Futuristic architecture of the SRSR. Futuristic architecture Ecological "green houses"
ARCHITECTURE Architecton: Vistі vuzіv "No. 38 - Dodatok Lipen 2012
FUTURISTIC CONCEPTS OF THE PAST IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF TODAY
The article examines the phenomenon of the phenomenon of "futurism" in architecture on the basis of transferring the futuristic concepts of the past into the architecture of the present day in a way of rethinking the original idea or directly quoting. On the basis of examined examples, a hypothesis about the cyclical nature of the idea of architectural futurism was developed, which formed the basis of further studies.
Keywords Key words: futurism, architectural futurism, avant-garde, forecasting, cyclical model, sociocultural context
In the world of today, which develops rapidly, the future becomes closer to the skin of new vіdkrittam or winemaking. The change of the space-hour context has significantly pushed the architectural setting to the future. In this way, the predictive function of the architect, which is deeply rooted in the profession, has been significantly strengthened by the current socio-cultural context. The architect, having become actively fantasizing about the future, looked far ahead, formally passed on her profession. This was the reason for the formation of such a phenomenon as architectural futurism and the molding of it as an independent phenomenon.
The manifestation of the current architecture in the ideas of the futurist architects of the past allows me to expand on the trends in the development of architecture in the future. This prognostic aspect is based on the relevance of architectural futurism development, as well as a scientific illustration of the interplay of space at the same time.
The history of the term "futurism" goes back to the roots of the name of the European avant-garde movement in literature and the image-making mysticism of the XX century, which is characterized by sharp radicalism and anti-historicism (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Italian futurism. U. Boccioni "Enter the street at the booths"; A. Sant-Elia, "Project for an airport and a railway station with cable cars and elevators on three equal streets"
In today's rozumіnі futurism - tse vіdkritiy pіdkhіd up to art, architecture, science; the cult of the future, the sample is taken from the past that day. With blatant features, which can be designated for the futuristic straight away, є swidkіst, striky and reckless movement ahead of that, the trend is clearly expressed to the point of maximum manifestation of the new and the newfangled. Ale tse shvidshe philosophic, lower artistic category. Playing its role as a prototype of the art of the future, futurism, as the main program, embodied the idea of the ruination of cultural stereotypes and passed on the idea of technology and urbanism as the main signs of the future.
The main principles of futurism went beyond the framework of the wine-making figurative art and literature, and they directly stuck on other creative works, including architecture. These creative concepts conceived an independent life of architectural futurism.
Architectural futurism survived the moment of its greatest activity, obviously, between the two centuries of the XIX and XX centuries. The idea of technical progress from the hoardings was adopted by the architectural avant-garde. Political changes have given architects a unique chance to present their most fantastic ideas. In the 1920s, the architectural avant-garde rocked, that the revolution was awakening, that the social utopias were extinguished, zoomed in to give an impulse to rationalistic and functionalist directions in architecture [1]. The first impulse cannot be underestimated by the scale of the molding of the light architecture. But all the same, it was born richly earlier, with its turns of wines in the 18th century, before the creativity of the so-called revolutionary architects [2]. Let's talk about the French architects Claude-Nicolas Ledoux, Etienne-Louis Bouillet and others, whose creativity ahead of the French Revolution is rich in what wedged into the ruins of architects-futurists, who grew up on the cob of the 20th century (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Architectural fantasies. E.-L. Bulle, Newton's Cenotaph in Paris; K-N. Llodu, "Project of a lookout house"
The ear of the past century has become not only the most romantic hour for futurism, but also the most recent, and the most initial for the new yak for the architectural trend. Tsya era is a treasure trove of futuristic ideas. All masters of the avant-garde were futurists, irrespective of that, they were engaged in both real and conceptual design. The skin created by them was absolutely futuristic, it was the product of a radical new era.
