Normal tumor markers in cancer. What are markers of viral hepatitis
To clean up the liver, the following diagnostic methods are necessary:
- cross-sectional analysis for the identification of the urobilinogen metabolic product bilirubin;
- globally clinical investigation is not specific, prote allows assessing the severity of the disease;
- biochemistry gives the possibility to insert calcium in place of bilirubin, puddle phosphatase, protein and hepatic transaminases. Remains indicative of the severity of the pathology, traces of internal cellular enzymes, which appear in the blood during destruction of hepatocytes;
- coagulogram is necessary for assessing hemostasis. On aphids, there is a risk of developing bleeding due to a deficiency of laryngeal factors;
- markers viral hepatitis specific and the most informative analyses, zavdyaks can confirm or exclude infectious diseases of the liver.
See markers of viral hepatitis
In order to detect the virus or antibodies to the new one, vicorystose immunoenzymatic follow-up, as well as the polymerase Lantzug reaction. The test itself can give you the ability to detect markers of hepatitis and make the correct diagnosis.
Deciphering blood testimonials is determined by the doctor in accordance with the norms. For a new picture of the disease, the results of further analysis are analyzed in the complex with symptoms and symptoms of instrumental obstezhennia.
Hepatitis A
Obov'yazykovy point of diagnostics є vyznachennya virus vіrusnogo navantazhennya and aggressiveness zbudnik. For whom you need blood tests and blood tests.
For confirmation of type A hepatitis, it is necessary to test: 
- enzyme immunoassay, which includes the designation of anti-HAVIgM. The marker may show up in the blood from the first days of infection. The antibodies are viroblyayutsya regardless of the severity of the disease and the virility of symptoms. What is the cost of antiHAVIgM, the stench indicates the transfer of illness, as well as successful vaccination;
- PLR gives the possibility to reveal a part of the genetic material of the buddnik until the moment of the appearance of antibodies and clinical signs of pathology. The technique is considered to be the most reliable and allows confirming the diagnosis in 98% of cases.
Regardless of the presence of overexposure of more diagnostic methods, stench analyzes are not always prescribed for hepatitis A.
Hepatitis B
Modern approaches to diagnosing hepatitis allow not only to confirm the pathology, but also to establish the її stage and activity.
Below is a table with the most commonly used markers for hepatitis:
| Pokaznik | Characteristic |
|---|---|
| HBsAg | A more accurate marker is called "antibodies that are synthesized against a surface antigen". In other words, the immunity began to react to the penetration of the alarm into the body. A different type appears after infection. Yogo warehouse reliability 90%. |
| Anti-HBeAg | This marker appears in all infections at the active stage of pathology. Antityla to tell about the high swidkіst of the reproduction of the buddnik. |
| Anti-HBcorAg | Є protein structure of a pathogenic agent. Iogo revealed indicator of the activity of the infectious process and intensive replication. |
| Anti-NVS (total) | Gives the possibility of diagnosing the current viral process of the transferred pathology. Sumarn antibodies do not allow to carry out diagnostics between the acute phase and the chronic phase. |
| IgM anti-HBC | The presence of the marker indicates the active reproduction of the alarms |
| Anti-HWe | Registration is due every hour after the end of intensive replication |
| Anti-HBs | Indicating the completion of the reproduction of the virus, which confirms the sufficient strength of the immune response to the infectious process. Save for five years and report about the transferred pathology, or about the chronic illness with an improved overage |
| HBV DNA | When DNA is detected, it is possible to speak accurately about hepatitis B. |
Hepatitis C
Confirmation of ailment is carried out for additional analysis of anti-IgM / G, as well as the identification of the genetic material of the health worker. Laboratory diagnostics includes:
- Immunoenzymatic investigation, at the beginning of which time an antibody test should be carried out. The stench is synthesized immune system in case of infection. When registering immunoglobulins M varto, one speaks of a host disease. As representatives of class G, it is important that the chronic illness has been observed. In addition, this type of antibody indicates the transferred pathology. Respectfully, the detection of immunoglobulins is not confirmed by an analysis, in which case it is necessary to keep the patient away from the patient. For the help of IFA, it is possible to control the dynamics of exaltation and the power of immunity to pathogenic agents;
- the polymerase lanzug reaction is considered to be genetically determined, in the process of which the RNA of the viper is found. The very method allows you to accurately diagnose and confirm the patient's age. PLR gives the ability to detect the agent before the appearance of antibodies and clinical signs of illness.
