Roman general. At the turns themselves: From the leader and the hero to the politician and commander
Roman general
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Varena resin
Ancient Roman commander (1st century BC, 1st century)
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Varena resin
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The old name of the battle
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Reactive pressure unit
Unit of reactive tension of the snake strum
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Sam Yogo Blessing "Turn the Legions" Octavian August
Okrip
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Okrop is cooler than ever
Okrip, hot, boiling water
Boiling water at the pot
boiling resin
Boiling resin with wax
Adhesive vodovidshtovhuvalna sumish
Fortress in Uhorshchina
Cool okrip
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Reactive pressure
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Roman general, consul
Roman commander, monk of the province of Nimechchina from the 5th century, who recognized the defeats of the German tribes on the territory of Armenia near the Teutoburzsky Fox
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garden resin
Chobitna resin
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Sbiten (outdated)
The Scandinavian goddess of truth, as she listens and records the oaths of people, takes revenge on the violators of oaths and obitsyanok
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Resin for rubbing
Gardener's resin
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Pompey's pribіchnik, legate, naval commander
Pharaoh Ramses II, who ruled Egypt for over 60 years, was not in vain guessing at the old Egyptian texts with the title "Helper". Vіn zdobuv impersonal overcame, the most important of all - over the Hittite kingdom, which was the main enemy of Egypt.
The most famous episode was the battle of Kadesh, in which thousands of chariots from both sides took part.
The battle went on with a change of success. A little bit of success on the battles of the hetiv, which made the Egyptians know. But at the same time, reserve what came, broke the head of the battle. The Hetties appeared pressed to the river Orontes and recognized the hasty crossing of the great losses. Zavdyaks to whom Ramses zoomed in with them a vigilant light.
Among the wars of the Egyptians and the Khetiv, chariots were one of the main shock forces. From time to time, knives were attached to their kolіs, like they literally cut down the ranks of the enemy. Ale, in the case of an animal, I’ll flow or lose control over the stones, this terrible attack, in an hour, involuntarily turned against its own. The chariots of the hatites were heavier, and the warriors fought on them more often, and on the more maneuverable chariots of the Egyptians, archers were armed.
Kir the Great (530 BC)
If Cyrus II became the leader of the Persian tribes, the Persians were roz'dnani and changed at the vassal fallow land in Midiya. Until the end of the reign of Kira, the Persian state of Achaemenides fought in Greece and Egypt to India.
Kir was humanely placed to the point of superiority, depriving the conquered regions of the suttave of self-righteousness, with honor being placed up to their religions, and, zavdyaks tsomu, unique in the serious uprising on the root territories, and the opponents of the deacons gave priority to the military order on such minds.
At the battle with the legendary king of Lidia Croesus, Cyrus zastosuvav original military cunning. In front of their military vins, they placed the sons of the camels in the convoy, on which the archers sat, which fired at the enemy. The horses of the enemy snarled at unknown creatures and brought sum'yattya to the lava of the fortune teller.
The person of Kira oviyana is surrounded by numerous legends, in which it is important to tell the truth from the guesswork. So, for orders, I knew in the guise and behind the names of all the soldiers of my numerical army. On the 29th of the tsar’s birthday, Kir died at the hour of the black conquest campaign.
Miltiades (550 BC - 489 BC)
The Athenian commander Miltiades became famous for us in front of the victory at the legendary battle with the Persians at Marathon. The positions of the Greeks were such that they were crossing the path to Athens. The Persian military leaders decided not to enter into a land battle, but to sit on a ship, bypass the Greeks by the sea and hang out of Athens.
Miltiad seized the moment, if most of the Persian cinema was already on the ships, and attacked the Persian infantry.
If the Persians retreated and went over to the counterattack, the Greek troops navmisna stepped into the center, and then sharpened the defences. Irrespective of the victory of the Persians in numbers, the Greeks won the victory. After the battle, the Greek military made a 42-kilometer march to Athens and did not allow the Persians, who were left out, to hang out there.
Regardless of the merits of Miltiad, after another, not long ago, military expedition against the islands of Paros, the commander himself was wounded, he was called in “deceiving the people” and condemned to a hefty fine. Miltiad did not dare to pay a fine, and buv insurance to impossibly borzhnikiv, as if it was forbidden to engage in sovereign activity, and he died without a hitch from his wounds.
Themistocles (524 BC - 459 BC)
Themistocles, the greatest Athenian naval commander, played a key role in the victory of the Greeks over the Persians and the preservation of Greece's independence. If the Persian king Xerxes went to war with Greece, the local powers united in front of the fierce enemy, and adopted the plan of Themistocles for the attack. Virishal sea battle was fought on the island of Salamis. At the outskirts of the city there are impersonal narrow channels, and, according to Themistocles, the yakbee was able to lure the Persian fleet into them, the enemy’s numerical strength was great. Zalyakani with roses of the Persian fleet, other Greek military leaders shied away until they ran out, ale Themistocles, having sent the Persian lord at the tabir, provoking them with a negainous rozpochat bey. The Greeks were left with nothing else to accept the bey. Rozrahunok Themistocles was brilliantly truthful: at the narrow channels, the great and non-turning Persians of the vessel appeared hopeless in front of the more maneuverable Greeks. The Persian fleet was beaten up.
The merits of Themistocles have gone unnoticed. Political opponents drove him out of Athens, and then sued him in absentia to the strata, ringing in the sovereign state.
Themistocles stormed to his great foes to Persia. Tsar Artaxerxes, the son of Xerxes beaten by Themistocles, as if sparing a long-standing enemy, and giving him control of the kilka mist. Behind the legend, Artaxerxes wanted to, that Themistokles took the fate of the war against the Greeks, and the commander, not looking forward to being able to move, but not to worrying about the shkodi of the nevdyachny fatherland, having accepted the scourge.
Epaminondas (418 BC - 362 BC)
The great Theban commander Epaminond spent most of his life fighting against the Spartans, who at that time dominated continental Greece. At the battle of Leuctra, having defeated the Spartan military, it was impossible to overcome the land battle. The victories of Epaminondas took away the fall of Thebes, but they called out the battles of other Greek powers that had united against them.
At his last battle at Mantinea, also against the Spartans, if the victory was already practically in the hands of the Thebans, Epaminondas took off the mortally wounded, and the military, which was ruined without a commander, entered.
Epaminond is considered to be one of the greatest innovators in Viyskian art. The very vines, having planted unevenly, spread the forces along the front, concentrating the firepower at the direct virishal blow. This principle, called “tactics of an oblique order” by the co-workers, is one of the fundamental principles of military science. Epaminond is one of the first soils to actively conquer the cavalry. Giving great respect to the fighting spirit of the warriors: spontaneously the Theban youths viklikat on the sports of the young Spartans, so that the stench realized that these opponents can be outmaneuvered, moreover, not only in palestra, but on the battlefield.
Phocion (398 BC - 318 BC)
Focion was one of the most careful and most important Greek commanders and politicians, and in the warehouse for Greece, the hours and the quality were the most demanded. VIN ZHOBUV a number of reins over the Macedonians, Ale Zgoda, Rosemiychi, Pod Rozdrolin Greetzi, the power of the most resistant to the great Macedonian Army, І il, pilep II, more than the mobs, borrowed the famous people of the democracy, the Yaka Zdava Zadahauly, the yoke
Zavdyaki povaz, like Phocion was crowned by the Macedonians, the zokrem of Alexander the Great, he was far away to reach the light minds of the world for the Athenians.
Phocion did not in any way defy the authorities, but the Athenians robbed him of the strategist 45 times, moreover, against his will for an hour. The rest of the insult ended tragically for you. After that, like the Macedonians, they took the place of Piraeus, the supreme decimal Focion, the sound of the sound of the zradi that streniya.
Philip of Macedon (382 BC - 336 BC)
Philip II, the Macedonian king, the most famous father of Oleksandr the Great, prote the basis for the future victories of the son, having slain the wine itself. Phillip, having done a well-trained army from saline discipline, and with it zoomed all of Greece. The battle of Chaeroney became the decisive battle, as a result of which the Greek troops were defeated, and Phillip united Greece under his own ceramics.
Pylyp's newest innovation is the famous Macedonian phalanx, as the great syn.
The phalanx was in a similar way of the warriors, with long-term write-offs, and the write-offs of the advancing rows were finished, lower among the first. The naїzhachilas phalanx could successfully resist cavalry attacks. Often zastosovuvav і raznomanіtnі tax machines. In the meantime, being a cunning politician, fighting wines according to the ability of wills, bribery and saying that “a donkey, gold enticement, take a building like a fort”. A lot of fellows respected such a way of waging war against the stalkers in the face of bad battles.
Under the hour of his wars, Philip of Macedon put in an eye and took off a sprat of important wounds, after one of them he healed his kulgavim. Ale, having died of guilt at the result, the swing of one of the courtiers, overwhelmed by the unfair judicial decisions of the king. When so many historians vvazhayut, scho hand vbivtsi straightened yogo political enemies.
Alexander the Great (356 BC - 323 BC)
Oleksander the Great, probably the lightest commander in history. Having ascended the throne at the twenty-fourth century, for the wrong thirteen fates of zooms, conquer a greater part of the lands at that hour and create a great empire.
From childhood Oleksandr the Great, preparing himself for military service, leading a suvor, is not typical for the royal son of life. Glory to the head yoga rice. Through tse wines, get confused by overcoming the father, being afraid that he will conquer everything himself, and nothing will be left for him.
Behind the orders, if Yogo teacher, the great Aristotle, rose to young people, who can support other peoples of the world, Oleksandr yelled out with a shrill voice: “But I am not yet Volodya and alone!”
Having completed the conquest of Greece by the father, Oleksandr destroyed a similar journey. Having defeated the Persian Empire at a new wine, which had been an impossible hour for a long time, having broken Egypt, going to India, and choosing to drink and її, and then, despite the war, it was necessary to continue the march, and Oleksandr would turn the noise. At Babylon, he fell seriously ill (greater for everything, malaria) and died. After the death of Oleksandr, the empire fell apart, and between the generals, the Diadochi, a bugatorical war began for the Volodinnya її parts.
The most famous battle of Alexander is the battle with the Persians at Gaugamela. The army of the Persian king Darius was an order of magnitude larger, Prote Oleksandr Zumiv broke the front line with subtle maneuvers and led the virishal strike. Darius duck. This battle became the end of the Achaemenid Empire.
Pirr (318 e. - 272 e.)
Pirros, king of the small power of Epir in the Balkans, a distant relative of Alexander the Great, is respected by one of the most important generals in history, and Hannibal puts yoga in the first place, more for himself.
Even in his youth, Pirr, having taken the battlefield garrison, took the fate of the wars of the diadokhivs for the division of the fall of Oleksandr the Great. Having succumbed to one of the diadochis, all of a sudden he began to lead a military game, not respecting the equally small forces of his army, not only becoming the king of Macedonia. Ale, the main ones that glorified yoga battles, Pirrus vіv against Rome. Fought Pirr and against Carthage, and against Sparta.
Having gained victory over the Romans in the course of the two-water battle of Ausculum and having learned that it was great to spend, Pirr yelled: “One more such victory, and I will be left without a military force!”
Zvіdsi pіshov vislіv “Pirrov's victory”, which means success, that you got there at a great price.
The great commander was killed by a woman. Under the hour of the assault of Pirrom, the city of Argos broke out in street battles. The women did their best to help their defenders. A piece of shingles, throwing one of them away, having consumed Pirra in an unprotected place. That one, having fallen inconspicuously, and finishing off crushing the natovpom land.