But it’s worth mentioning that the revolutionary avant-garde and socialist utopia, that in the rest of the world all these projects have gained real inspiration. That part of the projects, which, for some other reason, was not implemented at once, has created another nation later - in new projects, by way of reinterpretation of the cob concept in specific minds, or direct citations of the avant-garde idea. In the last hour in the minds of the formation of new stylistic directives to the role of "unrealized recession" the avant-garde is often more mature.
On the surface of the skin-conscious avant-garde architect of the faceless cult futuristic projects for us: the goal and architecton of K.S. Malevich, and local projects by L.M. Lissitzky and G.T. Krutikova, and competition projects of I.I. Leonidov, those architectural fantasies of Ya.G. Chernikhova, and many others. A leather project from this list, having intervened in the development of light architecture (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Russian avant-garde. L. Lissitzky, "Prouni"; I. Leonidov, "Budinok to Narkomvazhprom"; Y. Chernikhov, "Architectural fantasies"
Modern architecture does not veer a radical anti-historicism of the avant-garde trends. Navpak, looking back at the diversity directly, architecture in all its manifestations turns back to history. Ale ce zovsim does not mean promotion of historicism. Turning to the windings, shvidshe, gives a new impetus to the development of contemporary architectural ideas. Unrealized projects have great potential. Futuristic concepts of the past are the main fund of its potential. Today's architects don't forget about it. The stench vіdverto vіdomlyаyаt dzherel svogo nathnennya і without litter rozpoіdat about infusion of architectural futurism on their creativity. Ale, do not start this process of svіdomy. In the process of developing the history of architecture, different concepts of the past settle in the heads of architects, and then, overgrown with new details and details, they are reborn in new ideas.
So, anyway, in a way of direct citation and rethinking of the futuristic concepts of the past, live in our modern architecture. The term, introduction to the influence of life, the beginning of the difference. As gloomy as to go with spiers into the sky, they were practically implemented in the United States, less than a decade later, after being painted by futurist architects, then the projects of megabudivel and megastructures needed to be checked for their chance.
For the sake of one's own people, a futuristic idea practically begins to live one's own life. Її the share is not transferred: through forgetting the creative concept is experiencing a rebirth in new projects, or it is implemented practically without changes in the future.
The share of the concept of horizontal hmarochos L.M. Lissitzky at the sensi is more ostentatious (Fig. 4). Vaughn illustrates the whole path of futuristic ideas: the birth of a theoretical framework for the concept of pure geometry (prouni Lisitsky), without a middle the project of the hmarochos themselves on the Boulevard kiltsi, a private implementation of the project in the 1930s
Rice. 4. The process of realizing the futuristic concept on the butt of horizontal cloaks by L. Lissitzky
I will recreate the concept of horizontal clouds, as designed by L.M. Lissitzky, the realization did not go far. A short term for constructivism without allowing large-scale ideas to be implemented. The prototype of the city's concept with landmarks was adopted by other architects and after ten years it was instilled, even if it changed its capacity. Stalin's skyscrapers, vlasne, are the same line of Russian dominants, like horizontal gloomy.
Irrespective of those that, since the moment of the birth of the futuristic concept, have passed a hundred years ago, they will continue to swear by today's architects. The idea of horizontal hmarochosiv is at the same time relevant like never before. The maximum amount of the chestnut area with the minimum area of forgetfulness is the goal of any kind of forgetfulness. L.M. Lissitzky in this project already got away with the most economical demonstration and a new functional model - a huge function in two-three-top buildings with a central corridor and vertical communications in supports. Behind such a principle, there are a lot of modern community life. Cranhouses in the business quarter of Cologne with a literal implementation of horizontal clouds in a volume-planned plan. Yaskrave architectural and spacious solution, invented by L.M. Lissitzky, and at the same time to rob cranehouses with a visiting card not only for the business district, but also for Cologne.
Such applications, like the concept of L.M. Lissitzky, you can bring more money. Qu share was divided by the projects of I.I. Leonidov. The Parisian district of Defense can be called the quintessence of creativity of the avant-garde masters (Fig. 5).
