History and current state of the currency of France. What is the currency of France? Like pennies from France
Historical features of the molding of France as a mali power made a significant contribution to the history of the development of French pennies and coins. Until the middle of the XIV century, France did not have its own penny units, and the penny system was grounded on animal denarii - Roman gold coins.
Old French coins: history of vintage
After the fall of Rome at the V century. And the formation of the power of the Franks, the Roman coin step by step goes out of circulation through the use of that erasure, and on the territory of France, they start carving the French coins: a coin of silver, and not a bar of gold.
After the financial reforms of Charlemagne, the move in France is blamed for the pennies.
On a large bag of rahunok pennies, ishov at livres, sous denarii. The Frankish kings jumped to centralize the carving of coins.
Step by step, the king's karbuvannya stopped falling, and the pet kings switched to issuing leather and wet coins.
Middle coins of France
Previously, the sovereign penny alone appeared on the cob of the Hundred War (1360). Ce buli francs - gold coins from the images of the king and the Latin inscription FRANCORUM REX (z lat. King of the Franks).
On the coin, the king of images is on top, to which the people called the king franc. If King Charles V put a coin from the images of the king on the same occasion, they began to call the “lower” franc.
The golden franc was issued until the middle of the 15th century, and the period of the reign of Louis XI was marked by the golden ecu.
In 1575-1586, the silver franc began to be issued with a vagogue of 14.188 rubles. Karbuvannya francіv zі srіbla 833 struck trival until 1642.
The issue of coins was controlled and controlled by the places of middle France. At that very hour, the aristocrats began to karbuvati vlasnі coins. The titles of Anglo-Gale coins appeared in the English sub-territories.
Coins of the 17th - 19th centuries
In the middle of the 17th century, the silver ecu timchasov took a leading position in the penny bounty of France. The new monetary system "golden ecu" was a tenth system, if 1 franc became 10 desimivs (or 100 centimes). A five-gram coin with a face value of 1 franc was worth 4.5 g of pure silver. Coins were issued in denominations of 100, 50, 40, 20, 10 and 5 francs.
In the period of the Persh Republic, the Law of 15 September 1795 approved the national penny unit - the franc.
Bimetalism was founded in France by the stretch of the 19th century. The law has passed the carving of gold and silver coins to the strength of the main payment security. Tsіnnіsnі spіvvіdnoshnіnі srіblаі gold accepted 1:15,5 vіdpovіdno.
At the same time, paper francs began to drukuvat, yakі for three years znetsіnilis, and hard currency residually hardened on the sovereign level.
Gold and silver coins of France
At 1800 r. For the orders of Napoleon Bonaparte, the Bank of France was created, which had the right to send pennies. After 65 years, the Paris Convention was signed, as a result of which the Latin Union was established, which united the financial systems of France, Switzerland, Belgium, Italy, Greece and Finland.
The basis of the creation of the Union was the recognition of the French franc as a standard standard for carving silver coins of one and the same mass and denomination by all participating countries. The pennies of the lands of the Latin Union were characterized by the same metal silver, which was 0.29 g of pure gold and 4.5 g of silver.
Silver and gold coins on the legal basis were used to free tax as the main payment for payment on the territory of all countries that enter the Latin Union. With every single penny of the skin edge, the name was small, but they saved equal parity. So, 1 French franc is equal to 1 Belgian franc and 1 Swiss franc.
Overworld issue of paper pennies from France and Italy, provoking inconsistency with the Union. There was a sharp decrease in the market value of the coin, and in the absence of an hour, the exchange of the coins of the silver coins of the participating countries recognized the loss of gold.
The carving of silver coins was affixed, and in 1873 -1926 the Latin Spilka founded in the regime of gold monometallism. In the period of the First World War and the last war period in the penny-credit policy of the country-participant of the Latin Union, changes were made, which caused the collapse of the Union and the transition to a new stage of development of the penny system in France.
On the eve of the war, the gold coins were replaced by banknotes for the financing of state military bills. Stabilization of the franc occurred only in 1926 after the penny reform was carried out, the essence of which was in the exchange of banknotes on gold coins for gold at face value.
In 1928, France moved to the gold-pouring standard, which rose until 1936.
In the period of the Other World War, there was an increase in banknote emission, devaluation and denomination of the franc. Vіdteper new franc took off 0.18 g of pure gold and added 100 old.
Modern coins of France
The period of war in France was characterized by numerous attempts to "recovery" the economy of rapid inflation, which resulted in the development of the paper-credit financial systems to the point of vindication.
The current financial system of France has gone through two stages of its development.
1. Return of the franc (until 2002).
At the same time, the release of pennies was ordered by: the Central Bank of France, the deacons of the credit and financial institutions, the Ministry of Finance. Vidpovidalnist for carrying out a single credit-penny policy was paid to the Central Bank of France.
There is a decrease in the number of banknotes and rozmіnnoї coins in total and one-hour zbіlshennya deposits to supply on current accounts, credit cards.
2. Transition to the single currency - euro.
From September 2002, the French franc was forfeited. The euro is the only European currency.
At the same time, France is a member of the European Economic Trade Association, taking an active part in all reforms.
The only legal payment fee is euro.
Marianne – the symbol of the French Viennese – VIDEO
Marianna- National symbol of France since 1972. Depicted as a young woman at the Phrygian kovpak. Won to the special national motto of France "Liberty, equivalence, brotherhood". The sculptural image of Maryanni is a binding attribute of the institutions of power, judges, municipalities. Prior to the introduction of European images, Mariannes were sold in centimes and francs, none of them can be used in euro cents (1, 2, 5) of French carbovanni.
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On the territory of France, there are two types of penny units: the French Pacific franc and the euro. Let's try to get to know each other, deyut insults to a single penny, de better change the currency exchange, and also know a little about this trip.