Hepatitis D
There are two main diagnostic methods, as a way of examining the blood to confirm that they turn on the disease. For whom to win: 
- analysis of anti-HDVIgM detection. Headache meta-development of antibodies, yakі viroblyayutsya against a pathogenic agent. This class of immunoglobulins, and IgM itself, allow confirming hostile infectious process;
- anti-HDVIgG gives the possibility of diagnosing pathology in the chronic stage or confirming the transfer of illness in the past;
Hepatitis D is often diagnosed and the nature of the infection of the liver with the virus type U.
- for the help of PLR, the doctor can accurately confirm the illness, to the fact that the patient’s blood shows the genetic material of the disease (RNA). The analysis gives information about the intensity of replication and the severity of the pathology.
Hepatitis G
Laboratory investigations to test serological and immunoenzymatic methods, for the results of which confirm the infection of the liver with a type G virus.
- PLR. Research is based on the revealed RNA of a pathogenic agent, which confirms the process of reproduction and the acute phase of the disease;
Most often, mixed infection is diagnosed, if the liver is affected by viruses of types G and Z.
- the appointment of antibodies to the alarm allows you to set the stage of ailment (hostra, mlyavu), and also confirm the fact of hepatitis earlier.
Hepatitis E
The diagnosis is based on the substantiation of laboratory findings: 
- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in the process of which antibodies M are detected to the alarm. The stench blames in a month after the infection;
- determination of the level of immunoglobulin G (to bring the fact of the earlier pathology and chronicity to the process);
- detection of viral particles in feces for additional electron microscopy This method is informative in the first two times from the moment clinical symptoms appear;
- polymerase lanceuge reaction, in the process of which the patient's blood reveals the genetic material of the bud (HEV RNA).
When the antigen of the varto virus is detected, one speaks of intensive replication (i.e. multiplication) and acute course of pathology. Sometimes the diagnosis of hepatitis E is made when the liver is infected with other viruses (types A, B, C).
Interpretation of results (table)
Deciphering the markers of viral hepatitis is to be done by a specialist. Otrimavshi vidpovіdі laboratory dolіdzhennya, the patient needs to turn to the doctor for further tactics.
Below is a table with the results of diagnostics.
| Hepatitis | Pokaznik | Characteristic | Deciphering the result |
|---|---|---|---|
| A/Є | anti-HAV/HEVIgM | Antibodies to class M are developed, synthesized in the case of infection | Gostriy perebіg pathology |
| Ig Ganti-HAV/HEV | Class G | Transferred pathology | |
| AT | HBsAg | Doslidzhuetsya surface antigen | Infection indicator |
| HBeAg | The nuclear "e" antigen is identified | Follow-up confirms intensive reproduction | |
| HBcAg | The nuclear "core" antigen is identified | Notice about replication | |
| anti-HBc (total) | Is a total antibody | Allows for negative HBsAg to confirm pathology | |
| IgManti-HBc | Immunoglobulins are assigned to nuclear antigen | Certify about the gostra leak, as well as an indication of the rapidity of replication in chronic pathology | |
| anti-HBe | Te same | The cob of convalescence | |
| anti-HBs | Antibodies are extended to the surface type of antigen | The result is to confirm the bliskavich leak or the pathology was transferred earlier | |
| HBV DNA | The genetic material of the health worker is being identified | Indicator of an active infectious process | |
| D | IgManti-HDV | Antibodies M are detected | I tell you to transfer the disease |
| IgGanti-HDV | Those same, only class G | Gostra stage of illness | |
| HDAg | Doslіdzhuє antigen zabudnik | Indicator of presence in the body | |
| HDV-RNA | Genetic material of the viral agent | Active reproduction | |
| W | anti-HCVIgG | Designated antibodies to class G | Possibly infected chi transferred ailment |
| anti-HCVcoreIgM | Type M antibodies are detected against nuclear proteins | Hostile process or acute chronic leak | |
| anti-HCVcoreIgG | Those same, only class G | Transferred pathology or nosity | |
| anti-HCV NS | Antibodies against non-structural proteins are indicated | Chronization of the process | |
| HCV-RNA | Part of a pathogenic agent | Active reproduction | |
| G | HGV-RNA | The genetic material of the buddnik | Te same |
Preparing for delivery
If a blood test for markers of viral hepatitis is found to be informative and reliable, it is necessary to take into account the following recommendations on how to prepare for follow-up.
