The Age of Romanticism. Romanticism
Details Category: Differences in style and directness in the art and its features Placed on 02.08.2015 17:33 Revisited: 4319Romanticism, changing the era of Enlightenment and passing through sentimentalism, having established itself in the European culture of the end of the XVIII-first half of the XIX century.
The ideological and artistic direction was contrary to classicism and Enlightenment. And sentimentalism is a proviso to romanticism. Batkivshchyna romanticism є Nіmechchina.
Philosophy of romanticism
Romanticism established the cult of nature, pochuttіv that natural in people. Ale, you can recount, tse stverdzhuvav i sentimentalism. So why are they different?
Thus, the protest against the lack of spirituality and hisism is already felt by sentimentalism. Romanticism, on the other hand, is more unacceptable. Romanticism has risen as a more foldable and super-chlive phenomenon, lower sentimentalism. Like sentimentalism has an ideal soul ordinary people, like sentimentalism to sing like an equal soul of an aristocrat, and sometimes it’s more, and nobler, then romanticism sings like honesty, and it’s evil, that wine is supposed to ennoble; This is also the dialectic of good and evil among people (guess the main character of M.Yu. Lermontov’s novel “The Hero of Our Hour”).
M. Vrubel. Illustration to Lermontov's novel "The Hero of Our Hour". Duel of Pechorin and Grushnitsky
Poet-romanticists began to victorious images of angels, especially sunburned ones, in their creations. For example, interest in the image of a demon: a sprat in the poem "Demon" by Lermontov; a cycle of paintings dedicated to the demon by M. Vrubel.
M. Vrubel "Demon, why sit"
The romantics tried to solve the mysteries of the human butt, savage to nature, trusting their religious and poetic feelings. But at the same time, romanticism is trying to bring about a rethinking of religion.
The romantic hero is especially foldable, biased, with a deep, but super-sophisticated inner light - the whole world. M.Yu. Lermontov said this in his novel: “The history of the human soul, if only I could find a richer soul, which would not sound and not beautify the history of the whole people.” Characteristic rices of romanticism were interested in strong and bright feelings, all-gloomy passions, hidden soul ruins.
Another special feature of romanticism is the interest in folklore, myth, and fairy tales. Among Russian romanticism, ballads and romantic dramas are especially popular genres. Zavdyakov translated Zhukovsky, Russian readers got to know the ballads, I.V. Goethe, F. Schiller, W. Scott, and after that a lot of poets reach the genre of balady: A.S. Pushkin (“The Song about Oleg the River”, “The Drowned Man”), M.Yu. Lermontov ("Povitryany ship", "Mermaid"), A.K. Tolstoy and others. Another genre of literature established in Russia, zavdyaki U. Zhukovsky, is elegy.
Romantics were swayed by different historical epochs, their originality, as well as exotic and taemnichi lands and furnishing. The creation of the genre of the historical novel is also the achievement of romanticism. The founder of the historical novel is W. Scott, and then the genre develops in the works of F. Cooper, A. Vigne, W. Hugo and others.
And one more feature of romanticism (far from being the only one) - the creation of its own, special world, beautiful and real, lower fantasy. The romantic hero lives in this world, prejudicedly protecting his will and respecting that he does not conform to the rules of the world, but rather to his own rules.
In the period of romanticism, literature rose to the occasion. Ale, on the basis of literature to sentimentalism, this literature did not deal with the current and political problems.
I.K. Aivazovsky, I.Є. Repin "Pushkin's Farewell to the Sea" (1877)
The landscape occupies a significant place in the creativity of romantics (in all types of art) - we are in front of the sea, on fire, the sky, the raging elements, for which hero they will be folded together. Nature may be similar to the biased nature of a romantic hero, or it may be able to resist it, to appear with a fortune-telling power, to fight against any guilt of turmoil.
I. Aivazovsky "Nine Wave" (1850). Sovereign Russian Museum (Petersburg)
In different countries, the share of romanticism is small in its own way.
Romanticism in painting
T. Gericault
A lot of artists from different countries of Europe wrote in the style of romanticism. After a long time, romanticism has gone through the struggle with classicism. Soon after the appearance of Theodore Gericault's painting "Plate" Medusa ", they respected it as innovative, the adherents of the academic style recognized romanticism as a new artistic one directly from the art, although the picture was accepted without commendation. But the picture itself laid the foundation for French romanticism. In France, there were strong traditions of classicism, and a new one directly had a chance to finish the protidium.