French Pacific Franc
The name of the currency of France has been respected since the end of the 14th century and until the fierce 2002. From that moment on, the official currency of France became the euro, but in some overseas Pacific territories, at the moment, the French franc continues its use.
The adventure of the franc
This penny loneliness of France took away such a name after the permission from the fullness of King John-2 at the hour of the Hundred War. The currency was vikoristovuvali and as a vikup to the English. One Pacific franc equates to ten decims or one hundred centimes. Rest in French translation means a hundredth part of chogos. Sentim, having spent its function as a nominal coin, is practically not victorious anywhere, but such a currency is not officially charged.
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Knyazeva Victoria
Guide to Paris and France
Ask an expertIn the middle of the 20th century, the French franc was officially used in the economic life of the country of France.
During the war period, such a currency was considered unstable, so the authorities tried to tie the franc to the US dollar, which took a stable camp in the Pacific regions. After 5 years, the Pacific currency will stabilize and the exchange rate will be 100 francs for 2 US dollars. After 2 more years, the order of France, having adopted a decision and recognized it with a legal document, recognized the Bank of Indo-China, allowing all its updates in the emissia policy in the French cities in Oceania, but it was less formal. Indeed, the bank continued its work in this region until the end of the 20th century, if the creations of the Emisian Institute of French Overseas Territories. At the moment of creation and hour of work, a series of banknotes and coins were issued, as if they were in common use and contagion.
At the same time, a lot of subjects in the Pacific territories of France win over banknotes of one size with a different denomination: 500, 1000, 5000, 10000 francs. Coins take part in turnover - 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 francs.
From the franc to the louis dor (1360-1640). The highest franc was a gold coin, minted from France in 1360. On the front side of the coin there is an image of the French king on horseback. The coin was carved from pure gold and was small, close to 3.89 grams. Tsei franc is equivalent to the Turkish livre, which is formed from 20 soles (su) or 240 days. Although the appearance of the franc in 1360 was accompanied by an economic and political boom in France, in that period it was issued in very small obligations. Ale, the coin was lost in the memory of people, in their financial lexicon, which allowed the Convention, through a hundred years, to make it the main penny unit of the Republic without special zusil.
Golden "kinny" franc of Jean II the Good 1350-64 pp.
The golden franc ceased to be issued for Charles VI (1380-1422) and was replaced by a golden euro. The anniversary of the centenary war was accompanied by penny charms, which became even more indulgent after the rout at Agincourt in 1415. Chotiri vlada at once tried to get in on the carving of French coins: the king of France, the king of England, the duke of Burgundy and Dauphin (fallen to the throne), who was in Bourges.
Charles VII (1422-1461) doubled the French throne for the help of Jeannie d "Arc, allowing him to renew his power and penny policy. fates.
Tilki in 1575, Henry III (1574-1589) issued a silver franc, the names "bilim franc", with us to give the nominal value of coins up to their real gold metal, similarly to the hours of Charles V (1364-1380). Prote royal declaration of 1586 to rock the karbuvannya of these francs through those that a coin with a vage of 14 grams was often sawed off along the edge! The golden eku vartistu three livres now becomes the head penny unit of the kingdom. Ale krіm a whole franc were still and yogo rozmіnnі chastki: coins about pіv i quarter franc, yakі, prote, karbuvalis irregularly and practically did not win under Henry IV (1589-1610). With an ear of deep penny reform, like the reign of Louis XIII (1610-1643), a kind of vinaishov luidor, a chergovy emisiya of coins for half and a quarter of a franc, the bula was crushed for less than 1641 roci. Qi coins are minted in a series, which are based on the currency, and are no longer issued until the end of the 18th century.
Silver franc Henry III 1577r.
In the Epoch of Enlightenment, the financial system "Luidor-ekyu-liar" was established. At that hour, France had a variety of French and foreign coins in abundance, and in 1640 Louis XIII decided to carry out a reform with the method of ordering the penny system. At the link with the influx of Spanish gold and the signing of old coins, the king starts carving gold coins, which gives his own name - liudor (in French, this word is literally translated as "Luї іz gold"). The main silver coin of Louis was called the ecu. Beginning in 1656, this monetary system was supplemented with a copper coin under the name liar (3rd day). Mіdnі podvіyny i single day no longer karbuyutsya.
The penny single units of the system were interchanged with each other like this:
3 day = 1 liar
4 liari = 1 sil (su)
20 soles (su) = 1 livre
6 livres = 1 ecu
4 ecu = 1 lujdor
Tsya penny system often predicted the classic British system of “pounds-shillings-pences”, which was used in spivvdshennyah, and in the case of pohodzhennya he called some penny units from one Latin word. In Britain: 1 pound (Latin libra) = 20 shillings (lat. solidus) = 240 pence (lat. denarius). Appropriate for the French version: 1 livre = 20 sol = 240 denier.
In such a state, the monetary system successfully woke up before the Revolution.
Hanging louis d'or of Louis XV 1764, gold
Frank Germinal (1793-1914). At this stage, France introduced a dozen penny system and the gold standard, and the franc, in fact, came to replace the levra, serving as a clear standard for the penny units of rich countries.
Without a trace, losses from the French penny system may be 150 years old francs turn on the scene like the XVIII century, in the context of the economic crisis and political revolution. The French penny system introduced two of the most stable coins in 1726: the golden louis d'or and the silver ecu. But in 1783, the situation in the kingdom was fatal, and the monarchy's strife became such that the greater number of coins in charge did not reach the royal execution. Until 1789, the fate of the Revolution, with the help of the National Assembly, was declining to the borg of the monarchy: close to five billion livres, plus hundreds of dollars, set in a particularly high level.