Give blood next time. For a day before the collection of the material, it is necessary to test it with the use of antiviral drugs.
In addition, two days before laboratory diagnostics, it is possible to improve the physical fitness and dotrimuvatysya dietary eating, including fat and gostriva in the diet.
The study of hepatitis is based on the data of physical examination, analysis of scarg, anamnesis of illness, as well as on the results of laboratory and instrumental follow-up.
(overfunctioning of the thyroid gland, lowering of TSH following the principle of a blood clot)
Decreased function of the hypophysis
Treatment with thyroid hormone preparations
T4
Reduction:
Hypothyroidism (decreased function of the thyroid gland)
Part T3 (0.2-0.5%) is not associated with sirovatka proteins. The part of T3 is actually active.
Promotion:
Hyperthyroidism
Reduction:
Hypothyroidism
Third trimester of pregnancy
Parathormone
Synthesized in parathyroid glands, regulating the exchange of calcium. Raises the calcium level in the blood for the rahunok of the yogo from the brushes, the strengthening of the soaking in the intestines of those nirks. It is made up of a few fragments, most of which is seen by the body through nirks. Calcium rivulet in the blood regulates the appearance of parathyroid hormone according to the principle of reversal links.
Promotion:
Primary hyperparathyroidism (overfunction of the parathyroid gland)
Secondary hyperparathyroidism (chronic illness of nirok).
Vitamin D deficiency
Puhlini, yakі produce parathormone
Reduction:
Hypoparathyroidism (autoimmune, surgical)
Hyperthyroidism
Vagity
Reduction:
Insufficiency of the function of the stave
Progesterone
After ovulation - the release of the ovum from the follicle - on the ovary in the ovary, the fat body is established - the secretion, which is secreted - the hormone of vagity. You can see and experience this hormone for 12-16 days of pregnancy until the moment when the placenta is formed and takes on the function of hormone synthesis. If conception does not occur, wait for the body in 12-14 days and menstruation begins. Progesterone is used to assess ovulation and the capacity of the stomach. With a regular cycle, progesterone is prescribed for the day before menstruation, with a constant rectal temperature - on the 5th-7th day of the week, with an irregular cycle - a few times. A sign of ovulation and the adoption of a full yellow body is a tenfold increase in progesterone.
Cream of the ovaries, as well as all state hormones, progesterone settles in the supra-cerebral spaces.
Promotion:
Genetic features of the synthesis of state hormones in supra-glandular ulcers (hyperplasia of measles of supra-glandular ulcers)
Yellow body cyst
Vagity
Mihurov's entry
Reduction:
Day of ovulation
Lack of yellow body
threatening
Human state hormone. Settled in the stave ridges and the bark of the nadir ridges. As a female hormone, there are receptors in various systems and tissues of the body. Vіdpovіdaє for the development of secondary state signs, psychological evidence of the state, maintaining state function (libido and potency), maturation of spermatozoa, development of the skeleton and m'yazovoy mass, stimulating the cystic brain, diyalnіst sebaceous halls.
Testosterone has an additional secretion rhythm: minimum about 20.00, maximum - about 7.00.
Promotion:
An early stage of maturation (for boys)
hyperplasia
Puffins that produce state hormones
Reduction:
Down syndrome
Nirkov, liver failure
Insufficiency of staves
The hormone of the subcutaneous layer, which is seen after taking in carbohydrates, transfers the penetration of glucose from the blood into the cells of the body. In case of yogo deficiency (diabetes), the cells underestimate glucose (the main energy material) and starve, then, as in the blood, it is too much, it is possible to get through the nirks and appear in the battle.
Promotion:
Puhlin pіdshlunkovoї zloza, scho secretes insulin
Insulin independent (IItype)
Illness of the liver
- (Insulin resistance)
Uncontrolled treatment of circulatory diabetes
Acromegaly
Reduction:
Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (Itype)
Hormone of measles supra-nervous ulcers. It is used to evaluate the function of measles of supra-nural ulcers. Reacting to stress, there may be an additional rhythm of secretion: supravechir rіven decreases. Regulated by the pituitary hormone ACTH.