Fabius Maximus (203 BC)
Quint Fabius Maxim was not a warrior man. In youth, for the soft character of the wines, you should take away Ovіkula (sheep). Prote in the history of vin uvishov as a great commander, supporter of Hannibal. After the beggarly blows of the Carthaginians, if the share of Rome hung on the hair, the Romans themselves, for the sake of a good wife, were robbed of the dictator.
For his actions in the Roman army, Fabius Maximus otrimav Kunktator (correctly). Uniquely, as far as possible, direct zіtknen іz Hannibal's military, Fabius Maximus, wiping out the enemy's army and blowing up the path of postachannya.
It’s rich who, having given Fabius Maximus, in fullness and incited at the sight, ale wins, having continued to bend his line. As a result, Hannibal zmusheny buv vіdstupati. After that, Fabius Maximus, in charge of the command and war with Carthage on the gates of the territory, was already engaged in other commanders.
In 1812, Kutuzov fought with Napoleon with the tactics of Fabius Maximus. Similarly, George Washington went under the hour of the American War of Independence.
Hannibal (247 BC - 183 BC)
Hannibal, the Carthaginian commander, is often called the greatest commander of all hours and sometimes called "the father of strategy." If Hannibal was nine years old, he swore at eternal hatred to Rome (the viraz “anіbal oath”), and all life was inherited in practice.
At the 26th anniversary of Hannibal, having become a Carthaginian warrior in Spain, the Carthaginians fought for Rome for yak. After the low victorious successes, because of his army, he made the most important crossing through the Pyrenees and, unbearably for the Romans, invaded Italy. Yogo Viysk had fighting African elephants, and this is one of the innumerable vipadkiv, if these creatures were far away to tame that vikoristati from the Viyskovsky right.
Strіmko protruding the corner of the edge, Hannibal gave the Romans three most important blows: on the river Trebbia, the belly of Lake Trasimene, and at Cannae. The rest, in the yakіy roman vіyskі bіyskі bіyskі bіyskі bіyskі bіyskі bulіs otochnі і znischenі, became the classics of the viysk mystekstva.
Rome was on the border of a new blow, ale Hannibal, who did not take off the reinforcements at the hour, he would set out in turmoil, and then indignantly deprive Italy of his expelled army. The commander said with a stern voice that it was not Rome that had won, but the behind-the-scenes Carthaginian Senate. Already in Africa, Hannibal was beaten by Scipio. After the defeats at war with Rome, for some time now Hannibal was engaged in politics, but in spite of all the turmoil of the wrath of the wicked. At the Skhodі vіn, having helped the enemies of Rome with military rallies, and if the Romans were thirsty for yoga vidachi, Hannibal, not to waste before them by the hand, having taken the otruta.
Scipio Africanus (235 BC - 181 BC)
Published by Cornelius Scipio it was more than 24 years, if in the afternoon of the war with Carthage the Romans had settled in Spain. See, the Romans there had nasty floorings, that there were no other bazhayuchih poynyat tsyu posada. Vikoristoyuyuchi raz'dnanistnost Carthaginian vіysk, vіn zavdavat їm sensitively hit parts, and, zreshtoyu, Іspanіya passed under the control of Rome. Under the hour of one of the battles, Scipio beat the cicava tactics. Before the battle, I spent a few days after a few days, having woken up in the same order, without starting the battle. If the opponents called out before that, Scipio on the day of the battle changed the roztashuvannya of the military, viviv earlier, lower, and began a strimka attack. The enemy was devastated, and this battle became a turning point in the war, which now could be transferred to the territory of the enemy.
Already in Africa, on the territory of Carthage, Scipio zastosuv in one of the battles of Viysk cunning.
Knowing about those that the allies of the Carthaginians, the Numidians, live near the next kurens, sending a part of the army, to burn the kurens, and if the Carthaginians, caught by the sight of the fire, have spent the fire, another part of the army attacked them and gave them a hard time.
At the victorious battle of Zami, Scipio was on the battlefield with Hannibal and gained victory. The war is over.
Scipio, rejoicing at the humane attitudes to the point of overpowering, and this generosity has become a favorite theme of the artists of the future.
Mary (158 e. - 86 e.)
Gaius Mariy, having resembled an ignoble Roman family, brought wines to the reach of the victorious talents. Vіn duzhe successfully fought in the war against the Numidian king Yugurti, but earned glory in the battles with the German tribes. During this period, the stench increased in strength, which for Rome, weakened by numerical wars in different parts of the empire, their invasion became a real threat. The Germans were much larger, the lower legionaries Mary, the protees on the battleships of the Romans were in order, the better the order was. Zavdyaks will touch the devils of Mary, the strong tribes of the Teutons and the Cimbrians were practically poor. The commander was voted "the ryativnik of the fatherland" and "the third successor of Rome."
Glory and infusion of Mary were so great that the Roman politicians, fearful of the epidemiological coming, step by step were the commander of the right.
At the same time, Sulli's car, the colossal, easy-going Mary, went up the mountain, becoming his enemy. Offensive parties did not follow the daily tasks, from slander to political assassinations. This witchcraft brought the result to the massacre war. Vignany from Rome by Sulla, Mary for a long time blew the provinces and the ice did not die, protezoum took the army and took the place, in which he was left to the end, retracing Sulli's henchmen. After the death of Mary Yogo, the pribniks spent a short time at Rome. Sulla, who turned around, ravaged the grave of his enemy, and threw his remains at the river.
Sulla (138 e. - 78 e.)
The Roman commander Lucius Cornelius Sulla otrimav prizvisko Felix (happy). Definitely, luck suprovodzhuvala chiu people all life like the military, and in the political rights.
Sulla’s military service was celebrated at the hour of the Numidian war at Pivnichniy Africa under the command of Gaius Mary, his future implacable enemy. Do it so energetically and happy in the battles and diplomacy that the people ascribed to you a greater part of the merits in moving to the Numidian war. It called out the jealousy of Mary.
After the successful military campaigns in Asia, Sulla was appointed commander of the war against the king of Pontius Mithridates. Prote after leaving the house, Mariy was housed, so they called Sulla, and Yogo was appointed commander.
Sulla, having enlisted the support of the war, turned around, slaughtered Rome and called Mary, beginning the mass war. While Sulla fought from Mithridates, Mary sacked Rome anew. Sulla turned back after the death of the enemy and was reprimanded by a stringless dictator. Having parted bitterly from Mary's confidants, Sulla, after one hour, made himself a dictatorial acknowledgment and, until the end of his life, was left with a private person.
Crassus (115 e. - 51 e.)
Mark Lycinii Crassus was one of the richest Romans. In the meantime, I have gained most of my share of wines during the hour of Sulli's dictatorship, attracting the confiscated mine and yoga of opponents. His high camp for Sulla vin was reached by a zavdyak to the one who stood at the hromada war, fighting on yoga bats.
Even after the death of Sulli Crassus, he was appointed commander of the war with the slaves of Spartacus.
Dyuchi, on the vіdmіnu oprednikіv, more energetically, Crassus musing Spartacus to take the virishal beat and smashing yoga.
With the help of wines, it was very zhorstoko in the region: a sprig of thousands of slaves rozіp'ali vzdovzh Appiyeva road, and їхні tіla were left hanging there richly rocks.
Together with Julius Caesar and Pompey, Crassus became a participant in the first triumvirate. These commanders actually shared among themselves the Roman provinces. The beauty came from Syria. Vіn planning to expand the volodіnnya and poіv vіv vіv vojovnitsku vіyna against the Parthian kingdom, but not far off. Crassus, having played the battle of Carrah, was filled with treacherous negotiations and horribly striving, he was poured melted gold at his throat.
Spartacus (110 d.c. - 71 d.c.)
Spartacus, the Roman gladiator from Thrace, was the battalion of the greatest slave rebel. Ignoring the day before the command and the military enlightenment, he became one of the greatest commanders in history.
If Spartacus was among his comrades from the gladiatorial school, he killed dozens of filthy people who hid on Vesuvius. The Romans blocked all the roads, but they got back and made a legendary maneuver: the stench descended from the steep slope on hanks, like from vines, and hit the enemies from the body.
The Romans stood on their backs with contempt, respecting that their legions could easily defeat the insurgents, and paid dearly for their arrogance.
Forces against Spartacus were evenly small, and the forces were viciously defeated, and the yogo army, at the same time, was fighting: slaves from the forces of Italy flocked to it.
In the misfortune of the middle of the year, there was a buv of unity and a deep plan of the outrageous actions: some wanted to leave Italy and continue the war, others - to catch up before the entry into the war of the main forces of the Romans. A part of the army was broken in the sight of Spartak and was beaten. Trying to drink from Italy by sea ended in failure through the evil of pirates hired by Spartak. For a long time the commander sneered in the victorious battle with the legions of Crassus, who overthrew his army, but, with permission, zmusheniya bov to accept the battle, they recognized the blows in the yakіy slave, and he died. For orders, Spartak continued to fight, already being seriously injured. His body was literally littered with the corpses of the Roman legionnaires he had driven into the rest of the body.
Pompey (106 e. - 48 e.)
Gnaeus Pompey will be judged as an opponent of Julius Caesar. Ale his prize Magnus (Great) otrimav for other battles.
Under the hour of the hromada war, wine was one of the best generals Sulli. Then Pompey successfully fought in Spain, at the Close Descent, in the Caucasus and significantly expanded the Roman Volodinnia.
Another important right of Pompey was the cleansing of the Mediterranean Sea from pirates, like they stole the flooring, which Rome saw the serious difficulties in supplying food by sea.
If Julius Caesar was inspired by the senate and started a massive war, the command of the military of the republic was entrusted to Pompey. The struggle of the two great commanders was a trivaly hour with a change of success. Ale at the victorious battle at the Greek city of Farsali Pompeii, having recognized the blows and turmoil of the tikati. Vіn namagavsya pick up a new army for the continuation of the fight, but vіrolno vbity vbity in Egypt. Pompey's head was presented to Julius Caesar, the scarlet one, in defiance of the beatings, not heaping up, but rather killing his great adversary.
Julius Caesar (100 BC - 44 BC)
Gaius Julius Caesar, in a right way, became famous as a commander, if he subdued Galiya (at the same time, the territory of France is more important). Vіn himself wrote a report about tsі podії, having written "Notes about the Gallic war", as if dosі vvazhayutsya vіysk memoirs. The aphoristic style of Julius Caesar was also shown in the notes to the Senate. For example, “Priyshov. Pobachiv. Peremіg" went down in history.
Having entered into a conflict with the Senate, Julius Caesar, having moved the building of the command, invaded Italy. Having crossed the Rubikon river on the cordon of the vineyards, and silently crossed the Rubikon (which means to make a big deal, to bridle the way to the entrance) becoming a krylatim.
In the great war, having defeated the military Gnya Pompey at Pharsal, regardless of the numerical superiority of the enemy, and after going to Africa, that Spain turned to Rome as a dictator. Through a sprig of rokiv vіn buv murders by zmovniks in the senate. Behind the orders, the twisted body of Julius Caesar fell to the lowering of the statue of Pompey the enemy.
Arminius (16 BC - 21 AD)
Arminy - the leader of the German tribe of Cherusci, led us in front of him, who, by his victory over the Romans in the battle in the Teutoburz forest, developed a myth about incompetence, which inspired other people to fight against the invaders.
In his youth, Arminy served with the Roman army and kindly survived the future enemy in the middle. After that, as the rebels of the German tribes fell on the yogo fatherland, Arminy ocholiv yogo. For deakim tributes, vin and zovsim bov yogo іdeynymi nathnennik. If the three Roman legions went straight to the rear to the Teutoburz forest, they could not stink in order, the Germans, under the wire of Arminius, attacked them. After three days of battles, the Roman corrals were completely destroyed, and the head of the Nevdahi of the Roman commander Quintilius Varus, the son-in-law of Emperor Octavian Augustus himself, was shown around the German settlements.