In order to make up for the lack of preparation, the Convention took papyrus like a penny material: a bunch of bills, and then at the sight of banknotes, like they were secured by national values, confiscated from the church. Ale, the denominations of the banknotes were too big, and the problem of not having enough pennies was gone. Oskіlki reserves of expensive metals were small, used gold, silver utensils and other objects from these metals, like crops, were taken for remelting.
We turned back to the prohannyam about voluntary donations, then we moved away to the “patriotic tribute”. The army and the navy struck mid. Church bells were also melted down. But the accumulation of metal was delayed, and new coins were still not carved. The Assembly praises the increase in the issuance of banknotes. Inflation has reached such a state, if the values in the coins and paper banknotes began to resonate. In 1793, the order helped improve the situation with a primus position, and then do it voluntarily. Deficit metal was rozshukuvsya and confiscated by the authorities to support the rate of banknotes; Opir was threatened with a guillotine. Teror zdіysnyuvavsya th in the monetary and financial region until the fall of Robes'er.
From 1795, the franc was borrowed for the levre in the penny system of France. At the same time, at the same time, the rationalization of the twelfth monetary system (on the basis of dozens) was driven to the cruelty of the tens system. Wanting to prepare new coins from noble metals, the Convention at the theoretical rozrahunka appointed new coins of the Republic instead of gold and smashed like 9/10 parts of pure metal. The law dated 15 Serpnya 1795 introduces a franc, which is made up of 10 desimіv or 100 centimes as the main penny unit of the Republic of Zamіst coins, which were named after the fallen king. For the franc, instead of pure gold (about 0.29 grams) and pure silver (4.5 grams), it is closer to gold and silver silver in old coins. In fact, the "franc" - the price of the name of the levra, was introduced at the link with the collapse of the old political regime and the transition to the ten penny system.
1 franc Napoleon I (1804-05), silver
In 1803, Consul Bonaparte called for a reform, which was directed at the anarchy in exchange for pennies, which is settled with cash, louis d'or, and revolutionary coins from various metals. Law on Germinal (period 21/22 March - 19/20 April for the new "republican" calendar) 1803 confirmed the new penny system based on the tenth franc, called "franc germinal" in honor of this very month. In order to replace the old royal coins, which were still in circulation, gold coins of 20 francs 2 francs and 1 franc were issued. 500 million gold and nearly 900 million silver coins were mined. The chimal influx of srіbla from Italy after the military campaigns of Napoleon was often taken by tsyoma. There was not enough protein. It was necessary to re-introduce paper pennies, and the current issue of bank notes to the Bank of France, recently created with a permanent metal reserve to support the exchange rate of banknotes. In this context, new paper pennies, secured by a gold reserve, were more likely to take it away from step by step recognition and rozpovsudzhennya. Frank Germinal has achieved its effectiveness. Vіn zalishavsya even more stable, unaffected by the permutations of political regimes and waking up to the First World War.
5 francs of Napoleon III 1852, coin
Until 1850, large gold reserves were discovered in California and Australia. Reserves of gold became significant and stable, but the bimetal system of the germinal collapsed. In a number of countries, the fineness of silver coins was reduced from 900/1000 to 835/1000, which caused the removal of French coins for a cordon from a fixed breakdown. Zavdyaki All-World Exhibition In 1865, France organized a currency conference that united Belgium, Italy, Switzerland and Greece. The Latin Monetary Union, the first international monetary organization, was born on 23 December in Paris. The main method was the installation of a single currency for the krai. For coins made of gold 100, 50, 20, 10 and 5 francs, a metal sample of 900/1000 was assigned, for silver coins of 5 francs - 900/1000, and silver coins of all other denominations - 835/1000. The obsjag karbuvannya of coins was installed only on a level proportional to the number of the population of the skin of the country.
100 francs 1885, gold
In 1867 Napoleon III called for a new currency conference, which united 20 countries for the first time. Vіdpovіdno to the principle of the gold standard, as the main bula is a gold coin. Vіdpovіdno to Vіdenskoї pleasing 1868 fate franc buv obrany as a single international rozrahunkіv: franc germinal becoming the single coin for a significant part of Europe!
Thus, until the end of the 19th century, the Crimea of France itself was rich in European powers, including Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, the Vatican, Greece, Monaco, Luxembourg, Spain, Romania, Albania, Finland, Serbia, Chornogoriya, etc. Bulgaria. as well as Venezuela in Pivdenny America, a small monetary system, based on the standard of the French franc, although in the richness of these powers themselves coins wore their own names. Frank also made the biggest splash and turned to other powers, including us in front of the French and Belgian colonies of Africa. Tsej vpliv not passing over Russia, as small as the great Borg before France: since 1886, the fate of the gold coins of Russia is repaired by karbuvati, like in the countries of the Latin Monetary Union, from gold 900/1000 fineness (deputy 917/1000) allied coins. A five-ruble Russian gold coin of 1886-96 (and from 1897 - 7.5 rubles) exactly matches the “Napoleondor” (20 francs) for a gold coin. In this order, from 1886 to 1896 one franc equaled 25 Russian kopecks of gold, and from 1897 after the devaluation of the Russian gold ruble in the second time - 37.5 kopecks of gold. On the basis of the French fourth on Rosіyski Steschov system є "Pubnunkova" coin z in dont_ynalnom 37.5 Rublev / 100 Frank_v 1902 ROCK, Yaka Speaker Bula conceived Yak Coin Masovoy Vipus for M_Injuncture Roses, Ale Zakoїnny Cause Bula Vicarbuvana Lishe was won by the Russian Emperor Mykola II as a souvenir.