Promotion:
Cushing's disease (too much ACTH)
Puhlin nadnirkovyh loza
Reduction:
Insufficiency of measles supra-nearal ulcers
Adrenogenital syndrome (genetically impaired synthesis of steroid hormones in measles supramental ulcers)
Insufficiency of the hypophysis
DDA-S
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. The human state hormone, which is synthesized in the cortex of the epidermis. It is indicated for the diagnosis of hyperandrogenism (too much human hormones) in women.
Promotion:
Nadnirnikova hyperandrogenism (hyperplasia of measles of supranirkovial follicles, swelling, Cushing's ailment)
Reduction:
Nadnirnikov's deficiency
V-HGL
Beta subunit of chorionic gonadotropin. synthesized by clitins of the chorion - shells of the embryo. Its presence in the blood or section means the presence of chorionic tissue in the body: vagity, excess tunics after the completion of vagity, swell of the chorionic tissue (muchurova infestation, chorioncarcinoma). Judge about the well-being of the vagity, the vitality of the embryo too thinly. according to HCG, it is not possible without any reason, because the veins are seen as clitins not of the embryo, but of the shells, which can continue to grow and after the vaccinia dies. HCG is composed of two subunits, the beta subunit itself is specific, and the diagnosis of vagity is based on itself. However, it won’t be more than half the warehouse, however, it’s from LG hypophysis.
Translation of norms for this term of vaginess:
Mikhurniy zamet, chorioncarcinoma
Bagatoplіdna vagіtnіst
Decreased, insufficient growth dynamics:
Fearful abortion
Pozamatkova vagіtnіst
placental insufficiency
ONCOMARKERY
Fluffy markers are speeches that vibrate with plump clitins. In the norm, stench is vibrated by the clitins of the embryo. In mature people, there are no embryonic clitins, and the presence of these speeches can only mean the addition of such clitins to embryonic authorities - the development of plumpness.
AFP
The protein that vibrates in the zhovtkovy bear and the liver of the embryo is vicorated for the diagnosis of fetal development, and as a tumor marker, it is vicorated for the diagnosis and control of liver cancer and staphylococci.
Promotion:
Liver cancer metastases
- (teratoblastoma)
Liver cirrhosis, hepatitis,
Norms in women:
Promotion:
Bagatoplіdna vagіtnіst
Defects in the development of the neural tube
Fetal liver necrosis
Other wadi development
Reduction:
Down syndrome
Mihurov's entry
Stitching the development of the fetus
PSA
Specific tissue protein of the anterior follicle, and not cancer. Vykoristovuetsya control over the liquor, more at the norm after the removal of tissue plumpness, the level of PSA falls to the norm for women.
Rivne PSA increases with age and fluctuates at different days, decreases at the supine position.
Promotion:
Dobroiakisna hyperplasia of the anterior ridge
REA
Cancer-embryonic antigen is synthesized in the herbal tract of the fetus. Vykoristovuetsya for the diagnosis and control of lіkuvannyam cancer schlub.
Promotion:
Other puffs
CA 15-3
An antigen that is synthesized in the alveoli and ducts of the mammary glands. Vykoristovuetsya for the control of the treatment and diagnosis of recurrence of breast cancer.
Promotion:
Metastasizing breast cancer
An antigen that is synthesized in the cells of squamous cell carcinoma of the ovary. In addition, it is present in the normal endometrium (uterine mucosa), but does not penetrate into the blood circulation with the preservation of natural barriers (moves in the blood during the hour of menstruation, especially with endometriosis).
Victory for the control of cancer of the ovaries and endometrium.
Promotion:
Ovarian cancer
endometrial cancer
Nezloakіsnі become (, brushes of the ovaries,)
Other evil puffs
An antigen that is synthesized in the pharyngeal cavity, liver of the fetus.
Vykoristovuєtsya control over the exuberance of the cancer of the slug, subslug slough.
Promotion:
Cancer
All other types of cancer
Malyarska M.M.
In the body of a person sick with viral hepatitis B, the following markers of viral hepatitis are detected:
- Viral antigens HBeAg and HBsAg.