Rice. 5. Parisian district of Defense
The development of modern futuristic ideas, at its own pace, will help to predict the development of architecture in general. Їхнє molding began with the death of modernism. As it was meant to be, the change of the global paradigm turned the statements about the future of architecture upside down; As before, technology and total urbanism were the cult of architects-futurists, then at the same time, respect began to focus on the people themselves and that mission in living nature and the mechanized world.
But, regardless of the adoption of priorities, the roots of all modern futuristic ideas go to their predecessors - to the futuristic ideas of the past. Those concepts, which did not catch the real impact of the past, were reborn on new futuristic ideas in a way of rethinking them in modern economic and sociocultural contexts with the improvement of new life minds.
For a decade, the problem of harmonious development of megacities and the navkolishny middle is worth more and more. Fahіvtsі z raznyh galuzy promyslovі razroblyayut і vikoristovuyut novіtnі tekhnії ї, yakі rich in what allow minimizing the negative impact on in the middle. Until the other half of the 20th century, the susillas at once from the susills of the architects created a new straight line, which took away the name arcology. її poslіdovniki to reach the balance between technicality and її ecology (Fig. 6).
Rice. 6. Futuristic concepts
The ideological father of arcology accepted the respect of the American architect of the Italian adventure Paolo Soleri. The principles of the symbiosis of the miserable future and the navkolyshny middle ground were tried to be carried out even before the new, and then later on, systematizing the evidence, formulating the main postulates in the book "Arcology: City after the image of that likeness of a human being." Soleri promotes not only new architectural solutions, but also an absolutely new way of life. Just like that, on one thought, to reach the balance of man-made and natural sharpening. The reason for the destructive impact of the modern architecture on the Dovkill Paolo Soleri is putting urbanization in a horizontal direction. Arcology promotes the creation of a dispute with a fully self-sufficient infrastructure - hyperstructures (or mega-budding). The vertical orientation of such hyperstructures eliminates the problem of overpopulation and the inevitable urbanization of the future. Soleri's ideas have known rich successors and are already influencing the architectural solutions of modern architects-practitioners [3].
Futuristic concepts of the past are constantly poured into the architecture of the future. Just as the creativity of architects-futurists of the past has spilled into the formation of modern architecture, so modern futuristic ideas can be drawn into the future in real design or be reborn in new futuristic concepts. So che іnakshe, zv'yazok that slackness of architectural ideas allows for the growth of vysnovki about the cyclical structure of the phenomenon of "architectural futurism". Tsya hypothesis can be the basis of a further extension of architectural futurism.
As a result of this study, a model of architectural futurism will be inspired, in which case it will be presented as a cyclical phenomenon. Become the main illustration of the prognostic function of architectural futurism (Fig. 7).
Rice. 7. Vertical view of the model of the phenomenon "architectural futurism"
The development of this model will be based on methods from various interdisciplinary studies, which will establish a set of characteristics and methods for developing the evolution of ideas, cyclic phenomena, folding systems that self-organize. In this rank, the model is universally able to represent the entire life cycle of the idea of architectural futurism and those, like a splash of different external factors, are changed.
Bibliography
Ikonnikov A.V. Architecture of the XX century: utopia and reality. U 2 v. t 1. / A.V. Ikonnikov. - M.: Progress-Tradition, 2001. - P.656.
Schulz B. Minule future / B. Schultz // Speech: for the future, 05.2010.
Shulga S. Megabuduvannya - the future is already today [Electronic resource] / Architecture and Architecture // Architecture. - Access mode: http://www.archandarch.ru/2011/05/27/ mega-boudinki-maybutnє-nowadays
Vzimku people stick with hypersomnia, ignoring the mood and the general sense of hopelessness. To bring the risk of death ahead of time is significant. Our biological year of not synchronizing with the year of awakening and work. Why don’t we spend an hour of work in the office to help us improve our mood?
As a rule, people are dominated by light in gloomy tones, if the bright day becomes short and the cold sets in. Ale, changing the working hour is viable for the time being, you can help raise our spirits.