Knowing that the Romans will try to take revenge, Arminy, having tried to unite the German tribes for the future, but did not reach success in tsoma. Vіn having perished not in the hands of the Romans, but in the aftermath of internal wars, murders kimos from the vicinity. Prote yogo did not come up: behind the bags of the soldiers with the Romans, the German tribes were independent.
History of the ancient world Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod University named after. N.I. Lobachevsky, 2013, No. 4 (3), p. 27-38
UDC 94(37).07
ROMAN COMMANDER AT THE BATTLE:
IMAGES, DISCOURSE AND PRAGMATICS OF VIYSK LEADERSHIP (II)
© 2013 р. A.V. Makhlaiuk
Nizhny Novgorod State University im. N.I. Lobachevsky
Entered before the editorial board 12/15/2013
The author analyzes the records of literary and epigraphical cases of the special participation of Roman generals in battle with a look at the correlation of pragmatic and ideological aspects of the Viysk leadership. It is shown that the titles of the Achilles complex are no stranger to the Romans and that the images and butts show a clear Greek infusion, that they go through the historiographic, poetic and rhetorical topoi, as well as through the iconographic symbols, like the discursive look especially. At one time, this discourse was rooted in the Roman traditions and in the development of a specific Roman ideology and the practice of military leadership. Tsi traditions, in the Yandy Velika, the іndivіdualniyu vіyskovіy tie -tie "Charisma" was flooded with a deductible resource of legend, for the sovereign of Diachiv Rimti, so for Bilshosta, Vikuydov, vicoped.
Key words: Ancient Rome, ancient history of antiquity, Roman generals, pragmatics and ideology of military leadership, narrative and ideological discourse.
In this article, the main subject of our study will be the evidence of literary and epigraphic necks of the special participation of Roman generals in battle. Taken from its own fabrication, stink to present a picture, as if superimposing orders of the military theory, let's take a look at the first part of this work. There is a tendency to induce hostility, that the introduction of these postulates was enriched with a lesser extended practice, less actively involved commanders in combat missions and a special fate in battle. Show the іndivoyno vіsyskovo valves, including the sovereign of the worship of the Vorogiv at hand -to -hand, the yak actively plunged into the blocks of the image mysts, and the first of the head of the lean rank of the sides of the command of the commander, the sedimentary dunce,
Obviously, in ancient literary texts (used in poetic and rhetorical texts) it is not important to know the floorings and the unrealistic episodes of the special part of the military leader in the battle, as well as on the image-creating monuments. So, in the "Aeneid" Ankhiz, prophesying about the future glory of Marcellus, the nephew of Augustus, describes
cry yogo viyskou valor as a whole at gomі-
Rivsky soul:
Vіd nego not vkti neushkodzhenno The enemy was not a moment,
hi bi yunak pishim fighting, hi bi spurs built at the sides
a fighting horse (Verg. Aen. VI. 879-881; prov. S. Osherov, ed. F. Petrovsky).
One more promotional butt can be the rows of Horatia z odi, brutalized to sickle at the link with peremoga, well-bred yogo stepsons Tiberius and Drusus in 15 p. BC e. over the Alpine tribes:
Police of enemies
tirelessly pressing Tiberius,
At the very same place with a horse, surviving.
Thundered so Claudius,
rushing to the mortal bey. Dressed at lati barbarians without expenses;
Mowing and rear and front,
Hanging the ground with corpses is possible2.
(Carm. IV. 14. 22-24; 29-32; Prov. N.S. Gintsburg)
Well, if you turn to rhetorical texts, then you should indicate that you set up a rhetorical
ke is directly punished by reporting on the battles for the fate of the emperor (Menander. Peri etbektyu // Rhetores Graeci. III, p. 373, 17-32 Spengel). As an ostentatious example of the implementation of such an installation, one can make a passage from the panegyric to Emperor Kostyantin, who was delivered by an unknown orator at 313 rubles. n. e.:
Hello, Emperor, do you think that I glorify everything that you have won in this battle? And I will swear again. Have you passed everything, having conquered everything, having worn the boots of the supreme commander-in-chief, but now you have fought yourself? Why are you plunging into the very thick of the enemies?<...>Don’t you think, we don’t know, like, stunned by the overworld zazyatty, you veered into the very middle of the fortune-telling war, yakbi didn’t make your own way, smashing the enemies of the right-handed and left-handed, fooling the hopes and spodіvannya of the entire human race?<... ">Fighting follow them, to whom it is written on the birth that we will overcome, we will beat them; but now it’s nazhatsya on the way you’re not safe, in the life of such a person to lay down the share of all?<... >Why is it necessary for you, emperor, to fight the enemy yourself? Tobіt navіt not to deprive robiti tse3.
(Pan. Lat. IX. 9. 2-6; Prov. I.Yu. Shabagi).
Another story, however, is a comparison of historiographical narratives. In the battle scenes depicted by ancient authors, it is clear that there is a small part of rhetoric, facts are explained, but it is hardly right to use pure guesswork and rhetorical permutations.
The model of heroic leadership, which took its bud from the Homeric epic, was completely formed in the era of Hellenism. As a normative image of the image of the commander, she conveyed the indistinct unity of individual military valor and the power of the commander's art, including knowledge of tactics and military cunning. A bright Hellenistic king-commander, completely advancing to the military style of Oleksandr the Great (who, with his dignity, one can say, svodomo orienting on the Homeric paradigm - "Achilles complex"4), without a doubt, you can serve Pirr Epirs. Yaskraviy described his heroic leadership in battle given by Plutarch, speaking about the battle of Heracles:
Vin ... rushing forward first, spurring his horse. Under the hour of the battle, the beauty of yoga is thrown
The glare of the luxurious attire was robbed of him by the memory of the star, and with the right he brought, that his glory is full of valor, more, fighting for the armor in the hands and well against the onslaught of the enemies, not having fought the battle of cold-bloodedness for the command of life, in the distance, I will help everyone whom, it was given, by the enemy
(Plut. Pyrrh. 16. 7-8; Prov. S.A. Osherov).
In a similar rank, the day of the military commander's duties and the days of the military choir often with obvious honor are promoted (including by Roman authors) in other military leaders of the classical and Hellenistic hour. For example, following the words of Justin, Epaminondas under Mantinea not only fought in battle, but fought like the best warrior (Iust. VI. 7. 11: non ducis tantum, verum et fortissimi militis officio fungitur). For Velleius Paterculus, Mitridat Yevpator is “a leader in thoughts, a warrior in battle” (Vell. Pat. II. 18. 1: consiliis dux, miles manu).
It is necessary to add that the model of heroic leadership was similar to the Roman military leaders, but not only at the early stages of Roman history, if, behind the words of Livy, it was honored by the decorum capestum itself: sere pugnam ducibus (Liv. II.6.8). Let's make a selection of the most recent records, arranging them in the chronological sequence, in order to show the continuity of the tradition in the first place. Ale Spochaka Slid to bending, Scho is the power of the VISTROKOVOKOYA I was the generals of mystery, Imail, to visit the spareless, you can say, basic of the rims of the rim, the abdominal nature of the “Meri-Tocratic system”, and the groomed systems, and the gender of the systems, and the gender is in the field of the gender. У цій системі римська еліта свої претензії на політичне лідерство значною мірою обґрунтовувала демонстрацією не просто реальних військових досягнень, а й володінням такою військовою доблестю (virtus), у її «фізичному», бойовому аспекті7, яка була доступна кожному римському громадянину, який виконував свій військовий . borg. Showing that the ideal image of the Roman sovereign fiend has some kind of embellishment for the movie Kv. Metellus at the funeral of Father Lucius Cecilia Metellus, military leader of the First Punic War, consul 231 р. BC, in order of smaller capacities, one can see the practice of being among the
for the first warriors and the best commander, under whose ker_vnitstvom the greatest days were expected.
The butts of such behavior are rich in the history of the classical Republic, and in tradition, stench is assessed more as sharp, less blame. Liviy, speaking about the war with the samnits, puts into the mouth of Valery Korva promov, in which those military leaders are identified, like good people in words, but not recognized by the military authorities, dense battle 9. Frontinus (Strat. IV. 5. 3) predicts that Consular Postumius, who had the right to supply the soldiers, what he did in them, stating that he did, that the stench inherited his butt (ut se imitarentur), and, having saved the ensign, the first rushed at the enemy. It is noteworthy that the same Liviy, with his equal potentialities of the Roman generals, that Oleksandr the Great, cast Manlius Torquatus and Valeria Corva, yak “gained the glory of warriors to the glory of commanders” (and they would hardly have done it on the battlefield). , Yaka "did a lot to yoga glory" (VII. 17. 7; Prov.
N.V. Braginsky).
For the epoch of the Punic wars, the whole bula, perhaps, is characterized by the presence of Roman military leaders in the heroic model of leadership, based on a special application and uninterrupted participation in the unsafe battle11. Such a model was followed by the consul Flaminius at the Battle of Lake Trasimene (Liv. XXII. 6. 1-4) and Emilij Pavlo at Cannae (Polyb. III. 116. 1 sqq.; Liv. XXII. 49. 1 sqq.). Tse, madly, caused a deadly rizik. So, the consul Gaius Atilius Regulus, who especially stunned the attack of the Roman cinema in the battle of Telamon with the Gauls (225 BC), fell at the hand-to-hand essence, fighting for the words of Polybius (II. 28. 10), “yak noble fighter" (^apaßoXw? aywvi£ó|aevov èv xèLpûv vó|iw). So did Claudius Marcellus himself, having attacked the enemy on the choli of the corral at the hour of a small essence (App. Hannib. 50; Polyb. X. 32. 9-10; Liv. XXVII. 27. 11; Plut. Marc. 29).
However, regardless of the death risk12, a lot of Roman military leaders - and even not only in critical situations, if a valiant death could defeat the slaughter of a blow or break it in battle - fought in the first ranks, crying after themselves, like, for example, or 185 R. BC) Kal-Purniy Pizon
battles in Spain on the choli kіnnoti “the first to break into the row of the fortune-tellers and so far to dig into them, it was important to separate them, on which side of the wines to fight” (Liv. XXXIX. 31. 8-9; Prov. E.G. Yuntsa ). Cato the Elder repeatedly zrisik for life before the battle, if he fought in Spain (App. Hiber. 40).
In the qiu era, the commander of the moment is more likely to earn a zakid from the one who takes a little fate without a middle in battles. For the advice of Front-Tin (Strat. IV. 7. 4), Scipio the Younger (who in his youth became famous for winning in single combat with a fortune-teller leader13) happened to be true to whom, declaring that his mother gave birth to Yogo as a commander, and not as a fighter (imperatorem me, non bellatorem peperit).