T. Zheriko "Plate" Medusa "(1819). Canvas, oliya. 491 x 716 cm Louvre (Paris)
The plot of the picture is the history of the frigate "Medusa", which, through the incompetence of the captain, recognized the accident on the coast of Senegal in 1816. 140 passengers and crew members tried to buckle down on the stove. Only on the 12th day of their landing of the brig "Argus", but only 15 people lost their lives. In 1817 p. two engineers Correard and surgeon Henri Savigny) to write a book about this tragedy.
Theodore Géricault, like and many others, went to Meduza in a dazzling manner. Vіn rozmovlyaє z eyewitnesses podії, rob zamalovki strachenih and dying, write hundreds of sketches of the turbulent sea. I want the picture to look like a monochrome color, the main її perevaga - in deep psychology depicted on the canvas of the situation.
The greatest team of romantic directing to European painting is the French painter and graphic artist Eugène Delacroix.
Eugene Delacroix "Self-portrait" (1837)
Yogo's painting "Freedom that leads the people" (1830) was created after the motives of the lime revolution of 1830, which put an end to the regime of the Restoration of the Bourbon monarchy.
A woman is depicted at the center of the painting, symbolizing freedom. She has a Phrygian kovpak on her head (a symbol of freedom of the revolution), the flag of Republican France is on the right hand, and a towel is on the left hand. Bare breasts symbolize the self-confidence of the French in that hour, as if with "bare breasts" went to the gate. Navkolo Free the worker, the bourgeois, the bastard, who symbolize the unity of the French people at the hour of the lime revolution. The deyakі mystetststvoznavtsi and critics admit that a man in a top hat has a levoruch main heroine the artist having depicted himself.
O. Kiprensky "Self-portrait" (1828)
Orest Adamovich Kiprensky (1782-1836) - famous Russian artist, graphic artist and painter, portrait master.
O. Kiprensky “Portrait of A.S. Pushkin" (1827). Canvas, oliya. 63 x 54 cm. Derzhavna Tretyakov gallery(Moscow)
Tse, perhaps, the most famous portrait of Pushkin, prayers to the artist by Pushkin's friend, Delvig. On the canvas of Pushkin images to the waist, with arms crossed on the chest. On the right shoulder of the poet, a Scottish plaid is thrown over - the very detail of the artist signifies the link between Pushkin and Byron, the idol of the era of romanticism.
K. Bryullov "Self-portrait" (1848)
Creativity of the Russian artist Do. Bryullov is brought to academism, that yoga picture is the pinnacle of Russian romanticism, because of its feelings of tragedy and conflict in life, interest in strong predilections, over-the-top topics and situations and in the shares of majestic human masses.
K. Bryullov "The Remaining Day of Pompeii" (1830-1833). Canvas, oliya. 465.5 x 651 cm. State Russian Museum (Petersburg)
Bryullov poednav in the picture dramatism, romantic effects and sculptural, classically perfected the plasticity of the figures.
The picture shows the view of the volcano Vesuvius erupting at 79 r. n. e. that ruination of the Pompeii site near Naples. "The Remaining Day of Pompeii" illustrating the romanticism of Russian painting, mixing with idealism, advancing interest to the plein air and gravity to similar historical plots. Powerful romanticism deep psychologism helps in the skin character to make the specialty: good and samoviddanu (a group of people at the lower right corner of the picture, who carry a summer man), zhadіbnu (a figure in white, , what is trying to vryatuvat the kokhan), widdan (mother, who embraces the daughters at the lower left corner of the picture) is thin.
The image of the artist at the left corner of the painting is a self-portrait of the author.
And the axis is the brother of the artist, Bryullov Oleksandr Pavlovich, being a representative of romanticism in architecture (I want to be also an artist).
A. Bryullov "Self-portrait" (1830)
Vіn svoryuvav projects budіvel near St. Petersburg and yogo outskirts.
Budіvlyu Mikhaylivskogo theater so zbudovano for the project of A. Bryullov.