- Antibodies to antigens and HBcore protein: anti-HBe, anti-HBcore and anti-HBs.
The collection of these antibodies and antigens is called a complex assignment of markers of viral hepatitis. This complex is constantly dynamically changing and allowing for a change in the activity of the virus and the reaction to the immunity of the sick person. Markers, which are prescribed in a complex way, allow also to correctly identify the stage of illness and predict further development.
Infection with viral hepatitis occurs as a result of the penetration of the virus into the blood of the patient by various paths:
- Manipulations, in which the integrity of the organs of the prosecutor's office and tissues is broken - injections, operations.
- Non-protection articles Act.
- The birthday of a child in the singing stages of illness is too thin.
In order to determine the form of viral hepatitis B, it is necessary to decipher the onset markers of infection, which can be found in lymph, blood and other biological homelands, as well as tissues and tissues of organs:
- Specific markers are HBe, HBc and HBs antigens.
- Immunological - antibodies to show antigens in the class IgG and IgM.
- Genetic as nucleotide sequences of DNA to a virus.
Deciphering markers, yakі є antigens:
- The HbsAg antigen is the most early marker of the acute form of viral hepatitis B, which is detected in blood serosa after 4-6 days from the moment of infection, which prolongs the incubation period (25-30 days before the onset of clinical symptoms), as well as the day before acute stage of hepatitis. Identification of these markers is also possible in cases of asymptomatic carriers of the virus.
- The HbeAg antigen is soluble in the blood during the pre-eating period and at the early stages of the disease. The manifestation of the marker speaks about the reproduction of particles of the virus and the evidence of the active process. At this stage, the blood of a sick person is especially contagious. The presence of markers in HbeAg with more or less tyzhniv can mean the transition of the disease to the chronic stage.
- HbcAg is a nuclear antigen to the virus, which can only be manifested in liver cells during biopsy, without showing up in the blood plasma and blood. It is a strong immunogen that provokes the production of specific antibodies.
Deciphering the markers of viral hepatitis B in visible antibodies includes:
- Anti-Hbs - markers that are used as an acute stage of illness. People can appear in the blood for ten years. The presence of the marker is a sign of the formation of immunity against the virus.
- Anti-Hbe - antibodies, a sign of the dynamics of the infection process. Spivvіdshenie parametrіv anti-Hbe and HbeAg vikoristovuєtsya to control the flow of the virus and predict its result.
- Anti-Hbc IgM - antibodies to HbcAg markers, which can be classified as IgM. Blame for acute forms of hepatitis B before the appearance of zhovtyanitsі or at the cob stage of acute illness. Chi zdatnі circulate in the blood for 3-5 months. The detection of anti-HBc IgM markers serve to confirm that the patient has hepatitis in the hostile form.
- Anti-Hbc IgG - antibodies of the IgG class to HbcAg markers. Most of the time they appear approximately one hour, or a little bit later, for a long time, is saved in the body. Є signs are those that hepatitis is present at the hour of transfer from the minuloma.
Diagnosis and jubilation
In order to diagnose viral hepatitis B, as in other cases of infectious diseases, it is necessary to reveal the alarm itself, so that the virus or some part of it is present in the blood. For which deciphering of markers, antibodies and antigens is needed. In the process of diagnosing hepatitis, a lower listing can be carried out.
A blood test for the presence of markers of the virus can give an indication of the infection status. The method of polymerase lanceuge reaction (PLR) ensures the detection of DNA virus in the blood, so that a positive result of the presence of viral DNA signals the presence of virus infection. Dane doslіdzhennya took away the name of the yakіsnoї PLR. I also use the method of calculus PLR, for the help of which it is possible to detect virus infection - instead of copies of DNA in a milliliter of the patient's blood, which allows us to evaluate the activity of the vigilante.
We will guide as an example the results of the analysis and decoding of the results:
- HBsAg - positive;
- Anti-HBcorIgG, HBcorAb IgG or anti-HBcor IgG - positive;
- HBeAg - negative;
- HBeAb - positive;
- Virus DNA is positive.
Deciphering the result allows diagnosing a chronic form of HBeAg-negative viral hepatitis B or carrying an inactive virus. In order to select the exact diagnosis from two options, it is necessary to carry out additional obstezhennia, such as ALT and kolkisna PLR. In addition, you may need a biopsy of the liver.