Mabut, with the greatest frequency, the Roman ideal of a military leader-fighter has insinuated himself at the post of Gaius Mary, whom Pliny the Elder calls manipularis imperator14. Hiking and in battle I will be your friend, I will be your comrade in trouble, and I will entrust you with all conditions”15 (translated by V.O. Gorenshtein). Declaring that I am well aware of all aspects of the military service (and myself: hostem ferire, praesidia agitare, nihil metuere nisi turpem famam, hiemem et aestatem iuxta pati, humi requiescere, eodem tempore inopiam et laborem tolerare), utile, hoc civile imperium) like that, if the military leader is on equal footing with all burdens and practices (B. Iug. 85. 33-35). This style of military leadership is directly opposed to that which at that time was followed by the deacons of Roman nobles, who relied not so much on the practical military knowledge, as on the theoretical guide of the Greeks (Ibid. 85. 12-13; 32). Examples of the butts of Mary in battle are also known from Sallust (B. Iug. 98. 1), and from Plutarch in the description of the battle of Aqua Sextus vixus (C. Mar. 20. 6), and from Diodorus of Sicily (XXXIV. 35. 38). Firstly, the model of command was adopted and in the coming era (SHA. Pesc. Nig. 11. 3). In other critical situations, like I, like Mary, those other Roman generals spent an hour. For example, at the hour of the Battle of Orchomenus, if the Roman military flowed in, Sulla, stubborn from his horse and gathering ensign, rushed to the enemies (Plut. Sulla. 21. 2; App. Mithr. 49). Similar rank
in critical situations, Caesar is needed (Caes. BG. II.25.2; VII.87-88; B. Afr. 83.1; Val. Max. III.2.19; App. BC. II.104; 152; Vell. Pat. II.53.3-4; Flor. II.13.81-82).
You can bring other records of special goodwill, which are defiantly shown by military leaders in battle. Gnaeus Pompey, who took part in hand-to-hand fights and cavalry attacks, as a whole in the soul of Alexander the Great16, as a wine, as if, having succumbed to his success (div.:), as a commander, so and as a commander; Sertorius, from his youthful years he became famous for his vinyatkovo choir in battle (Plut. Sert. 4. 2; 19); Mark Antony, who, commanding the film at the military consul Gabinius, gave, following the words of Plutarch (Plut. M. Ant. 3. 5), “prove by numbers and [his military] strength, and far-sightedness of the military leader” (toXtsp? £ PYa ka! npovoi aÇ P ye^oviKH ç); Lucullus, who, in one of the battles, we write and rush against the enemy, on the shoulders of two cohorts, choking on the front of his warriors (Plut. Lucul. 28. 3).
As in the wild plan, so also in the scenes of battle episodes, Roman authors often think about the inconsistency of the day in the image of that other military leader of the day of military goodness and the power of military leaders. Taken from their own secularity, such passages do not overwhelm the obviousness of a staunch topos, which wins both in a sutonic rhetorical context, and in historical narratives that claim to be authentic. So, Cicero, speaking out against Valerius Flaccus, praises yoga as fortissimum militem and diligentissimum ducem - "the best warrior and the most respectable commander" (Flac.
3.8). Catiline, following the words of Sallust (Cat. 60. 4), at the battle “having changed with the easily armored ones in the first ranks, praising quietly, that they were arguing ... talking about everything, often fighting himself, often fighting the enemy; having beaten at once the bindings of a steadfast soldier, and a valiant commander ”- strenui militis et boni imperatoris officia simul exsequebatur17 (translated by V. O. Gorenshtein with changes). So it is the legate of Caesar Cotta: “when not only zirtavas with the words of the badge to the soldiers, but he himself took the fate of the battle and in such a rite of wearing the shoes and the commander and the soldier” (Caes. BG. V. 33. 2: imperatoris et in pugna militis officia praestabat (Translated by M. M. Pokrovsky).
a commander, an ale and a simple soldier: having taken an eagle from a wounded ensign, for a long time wearing yoga on his shoulders. Cicero praised the consuls of Pansu and Hirtzia for the їhnі dії in the same campaign, naming the first one, who fought in the advanced ranks and the wounded, glorified by the emperor19, and the other, who himself did not have an eagle to the legion in battle, - do not have a miraculous rank (Ph.) . 9.26;
10.27). Described by Tacitus (Hist. РРР. 17. 1) dіy Antonіy Prіma pіd hоdnієї zbіgеї zbіgаєєє zbіgаєєє s tsirovaniem vіsche svіchennyam Sallustіy about Katilіn. Antony, following the words of the historian, “not missing the hodgepodge of a solid commander and a good soldier” (constantis ducis aut fortis militis officium): he calmed down quietly, who spoke, giving order and especially entering into the essence, piercing the list of banners, scho vtikav snorted at the new one. A similar episode Tacitus describes Hist. IV. 77: Petiliy Tserial in one of the battles with rebellious gales “with your own hand you run and throw, without a shield, without a shell, flying a hail of darts” (translated by G.S. Knabe).
For the period of the early Empire, I would like to see one by one the uninterrupted participation of the commander in battle. About the fate of Drusus the Elder, that Germanicus in hand-to-hand matters tells Suetonius (Claud. 1. 4; Cal. 3. 1; cp.: Tac. Ann. II. 20. 3; 21. 2). Tacitus, comparing Vespasian with the commanders of ancient hours, write (Hist. II. Z. 1) for the camp, day and night, thinking about the victory over the enemy, but it’s necessary, rosy yoga with a mighty hand (manu hostibus obniti), їv, what happens, with clothes, with the sounds of mayzhe, not waking up in the face of an ordinary soldier ”(translated by G.S. Knabe) . The image, like a bachimo, fully reaffirms Gaia Maria. In special goodwill and readiness to the risk on the battlefield, the fathers did not step up Tit, which often happened in the advanced orders (Ios. B. Iud. III. 7. 34; 10. 2-3;
10. Z; v. 2. 2; 2. 4-Z; 6. Z; 7.3; Suet. Tit. 4. 3; Z. 2; Dio Cass. LXVI. Z. 1).
Dzherel does not mention anything about such exploits of Trajan, but single-handedly commends him for his special valor and co-participation in the labors and insecurity of his warriors (Plin. Pan. 10. 3; 13. 1;
19.3; Dio Cass. LXVIII. 14.1). Septimius Pivnochi, for the witnesses of Dion Kasii, in a critical situation at the hour of the battle with Albin
I had a chance to mess around with the biy. Інші іmperatori ІІІ st. n. e., judging by the mustache,
often took a special part in the combat actions, moreover, not only “soldier emperors”, such as Maximin Frakiets (Herod. VII. 2. 67: SHA. Max. duo. 12. 3), Aurelian, who deserved to be called the honor of Rubak - manu ad ferrem (SHA.Aurel.6. 1-2), father and son of Decius, who died in battle with the Goths (Aur. Vict. Caes. 29. 5; povn., prote: Epit. de Caes. 29. 3), Prob, yaky, Behind the words of Zosima (I. 67. 3), he fought wildly in battles, walking at the bіy in the first ranks. The fate of hand-to-hand matters is attributed to the ideal "Senatorial" Emperor Oleksandr Severus (before everything, in the face of action, but in this situation we will show the very pragnennya to add the boundary to the image of the ideal, from the point of view of the author of "Life of August", the ruler21). Navpaki, the soldier's style of Caracali's behavior (which calls for a duel between the fortune-telling leaders) from the advanced accomplice of Dion Kasii, who calls out against us, before the emperor, who hooted tsim, filthily twitched the commander's bindings, that stratagem (LXVII Cass. ). -2).
By saying about the hour of early Impperiy, it is not possible not to be the same important of the Epіgrafishna - Virshovan dedicated to Veneri Yeruzinskoi, the Lutzia Apriya Tsizan, who at the same time, pronsils of the Africa, and the Africa, and the ACTI -MECHICA, and the AC III.21). As if yelling at the text of the inscription, Aproniy (who calls himself the commander’s shroud and commander - duxque), consecrating the gift of the goddess of the power of the sword, which, having blunted in hitting the gates, and otherwise I’ll save, zakrema write off, as if he had hit the barbarian22. The emperor Tiberiy awarded the father with an honorable statue, also dedicated to the temple of Venus, and the sin - to the pre-strokovian obrannyam to the priestly collegium of septemviriv-epuloniv. Navit rolyachi iznizhku on poetic perebilshennya, zmist write let me suggest that Lucius himself (or perhaps even his father) took an active part in the battles.
For the period of the early Empire, there are also a number of narrative witnesses about the fate and (or) death in battle of high-ranking military leaders. So, at the battle with the Sarmatians, 70 r. n. e. having died the monk of Mezia, Fonteius Agrippa, “who fought well” (Ios. B. Iud. VII. 4. 3). So, in the war, the monk of Mezia died under Domitian G. Oppy Sabin (Suet. Dom. 6. 1; Eutrop. VII. 23. 4; Jord. Get. XIII. 76; Oros. VII. 10. 3). At the government of Commodus
in Britain, at once, in his military, an unknown military leader perished (Dio Cass. LXXII. 8. 2). Close to 170 p. n. e. the Senate, with the initiative of Marcus Aurelius, having decreed the installation of an honorable statue at the forum of Trajan to the monk of Dacia M. Claudius Fronto, who “having died, fight well until the end
for the state against the Germans and Yazigiv. On the eve of the Marcoman war, M. Valery Maximian, commanding one of the additional parts, having driven in his hand the leader of the tribe of narsts of Valaon, for which he was awarded the honor of Emperor Marcus Aurelius24
About the readiness of the commander to face the deadly danger in battle, to note such a symbolic gesture, as demonstrative as the commander of the commander in the form of a horse before the cob of battle. Putting himself at the same camp with a mass of less fighters, the commander in such a way reinforces the hostility of the other result of the battle, the crime of victory. So repeatedly repairing Caesar (Caes. BG.
I.25.1; B. afr. 83.1); so very diav Agri-
stake at the battle of Mons Graupius (Tac. Agr. 35)
other military leaders.
IV Art. n. e. The heroic model of the military leadership with the greatest extent was instilled in the Emperor Julian, which fully supported the ideal of the commander, who himself christened Constantius at the 2nd Panegyric (Or. 2. 87 B-88 B; por_vn. ). For yoga words, the commander is guilty of teaching his military not to be afraid of work and trouble, children are not less than tempted, eager for punishment, but with a special butt, showing that he himself is like that, like he wants to fight his warriors. “For a soldier in an important battle, it is truly the best sight - a prudent emperor, who diligently sleeps in practice ... what a badiory and fearless in the griznyh-looking furnishing, and there, de warriors, you need to be vivazhni, suvori and not good. Bo pіdlіglі ring out nasledіyut ko-
mandrivnikovi in general and vіdvagі. Julian himself actually poednuvav at his place, seemingly in the words of Ammian Marcellinus, that emperor-
commander and advanced fighter and comrade-in-arms
their soldiers.
Similar models of behavior in battle were followed by other contemporary emperors Julian, zokrema, Constantius (Amm. Marc. XXI. 16. 7; cf.: Iulian. Or. 2. 53 A-C) and Gratian (Amm. Marc. XXXI. 10). 13), and even earlier - Kostyantin (Pan.
Lat. IX. 9. 2-6, op. higher). A different paradigm is formulated in the panegyric of Pakat to Theodosius:
Pragnuchi to honor, you do not waste your nudity, so that the first and the middle of the first will take up the execution of all the numerical military obligations: stand on the fret, carry out guard duty, build a rampart, take up a fighting position, conduct a reconnaissance, change the tabir, go first , we’ll go out of the battle, like a commander (children) are wise, and like a warrior - a butt ...
(Pan. Lat. XII. 10. 3; Prov. I.Yu. Shabagi)
The first tradition of heroic leadership was tribal in the 6th century29. And yet, as an unbiased Greek, “bookish”, having put in the truth, one can indulge in the style of the Viysk leadership, which, following Julian30, and which is a clear idea in Ammian’s work, leadership" permeated the culture of the entire Roman officer corps of the 4th century, a kind of nibito rozdіlyav ellіnіstichne vyyskovoe kommandirovannia in the style of Oleksandr and Homerіv's heroes, like tactics, znavtsі vіysk cunning and advanced fighters.