Orthodox Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul near the village of Pargolovo (Nine Territory of St. Petersburg)
Romanticism in music
M. Vodzinska "Portrait of F. Chopin" (1835)
Having formed in the 1820s, the romanticism of the music suffocated the entire XIX century. and performances by a whole galaxy of famous composers, from whom it is important to see a few, so as not to create others. We will try to name as many names as possible. The most prominent representatives of romanticism in music are Franz Schubert, Franz Liszt, as well as the Romanticists Anton Bruckner and Gustav Mahler (Austria-Ukraine); Ludwig van Beethoven (in part), Johannes Brahms, Richard Wagner, Anna Maria Weber, Robert Schumann, Felix Mendelssohn (Nimechchina); Frederic Chopin (Poland); Niccolo Paganini, Vincenzo Bellini, early Giuseppe Verdi (Italy); A. A. Alyab'ev, M. I. Glinka, A.S. Dargomizhsky, M.A. Balakirev, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, M.P. Mussorgsky, A.P. Borodin, Ts.A. Kyui, P. I. Tchaikovsky (Russia).
J. Kriehuber "Portrait of R. Schumann" (1849)
Composers-romanticists tried to help the music to bring out the depth and richness of the inner world of a person. Music becomes more embossed, individual. The development of song genres is developing, including the ballad.
The main problem of romantic music is the problem of singularity and conflict with the world of the world. The romantic hero is always self-sufficient. The theme of selfishness is the most popular in all romantic art. More often than not, a thought about creativity is associated with her: a person's self-interest, if it is not transverse, gifted specialty. An artist, a singer, a musician are favorite heroes in the works of romantics (“Love of a Poet” by Schumann, “A Fantastic Symphony” by Berlioz with the subtitle “Episode from the Life of an Artist”, Liszt’s symphonic poem “Tasso”).
P.I. Tchaikovsky
Romantic music, like other types of romantic art, there is a deep interest in human specialty, Perevozhannya in music of a special tone Often create music boulli z vіdtіnkom avіtіnіgrafіchnostі, yakyi vіd muziku osoblivu schirіstі. For example, a lot of Schumann's piano works are related to the history of yoga love to Clari Vik. The autobiographical nature of his operas denounced Wagner. Chopin's music can also be called autobiographical; Deeply loving Russia and Russian nature P.I. Tchaikovsky in many of his works has small pictures of nature, and the cycle p'es for the piano "Pori rock" is dedicated to her.
Romanticism in Literature
The Brothers Grimm: Wilhelm and Jacob
Romanticism was the culprit of the Nimechchina, among the writers and philosophers of the Young School. The whole group of young people of the romantic movement, who were selected in 1796. in the university town of Jena (brothers August Wilhelm and Friedrich Schlegel, Ludwig Tik, Novalis). The stench is repairing the publishing of the Ateneum magazine, deformulating the entire aesthetic program of romanticism. Nadal, German romanticism is inspired by the interest to the kazkovyh and mythological motives (creativity of the brothers Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm, Hoffmann).
R. Westol "Portrait of Byron"
I am a representative of English romanticism, D.G. Byron, yaky, behind the words of A.S. Pushkin "pulling on gloomy romanticism and hopeless egotism." His creativity was adopted by the pathos of struggle and protest against the current world, the promotion of freedom and individualism.
The works of Shelley, John Keats, William Blake lie before English romanticism.
Prosper Merime
Romanticism has become wider and wider in other European countries. France has representatives of Chateaubriand, J. Steel, Lamartine, Victor Hugo, Alfred de Vigna, Prosper Merime, George Sand. Italy - N.U. Foscolo, A. Manzoni. For Poland - Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Slovacki and in., for the USA - Washington Irving, Fenimore Cooper, Edgar Poe, Henry Longfellow and in.
Adam Mickiewicz
Romanticism in Russian Literature
K. Bryullov "Portrait of V. Zhukovsky"
K. N. Batyushkov, Ye. A. Baratinsky, N. M. Yazikov. Early poetry of A. S. Pushkin - within the framework of romanticism. The pinnacle of Russian romanticism is the poetry of M. Yu. Lermontov, who was called the "Russian Byron".
P. Zabolotsky. “Portrait of M.Yu. Lermontov at the Mentitsa of the Life Guards of the Hussar Regiment "(1837)
The specialness and soul are the main action of the butt for Lermontov, the development of the specialness of the human soul is the main theme of yoga creations. Doslіdzhuyuchi coils of good and evil, Lermontov come to visnovka, scho і good, і evil іsnuyut not posture human, but in the new himself. It is impossible for him to understand that a person will change for better as a result of a change in the world. Zvіdsi mіzhe povna vіdsutnіst іn the poet's calls of struggle for social justice. Golovna in Lermontov - to the soul of a person that її spiritual path.