For the wealthy of us, winter with cold days and long nights creates a burning feeling of illness. At the same time, it is becoming more and more important to take care of yourself in the light, and, hunched over at the tables on the robots, we see how our productivity is at the same time from the excesses of the midday sun.
For a small part of the population, as a clear manifestation of seasonal affective discord (SAR), even worse - winter melancholy mutuє in the richly visnazhlivishe. Patients are stuck with hypersomnia, ignoring the mood and feeling hopeless for the most gloomy months. Independently in the SAR, depression is more often mentioned about the winter, the number of self-destruction is increasing, and in the meantime, the productivity of the workplace is falling sharply.
I would like to explain everything easily with the vague idea of winter gloom, which can be an intimacy of the mother of science. How is our biological year of not synchronizing with the wake-up year of that work, why should we not spend our hour of work in the office, to help ourselves improve our mood?
“Just as our biological year seems to be, if we want to, if we were thrown at about 9:00, then after dark winter’s wounds, then we get up at 7:00 - we skip the whole phase of sleep” - even Greg Murray, Professor of Psychology at Swinburn University , Australia. Studies in the gallery of chronobiology - the sciences about those, how our body regulates sleep and unsleeping - support the idea that the charge for the consumption of air is changing more and more, and the depletion of daily life can be especially unreasonable during the month.
What can we do in Ukraine, if we are talking about the biological hour? Circadian rhythms are a concept, like a vicarist for the world of our inner watchful hour. This is a 24-year timer, which means, how we want to spread out the different days of the day - and it is especially important if we want to get up and if we want to fall asleep. “The body to love work is synchronous with the biological year, which is the main regulator of how our body and behavior are aligned with the sun,” Murray explains.
There is a large number of hormones and other chemical speeches that take part in the regulation of our biological years, as well as impersonal environmental factors. Particularly important is the sun that rose in the sky. Photoreceptors, rotting in the eyes, like ipRGC, are especially sensitive to blue light, which is ideal for adjusting the circadian rhythm. Establish proof that these cells play an important role in the regulation of sleep.
The evolutionary value of this biological mechanism was to accept changes in our physiology, biochemistry and behavior in the fall. “The function of the circadian year is predictive in itself,” says Hanna Wirtz-Justice, professor of chronobiology at the University of Basel in Switzerland. "I won є at all living іstot". Calling on the change of the daylight with a stretch of fate, it also prepares the organisms for seasonal changes in behavior, such as the reproduction of sleep.
Regardless of those who did not have enough time, consecrated food about those who reacted well to Great number sleep is that hour of awakening, and prove that you can be like that. “From a theoretical point of view, the reduction in natural lighting of the vzimka can be accepted by what we call phase obscuration,” Murray says. “From the biological point of view, let’s take a look at what it is, imovirno, rightly singing the world. The delay in the phase of sleep means that our circadian anniversary wakes us up later, so I explain why it becomes more and more important to struggle with the alarm clock "
At first glance, it’s possible that the phase blur of sleep can talk about those who want us to lie down to sleep later, Prote Murray admits that this trend, which is better for everything, will be neutralized by the blazing growth of sleep. Dosledzhennya show that people need (otherwise want to) more sleep collection. A study conducted at three pre-industrial partnerships - de no alarm clocks, smartphones on that working day from 09:00 to 17:00 - at Pivdenny America and Africa showed that the bulk of the winter collectively slumbered for a year longer. Vrakhovuchi, scho spilnoti roztashovanі in the equatorial regions, tsey effect can be more pronounced in pіvnіchnіy pіvkulі, de winter is cold and dark.
This is a moderate winter regime as a minimum of frequent mediations by one of the main gravity in our chronobiology - melatonin. This endogenous hormone is controlled by circadian cycles, as well as influencing them. It’s worth it, and therefore, we’ll pick up the wrappers doti, the docks won’t fall into a lizhko. “In humans, the profile of melatonin is broader than the narrow, lower than the snail” - even chronobiologist Til Renneberg. "These biochemical reasons why circadian cycles can react on two different occasions."