Vidpovіdnі zrazki that butt was enough to slap and the Roman tradition, yak zberіgalasya in the imperial army protracted century, wanting and showed up with a different degree of intensity. He was followed by military commanders, well aware of the Greek culture, like, let's say, Tit, and ti, whose light-gazer, in fact, mingled with nothing more than army life, like Maximin of Thrace. It is not possible, zrozumilo, to recount the exempla, as Roman military leaders could learn from historical and rhetorical creations. For the fair respect of A. Goldsworth, “the link between the literary ideal and practical wisdom is clear, you can look at the first glance. The image of the proper behavior of the commander shaped the real behavior of the Roman aristocrat, who served in the army and commanded it. It would be less necessary to add that in literary and rhetorical topoi one should know one's own expression and the ideology of the Viysk leadership, as for its day-to-day it is connected with the significant nature of the republican political system and the very Roman one in the political organization.
In this ideology, the special goodness of the military leader was cultivated, as he knew the most visible manifestation in fights with fortune-telling bats, which was an expanded tradition during the hours of the classical Republic (div.:). The Romans are addicted to them, like their readiness to self-sacrifice, denoting Polybius (VI. 54. 4). With fair respect
O.V. Sidorovich, “the agonal spirit is strongly dispelled”, which manifested itself in fights, being related to “Roman aristocrats not with politicians and military leaders of classical Greece, but with Homeric heroes”. S. Oakley, who gave the same level over the given period (when looking, it’s true, only such fights, as if overdoing the opponent’s formal viklik), come to the visnovka, like this kind of single combat, which encroach on their roots from the worst old age, were widened classical and piznyoї Republics are richer, lower sounds are respected. Until then, the variety of common butts in Rome clearly contrasts with its non-numbered Greece, which can explain the greater manipulative fret against the Greek phalanx31. As a result of the establishment of the principate, the initiative of okremy aristocrats in the field of viysk was surrounded, which became one of the factors in the emergence of martial arts.
Prote є suggest vvazhat that fights (even without a formal vikliku), in which the Roman military leaders took part, and not only young aristocracy, but (from the hour of the late Republic) just battles and centurions, continued, hi and episodic, practice principate in the era . The most famous of these episodes is the single combat of M. Licinius Crassus, onuk triumvir, with the leader of the bastarnivs Deldon, there is little space for 29 r. BC e. at the hour of the Roman invasion at Moesia at the time of the devastation by the bastards of Thrace (Dio Cass. LI. 24. 4). Crassus, that having defeated the enemy and having taken the new possession, in such a rank, repeating the famous feat, which is up to the mark in Rome
less than three people robbed such a story, and maw the right to consecrate the “garden obladunok” (spolia opima) to the temple of Jupiter Feretrius, but due to the
reasons not zrobiv tsyogo.
This is the day that brought great glory, refusing to repeat Drusus the Elder, who, after the assertions of Suetonius (Claud. 1. 4), “more than once in peremoga over the enemy, having obtained the best kind of booty (opima quoque spolia), with great concern, ganyayuschiesya for the German leaders.
Rice. Coin depicting an arch with a stone statue of Drusus on the reverse (The Roman Imperial Coinage / Ed. E.H.V. Sutherland. Vol. I2. L., 1984, no. 69-70).
battle” (translated by M.L. Gasparov). At the link with these records, the varto designates that the arch was posthumously sporudened in honor of Drusus (Dio Cass. LV. 2. 3; Suet. Claud. 1. 3), judging by її the image on the coins, vikarbuvanih at 41-42 pp . n. That is, under Emperor Claudius, embellished a statue that represented Drusus as a leader in battle - the only example of such an image on Roman triumphal arches (divine little ones).
To that, as you respect J. Rich, you should take into consideration the special fate of Drusus in battles with a real fact; And even if you didn’t want to become the fourth Roman, who, having consecrated spolia to Jupiter, such an ambitious pragnennya could have been eager for Augustus, who had succeeded in achieving the prestige of the ruling house. It’s completely imaginative, that by a similar feat, having gained fame, the son of Drusus Germanik will become famous. It is important to say that some evidence of the validity of Suetonius' firmness in the fact that Germanicus repeatedly killed the enemy hand-to-hand (Cal. 3. 2), but the information does not seem to be entirely implausible, thus stating it to the records of Tacitus. Behind the words of the rest (Ann.
II. 20.3; 21. 2), in one of the battles with the Germans, Germanicus “the first on the choli of the Praetorian cohorts evaded the forest and there began a hand-to-hand match” (translated by A.S. Bobovich); at the hour of the battle, win the wines, having taken the sholom from the head, so that yoga could be more easily recognized in the lavas of the Romans. Paying respect for the information about the shot from the head of Sholomy - a characteristic detail, the parallels of which appear in the descriptions about Pompeii Magni (Plut. Pomp. 12. 3), and in the quiet images
them monuments, about yaks was in the first part of this work.
Obviously, for the ruling regime, having added about the “symbolic capital” of the potential successors of power and appellating its propaganda to traditional Roman values, including such as reputation and glory (fama and gloria), to reinforce the goodness of the imperial "princes", even if it didn't, it would seem that it would absolutely contrast with the reconstituted imagery of Augustus in the Viysk right (SR:). About the quality of the first princeps, it is striking to say that it is good to know, like wine, often repeating to confirm one’s thoughts, that it is the least possible for an illustrious commander to be called buti vapid and neobachny: “The guardian commander is the best for the reckless” (Greek quote from h); “It’s better to be happy, lower the calm of the quick” and others. Quiet, who pragmatically small profits at the cost of great troubles, win over fishing, to catch fish on a golden hook (Suet. Aug. 25. 4; povn.: Polyaen. VIII. 24. 4-6). In this context, verbally, singsongly, guess and about those who, before the battle of Aktsi, Octavian dvіchі vіdpovіv vіdmovoi on the proposition of Antony vyrishiti їhnyu superechku duel (Plut. Ant. 62. 3; 75. 1). Plutarch, who talks about it, doesn’t even interpret such a viklik as being supernatural, but about a similar way of resolving conflicts in the period of the great wars, nothing is seen
(Plut. Sert. 13. 3-4), although they also practiced a whole series of classic “duels” between fighters of the opposing sides (
B. Hisp. 25. 3-5).
У зв'язку з традицією єдиноборств у військовій історії Риму не можна не згадати про те, що в середовищі римської аристократії (включно з багатьма імператорами) престижним завжди - від найдавніших часів до пізньої Імперії - було майстерне володіння суто військовими вміннями, насамперед поводження зі зброєю (reported divs: ). The numbers that were presented in panegyric works, biographical and historical descriptions, appeared not only on the Field of Mars, but on the tabor parade ground, where Roman aristocracy set in, and sometimes on the battlefield, in real fights or hand-to-hand combat with the enemy. Prote arc often vkazіvki on vіyskі vіyskі vіdpovіdny vіdpovіdny habitus оf high-ranking commanders, they were not inferior to simple soldiers, not so much as a statement of facts, like a given rhetorical topic, called upon to substantiate the habitus of the ruler or the viysk leader. The words of Vegetsia (III. 26) can testify to the wide expansion of this topos, which, turning to the emperor, to the addressee of his practice, with unfathomable forests, not only his knowledge of tactics, dzherela div.: , about habitus'e parіvn.: ).
Needless to say, the Roman ideology of the Viysk leadership was heroic with scars from wounds that were taken away from the battles for the fatherland. The demonstration of such scars as signs of valor shown on the battlefield, bula, obviously, will be expanded in Roman political and judicial practice with a rhetorical gesture (div. ipsius vulnus, “wounded by the emperor himself”, as a direct witness to his fighting prowess (Pan. Lat. VII. 6. 3; div.: , with comments).
In this rank, the prestige of the image of the military leader, which is regarded with special valor on the battlefield, is undoubtedly less important for the representation and legitimation of the power of the Roman aristocracy in the period of the Republic, and in the era of the imperial - in the era of the emperor. The majority of the emperors, like the sovereigns of the Roman Republic, had their own individual "charisma", propagated by various manipulatives, was deprived of a strong resource for the strengthening of the ruling positions (cp.: , especially p. 181)35.
The "Achilles Complex" in Yogo Oleksandrovsky's version of buv is not alien to the Romans36. For more food, how can you sing with songfulness, that Greek eyes have been thrown into the Roman ideology of the Viysk leadership. Такий вплив, що йде через історіографічні, поетичні та риторичні топоси, а також іконографічні зразки, безсумнівно, присутні в розглянутих свідченнях, в яких поведінка римських воєначальників описується в тих же або дуже схожих висловлюваннях, що й поведінка елліністичних військових лідерів. However, if you talk about pragmatic aspects, then in any case you should not underestimate and calmly Roman traditions of the Viysk conductor, for which even the most recent manifestations of that discourse were grounded.
Turning to the image-creating reminders, from which we began our investigation, we can say that in them, like in poetic and deaking rhetorical texts, insanely, є high respect for the idealization of the image of the commander on the battlefield: not just a strategist and tactician, who directs the head of the battle, like an advanced fighter, who cries behind him with a military and breathes with the butt of a vlasnoy selfless goodness37. Various variations and
whom images are often used in historiographical narratives. Prote boulo would have been pardoned by the most recent records of ancient historians, and more than given to the literary topoi. In the traditions of ancient Rome, there are real historical turns and signs of such a model of heroic leadership, which the Roman military leaders and deacons of the emperor in the era of the Empire continued to inherit.
The robot was awarded for financial support to a grant from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation as part of the implementation of the federal program "Science and scientific and pedagogical staff of innovative Russia" (zahid 1.2.1; Pleasure No. 14.B3 7.21.0962).
Notes
1. Div., For example, analysis of the image of military leadership in the Roman epic: .
2. In historians, who speak about this campaign, about similar exploits of members of the imperial family, one cannot guess (cp.: Veil. Pat. II. 95. 1-2; Dio Cass. LIV. 22).
3. Until the first passage of divas. About rhetorical technique, victorious by panegirists, div.: . Similar motives sound in other promos; div., for example: Pan. Lat. II (X). 5.3; IX(XII). 24.3; X(IV). 26. 1-5; XII(II). 10.3.
4. Equation: . Report about the "Homer" style of Viysk leadership Oleksandr div.: .
5. Plutarch, before the speech, is also the future image of the episcopal king, orienting himself to the Homeric topic. About the peculiarities of the plutarchic narrative about the heroic deeds of Pirra div.: ; porіvn.: .
6. About Roman meritocracy div.: .
7. As rightly argued by M. McDonnell, “In Rome... physical strategy, or struggle, especially developed in war, becomes the central element of manliness through the Republican period and into Empire. Tsey bіk vіdpovіdaє vysokіy mіsіynіy prirodі rosіyskoїї ї respublikі.» . Reportingly, the author develops the argument from the point of view of his monograph.
8.Plin. NH. VII. 140: voluisse enim primarium bellatorem esse, optimum oratorem, fortissimum imperato-rem, auspicio suo maximas res geri. (=).
9. Liv. VII. 32.11: .verbis tantam ferox, operum militarium expers; an qui et ipse tela tratare, procedere ante signa, versari media in mole pugnae sciat.
10. For whom, like in the painting in the same excursion, the portraits of Papiriya Cursor, Levi follow the sallustian ideal of the commander-battle, which is seen as corporeal, so rosy, as corpus and ingenium (Liv. 9; IX. I6. I2) .I3; cp.: Sall. Cat. 1.7; 60.4). Cp.: .
11. Vtіm, even in this period, the more protective style of command is expanding,
if the military leaders were close to the advanced orders, they moved in a comfortable way, supporting the warriors and directing the reserves. Report about this option of commanding divs:), but how is the “emperor-fighter”? The analysis is free, as it was invested in this country, given to R. Kombe, without hesitation, it’s true, it is reported in the role of a special part of the commander in battle.