Russia. 37 rubles 50 kopecks/100 francs 1902, gold
Franck Poincaré (1914–1959). This period in the history of the French franc is characterized by the old gold standard, the emergence of a bunch of gold coins, and then silver coins, multiple and significant devaluations, high inflation, and the complete collapse of the “Latin Monetary Union” until 1927. Approximately from the middle of the 19th century, the franc was the main standard currency for the rich countries of Europe. Vіn without interruption, after having overcame six political regimes, in 1870 the fate of the Parisian comune. Ale Persha, and then the Friend of the World in the early days of the Great Depression of the 1930s, greatly undermined the economy of France and caused the whole penny French model based on the germinal franc to collapse.
Since 1911, after the Anglo-Nimets crisis in Agadir, the conflict from Germany was inevitable. Offended parties are actively preparing both for military and financial relations. Mayuchi even more precise instructions, the Bank of France on the cob of the First World War reaches the support of the franc. The proté did not hesitate to get some new paper pennies, which called out inflation and that inflation. Deputy to provide gifts (the population is already mobilized), the order is spiraling on domestic state positions, as well as on English and American loans. According to estimates, the First World War cost France close to 200 billion dollars, 80% of which were financed by low pennies, looking out for upliftment, after their defeat in the war they “pay for rahunki”. But the economic collapse of the Weimar Republic and the new collapse of the brand (1922-1923) put an end to the rest of the French illusion. In fear of political and social consequences for Europe, Great Britain and the USA are supporting the German economy. The stench did not praise the French occupation of the Ruhr region and the goiter of France to look at the bikzhennia її vomogi to Nіmechchini without decommissioning the French borgії.
Since 1919, England and the United States have suspended the position of France and forced them to pay loans taken earlier. Financial markets reacted negatively: the franc fell from London and became the object of successful speculation. The victory of the common “left” during the election hour in early 1924 hastened the fate of the fall: speculation has risen up in the form of capital contributions; Investors spend trust - they praise them a little bit about the possibility of not being safe in the international arena. Powers threaten bankruptcy. In 1928, the Parliament turned to the ruler of Raymond Poincaré. Goloshennya about yogo reversal for a certain hour stabilized the franc. Like a diva and do not become, "Poincaré-Dovira" is a suitable person for getting out of this situation. Vіn poslіdovno vikoristovuє devaluation, beruchi to respect vytrati. On the 25th of Poincaré's chern, it confirms the death of the franc germinal - a penny unit, which saved from France at that hour less than a fifth of its first golden zmist, tobto. devaluation of the franc by 80% Now, the paper “franc for 4 sous” (the masses of people have a franc more costing 20 sous) momentarily exchanged only for gold zlivka (and not for coins, as before) and before that, the sum was no less than 215,000 francs, which now yielded 12 kilograms of gold.
With the cob of the First Light War, the actual collapse of the Latin Monetary Union was immediately revealed, although officially it was pinned on its foundation in the other half of the 1920s. Now only a few penny members are not tied to the French currency. From that hour, the stench devalued and devalued the skin in its own way. The Swiss franc has emerged as the currency of the middle krai-participant of the Latin Monetary Union (as well as the middle of the world's currencies) for the bags of the entire XX century. Swiss, Yaka Delose a little hit the two of Svіtovich Vіni і і одtіyu z hi-stained in the 1930 -1 Ryoki Vіd Golden Standard, by once Із Lіhtenstein ZAZY є єDinjon at Svіtі, de Diski Zherіzhsya actually "Frank Zherminal", not penny reforms, as it turned out to be a stretch of the XX century with the currencies of most of the other participants in the union at the link with its strong influences.
2 francs 1943, aluminum
In France, as well as in the other countries of the monetary union, it was never possible to reach the minimum stabilization of the currency for an hour. The great depression of the 1930s brought about a widespread collapse of the gold standard in the world and the devaluation of the pound sterling, the dollar and the euro of gold. Through a deep economic downturn, France is showing signs of deflation. The exchange rate of the franc is again showing signs of change to other currencies, French exports have fallen. At the same time, the French franc is devaluing anew, like a number of currencies of other countries: in the period between 1936 and 1940, the wines spent more close 2/3 of their vartost.
5 francs 1949, aluminum
With the defeat of France in 1940, the fate of Nіmechchina provodzhuє unbearable primus exchange rate (1 Reichsmark to 20 francs), which allows the invaders to plunder the country. In addition, the order may have to pay 400 million francs a day to cover the costs of the occupation. On the so-called “overseas territories” of France, the “free franc” is parallel to the “Vichy franc” on the territory of France itself, occupied by the Germans, which is “no more than a paper song vartost for a song victoria”, - in the words of Marshal Goering.
100 francs 1936, gold
Timoshovy ryad zaprovadzhuє positions for streaming іnflyatsії, zapodіyanoї for the rocks of war and nіmetskoi occupation. General de Gaulle moved to pursue a zhorstka policy, like a darling P'er Mendès-France. In this manner, inflation is growing, and the franc is continuing to prolong the strength of the Fourth Republic, which is being waged by the war for independence. From December 1945, France introduced a new international monetary system. Designated by the parties to the Bretton Woods Treaty (22 April 1944) The International Monetary System, as before, was based on the official "golden money" dollar (1/35 ounce from the end of 1933) and other currencies. The official exchange rate of the dollar became 50 French francs in 1944 roci and ... 420 francs in 1958 roci! The next franc is spent on the money of the International Monetary Fund. However, reform on a large scale is still necessary, even if there will be “new” denominations of the franc of 1960.
Regardless of the total share of the French franc and the Latin Monetary Union in the Danish period, the popularity of the franc in the large French colonies is still saved. So, in the middle of the 1940s, a number of other countries of central and western Africa introduced their own currency (also called the franc), tying the exchange rate to the French currency, and then to the euro. And the shards of the powers did not inherit the example of France, as it held a denomination in 1960, then it can be said that the whole region was awarded the “Frank Poincaré”.