But what does it mean that our internal year does not coincide with the hour, which helps our school and work schedules? “The invisibility between you, what you want is your biological year, and, if you want your social year, we call it social jetlag,” says Renneberg. "Social jetlag to collect the stronger, lower the snail." The social jetlag is similar to the one we already know, but the replacement of benefits from the world beats us for the hour of our social benefits - we go to work and school.
Social jet lag is a well-documented phenomenon, and it can have serious consequences for health, the well-being of that, as far as possible, we can function well everyday life. It is true that those who winter vibrate the form of a social jet lag, to understand what kind of legacy they can be, we can turn our respect on people, how smart they are to the greatest manifestation.
The first group of people for potential analysis includes people who live on the western edges of time zones. Shards of time zones can stun great areas, people who live on similar outskirts of time zones, watch the sun fall about a year or two earlier than quiet, who live in the western outskirts. Regardless of the price, the entire population can wait for one and the same working year, and it means that someone will be afraid to get up before the descent of sleep. In essence, it means that one part of the time zone is constantly out of sync with circadian rhythms. And if you can get away with not such an already respectful right, you are tied up with a low ruinous heritage. People who live in the outskirts of the countryside are more sick to breast cancer, obesity, diabetes and heart disease - as praised by the past, the cause of these diseases was in the first black chronically damaged circadian rhythms, which is due to the need to wander around the darkness.
The last butt of the social jet lag is in Spain, as if you live behind the Central European hour, regardless of the geographical location of Great Britain. Tse means that the hour of the country is transferred one year ahead, and that the population can follow the social schedule, which does not follow their biological year. As a result, the whole country suffers from insufficiency of sleep - otrimuyuchi in the average for a year less than the rest of Europe. Spending such a step in sleep will help to reduce the number of absenteeism, virobnicheskih injuries, and to bring about the reduction of stress and high school failure of the country.
Another contingent, which can demonstrate symptoms similar to the symptoms of people who suffer in the winter period, is the group that can naturally not sleep at night with a tense fate. The circadian rhythms of the average statistical period are naturally destroyed for a couple of years ahead in the older ones, and also, the biology of the zmushuє їх lie down to sleep and roll over late. Irrespective of the price, stretching out rich fates, they have to fight with themselves, to get up on the 7th wound and get to school at once.
And if you want to apply more, can you spend the whole winter on the effects of an unexpected schedule of work and take on such an albeit less significant influx? This idea is often supported by the theory of the one who invokes ATS. Want, Yak and Ranish, ІСnuє a row of GіPothesis about exactly Bіokhimіchna, the basis of the central part of the center, the dulpnikіv Vvazhaєk, Scho, Mozhe Vikhi Viklikan, especially Serious Vіdguki on the Rosynchronizatsіyuy Hyddrochny Godinnika z Natural Dennie Svіtl І SNA-Opportion Cycle - Vіdomy Yak Syndrome Sktzing Fazy Snu.
At this time of the century, the ATS should be treated as a spectrum of characteristics, and not a camp, which is either є, or not, but in Sweden and other regions of the pivnіchnoї pіvkulі, zgіdno with estimates, up to 20 vіdsotkіv of the population suffering in the m'yakshoїї її її її ї ї її ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї її її її їїї її її її її її її їїї її їїї її її ї її їїї Theoretically, the weak SAR of the singing world can take care of all the population, and it will be less for those who are smart. “Actually, people don’t need to react emotionally to the synchronization,” Murray says.
In this hour, the idea of shortening the working hour, or transferring the beginning of the working day to the last hour of the winter period, was not tested. Navіt kraїni, roztashovanny in the most gloomy parts of pіvnіnії pіvkulі, - Sweden, Finland and Iceland - practice all winter in practically nocturnal minds. Ale є ymovirnist, scho yakscho working hour will be more accurate in our chronobiology, we pracyuvatimemo and feel better.