15.Sall. B. June. 85.47: Egomet in agmine [a]ut in proelio consultor idem et socius periculi vobiscum adero, meque vosque in omnibus rebus juxta geram.
16. Porіvn., for example: “The brother of the king stood on the top of the wall in the name of Kosid; Vіn, as if only it went to hand-to-hand combat, attacking Pompey, throwing a dart at the new one and pulling the shell from the chair. Pompey, having penetrated Yogo with spice, having killed at home ”(Plut. Pomp. 35. 2-3; translated by R. A. Stratanovsky). SR: Plut. Pomp. 7. 1-2; 12.3; 19.2.
17. About the stability of similar formulas, the words of Vegetsia, which complete the III book of yoga “Epіtomi” can be evidence: “... for the valor of the soul, that mood of mind is in front of the power of the high butt of the binding like an emperor, so is the war” -et imperatoris officium exhiberes et militis (III. 26; Prov. S.P. Kondratiev).
18. non modo ducis, sed etiam militis functum munere (Suet. Aug. 10.4). Octavian buv at his wounds (Flor. II. 4. 5). On the eve of the Illirian campaign, Octavian also took a special fate in battle and two wounds, once during the assault on the walls of Metula, if he himself rushed forward with a small companions and guards, zmusivsya military clog and drink after him (2 App. Illyr. 27; Flor.II.12.7; Suet.Aug.20.1; Plin.NH.VII.148).
19. After Appian (BC. III. 71), Hirciy perished, evading the enemy's tabir and fighting against the commander's plan.
20. “If you’ve beaten the wine, that all the people rushed to weave, then tearing the cloak on themselves, exposing the sword, surviving in the ranks,
for the stench, having become confused, turn back, otherwise the wine itself will perish at once from them ”(Dio Cass. LXXVI. 6. 7). Vtіm, following the assertions of Herodian (III. 7. 3), Pivnіch is simply big at once with a reshtoi, falling from a horse, throwing off his purple cloak, as if he saw a new emperor. For a different version (SHA.
S. Sev. 11. 2), having fallen from a horse and being injured by a lead sack from a sling.
21. SHA. Alex. Sev. 55. 1: “Oleksandr himself bypassing the flanks, pidbadyoruvav voinіv, perebuvav at the borders of the reach of spears, even richly blowing with his hand (manu plurimum faceret)...” (translated by S.P. Kondratiev). Navpaki, in the biography of Maxi-Min Thracian, who is a clear antipode of Oleksandr, the first is attributed to the thought about those that the emperor should lead with his own hand, which the author describes as “barbaric indiscretion” - barbarica temerita 1 - dubarica temerita 1 . ). In this way, that very model of behavior could be slandered in a different way depending on the character of the described character.
22. CIL X. 7257 (= ILS 939 = Anthologia Latina. Vol. II. Carmina Latina epigraphica / Conlegit Fr. Buecheler. Fasc. 2. Lipsiae, 1982, 1525):
us VII vir m
Vene]ri Erucinae d.
sule bella ius hostis felicem gladium
Aproni effigiem duxque hic idem fuit; hic icon<...>
armaque quae gessit: scuto quanta patet virtus ens caedibus attritus, consummatque qua cecidit [f]os[s]u[s]
About tsey wrote div.:.
23. CIL VI. 1377=ILS. 1098:<..>huic senatus auctore imperatore M. Aurelio Antonino... (“... the senate for the proposition of the emperor M. Aurelius Antonino, having praised the statue of the divine Trajan on the forum of the divine Trajan, the statue of the Viysk ode, because of the number of successful battles with the Germans and tongues fell [at battle], good until the end, fight for the state")).
Div. also: . About the career of Fronton div.: CIL III. 1457 = ILS 1097.
24. Année Epigraphique 1956, 124: ... praef(ecto) al(ae) I Aravacor(um) in procinc/tu Germanico ab Imp(eratore) Antonino Aug(usto) coram laudato et equo et phaleris / et armis donato quod manu sua ducem Nar-istarum Valaonem/intermisset.
2Z. About yoga car'er divas: CIL III. 1122; CIL VIII. 2621; 2698 = 18247; 2749; 4234; 4600; CIL III. 13439=ILS. 9122.
26. Spartacus kills his horse before the battle (Plut. Crass. 11. b). Div: .
27. Div: , and navіt: і in the headline of Julian and the army: .
28. Div: Amm. Marc. XXIII. Z. 19: imperator et an-tesignanus et conturmalis; cp. XXIV. 6. 13: ignoratus ubique dux esset an miles magis; since. also: XV. 8.13; XVI. 4.2; XVII. 12; XXIV. 1. 13; 4.18; XXIII. Z. 19;
Z. 11; 6.11; XXV. 3. Z-7; 4.10; 4. 12.
29. Div: (With the help of dzherel, we are forwarded to the work of Procopius of Caesarea). In Procopius, before the speech, in the images of the generals on the battlefield, there is a clear orientation to the Homeric paradigm and the reference to "Achilles' ethos" "to the princess of Odysseus." Detail div.: .
30. Indeed, Julian, and after that, he came to power, adding great respect to the development of the theoretical and historical literature (Liban. Or. XVIII. 3S-39; Z3; 72; 233; cp.: XII. 48; XV. 28) and inspire himself by becoming the author of a special work on mechanics (loan. Lyd. Magistr. G. 49), as well as a historical work on his journey (Liban. Epist. 33; Eunap. P. 217).
31. On this factor, however, in passing, R. Combe, indicative of the connection, in Rome, on the authority of Greece, the development of manipulative, and then cohort tactics, was more important for individual soldiers and commanders.
32. Legendary Romulus (Liv. I. 10. 4-7; Propert. IV. 10. Z-b; Plut. Rom. 1b), Avl Cornelius Koss in 437 r. BC e. (div.:, With letters to other dzherel) and Claudius Marcellus in 222 p. BC e., that he had won a duel with the Gallic leader Britomatus (Verg. Aen. VI. 836-860; Plut. Marcell. 7-8; Flor. I. 20. H).
33. About this discussion div.: [3b-37]. J. Rich argued that the right was not in any way quarrelsome, but Crassus himself did not impinge on yoga implementation, either voluntarily, or as a result of an informal pressure.
34. ... ex hoste super victorias opima quoque spolia captasse summoque saepius discrimine duces Germano-rum tota acie insectatus.
35. About the victory of Weber's concept of "charismatic panuvannya" for the celebration of the republican Rome div.: .
36. It is noteworthy that two heroes of Roman and Vysk history for their goodness, shown in fights, among other things, took away Achilles. Tse, in a way, napіvlegendarny L. Sіktsіy Dentat, plebeian tribune 454 r. to the sound e. (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. X. 37. 3; Val. Max. III. 2. 24; Plin. NH. VII. 101, Gell. NA. II. 11. 3; Fest. 208 L. ) that Quint Oktsiy, legate of Spain in 143 p. to the sound e. (Val. Max. III. 2.21; Liv. Ep. Oxy. 33-34).
37. Porivn., for example, Pan. Lat. XII (IX). 21.4: ... quelemcumque militem fortissimum facias tuo, impera-
tor, exemplo. Porivn. also: SHA. Hadr. 10.4 (exemplo... virtutis suae).
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ROMAN GENERAL IN BATTLE:
IMAGES, DISCOURSES AND PRAGMATICS OF MILITARY LEADERSHIP (II)
The materials of the exemplars of literature and epigraphic dzherel create a special struggle with Russian heads in the front part and points in the correlation between the pragmatic and ideological aspects of the Russian literature. It is not clear that those called "Achilles' complex" did not have any novels, but, if speaking about their pragmatists, they show images and examples, that was influenced by the Greek historiographical, poetic and rhetorical topoi, as well iconographical patterns, due to recognition as a special discussion, as being based on original Russian traditions and expressed the specifically Russian ideology and practice of Russian literature. Traditionally, like running a great store on special Russian styles and Russian "charisma", they are filled with living resources for legitimizing the authority of Russian Russian politicians, like kindness, like the greatest heroes, like victorious images in their propaganda models.
Keywords: Old-time novel, old-time Viysk history, Russian statues, ideology and practice of Russian literature, old-time narrative, images, discourse.
“The characteristic and talents of the commander are necessary, the head is the head, the mustache is the fault for the army. Galli were overcome not by the Roman legions, but by Caesar. In this statement of Napoleon there is nothing marvelous, shards of wine embracing themselves as a “great person”, what to create the world of a well-groomed person, and drawing parallels between his career and prominent people of antiquity.
Starting from the era of Enlightenment, in European enlightenment, mysticism and culture prevailed over classical traditions, and the history of Greece and Rome often seemed like a sequence of episodes, in which the central role was played by one or two people. There were philosophers, sovereign fiends or generals, such as Socrates and Plato, Pericles and Demosthenes, Phillips and Oleksandr - as well as richly quiet Romans, about the actions of such worlds were spread in the front divisions.
Old-time biographies, like Plutarch, gave head respect to the character of a person, rozpodyayuchi, like її - zavzhdi "yogo", shards of significant positions of antiquity, writing in letters, being inevitably human, - honesty led to success, and not enough to failure. In the epoch, if knowledge was taken away, and in the future, they were forced into practice, they gave the opportunity to understand and improve the world, blaming calmness, especially blaming the inner strength of the people.
As soon as Napoleon is hung up, then he rises from the unknown to the pinnacle of power in France and orders the whole of Europe to his talent, the will to the distant zbіgu furnishes. We can tell other officials, as if they could say: the political chaos of the revolution, the vacuum of power at the center; I will call for a goloshennya, which has secured great human resources for the armies. Before that, the military reformers of the significant world laid the foundation for a new strategy and tactics, like building up the Great Army. (La Grande Armé) Mayzhe unbearable.
However, the recognition of the importance of everything is not guilty to lead to a visnovka, that the character and talents of Napoleon can not be taken to respect. Vіn not z poіtrya having created a system of hulls (corps d'armee), which allowed the armies to underestimate the maneuvering of an inflexible opponent, or their own imperial headquarters, which coordinated the transfer of troops. Ale yogo yaskrava speciality, madly, laid her wit on everything. Headquarters, zokrema, zavzhd buv at the new one under the hand, and letters of punishment, like flying on all sides, were formulated by him. Napoleon instantly crushed the army like no other enemy. During this period, there were also other factors - the number of soldiers, the ability of their training, the transfer of troops and their supply of provisions, clothes, armor, ammunition. Everything was costing the powers a penny, and Napoleon was always ceremonious. However, the fact is overridden by the fact: the conflicts of these fates cannot be seen without looking at the emperor's personality.
Otzhe, no doubt, there is a part of the truth in the firm that Caesar, and not Rome, having conquered Galiya. Like me already bachili, Julius Caesar, rozpochav war against Gaul, and not Dacia richly in what zavdyaki vipadkovy zbіgu obstavin, and yogo bazhannya to become famous, to reach their political goals, vplynulo on rich yoga vchinkpediyu.
You can talk about those that the permanent expansion of the cordons of the Roman Republic could hardly bring before the conquest of Gaul, to which Jacob Caesar did not start yoga in 58 p. BC i.e., then the other Roman commander robbed the bi-invading pіznіshe. However, such a look at the history of ours is not safe for the building of people to be thrown into the crossroads. In this scheme, everything that is being used is characterized by different conditions, for example, social, ideological, economic minds, the development of technology, an increase or a decrease in the number of people, changes in the climate and the need for a medium. The human factor in such an approach to history is completely ignored.