New franc (1960 - 2001). It took ten years to bring, for example, the 1950s, to the idea of holding a denomination. As a result, on September 1, 1960, the titles of "franc de Gaulle", or the new franc, are so called.
20 ("new") centimes 1963, aluminum bronze
De Gaulle carried out a great reform for a penny - turning to power in 1958, he took the decision to carry out a new devaluation (by 17.55%) and then voted about the creation of the "important franc", as if he trusted his finance minister Antoine Rouestuff Jacques Piney and the economy. "New franc" introductions in obіg vіsіmnadtsіat міsyatsіv: vіn cost 100 old francіv. A sivachka with a Phrygian kovpak on her head is depicted on rich new coins of the guessing franc, which was in use until 1914. De Gaulle wanted a new franc, which remained official in 1963, becoming a symbol of stability and power.
1 ("new") franc 1975, nickel
For this period of the history of the franc, sufficient stability of the purchasing power of the French currency is characteristic, and, more importantly, it is peaceful (against the previous period) inflation. Starting from the 1970s, after the annulment of the Bretton Woods lands of 1944, there is a change in the official rate of the franc, based on the "golden zmist", on the cost of a freely floating market rate at the rate of change to other currencies. Protea h in an hour, the currency of the Credit-Groshov Pol_tika Franzіїi tested all the bilshest centers from the framework of the framework of the framework of the Economic and Ukraine, Scho Zakіnchylosh, Niktntsі 1990s, Zhortko, Pros'ricovka Frank course to Ekiu (євro) that I am submitted by the Bank of Franzії Selfіinosti in Patini as well as the offensive new vіdmovoyu vіd franc in 2002 roci.
10 (“new”) francs 1995, Bimetal
End of the franc (2002 -). Based on the results of the European Conference in Haas in 1969, the Werner plan (1971) set a course for the convergence of the economic systems of the member countries of the EEC (Europe Economic Commission) with the method of creating a single European currency. ECU, or European Currency Unit (ECU, European Currency Unit), has become a wild "virtual" currency for non-prepared retailers in the lower regions of Europe. Vaughn is a synthetic penny unit, created in 1976 by the fate of the improvement of the world, "nursery of the vaga" and the importance of the economy and the peculiarities of the penny-credit system of the skin of the country-participant. The very currency of the ECJ, was renamed from the political and linguistic symbols of the “euro”, it’s enough to change the roci franc in 2002, which had earlier woken up forty years for the imminent looking.
The European Monetary System (EVS) was called upon to help keep the exchange rates of the member states' currencies from breaking the balance of trade within the EEC. Over the years, the skin of the currencies of the country-participant has begun to become less obezhenі kolyvannya according to the rate of the single European currency. In this way, since the end of the 1980s, the franc exchange rate has fluctuated by less than 4.5% in relation to the ECU: by 2.25%, the smaller one has a larger bik.
Prejudiyi 10 Pigeon 1991 ROCK І RATIFIKOVYY REFERENDUM MOVYA IN FRINTY 20 MOVERNYY 1992 ROCK Maastrichtskiy Troyvdds Werevdshi Vіdmov V_d Visno-Steshovian Currency Credit Credit-Stew Private Personal Personal Contract Such Person Digid on Sign Frashov Odinico є Lropi, turns on. The Maastricht Treaty establishes obov'yazykovі criteria for the country-participants, the necessary basis for the right of a single currency. To manage and regulate the system in 1994, the European Monetary Fund was created, which came to change the European Monetary Institute, to the reserves of any central bank, the country-participant transfers 20% of its dollar and gold assets, gaining national assets. The European Monetary Fund can create the European Central Bank.
The name of the single European currency called forth a lot of discussion. The leaders of the country were afraid of the negative psychological effect on the side of the population for their national currencies, and the leaders did not accept the name "ECU" in connection with the phonetics of the local policy. For example, in 1995, the rock was laid to please the minds, as it vvazhayut the most neutral and adaptable to the different movements of the greater nation of Europe. For the good pleasure of the ECU, it was changed to “euro” on September 1, 1999, to date, as was the name of the European Central Bank.
Commemorative coin "The rest of the franc" with a face value of 655.957 francs (100 euros) 2001, gold
At the same time, from the beginning of the European Central Bank (ECB), the franc actually became an official currency: from 1 September 1999, the franc became no more than a denominated coin for France for the single European currency of the ECU, as it is now official. The balance of euros was fixed on December 31, 1998 at 6.55957 French francs per euro. Ale preparation, denominated in euros, was introduced on the 1st of September 2002. And as a single currency, which is common, the euro became only after the transitional period, which was three times before February 17, 2002.
50 (eur-) cents 1999, brass
In Denmark, coins are commonly used for 2 and 1 euros, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 (euro-) cents - the same euro coins, created after the EU summit at Verona. One side of the coin is the double edge of the euro zone (face value on the reverse); The other side of the coins may have a "national" image, as if obov'yazkovo include twelve stars - a symbol of united Europe. Architectural monuments of Europe are well known for their banknotes of 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10 and 5 euros in different colors and sizes.
2 euro 1999, bіmetal
Thus ended the trival of the history of the French franc, which, if it was one of the largest coins in the world, and having made its hour of majestic infusion on the penny system of the economy even richer lands, including Russia. A new cheap opportunity has begun!
EURO (currency designation: €; bank code: EUR) is the official penny unit of the country of the European Union (EU), located in general on the territory of 15 powers, incorporating yak "Eurozone" (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Nіya) , Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain). Also, the European victories are still in 9 countries of the world, 7 of them are rebuying in Europe. In this manner, the central currency is greater than 320 million euros. Varying territories that win currencies, oriented to the euro exchange rate, may be 500 million people in the whole world to lie in the euro. With a turnover of 610 billion euros from the month of 2006, the euro is the currency with the largest total amount of cooking in the world, in front of the US dollar.