Zreshtoy, schools in the United States, as if they postponed the beginning of the day to the late hour, in order to support circadian rhythms, successfully showed an increase in the amount of sleep, as they take away the learning, that in the case of an increase in energy. A school in England, which moved the beginning of the first day from 8:50 to 10:00, revealed that after that, the number of passages through the twigs shrunk sharply and the indicators of the success of the students were reduced.
Іsnuyu prove that winter is connected with a great number of delays in work and in school, with a greater number of walks. According to the investigation, published in the Journal of Biological Rhythms, it was shown that similar non-violent practice is more closely related to photoperiods - from the number of days of the daylight - to the lower ranks of other officials. Just by allowing people to come later, you can help to resist this influx.
The best way to understand how our circadian cycles feed into our seasonal cycles is the ones we can all benefit from. “The bosses are responsible to say: “It’s all the same to me, if you come to work, come, if your biological anniversary is wrong, you’ve slept, that in this situation we’re offended” - even Renneberg. “Your results will be better. You spend more productive hours on the job, because you know how effective you are. And the number of medical days will change. Oskіlki sіchen that fierce already є our least productive months on the river, nezhe we really є scho to spend?
- Futuristic architecture is a form of architecture that vinified on the cob of the XX century Italy. It was characterized by anti-historicism, strong chromatism, long-standing dynamic lines, which convey swidk, roc, terminology and lyricism.
Futuristic architecture is part of futurism, artistic flow, zapochatkovoї poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who wrote the first manifesto to futurism in 1909. Rukh having turned up to himself and low architects. Among the quiet futurists were the cult of the century of machines and the glorification of war and violence.
A new group of futurist-architectors included Antonio Sant Elia, who rewrote the futuristic tower in a Russian form. Between 1912 and 1914, the fates of the vins revealed a series of famous design drawings “New Place” (Ital. Città Nuova), in which they created a unique visual image of the new technological capital architect at the sickle of 1914.
Po'yazanі understanding
Pivnіchny moder - directly international modernist, scho having taken the development in the architecture of pivnіchnyh krajn - in Sweden, Finland, Norway. In Russia, it is directly connected, most importantly, with the architecture of St. Petersburg, it developed at the beginning of the 20th century under the influx of Swedish and especially Finnish architecture of national romanticism. For a broader understanding - the transition to national revolutions, the rethinking of the national middle-class architecture within the framework of the Art Nouveau style, we are in front of such great...
The international style is a direct guide to the architecture and design of the 1930s-1960s, supporting the ideas of modernism. The initiators were architects directly, who victorious for the principles of functionalism: for example, Walter Gropius, Peter Behrens and Hans Hopp, as well as Le Corbusier (France), Mies van der Rohe (Nimechchina - USA), Frank Lloyd Wright (USA), Jacobus Oud, Alvar Aalto (Finland).
Brutalism (under this term, it can be called new brutalism, or neo-brutalism - English New Brutalism) - directly (style) in the architecture of the period of the 1950s - 1970s, more often in the architecture of Great Britain. One of the pillars of military architectural modernism.
The Leningrad landscape school is a group of painters that worked in the 1930s - 1940s (deacons of the past expanded the time frame of the її іsnuvannya - 1920s - 1950s). The designation of the "Leningrad landscape school of the 1930s - 1940s" was propagated by the scholar A.I. Strukovoy at the її dissertation and book "Leningrad landscape school of 1930-1940s". Earlier in 1971, L. V. Mochalov, in an article about V. Pakulin, named the names of artists, united, behind the river, "Leningrad landscape painting"...
Historicism (n.m. Historismus) - directly in the architecture and decorative art of the XIX century, which missed the exact spirit and form of historical styles. Performing like a change of different architectural, already "past", "historical" styles, styles that create new modernity and life in a "historically incorrect" unity, shards in this unity are represented by the streets of various hours.
Fauvism (fr. Fauvisme, fr. fauve - wild) - directly from the French painting of the XIX century (rudiments) - the ear of the XX century (official ear). The classic period of fauvism was taken into account from 1904 to 1908. The most important stage is the period of 1905-1907. A characteristic trick of fauvism is the expansion of space, the obsession of that little one, the building of the form to simple outlines, the appearance of light and linear perspective.