Biochemical analysis of blood, which includes the level of liver enzymes ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase), allows you to evaluate the level of activity of the ignition process in the liver. AST and ALT are enzymes that are located in the middle of hepatocytes.
In times of poor clitin and enzymes, there are signs that lead to an increase in the blood. In the liver, there are enzymes, but ALT is the main indicator of cytolysis, and AST is given to some of the trochs out of consideration. Obviously, as deciphering the calculus PLR indicates the activity of the virus, AST and ALT equals the activity of the ignition process of the liver, provoked by viral hepatitis.
Pererahovanie more methods of follow-up are the main ones in diagnosing viral hepatitis B. Deciphering laboratory blood tests allows you to evaluate the level of virus activity, the stage of infection, and also take indirect data on the stage of liver damage.
In case of various types of these diseases, it is not enough to make an accurate diagnosis, so it is necessary to take more accurate information about the state of the liver tissue, the activity of viral hepatitis and the stage of fibrosis. In such a case, a biopsy of the liver or a non-invasive assessment method will become necessary.
A biopsy of the liver is the removal of tissue to the organ for the help of a special needle, which is most often inserted through the skins of the curve. The procedure is carried out under general anesthesia. The thread size of the fabric becomes approximately 0.5 grams. After the end of the study, the eye is swirled under the microscope.
A biopsy can be called its own last resort, which provides the most accurate information about the incidence of hepatitis B activity and liver fibrosis, which affects tissue damage. Navit z urahuvannyam vysokoi іnformativnostі doslіdzhennya, it is important to understand that the procedure is given in a few steps to bring it to the simplest.
Hepatitis is a great group of inflammatory diseases of the liver of a chronic or acute nature, which can destroy nature. It is necessary to come to such ailments due to seriousness, so that neglected depressions often become the cause of evil swelling of the liver, cirrhosis and liver failure. The majority of hepatitis develops as a result of igniting processes, suggesting the presence of liver infections instead of toxins in that organ. In addition, drug addiction, alcoholism and the frequent change of partner partners are among the risk factors for infection. To protect yourself, it is necessary to periodically donate blood for HIV and hepatitis.
To diagnose an overshoot of ignition processes in the liver at an early stage, it will give a great chance for a positive outcome of the treatment. The very same blood test for VIL and hepatitis dotsilno vykonuvat for any medical look.
How and where can you get blood for hepatitis and VIL?
You can get shelter at a skin clinic, as well as at a private medical center. All medical laboratories may need to have the necessary equipment for taking a blood test for hepatitis and VIL and an accurate interpretation. That's the problem, de zdati shelter for hepatitis, don't blame.
However, the procedure for performing any analysis, obviously, will require singing preparation. It is necessary to give blood for hepatitis on a daily basis, at least 10 years later.
For 48 years before the blood donation, it is necessary to turn off the menu of alcoholic drinks, all fruits, especially citrus fruits, as well as malt, lubricated, fatty and gostra їzhu. It is not recommended to smoke for two years before sampling. In addition, if you take any medications, then before taking blood for hepatitis, you need to consult a doctor first.
I stay. It is necessary to remember: in a correct way, the reliable result of this analysis can be shown only after the second month, depending on the moment of transferring the date of exposure to the virus into the body.
Markers of viral gostritis and chronic hepatitis
Viral hepatitis is very unsafe and can result in an advanced pathology of the liver. Infection with hepatitis A is most often diagnosed in patients with hepatitis. This form of illness can be infected by the fecal-oral mechanism. Trochs less common parenteral hepatitis B and C are consumed in the body of a person through contact with the blood of an ailing person or a path.
Viral hepatitis A markers:
- IgM anti-HAV. This marker indicates the presence of an acute infection.
- IgG anti-HAV. It shows that the person has had an infection or a HAV-pasteinfection. Qi antibodies are stored in the body for life.
Viral hepatitis B markers:
- IgM anti-HBV. Deciphering of this marker to hepatitis shows the presence of acute infection.
- IgG anti-HBV. The presence of these antibodies is evidence of the transfer of illness.
- HBsAg. Investigate about virus infection.