Such a glance is even more important to remember that one sees in the real world, for the lives of those who are not aware and not aware of the decisions, and all the stench mourn their legacy. Ponad those, zdіbnostі kuptsіv, impersonal їhnої ї ї і і і і інші podії strongly differ, navit if stench were born and grew up in the arc of similar minds.
In the war, like nowhere else, the strength of the commander to pour on the bottom is obvious, the shards of skin solutions can lead to disaster. Yakbi Caesar, having not conquered Galiya, the other Roman commander, having killed his bat in the future, ale podії developed in a different way, as it happened in the period of 58-50 rokіv. to the sound e. The peculiarity of Caesar himself and the characters of the commanders on both sides were attached to the fact that the campaign proceeded in this way, and not otherwise. Lyudina, who is at the top of the hierarchical gatherings, will inevitably have a greater influx, there may be a smaller number of takings of individuals. In fact, we have turned to the point where we started: the importance of leaders and commanders cannot be underestimated, the stench was and becomes important, although not obov'yazkovo virishal factor in how they flow and how wars end.
In this book, we told about the number of military commanders and the military campaigns for a long time, if there was a little expansion, the consolidation of the state, and then we fight against the fall. The wars and generals played a great role in Roman history. The evil and the fall of Rome all the same would have been, navit yakbi fifteen people, described in this book, died in childhood, who were trapilos with riches of their co-workers, or they were beaten, if they commanded armies. Prote їhnє pіdnesennia and victories in such important periods of іstorії Rome is rich in what they called those, as it were. At different times, the emergence of especially talented and daring commanders introduced a new roman method of warfare. People on the square of Marcellus, Fabius Maximus and Scipio Africanus helped Rome to withstand the onslaught of Hannibal and defeat Carthage. Pompey and Caesar conquered the republic, but the stench also came to the empire with more territories, lower military leaders. Serpen zmіtsniv svіy new regime conquest no less, nizh vіdnovlennya vnutrishny svіtu and stability.
The war and politics were inextricably tied up, the shards of the head of the state’s most powerful veneer were the task of hitting the enemy at war. In ancient antiquity, the old tradition of the civil and military careers has come to a head, when the protege Justinian killed Belisarius as a consul when he turned back from Africa. In the ancient world, wars were a frequent occurrence, and the state demanded these people to win over them. For all the hours it brought prestige and prestige in politics. The senatorial aristocracy, for which the richly talented Roman generals had come to be so richly talented, was already writing about this fact, but at the same time was dissatisfied, as if okremi individuals were seen on the aphids of their colleagues.
Ninja varto look at the share of our fifteen heroes. Two boules were driven into the essence - Marcellus of Carthage, and Julian, perhaps, by his own soldiers. Trajan died a natural death at the hour of the campaign, like Mary the Nevdovz after the capture of Rome. Three were beaten - Sertorius with his officers, Pompey at the order of Ptolemy's courtiers, Caesar, falling victim to the senators. Another one, Corbulo, was punished by Nero to commit self-destruction. Scipio Emilian and Germanicus perished - a bit - a bit off. Tit ruled for a short time, and Yogo became his protector, his brother. Fabius Maximus got out of politics, and then the end of his long life was a shame for the glory of the African Scipio. Remaining before the hour of switching off from life and ending his life with a warm confirmation, which predicted the fate of Belizariy. Emilia Pavel in the rest of his life had a chance to heal his fortune and fortune teller, so that he could celebrate his triumph.
In battle, the Roman commanders commanded the troops, perebuvayuchi one day for the lava, and this position cannot be called safe. But still, the stench did not perish on the battlefields, having dishonored itself with glory, the stench could get stuck with real problems.
After Rome
We are to blame that Alexander, Caesar, Scipio and Hannibal are the most worthy and most famous warriors of all hours; however, I sing you ... stinks would not have been able to ... conquer the lands so easily, as if stinks were zmіtsne like Nіmechchina, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and other powers for the last hours.
Navit if Ser Roger Williams wrote his "Short Treatise on Military Art" in 1590. And having pulled, that new developments in the military military - we have changed the importance of applications from antiquity for modern commanders, many other military theoreticians have begun to learn from the Greeks and the Romans.
However, it was not a new phenomenon, the fragments of the "Short edition of the Viysk's Celebration" of Vegetsia, written in the IV century, were one of the largest copies of the world's manuscripts in the Middle Ages. It is important to note that the signs of Vegetsia were really thrown into the minds of the middle military leaders during the campaigns, but the work, insanely, was kindly seen by the illuminated people. A lot of recommendations - for example, carried out a battle only for the most favorable conditions and exits at the fort, provided with provisions, de garbniks could take them in the tax of doti, the docks were depleted of food and happened to enter, - no doubt, they needed a military service. However, the commanders, yakі so dіyali, mozhlivo, went out of practical knowledge, and did not wait for the pleasures of the Roman theoretician.
Until the 6th century, the Roman ways of warfare themselves became middle-class. The armies were small, the discipline less strict, lower than the old hours, and the raids of those small operations began to dominate the grandiose battles. Critical kingdoms watched a lack of cats, resources that necessary level of centralization, to put up an army that you guessed that they founded in Rome for hours of yoga.
Only like the XV and XVI centuries the camp began to change. The powers became mighty and began to victorious great armies. The middle methods of command did not show up due to the increase in the number of soldiers. The problem was aggravated by the fact that strict discipline was required for the effective achievement of the new light firearms. The expansion of literacy, the creation of books and pamphlets made it possible to bring new ancient authors to the fore and to re-translate modern language with accessible translations.
In the XVI-XVII centuries, such military leaders as Moritz and Wilhelm of Nassausky in the Netherlands or Gustav Adolf in Sweden tried to turn the army into military, founded on discipline, organization and tactical system of the Roman legions. In 1616 p. John Bingham, having published a translation into English of the book "Elian's Tactics", in which there were not only small little ones that show spearmen in the form of the 17th century, which scoring okremі ruhi, but also divided about those, how the building preparation of old-fashioned bula adapted for the service of Holland. The lining looked like a promotional message, because on it there was an image of Alexander the Great, who is presenting his sword to Maurice of Nassau.
So, as the army was organized for the Roman model - or, admittedly, the military reformers respected that the Roman model was - it is not surprising that the commanders commanded in the Roman tradition a lot of capital. On the armies, which rarely had over 30,000 people, they were collapsing in a closed formation, the stench could also hit a large part of the battlefield. The richness of minds, in some days the commander, did not change - the peep trumpets made it easier to watch out for the battlefield, but at the same hour Dima was gloomy, as a result of the black gunpowder, the visibility was reduced. The speed of the call, like before, did not outweigh the speed of the courier. The headquarters, having assisted the commander, began to ring out, as if in Rome, from the members of this family, that good-known commander. They were not rich, and, as a rule, they did not go through any special training. It is small that Caesar or Pompey would have imagined the battlefield of Gustavus Adolphus or Marlborough to be something different from those who stank on the battlefields in their hour.
The commander of the 17th or 18th century maw the very freedom of the day, which is for the hours of Rome. Vіn knowing the place, which gives a good look, to keep watch over the course of the battle and travel behind the line of the front of his soldiers, trying to make a difference, de vinikne the threat, or, navpaki, the ability to attack is friendly. The commander especially guarded for the battle, entrusting the officers with children in the name of his name, taking care of his subordinates, as they control the skin of the battlefield. For the help of whom, the commander tried to comprehend and rebuff the head of the battle, and introducing at the bіy pіdrozdіli, yakі vin, like a Roman commander, trimav at the reserve. In an hour, in a moment, move forward and especially ocholit be-like an operation - wanting more quiet, who, having done so, were seriously injured, or beaten, like Gustavus Adolphus. The development of modern artillery led to the fact that commanders, who are left behind the ranks of their soldiers, could take away the wounded, and the ability of this boulder was significantly higher, lower for the hours of the Roman generals.
It does not matter to know a lot of examples, if the commanders of the 17th or 18th centuries acted in a manner, as if they were guessing the style of the command of the Roman military commanders - episode, if the commander grabbed the ensign, to pick up some soldiers for himself, whether the beagles or suffocated, - it became the same cliche of the era, like the war Bulo for the Romans. Sometimes the truth could have led to the flow of soldiers. However, it is more important to note that they repaired the stench so through those who most of them knew the classics well and inherited the heroes of the past, as if timidly Yulian Vidstupnik, otherwise similar minds called out similar reactions.
However, in ancient times, the methods of warfare in the 18th century were notably changed in Roman conflicts. Protect maneuvering and carelessness to stray into risks, which are little more than sleeping with the campaigns of Alexander's attackers, lower pitiless rіshuchіst, with which Rome will ring out in its own war.
One more vіdminnіst poked at vіdnosinah mizh commanding that soldier. The task of effective zastosuvannya of manual firearms led to the implementation of suvoro discipline on the cob of daily doby. Through the circumference of the radius, the muskets did not become more difficult for infantry soldiers, lower tsibulya, but it was easier to train the musketeers, lower archers. Before that, the muskets were superficially inaccurate and reloaded to the fullest extent, so the advancing (especially the cavalry) could easily defeat one row of musketeers, the first lower stench caught up in vistrlity more times.
As a result, methods have been developed that will help you to stay in a row of fire, as if you were guilty of shooting and reloading your bullets in a bad way. The year of accelerated reloading changed the number of rows necessary for conducting constant fire on the gates, from ten to three, or to shoot two, and yet the reach reduced the accuracy of the shooter. In the 18th century, the linen fir did not shoot (the greater number of muskets were not small enough to aim), but simply shot at the back of the enemy. It was overwhelmed that a volley of tightly closed ranks hit the enemy like a foe.
Stroyova predgotovka small zrobiti all ruhi and reloading muskets purely mechanical. As the soldiers were not coordinating their actions, a rogue appeared, as a result of which they were violently injured. To this, the discipline was very sharp, it was the means to turn a soldier into an automatic machine, practically into a “walking musket”. Although it was important in the Roman army to keep pace and save chic, victory in hand-to-hand combat was not a bad drill. The initiative and individual aggression for different circumstances were actively hunted by the Roman military system, more often than not, a small number of people could turn a blow into a victory.
One of the most important commanders of the Roman general is to be a witness to the behavior of the soldiers and give them a further assessment. The tactful system of the army gave the commander a significant role in coordinating the okremyh subdivisions, and prompted him to get involved in the lowest level for the need. However, it did not prevent the initiatives of yoga officers. Legati, tribunes, prefects and centurions have always played an important role. The loyalty of the fact that the officers commanded nicely in their battlefields allowed the commander to lead the ranks of warriors, guiding the soldiers to the most important, to the other thought, to the battlefield.
The Romans wanted to have the soldiers cherish the children, and they constantly suffocated them to show their valor. The position of the commander of the army and її prestige gave the opportunity to invest in the greater world, no matter who, but there were a lot of bad jobs, if the wines were taken to other areas of battle. However, the bulls and reckless ledlegles, like unreasonable commanders, sometimes the initiative of young officers defeated the camp, or brought it to shock (and for Gergovia in 52 BC, the commander was provided with the truth for failure). Prote zagalom dії commanders that pіdleglih added one to one and gave the army more richness, less the enemy.
Just like in the 18th century, there were some things that appeared in the European armies. Zavdyaki system corps (corps d'armee) Napoleon was able to effectively control the strategic movement of the armies of the widows and more for those that were based on more traditional methods or for the hours of the Romans. Tse vymagalo nadanny nabagato more freedom di ї yogo podleglim and especially the corps of commanders. The protégé army was great, and the emperor could instantly bless more of his soldiers, and then bach his idol. After an hour of campaigning wines, having spent a few hours at the side, and the first of these official and unofficial airs, the pilots sounded ended with negainny promotions and honors of all the soldiers.