Synchromism (eng. Synchromism; in Greek. σύν - “at once”, “with” and χρωμος - “colour”) - artistic direct in painting, founded in 1912 by American artists Morgan Russell and Stanton MacDonald-Wright; one of the first in the modern science of the United States. Vіdminnimi rice Synchronic canvases were rich, brightly colored and geometrically shaped with sharply curved edges. Practicing over the painting of paintings, synchromesh, for their own knowledge, victorious colors for the analogy with ...
Abstractionism (Latin abstractio “Visuality, vision”), or non-figurative mysticism - directly mysticism, which was inspired by the image of forms that were close to reality in painting and sculpture. One of the goals of abstractionism is the depiction of sing-song color combinations and geometric forms, which calls out to the viewer almost the completeness of the composition. Notable actors: Vasil Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Natalia Goncharova and Mikhailo Larionov, Pete Mondrian, Frantishek Kupka.
"Archigram" (eng. Archigram, and invariably "Archigram", "Archigram") is an English architectural group, which took shape in the 1960s in the name of the magazine "Archigram" and even plunged into the development of postmodernist architecture. The most significant members of the Archigram group were Peter Cook, Warren Chalk, Ron Herron, Denis Crompton, Michael Webb and David Green.
Structuralism - a name directly from modern architecture, as it came to change the international style in the other half of the 1950s. n. and step by step evolved in different ways of postmodernism. Sered dzherel tsyogo straight ahead german expressionism, organic architecture, “concrete poetry” of Nerva
(Нім. Neue Musik, fr. nouvelle musique) - a common understanding, introduced in 1919 by the German music critic Paul Becker and that it conveys different trends in European academic music of the XX century, in which to achieve clear innovations.
Expressionism (from Lat. expressio, "viraz") - flow European art the era of modernism, which had the greatest development in the first decade of the XX century, most importantly in Germany and Austria. Expressionism is not so much a manifestation of action, as it is a manifestation of the author's emotional state. Vіn representations of a variety of artistic forms, including painting, literature, theater, architecture, music and dance. This is the first artistic flow, as if it showed itself in a new world ...
Cubism (fr. Cubisme) is a modernist straight in the image-creating art, ahead of painting, which originated on the cob of the 20th century in France. Cubism is based on the artist's practice of laying out the trivi- merny object that is depicted on the simple elements and on the canvas in the two-world image. In this way, the artist is allowed to depict the object at once from different sides and reinforce power, as if invisible in the classical image of the object from one side.
Rationalism is an avant-garde method (style, directly) in architecture, which, having taken off the development of the 1920s, is on the cob of the 1930s. It is characterized by conciseness of forms, strictness and reinforced functionality. The ideologists of rationalism, in view of the constructivists, gave a lot of respect to the psychological acceptance of human architecture.
Anti-mystery is a term that is widely used, that denotes a number of avant-garde concepts, looking at and flowing, that puts on the cob the designation of the art and puts the nourishment of the art in general. The term is associated with the dada-modernist current in the art of the beginning of the XX century and was first used approximately in 1913-1914 by the French and American artist, art theorist Marcel Duchamp, if he started to create the first work in technology. Zgodom...
Directly at the industrial, interior and subject design of the European countries: Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway and Iceland - in the 1930-1950s. In some ways, under understanding, Scandinavian design brings the design of the countryside of the entire XX century - the beginning of the XXI century, respecting the unity of applied and conceptual elements, with an exact view of the artistic principle of the XX century.
"New Horizons" is a group of Israeli artists who took an active part in the cultural life of the country in the period 1948-1963 Imaginative art Israel. Representatives of the group made a significant contribution to the development of the artistic abstract style of painting and lyrical sculpture.
The futuristic architecture of the bagats is striking with its marvelous and unimaginable design. Naytsіkavіshi z futuristic budіvel (the deacons from them are still going to be, otherwise it’s not possible to inspire them) selected in the tenth decade:
10. Khan Shatir
Khan Shatir is already a reality! The majestic visionary will mark near the center of Astana - the new capital of Kazakhstan. Bud_vlya is a cultural center and a place for splintering bagmen. The climate in Astana is suvory - the temperature will drop to -35 degrees Celsius.