In 1999, several financial markets were promoted to the euro as a national currency, and on September 1, 2002, banknotes and coins were launched into circulation. The euro has replaced the European currency unit (ECU) in the past one to one.
The foundations of Frankfurt The European Central Bank (ECB) and the Eurosystem (which are formed from the central banks of the countries of the Eurozone) carry out such operations with euros. As an independent central bank, the ECB has the right to blame for its monetary policy. The Eurosystem takes part in the issuance of banknotes and coins, as well as its distribution in all countries, and in the robotic systems of the European Union.
Although all the countries of the European Union (EU) can be accepted before the European Union, even though it will stink with the penny pennies and credits, not all members of the European Union have decided to accept this currency. Usі powers, yakі came to the ЄС until the rise of ceremoniality 1993. Maastricht treaty, goiter'yazalisya priymat єvro zgіdno s exchange rate.
Tsej ogovіr zobov'yazuvav chinnyh chlenіv zaprovaditi єvro in obіg; Prote Great Britain and Denmark have sought to themselves the skasuvannya vikonannya tsієї vymoga.
Sweden decided to switch to the euro after the results of the 2003 referendum, but it missed the chance of adopting the euro, which did not meet the membership criteria. Before that, three micropowers of Europe (the Vatican, Monaco and San Marino), even though they changed from the European Union, adopted the euro as the single currency of the country-participant. Andorra, Chornogoriya and Kosovo praised the euro unilaterally, even though they did not enter the EU stock.
coins
Euros are folded into 100 cents (sometimes called eurocents, especially for the current currency in the US cents or the large currency in the neighboring country). All euro coins, which are exchanged for obigu (including commemorative coins with a denomination of €2), however, have a side that shows the denomination (varty) from the designations of the first 15 countries of the EU. From 2007 or 2008 (deposit from the country that issued the coin) replace the “old” card with a map of Europe, on the image of the country, as it did not reach the EU, so Norway. Coins to the national side, with special images, chosen by the country, as if it issued a coin. Euro coins from any country can be freely conquered by all powers, as the euro was praised.
Euro coins are issued in denominations of €2, €1, €0.50, €0.20, €0.10, €0.05, €0.02 and €0.01. In the Netherlands and in Finland, according to the law, all operations for cooking are covered up to five cents, so that the victory is reduced to €0.02, and €0.01
The €2 commemorative coins were released from the changes in the design of the national side of the coin - from the link with the celebrations held at Greece's summer Olympic Games. Qi coins of two euros are legal payment in the entire territory of the Eurozone. Coins of a different denomination were also issued, but were not assigned to the ubiquitous minting. Coins issued later can only be legally minted on the territory of the country-country.
Nіmechchina
Greece
Italy
Spain
Cyprus
France
Netherlands
Portugal
Austria
Ireland
Belgium
San Marino
Slovenia
Luxembourg
Malta
Monaco
Vatican
Finland
Banknotes
All euro banknotes can have the same side design for the skin denomination. Banknotes are issued in denominations of €500, €200, €100, €50, €20, €10, €5. Design of skin coverings with global themes of European architecture of different periods. From the obverse side of the banknote there is an image of a window or a gate, and from the reverse side - a bridge. It is noteworthy that these architectural objects are not true, so as not to provoke zeal and super-chek when choosing memorials of culture, as if they were depicted on banknotes. Old banknotes of senior value, such as €500, are not issued in some countries, although they are deprived of the legal payment order from the Eurozone.
Clearing system, electronic payment transfer system.
Mustache penances in the middle of the krajn of the Eurozone may koshtuvati stilki, skіlki and retellings in the middle of one krajina. Cost of arranging and distributing payments, if the ECB can decide on other payment methods.
Payment by credit / debit cards and withdrawal of pennies from ATMs throughout Europe also apply a single tariff. The ECB did not standardize the processing of payments for "paper" payment notes, such as checks; the stench is still lingering less in the borders of the okremoi country.
The ECB has installed the clearing system TARGET (Trans-European Automated Express System of Real-Time Gross Accounts) for major transactions in the euro.
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Graphic image Euro
A special graphic euro sign (€) was designed based on the results of the public opinion experiment, selecting 2 options out of ten. And then the European Commission chose one of them as a residual option. The project, which has changed, was created by the Belgian Alain Bile. The official version of the creation of the euro sign is credited to Arthur Eisenmenger, who, if he was a leading graphic designer of the EU, claims that having created this sign, he is a symbol of Europe.
Zgіdimy Zei, the symbol є "Kombіnatsіyu Wiretie LiTherili" Іpsilon ", Scho mean aware of єvropaysyko ї сивілізації, LiThero" E "(Words of the Words" Virop "), the parallel lines of Lynіy in the Visigandi sign" RIVNUM ", Scho to get acquainted Stab_lnіvnіvo."
In addition, the European Commission has paid for the exact size of the euro logo from the assigned colors to the background of that very sign. Although the Komіsіya attacked itself on such a written symbol, more designers gave an understanding that they plan to create their own options.
Placement of a graphic image of the currency in all countries of their own. There are no official standards for the euro sign.
Another advantage of the opposite as a result of the symbol is that it is easy to type it on the keyboard, typing the capital letter “C”, pressing the “break” key, pressing the “even” sign.
The only economical and penny space
History (1990 - today)
The global provisions for the euro in the European Union were established by the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 to create economic and financial unity. In order to switch to a new currency, the countries that enter the EC are not subject to strict criteria. So, for example, the country's budget deficit is not to blame for overestimating three hundred dollars per GDP, the cost factor is to blame for becoming less than 6 per hundred dollars per GDP, so the low rate of inflation and rates in the average hundred, close to midday, may be predicted. For the Maastricht Treaty, Great Britain and Denmark took away the freedom from the cob of a single financial space, which led to the creation of the euro.