It is impossible to say what the Great Army has (La Grande Armue) a leather soldier, as if having shown valor, in a moment he could see his own career, - but in general it was respected that courage and vivacity would be commemorated by that wine. Discipline played an important role, but it wasn’t possible to sweep the floor with a suvor, so that the blind ear would stifle the initiative. A similar sight was feared by the Roman army.
Propaganda and rhetoric of Napoleon were clearly classical, and the great Roman world - triumphal arches, reliefs that depict the triumph of victorious victories, ensigns with eagles and navit sholomi deiky pdrozdiliv. Napoleon had a wide knowledge of the military history, including the history of the ancient world, and having named Caesar as one of the greatest military leaders, from the campaigns of which one can learn a lot about the commander's art. Yogo order at Austerlitz - “Soldiers, I especially care for all battalions; I will tremble on the sidelines, like, with my sonorous goodness, you will plant trouble and confusion in the lava of the enemy; ale, if you want to mitigate vinikne sumniv at the crossroads, you will sing your emperor at the first row "- moment it is easy to get out of the sight of a Roman general.
Napoleon is already active before the battle, thinking, for some of them, the army is small to break the enemy, and depriving us of the tactful command of the battle, we will help. The expansion of the armies itself, especially in recent campaigns, having taken such a command, and that imperial headquarters had to be static, so that the gents knew it more easily.
Wellington, in most vipadkiv commanding richly smaller armies and not having such an effective headquarters, did not have an hour of battle in the typical Roman style. Behind Waterloo, I stumbled close to the first rows and spent the whole hour at the most important place. Vіn vіddavav punishment that otrimuvav vіdomlennya there, de perebuvav for a given moment. Others venerable cherubed with diami okremikh, warriors - “And now, Maitland, your hour has come!” British records about this battle predict the duke's appearance, even if the style of his command is unlikely to be so that the young officers show a lot of initiative.
After Waterloo, the commanders of the armies no longer lacked the ability to overcome the course of the battle, taking such an uninterrupted fate in Europe. The growing power of the national powers with such dominion as the airlock and the telegraph gave birth to an army that has hundreds of thousands and vreshti-resht - millions of soldiers. At the same time, the improvement in the construction was completed with a deadly traditional closure and increased the size of the battlefield.
The battles were now carried out on the windows, which did not allow the commanders to guard the whole battle in a special way. It was only indirectly in the middle of the moment to command their soldiers, and the task of close guarding that spirit of the soldiers was now exclusively in the hands of the underdogs. Tim is no less, the classics continued to shape the core of illumination, including military illumination for young officers in some countries, and more military ones were known with the great campaigns of Greece and Rome.
Having directly poured into the future the behavior of a better one, it is important to bring the shards of simple zbіg dіy, similar to those that were smashed by Scipio and Pompey, we can only confirm one thing - good successful military leaders often come up the same way. Indirect, although in the distance it is important to cross over, because the classical traditions have gone deep into a zahidnoy culture. A lot of military commanders, yakі jumped buti similar to Napoleon - for example, Havelock, McLellan and navit "Boni" Fuller - copied people, as if they closely associated themselves with the great commanders of history.
For hours after Waterloo, the theorists also competed with the significance of the Greek and Roman methods of waging war for them, like their colleagues of the Renaissance era. Clausevits vvazhav, that the famous battles of old, yakі zvuchay were carried out for a rich harvest, may not sleep well with today's wars. Tim is no less, irrespective of how much he poured into Prussian and late German military science, the study of Russian history, including the history of the ancient past, became an invisible part of the enlightenment of the officer at the headquarters.
Sometimes it went to extremes. Von Schliffen, for example, the floorings were stuck in the floor, having learned practical lessons from long-standing battles, which inspired obsession. In the past, a similar interest was especially deep in the German army, but not a trace of forgetting that in the same period the Germans were panowed in most areas of the Old World, although it is impossible to say that the stench was selfish. The spitting French theorist Ardan du Piq, taking a lot of examples from Roman battles, respecting that the old-timers were more able to tell the truth about the behavior of people in battle, even more so.
In the 19th century, the world changed, and one of the significant changes was the reduction of the classics. However, the deacons who write about the war, like before, try to learn lessons for the current world of war in Rome. I have a sense of the fact that the Western armies will wage war against smaller enemies, and not the country with similar tactful systems and equal technologies, creating a situation that guesses that Rome has stumbled. I mean part of its history, the Roman army was better organized and more importantly, richly organized and disciplined, lower enemies.
In my Victorian era, many Roman campaigns were called "small wars." Possibly, the lessons for our time should be learned from the way such operations were carried out, and not from the famous battles against the Carthaginians and the Macedonians.
AB
WE
Maxim (usurper) 409 - 411; 420 - 422 rocks
Piscinny Niger 193 - 194
SA
Salustius Gaius Crisp(Gaius Sallustius Crispus) (86-35 BC), Roman historian.
Saturnin 279 - 281 rocks.
Light Guy Tranquill(Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus) (70-122), Roman historian and writer.
Sebastian (usurper) 412 - 412\413 rocks
Septimiy Pivnich 193 - 211 rocks
Serviy Tuliy- the sixth Roman Tsar (traditional fates of rule: 578-534 rr. e.).
Silvanus (not Flavius) 355 rec.
Symma(Quintus Aurelius Symmachus) (345-405), Latin writer and orator.
Sulla, Lucius Cornelius Sulla(138-78 pp. e.) - Roman commander and political fiend.
Scaevola Guy Muciy(Gaius Mucius Scaevola; Scaevola), the legendary hero of the period of the struggle of the Romans against the Etruscans (6-5 centuries BC)
Scipio, Public Cornelius Scipio the African Senior (Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major) (bl. 235 - bl. 183 BC), commander of that holding. game hours of the 2nd Punic War. At the battle of Cannae (216), in the same time the Romans were defeated by Hannibal, S. fought like a warrior. tribuni. In 207, he led the defeat of the Carthaginian commander Hasdrubal and gradually ordered Rome to the greater part of Spain. At 205 consul. Showing diplomacy. Zdіbnostі, preparing the invasion of Africa. Having defeated the army of Hannibal at Zam (202), having laid peace for Rome. After turning back to Rome, S. buv zustrіnuty with triumph and nicknames African. After the defeat of the army of the Carthaginians, the grave will remember the role of the political. life of Rome. Z 199 censor and princeps to the senate, consul (194).
Scipio, Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Junior (Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Junior) (bl. 185 - 129 BC), commander of that holding. diyach, orator. Received onuk of Scipio the Elder. In 146, being a consul, he sacked and destroyed Carthage, completing the third Punic war. In 133, being suddenly a consul, strangling the rebels of the Numantines and securing Spain behind Rome. The peculiarity of that diyalnist S. highly rated Cicero. Written by S. Young Viysk. that political pouring into the genus Scipioniv from Dr. Rome stumbled.
TA
Tacitus, Mark Claudius- Roman emperor at 275-276 rr. rd. 200 r. + 276 rubles
Tacitus Publius Cornelius(bl. 55-120), historian of imperial Rome, eminent orator, former senator and consul.
Tarquin Prisk, traditionally the fifth king, ruling from 616-579 BC. e.
Tarquin Proud, the remaining king of Rome - at 534-510 rocky.
Terence Afr(185-159 e.), Roman playwright - comedian.
Tetricus (near Gaul) 270 - 273 roki.
Tiberius I, Claudius Nero- Roman emperor from the family of Yulia. єv - Klavdієv, which ruled at 14-37 rr. R_d 16 leaf fall 42 p. BC) 16 birch 37 p.
Tibul Albiy(50-19 (17) to stars. E.). Roman elegiy sings.
Tit Kvinktsiy Flaminin(227-174 pp. e.) - Roman commander and political fiend.
Titus Flavius Vespasian- Roman emperor of the Flavius family, who ruled in 79-81 rr. Syn Vespasian. Rid. 30 chests. 39 p. + 13 ver. 81 p.
Trajan Mark Ulpiy- Roman emperor at 98-117 pp. Rid. 18 ver. 53 rubles + sickle 117 r.
UL
Ulpian Domitsy(Domitius Ulpianus) (bl. 170-228) - Roman lawyer. The teaching of Papinian. Became the guardian of the Emperor Oleksandr Pivnochi. Prefect of the Praetorium (from 222). The author of juridical works, among them there were more than explications (fragments), warehouses 1/3 Digest of Justinian (div. Corpus juris civilis). Ulpіan buv murders by praetorians (through the introduction of suvor military discipline by him). Radianska historical encyclopedia. Have 16 volumes. - M: Radianska Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 14. TOVNAKH - FELEO. 1971
Flaminin, Tit Kvintij(Titus Quinctius Flamininus) (bl. 227-174 BC), Roman royal fiend
Florian Mark Annius- Roman Emperor 276 p. Florian was the brother of Emperor Tacitus. After the death of the wines, having voted for himself the emperor. And if the greater part of the film industry recognized by the emperor what had been confirmed by the authorities Proba, Florian, corrosive by the supreme power for six months, revealing his own veins and dying in the blood (Viktor: “About the life and sounds of the Roman emperors”;36).
Frontin Sextus Julii(Sextus Julius Frontinus) (bl. 35 - bl. 103), Roman Viyskian child and theorist
Fulvіy Makrian, Junij Makrian and Quiet 259 - 261 rocks
CI
Caesar Guy Julius(100 or 102-44 BC) - Rome, dictator.
Tsiliy Ruf Mark(Marcus Caelius Rufus) (?-48 BC), Roman orator and political fiend.
Emilian 253 r_k
Emilian 261 - 262 rocks.
Enniy, Quint(Quintus Ennius) (239-169 e.), one of the first Roman poets, is considered the founder of Roman literature.
YL
Juvenal Decim Junij(Decimus Junius Juvenalis), (60-127), Roman satirist.
Julian, Flavius Claudius the Envoy- Roman emperor at 360-363 pp. Rid. 332 rubles + 26 worms 363 rubles
Julian 283 - 285 rocks
Julius Nepos 474 - 475 rocks
Julia Starsha(39 p. BC - 28 p. n. e.) the only daughter of Octavian Augustus from another squad of Scribonia.
Julia. Flavia Julia was the only daughter of Titus; Julia's share was happy. Її uncle Domitian, who had fallen into Titus, having taken it from a man and having grown his kohanka, she died young about 90 r.
Julia(Iulia) (bl. 83 BC - 54 AD), daughter of Julius Caesar, yak vin at 59 BC, after the creation of the first triumvirate, seeing Pompey. Wanting all the love for a political rozrahunk, making friends died alone, and until her own death, Julia (she died in the middle) smoothed out the differences between Caesar and Pompey.
Julia Domna(Iulia Domna) (bl. 167-217), squad of the Roman Emperor Septimius Pivnochi.
Julia Mameya(Iulia Mamaea) (bl. 190–235 AD), daughter of Julia Mezi and mother of Emperor Pivnochi Oleksandr.
Justin(Justinus), Roman historian of the 2nd-3rd century. Do this with a short period of historical practice of Pompey Trog, which was not saved. Justin took Pompeius Trog's prac- tice to the ground refining, having set his head on the description of the most important and basic facts. Create Justin - important dzherelo z vіyskovoy and diplomatic history of Hellenism and Prychornomor'ya. 3 hours in Russian. Prov.: Epitome to the Creation of Pompey Trog "Historiae Philippicae", Prov. A. A. Dekonsky and M. I. Rizky, "Bulletin of old history", 1954 No. 2 - 4; 1955 No. 1.
(chronological table).Rome in the 1st century AD(chronological table).
Rome in the II century AD(chronological table).
Rome in the III century AD(chronological table).