9. Museum of Modern and Nuragian Art
Museum of Contemporary and Nuragic Art in Cagliari, Italy, holding a competition for the design of their new life. Winner of the competition by becoming a miracle project for 12000 square meters architect Zaha Hadid.
8. Hvili Hangzhou (Hangzhou)
Hvili Hangzhou - a project of a five-star hotel and office space near the city of Hangzhou, China. The project transfers two budіvl, yakі add one to one.
7. Vezha Pіvmіsyats
Obviously, Dubai can't go up to that list. Bashta Pivmіsyats - a concept for the project of life in the Zabіl park, which represents the present of Dubai. You will have a library, conference rooms, restaurants, and an observant Maidan just like heaven. Just don't forget about the pishchani storm!
6. Songjiang Hotel
Tsey razyuchiy hotel may be awake near the flooded car'eri near the bottom of the Tianmashan Mountains near the Songjiang region near Shanghai. The design of the hotel is such that the original form of the car'er is left with an undertorque.
5. Media Center Nexus
The Nexus media center is a hell of a concept for a project for the United Arab Emirates, which is at the forefront of futuristic architecture. This life is mainly used for collecting information, but there will also be a media center, exhibition spaces, offices, apartments and gardens.
4. Beijing International Airport
The third terminal of Beijing International Airport is hostile. Years of life were completed in 2009 roci - three years later, lower wines needed: a bunch of wines were planned for the Olympiad in China. Occupying an area of 986,000 square meters, the terminal has become the largest in the world.
3. Sadi bіla Zatoka
Sadi bіla Zatoka - the city park near Singapore. The stench is already aware that they are taking in the air. Sadi buli was recognized as the best house of the world in 2012 rotation.
2. Lilia
In order to prepare people for a possible scenario of a strong climate change, the Belgian designer created a floating eco-city (also known as Lilia), which will become a shelter for those who suffered from climate change. The place can swim and is stocked with three "gir", the buildings can accommodate 50 thousand people (it was unreasonable that you should work with other people). Those who can float on the surface of the water, help you see the traces of the flooding of the continents with water from the ice-floes to sink.
Villas "Rock" and "Shell" in Croatia by Zaha Hadid Architects.
The concept of two ultra-modern villas "Rock" and "Shell", developed by the architectural studio Zaha Hadid Architects, called upon to designate the architectural style of a new comfortable resort in Dubrovnik (Croatia). It is hoped that in the future futuristic world, 400 villas, five hotels, watering and infrastructure for playing golf and a spa center will be put together.
The future complex is designed to look at the miraculous land on the terracotta dahi of Dubrovnik, paint the panorama of the Mediterranean Sea and mountain landscapes, shards of roses on a high plateau (approximately 300 to 400 m above the sea level), on the pivnich from the old town. The project transfers the life of comfortable villas, hotels, apartments, commercial facilities, a spa center, an 18-hole golf course and the golf club itself. Recently, the general plan for the complex has been expanded, denoting the perimeter of the territory and the size of the borrowed land, as yet it varies from 12,000 to 20,000 square meters.
These concepts are unique "cosmic" structures with striking sculptural features, the main characteristic of which is a little light and space. The source of inspiration for the authors of the project was amazing Croatia, where there are mountains, rocks, stoves and embossed valleys.
So, for example, the structure "Rock" guessed the skeleton, as if it was often buried in the ground. The seven-room budinok may have a small height, so as not to destroy the beauty of the majestic natural landscape and enhance the scale of the Mediteran architecture of Dubrovnik. Miraculous wakefulness was erected on the very edge of the schema, in order to speed up in this world with the possibilities of a panoramic review. The park and the garden, which are located in the pivnichniy part, will serve as a zone of repair and green “buffer”, according to the distance to the ruffled rail of the village and the road.
