Ninі Russia registered 4 ths. transport workers, hired on a permanent basis for international transportation, of which over half are occupied by extra-large transportation. ASMAP members - 1200 admissions and 1100 admission to the TIR system (TIR). These businesses have 15 thousand. auto trains, attached to the substitution of the TIR system. The territory of Russia is divided unevenly.
Two federal districts - Central and Pivnichno-Zahidniy - are transported for obligatory transportation, so they borrow space from the western trade region, and provide about 80% of the total charge of international trade transportation.
The structure of the ovnіshnyotragovelny vantage car vantageobigu outside the other countries, the rest of the rock is stable.
The European Union is the largest trade partner of Russia, with a share of 35%. This value is ensured mainly by the income from Finland and Germany (in the EU, over 90% of all export transportation by road and 70% of import transportation falls in this part). Automotive transport will secure 20% of all foreign trade in the Russian Federation from the countries of the CIS.
Russia and Finland account for the largest share of imports (61% of foreign imports). Pitoma vaga import from Russia and other countries, Crimea to China (8%), selected from 4.5%. Basically, imports are carried to Moscow and St. Petersburg (they are usually 39 and 11%). On the third city of Kaliningrad region. Parts of other subjects of the Russian Federation do not exceed 7% in total.
Most of the Russian goods are exported from Karelia (38%) and the Leningrad region. (17%). From these regions it is important to transport wood to Finland. All at once, from paper, the share of timber products in exports to become close to 65%.
Instructed by the dynamic development of road transport to promote the integration of the country's economy in the world's economic space, prioritize the development of international road transport and the market of international road transport services. Part of the transportation by road near the vartost transported by all modes of transport is close to the third. Significantly, the average cost of transporting foreign trade goods by road is about $1,500 ($130 for rail and $190 for sea transport).
Have 2005 r. The market for international transportation of goods by road transport in Russia increased to 19.2 million tons. Under this circumstance, the transportation, carried out by Russian transport workers, increased from 5.6 million tons to 6.4 million tons. transported 5.2 million tons (2004 - 4.4 million tons).
Domestic motor vehicles transported 55.2% of the vantazhіv, but also the transportation of foreigners increased by 14.3%, while the transportation of foreigners increased by 18.2%.
Experts vvazhayut that through the import of motor transport services in 2005. Russia has spent over $500 million. The main reason for the great import of motor transport services is a 20% tax rate for the additional delivery of goods, which stagnates by extension to Russian auto carriers, but does not expand to foreigners, which drastically reduces the competitiveness of Russians.
In addition, they spent about $60 million on the cordons. Along the perimeter of the sovereign cordon of Russia, there were over 160 automobile checkpoints from the transport inspection services of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. Prote through neobshtovanist tsikh points and vіdsutnіst nelezhnіst ї koordinії robots prikordonnykh podezіvіv simple ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї її ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї її ї ї її ї її ї її ї ї ї її ї sії sіmіmi mіslimі. It is important that Russian auto carriers spend up to $20 per year on downtime.
We are streaming the development of domestic international motor transport and those that over 60% of the Russian fleet do not comply with the minimum environmental standards Euro-1 and their operation in Europe is fenced. They give less than 23% of cars, 15% give Euro-2, and mostly Euro-3 - less than 1%. In addition, the catastrophic oldness of a dry warehouse leads to a drop in the profitability of transportation, an increase in expenses for repairs and maintenance, the cost of security guarantees, the possibility of damage to delivery terms and a decrease in the quality of service and, consequently, a decrease in the competitiveness of transport.
It is significant that the Russian industry practically does not create a crumbly warehouse for international transportation, which supports the European powers. That's why transport vehicles are purchased from foreign manufacturers: Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Scania, IVECO, MAN, DAF and others.
In the rest of the hour, the group went low to protect the economic interests of Russian international motor transport. Zokrema, from 2002 It was approved for the import of important road trains of the Euro-3 class and the promising Euro-4 class, which are not available in Russia. The Ministry of Transport sent to the order of the Russian Federation a proposition about introducing norms to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation on the stosuvanya of the tax rate at “zero tax” when importing and importing Russian foreign commercial investments.
The most important official, facilitating the development of international road haulage, is the geopolitical camp of Russia between two world economic centers - Europe and Asia. Russia, which occupies over 30% of the territory of the Eurasian continent, and may have a highly developed transport system, objectively has a natural bridge, which ensures transit links to this direct route. For the time being, Russia's poignant transit potential is weak. Therefore, one of the promising directions for the development of the Russian economy is becoming a fully developed transport system of the country and the implementation of an exhaustive transit potential for securing Euro-Asian communications. This will be a significant contribution to the improvement of Russia's GDP, a surprising increase in the growth of transport robots and a multiplicative effect in other recesses of the economy. Transit rent (income of the national transport system from transit transportation of passengers and vantazhiv) is becoming an important item of currency exchange rates.
The main vastazhopotoki of the Calls of Transneters, the transportation of the transit, is to be concentrated on the axes of Zakhid - SCID I PIVNICH - PIVENE TO Zbiga, the head of the head of the federal, in the district of the Jiminarian potential of 80% of the federal potato is, Up to 76% of international transport routes are direct by Russian roads, which enter the warehouse of international transport corridors, and also mark a part of transit routes.
International transport corridors, which pass through the territory of Russia (in 72 subjects of the Russian Federation), serve not only domestic and interregional transportation, but also continental transportation between the countries of Europe and Asia. It is evident that the development of international transport corridors is in line with both the foreign and domestic economic interests of Russia. Three out of ten trans-European transport corridors pass through the territory of Russia.
Крім того, через територію Росії проходять основні євроазіатські коридори «Північ-Південь» та «Транссиб» у рамках системи євроазіатських коридорів, зафіксованих у Декларації 2-ї Міжнародної євроазіатської конференції з транспорту, а також низку додаткових маршрутів, що розширюють зони дії коридорів та підвищують x. efficiency in the wake of the increased confusion of international communications.
Visnovok: By itself, the geographic station of the country is impossible to ensure the growth of transit traffic. The development of transit is accompanied by an increase in the capacity of transport services: savings on expenses, short delivery times, reduction in costs for transportation, etc.
The central part of the European territory of Russia on the edge of the most important transport highways of the country, 400 km per day from Moscow. The Lipetsk region is between the Voronez, Kursk, Oryol, Tulsk, Ryazan, and Tambov regions.
The region may have a transport infrastructure. The territory is crossed by three trans-shipment highways, which will connect Moscow with the industrial centers of Russian production - Voronezh, Rostov, Pivnichniy Kavkaz and the Donbass, the Volga, as well as from the backwaters: Orel, Bryansk, Smolensk. The largest hub station is Yelets ta Gryazi. The total length of the railing line is over 800 km. The main obsjag vantagenyh and passenger transportation po'yazaniy іz PZZ.