Philosophical lyrics F. I. Tyutchev completes romanticism in Russia.
F.I. Tyutchev (1860-1861). Svitlin S. Levitsky
F.I. Tyutchev did not respect himself as a poet (when he served as a diplomat), but all yoga poetry is autobiographical and full of philosophical thoughts about the world and people in the new, about rubbing that torment the soul of people, about the sense of life and death.
Movchi, howay ta ta
I feel, and my own
Come to the soulful depths
Get up and come in
Silently, like stars at night,
Admire them - and move on.
How can you hang your heart out?
How else can I understand you?
What do you understand, how do you live?
Thought is nonsense.
Vibrating, shatter the keys, -
Hunger on them - and move on.
Live less in your own self -
Tsiliy light at your soul
Taemnicho-enchanting thoughts;
Їx to deafen the roaring noise,
Days to make a change, -
Listen to them with your voice - and move!
_______________
* Movchannya! (Lat.)
We have already repeatedly talked about those who do not know the artist, the composer sings and works in the same artistic style. In addition, the artistic style is not always invested in the song of the hour watch. Father, draw some kind of artistic style you can learn in an hour. Sometimes it's fashion (for example, the Empire style has recently become popular again), sometimes the artist needs to express himself in this way.
Romanticism(Fr. romanticism) - the manifestation of European culture in the XVIII-XIX centuries, which was a reaction to Education and stimulation of scientific and technical progress; ideological and artistic direction in European and American cultures of the XVIII century - the first half of the XIX century. It is characterized by the assertion of the self-worth of the spiritual and creative life of specialness, by the images of strong (often rebellious) passions and characteristics, spiritualized and jubilant nature. The scope of activities has expanded. In the 18th century, everything was called romantic, everything marvelous, fantastic, picturesque, that is known in books, and not in reality. At the beginning of the 19th century, romanticism became the sign of a new one directly, opposite to classicism and Enlightenment.
Romanticism changes the era of Enlightenment and zbіgaєtsya with a promiscuous revolution, signifying the appearance of a steam engine, locomotive, steamboat, photographs and factory outskirts. While Enlightenment is characterized by a cult of reason and founded on the ambush of civilization, romanticism affirms the cult of nature, which is felt by the natural in humans. In the era of romanticism itself, the phenomena of tourism, mountaineering and picnic, calling for the unity of people and nature are formed. The image of a “gentry dikun”, conceived by “folk wisdom” and not zipped by civilization, is demanded. That's why romanticists wanted to show an invisible person in invisible surroundings.
Romanticism was first blamed on the Germans, among the writers and philosophers of the Jena school (W. G. Wackenroder, Ludwig Tik, Novalis, brothers F. and A. Schlegel). The philosophy of romanticism was systematized in the works of F. Schlegel and F. Schelling. They gave rise to German romanticism with an interest in kazkovym and mythological motives, which was especially clearly manifested in the work of the brothers Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm, Hoffmann. Heine, starting his work within the framework of romanticism, later gave it a critical review.
Great Britain has a lot of German infusions. In England, the first representatives are the "Lake School" poets, Wordsworth and Coleridge. The stench established the theoretical foundations of their own directly, having become aware of the hour ahead of Germany with the philosophy of Schelling and the glances of the first German romantics. For English romanticism, a characteristic interest is in suspense problems: modern suspense stinks against the old, pre-bourgeois blues, the awakening of nature, simple, natural sensibilities.
I am a representative of English romanticism, Byron, who, behind the words of Pushkin, "pulling on frowning romanticism and hopeless egotism". His creativity was adopted by the pathos of struggle and protest against the current world, the promotion of freedom and individualism.
The works of Shelley, John Keats, William Blake also belong to English romanticism.
Romanticism has become wider and wider in other European countries, for example, in France (Chateaubriand, J. Steel, Lamartine, Victor Hugo, Alfred de Vigne, Prosper Mérimée, George Sand), Italy (N. W. Foscolo, A. Mandzoni, Leopardi) , Poland (Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Slovacki, Zygmunt Krasinsky, Cyprian Norwid) and in the USA (Washington Irving, Fenimore Cooper, W.K. Bryant, Edgar Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Longfellow, Herman Melville).