- HBeAg (nuclear "e" antigen). The cei marker for hepatitis B indicates the active expansion of the virus in the body. Yoga can only be known with morphological follow-up.
- HBsAg chi anti-HBs. The presence of these antibodies indicates those who at the same time go to the stage of clothing after a disease. However, even though the HBsAg marker is also found in the blood, it can be indicative of those who have a disease for a different type of virus.
- HBV DNA. The presence of this marker in the blood test for hepatitis indicates that in the body this type of infection is multiplying.
Viral hepatitis C markers:
- anti-HCV IgG. Indicates the presence of illness or yogo transference.
- anti-HCV core IgM. Vkazuє on active expansion of the infection.
- HCV-RNA. The presence of this marker means the presence of the hepatitis virus in the body.
Viral hepatitis D markers:
- IgM anti-HDV. A positive result is evidence of the chronic and acute form of the virus.
- IgG anti-HDV. If a blood test for markers of hepatitis should be tested for this marker, tse means the possibility of infection or the transfer of infection.
- HDV-RNA. Vkazuє on shvidka widened ailments.
Viral hepatitis G markers:
- HGV DNA. Pointing out the presence of the virus.
Chronic hepatitis is called ailments due to the inflammatory process of the diffuse type in the liver, which is trivae over the liver. The chronic form can develop only hepatitis B, H and D.
Markers of chronic hepatitis B:
- Hve antigen. Indicating the presence of a chronic form of ailment. The Danish marker of viral hepatitis of the chronic type cannot be detected in a global blood test - it can only be detected in hepatocytes.
- anti-HBC immunoglobulin M. This is the most important marker to tell about the chronic form of the disease.
Markers of chronic hepatitis C:
- HCV-RNA. The presence of hepatitis C RNA in the blood is confirmed by the fact that the virus could go into a chronic form.
Markers of chronic gepatitu D:
- HDV antigen. This marker appears less than 3 months after the development of the disease, and most often appears on its own in the chronic form of the disease.
Deciphering the results
A negative result of a global blood test for hepatitis (the presence of markers) indicates those who do not harbor the virus in the body. But all the same, the fact that the result cannot be 100% reliable, the shards, it may have passed a few hours after the infection, and the ailment cannot yet be diagnosed. To take an accurate assessment of nutrition about the manifestation of pathology, blood for markers of hepatitis A, B, C, D and G, it is necessary to re-do it in six months.
Deciphering the analysis for hepatitis A
How to decode blood indicators in hepatitis? For manifestation this illness in the analysis of blood, an immunochemiluminescent method for detecting a virus is tested. For a good result, the indicator S / CO becomes less than 0.8. If you exceed the norm, it’s not enough to talk about those people who are either infected with hepatitis A, or have been ill on it.
Deciphering the analysis for hepatitis B
For the diagnosis of this disease in the analysis of blood for hepatitis, the presence of antibodies to the virus, a class of which IgM can be identified, is indicated. If stinks are seen, the doctor can diagnose hepatitis B virus etiology.
Deciphering the analysis for hepatitis C, D and G
When diagnosing a disease of the disease, an enzyme immunoassay is stagnant. However, if blood tests are suspected of hepatitis without detecting anti-HCV, anti-HDV or anti-HGV, it is possible to develop visnoviosis, but there is no hepatitis in humans.
What is the best blood test for hepatitis?
In most cases, when symptoms of hepatitis fahivtsi appear, a blood test for the presence of RNA to the virus is prescribed by the PLR method and an analysis for antibodies. Hot analysis blood cannot show if there is a hepatitis virus in the body. It is possible to judge the presence of the ignition process in the oven in a different way biochemical analysis blood in hepatitis Indications enzymatic activity liver - alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, as well as rіven bilirubin, can give an indication of the viral process. For the accuracy of obov'yazkovo it is necessary to analyze the analysis for antibodies.
For the detection of vicory antibodies, two types of analyzes are used: enzyme immunoassay (IFA) and immunochromatographic (IXA). IFA is the most accurate and effective way to detect hepatitis viruses, but it is expensive to do it, it is rarely prescribed to do it. Vіn vyznaє like a type of ailment, and її її stage.
ІХА є even a quick analysis for hepatitis. Work for the help of special indicator panels and test cassettes. The advantage of such an analysis is the rapidity of detection of antibodies and accuracy.