Economists who took a part in the creation of the euro - Robert Mundel, Wim Duesenberg, Robert Tollison, Neil Dowling, Fred Arditt and Thomas Padoa-Schiopa (Macroeconomic theory, marvel below).
Through the difference in national rates, all payments between the national currencies of Mali are carried out through exchanges in the euro. The exact number of currencies for the euro (with the exchange rates set at the time of the purchase of the euro) is right-handed.
The exchange rates were set by the Rada of the European Union, based on the market rate on December 31, 1998, so one euro equals one euro. (The European currency unit was the rozrahunka unit of the EC, the won was based on the national currencies of the participating countries; the euro was not an independent currency.) Global European favor 2866/98 (EC) dated December 31, 1998. set such exchange rates. The price could not have happened earlier, because at that time the currency was tied to the exchange rate of other currencies (especially the pound sterling).
In the past, the procedure for the residual replacement of drachmas in euros took place, but the shards of the same euros already dawned two fates. The exchange rate of the first eleven currencies was set for a couple of years before the introduction of the euro, for the Greek drachma wines were set months earlier, for the sake of 1478/2000 (ЄС) on 19 chervnia 2000.
At night, on the 1st of September 1999, the introduction of the euro was introduced for unprepared rozrahunka (traveler's checks, electronic transfers, bank transactions and other). If the national currencies of the krai, which enter before the Euro zone, ceased to use okremo, their exchange rates fixed one by one, practically robbing them with simple tenths of euros. So the euro became the replacement for the ecu. However, banknotes and coins of multiple currencies were forfeited as a legal payment order right up to the issuance of new banknotes and coins in 2002.
The period of change, at the beginning of an hour of old banknotes and coins were exchanged for euros, for about two months, until February 28, 2002. The official date of affixing the choice of national currencies as a legal payment security in our countries was different. Nimechchina became the most important land. On December 31, 2001, the stamp officially ceased to be victorious, although the exchange period was three months. February 28, 2002 - the date of the end of the change, if all national currencies are no longer legal payment methods in the countries of the Eurozone. However, after the official date, all currencies continued to be accepted in the sovereign central banks of the European countries with exchanges in many years or without exchanges, for example, in Austria, Germany, Ireland and Spain. The first coins that came into circulation were the Portuguese escudos, which were minted after December 31, 2002, in order for the banknotes to be exchanged until 2022.
Slovenia arrived before the European Union on September 1, 2007, then on September 1, 2008, Malta and Cyprus were delivered to the warehouse.
Eurozone
- Euro is the official currency in Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain. Cі 15 countries at once to establish the Eurozone and the territory of the euro. Mensh is officially called "Euroland" or "Eurogroup". Crimean territories, geography Euro like official currency expands on the colonies: French Guiana, Reunion, Saint-P'ier and Miquelon, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint-Bartholomew, Saint-Martin, Mayotte and the deserted island of Klipperton, French Peterton Antarctica; Portuguese Autonomous Regions of the Azores and Madeira; Spanish Canary Islands.
- On the basis of bilateral homeownership, the European micropowers of Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican are carving their own euro coins in the name of the European Central Bank. However, the stench is zhorstko obmezhenі for a sack of coins, which they can let out.
- Andorra, Chornogoria, the Republic of Kosovo, Akrotiri and Dekelia adopted the euro as the official currency of capital investment and penny transactions without participation in the European system of central banks and without the right to issue coins. Andorra has entered into the process of negotiating as much as possible about the release of pennies, just like it is with the micropower European powers.
- The currencies of many colonies of EU powers lie in euros. Among them are French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna (CFA franc), Cape Verde, Comoros and fourteen powers of Central and Western Africa (CFA franc). Marvel at the "Currency deposits in euros".
- In order, Nezrozhyuchi at those, Scho єvro not є with the legislative platform of the British, the leaders of the shops of the city of Khїvo. Also, the euro is widely wider in Switzerland, like in state organizations, such as the Swiss borders.
perspectives
Countries that entered the EU before 2004
From the entry of Greece in 2001 to the expansion of the EU in 2004. Denmark, Sweden and Great Britain were left as the only members of the EU, as they saved their national currency. The situation of three of the oldest participating countries was reviewed by the new members of the EC; they did not have a clear schedule for accepting the euro:
- Denmark voted for a few paragraphs of the Maastricht Treaty after the fact that they did not pass the referendum. 28 spring 2000 Denmark has one more referendum about the euro, which ended with a result of 53.2% of the votes against joining the Eurozone. Prote danski politicians to promote a new discussion of some controversial points. Until then, Denmark is orienting the krone exchange rate to euro (€1 = DKK 7.46038 ± 2.25%), the krona exchange rate remains under the control of the European economic capital. If Greenland and the Faroe Islands are not included before the European Union, the stench of the Danish krone (on the Faroe Islands is the Faroese krone) and that also lie in the EU.
- Sweden: Sweden wants to switch to the euro for the "Favor of 1994" if it suits the economic minds. If you want to abide the vicons, the krone never entered before EEC II, respecting the arrival of Sweden. 2003 the fate of the people's referendum, having come to the European Union, and Sweden does not plan to adopt the euro. ЄС having given a clear understanding that it is flattened on the eyes, respecting the position of Sweden and knowing Sweden "de facto", but there are no other countries that entered before the ЄС from 2004 to 2007.
- Great Britain withdrew its entry into the Eurozone under the Maastricht Treaty and may switch to the Euro. If you want to try to join the union, leading, scho economic minds to support our vimog (following “five economic criteria”), the food chain was not blamed for the vote.
- Great Britain was forced to introduce the pound sterling from the EU (the front of the EU II) in the black middle (September 16, 1992) through the plutanina between the parity indicators and economic behavior, since the pound will not enter until the EU II.
Countries that entered before the EU after 2004
Since 2008, nine more powers have joined the EU with their own currency; however, in all of these countries, the transition to the euro is for the sake of admission. Acts from these countries have already joined the mechanism for controlling the exchange rate of the European Economic Trade Union, EU II. The stench is planning to come to Eurozone in an offensive order (EEC III):
- September 1, 2009 - Slovak region
- September 1, 2010 - Lithuania
- September 1, 2011 - Estonia,
- September 1, 2012 or later - Bulgaria, Ukraine, Latvia, Czech Republic, Poland and Romania.
The entry of Lithuania and Estonia, scheduled for 1 September 2007, was made due to high inflation rates in these countries. Some of these currencies have a floating exchange rate up to the euro, others are unilaterally linked to the euro rate before joining the EEC II. For reporter information, look at the article "Mechanism for controlling the exchange rate of the European Economic Trade Union, the exchange rate up to the euro and other articles about currencies."
The Czech Republic planned to enter the EU II as early as 2008 or 2009, but the authorities officially set the date before 2010, stating that the country could not meet the economic criteria of the earlier term. Narazi term extended until 2012.
Latvia also planned to move to the Eurozone in 2008, but the indicators of inflation, which outweighed 11%, were brought to retirement, the country's remnants do not respect the necessary laws for the sake of rules. Now the order has officially postponed the date to 1 September 2012, in order to keep the head of the Central Bank of Latvia in mind that the real date of the next date is 2013.
The Minister of Finance of Poland, declaring that he was responsible for the fact that it would be "the wrong tactic" to allow Poland to enter the country.
Іnshi dzherela to put under doubt the reality of the entry of the Czech Republic, Lithuania and Estonia navіt at qi terms.
Five additional notes about "Practical preparation for a further expansion of the Eurozone" was presented on April 16, 2007, leading to it, at the moment, only Cyprus, Malta (they introduced the euro in sichni), Slovakia (2009) and Romania ( 2014 p) was officially recognized as a constable. give the transition to the euro.
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia have already completed the design of the front side of their future coins.
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History of pennies France
France can control the currency, as it can be of great value, but official and national.
Frank, the penniless unit of France, was founded from 1641 to 1960, the coins were denominated with a denomination of one lire. Tsey franc buv in the framework of the decimal system in 1795 roci and having become the national currency right up to the introduction of the euro in 1999 roci.
In 1930, King Jean introduced the us franc, naming the penny unit, he wrote in writing, as if he commemorated Jean, by the grace of God, the King of the Franks (Johannes Dei Gratia Francorum Rexand). In the past, the Franks were seen as the reigns of Charles V, Henry III and Henry IV.
In Louis XIII, he introduced the spelling of the franc and already in 1641 replaced the franc with the euro and louis dor, but the word franc continued to rightfully be used as a synonym for the Turkish livre. French revolutionary convention for the help of rapists in 1795. established the national currency of France, which became the franc.
1 franc = 10 tithes = 100 centimes and more than five grams of silver.
Frank-germinal (for the name of the eighth month in the revolutionary calendar), appearing in 1803 rotation, and being a gold coin, made of pure gold. Because of this fate, gold and silver coins gained great popularity and were constantly rebuffed, such coins were not changed and were not sold. The system of a penny unit lasted until 1864, when all silver coins, after a five-franc note, were poured from 90 cents to 83.5 cents without change in a gold vase. The currency was saved and the restoration of the Bourbons took place.
In 1865 Rotsі Franzіya became one of the Latin Monetary Union sincere, I was defeated by Spіlna Groshova Odinitza, Yaka wasted on Frank-Zhermіnali, the CRIM, the name of Frank was already whistled in Belgian, currencies. The Monetary Union in 1873 fell asleep on the gold standard of 1 franc = 9/31 grams of gold.
The winters were able to rebuild France to its own gold standard, the country suffered inflation, and the need to reconstruct a penny unit was made necessary. After a short turn to the gold standard, the currency began to spend again in prices, the docks of 1959 did not begin to cost forty times less, compared to the 1934 year. The franc became the counterparty currency of the German Reichsmark.
The return of 1960 to the fate of the French franc itself will be re-evaluated on the new 100 francs.
All the same, it didn’t mean the complete death of the old franc, one or two francs still continued their ubiquitous survival, in that difficult hour inflation had significantly changed the exchange rate of the franc to all other currencies. Over the years, the old francs have lost their fortune and becoming the moment of the euro, then the old pennies have become no longer meaningful, after the new revaluation of the franc, the rich French continued to say “old francs” (anciens francs), to describe the great sum of pennies. Tse everything was known until 2002, the very same year, many people called for the fact that they had a supply of euro banknotes.
On September 1, 1999, the new currency of modern France, the euro, was adopted again. That is why the currency itself has become a single currency, so that more than 320 million Europeans win, and at the same time from the territories of the unofficial community - for 500 million people. Euro replacing the European currency unit.
The currency itself, so that the euro is managed and administered by the European Central Bank, which is located in Frankfurt, is the European system of central banks, which system is formed from the central banks of the country-members of the Eurozone.
Euro coins are issued in denominations of €2, €1, €0.50, €0.20, €0.10, €0.05, €0.02 and €0.01. A lot of shops in the Eurozone will be able to change prices so that the stench was a multiple of 5 cents, and coins of 1 and 2 euro cents were not needed.
And the axis of the franc banknote has an absolutely wild design, you can see banknotes of €500, €200, €100, €50, €20, €10 and €5. Old banknotes of senior value, such as €500 and €200, are not issued in any country, but only with a legal payment order.
Euro may be even though the design is the same, but all the same, they look one after the other, there is no need for brightness and thinness and all the pennies of France, there can be a practically identical color, and the same rozmіr.