Also, often in case of manifested hepatitis, the vicorist method is used for the polymerase lanzug reaction. PLR allows assigning genetics to the virus. Danish analysis is used as an example and an example. Yakіsny PLR does not help to improve the fact of infection, and kіlkіsny can establish the stage of development of the disease.
Therefore, for food about those, which analysis is more beautiful, foldable, unequivocally - all the stench is similarly different, and it will be necessary for you to take a little more medicine.
At the end of the article, tell about those who need to take a blood test for hepatitis periodically to take a skin test. The very manifestation of ailments at an early stage helps to effectively fight the virus for the help of modern methods of therapy.
Core video about blood test for hepatitis
Hepatitis markers are specific particles (elements of the virus), which can be detected in biological substances of a patient with such a diagnosis. Nebezpeka igniting process in the liver during a three-fold asymptomatic period, often show pathology, blame less at the remaining stages, if the only way is to transplant an organ. In order not to miss the development of ailments, periodically add tests for markers of hepatitis B and C.
What is it? Given the type of the virus, they infect people in the most common and most subtle way, without violating clinical manifestations. In order to identify specific particles, the following diagnostic methods are used:
- Immunological analysis of blood.
- Enzyme immunoassay.
- Polymerase Lanzug reaction (PLR).
- Screening test.
Dodatkovo doslіdzhennya divided into two types:
- Non-specific - vykoristovuetsya at the time of the rapid development of the disease, showing the presence of antibodies to antigens.
- Specific - allows you to set the type of virus (marker) and detect its antigens.
If a patient has been diagnosed with hepatitis C, the markers allow you to correctly set the stages of progression of the disease, using medicinal tactics and strangling the activity of the alarm clock, immediately ahead of the development of complications.
Marker values
The next hour of conducting the examination of biological material about hepatitis may indicate the presence of various markers. Skin with antigens and antibodies can be revealed for different stages of progression of ailments.
When hepatitis B is detected in a patient, markers of offensive antibodies may be detected in the blood:
- Anti-Hbc IgM - can be detected at the early stages of the disease, if there are no clinical signs. This marker is stored in the patient's blood by protracting from the moment of infection with the bug.
- Anti-Hbe always talk about the development of the ignition process in hepatocytes. With the detection of these antibodies, the analysis of the assignment to the HbeAg antigen allows us to accurately establish the stage of the disease.
- Anti-Hbs - such antibodies are characteristic of chronic hepatitis B outbreaks.
- Anti-Hbc IgG is a marker for the HbcAg antigen. Vin appears in patients who currently suffer from pathology or have previously had hepatitis.
Also, under the hour of obstezhennia, immunogens are revealed:
- HbcAg is a strong type of antigens, under the influence of which immunoglobulins are produced. It is possible to recognize yoga only in the tissues of the liver.
- HbeAg - we can see at an early stage the development of the disease in full with the yellowness of the skin. This marker is about the strimka replication of the alarm clock and its high concentration in the blood. The observation of HbeAg in biological material for 4 years and more is a sign of a chronic form of hepatitis.
- HbsAg - inflammation of hepatocytes to match this antigen with an anterior marker. Danish immunogen is shown in case of asymptomatic wear or in the period of the acute stage, if there is zhovtyanitsa. As a rule, the HbsAg antigen begins to be transported in the blood after 28-42 days from the moment of infection.
- "" - the appearance of offensive types of antibodies is characteristic:
- Anti-NS3 - appears at an early stage in the development of the disease. The riven of the viral urge to lie down in the middle in the form of pathology: high concentration zbudnik - a sign of the acute stage of hepatitis.
- Anti-HCV total - global antibodies, which show the duration of screening results. The stench is present at the blood for 5-8 years to wake up after dressing.
- Anti-HCV core IgG - present from the 11th day of infection, appears to cause chronic illness. After dressing for the help of the most important laboratory tests, it is easy to detect antibodies.
- Anti-NS4 and anti-NS5 are typical for the rest of us talking about serious liver damage. After the jubilation is carried out, their rіven decreases, otherwise they do not show up in the blood.
On the basis of the designation of markers to viral hepatitis, it is possible to establish the stages of progression and the nature of the disease. This is also important for the correct selection of medical tactics.