So, before the French romantics, having secured Stendhal for himself, prote mav on the vows of romanticism, there were more, less more of the same. In the epigraph to the novel "Chervona i cherne" he recognized the words "Truth, girka pravda", having voiced his call to the realistic completion of human characteristics and vchinkiv. The clerk is addicted to romantic non-abyaya natures, for which he recognizes the right to "virushat on polyuvannya for good fortune." Vіn schiro vvazhav, scho only vіd arrange suspіlstva lie down, so that a person can realize his eternity, given by nature itself sips to well-being.
You should be aware that in Russia there is romanticism in the poetry of U. A. Zhukovsky (want to the pre-romantic turn, caused by sentimentalism, deaks of Russian poetic works of the 1790-1800s are often brought up). Russian romanticism is blamed for freedom in the form of classical wisdom, a ballad is being created, a romantic drama. A new manifestation of the essence of that meaning of poetry is being affirmed, as it is recognized as an independent sphere of life, a manifestation of the greater, ideal human activities; such a glance, like poetry, seemed like empty fun, in addition to being in service, it seems already impossible.
The early poetry of A. S. Pushkin also developed within the framework of romanticism. The pinnacle of Russian romanticism is the poetry of M. Yu. Lermontov, the “Russian Byron”. Philosophical lyrics F. I. Tyutchev - at once and completed, and a tribute to romanticism in Russia.
Literature to modernism, modern style.
The literature of the 20th century, for its stylistic and ideological diversity, is incompatible with the literature of the 19th century; At once about those modern literature gave no more great talents than the literature of the past century. European artistic literature of the 20th century retains its fidelity to classical traditions. At the turn of the two centuries, there is a galaxy of writers, whose creativity has not yet expressed the aspirations and innovative tricks of the 20th century: an English novelist John Galsworthy(1867-1933), who wrote socially pobutovі novels (trilogy "The Forsythy Saga"), German writers Thomas Mann (1875-1955), who wrote philosophical novels "Charivna Gora" (1924) and "Doctor Faustus" (1947) Henri Belle (1917-1985), who opened up the moral, spiritual and intellectual jokes of a European intellectual, and Heinrich Belle (1917-1985), who, in his novels and stories, social criticism with elements of the grotesque and deep psychological analysis, French Romain Rolland(1866-1944), which imitated in the epic novel "Jean Christophe" the spiritual chicanery of that genius musician, that in.
At that very hour, European literature recognized the infusion of modernism, which is manifested in poetry in the first place. So, the French poets P. Eluard (1895-1952) and L. Aragon (1897-1982) were leading figures of surrealism. Prote the most important in the Art Nouveau style was poetry, and prose - the novels of M. Proust ("In the Jokes of the Wasted Hour"), J. Joyce ("Ulysses"), f. Kafka ("Castle"). The number of novels appeared on the fringes of the First World War, which gave birth to a generation, as in literature it took away the name of “spent”. The stench is analyzed spiritually, mentally, pathologically manifest people. Let's use it as a methodological technique - a quote by the French philosopher, a representative of intuitionism and "philosophy of life" Henri Bergson (1859-1941) to the method of analysis "flow of information", using the description of an uninterrupted rush of thoughts, enemies and feelings of people. Vіn describing people's knowledge as I create reality, which is constantly changing, like sweat, in order to make the surface ball superfluous, which conforms to the needs of practice and social life. In deep layers of their own, knowledge may be touched only by the susillas of self-care (introspection) and intuition. To make the basis of knowledge purer spriynyattya, and matter and knowledge become a phenomenon, reconstructed by the mind from the facts of an uninterrupted proof. Yogo head of the robot"Creative Evolution" brought Bergson fame not only as a philosopher, but also as a writer (1927 Nobel Prize from literature). Bergson, having shown himself the same in the diplomatic and pedagogical fields. It seems that the recognition of Bergson's oratorical talent, which was a kind of speech of the miraculous French language, in 1928 the French parliament was especially concerned about the transfer of his lecture from the assembly hall of the Colege de France, which did not accommodate the ears of the Colege de France, lectures ruhu. along the adjacent streets.
Bergson's philosophy has spilled onto the intellectual atmosphere of Europe, including literature. In the hands of rich writers in the first half of the 20th century, the "flow of light" from the philosophical method of knowledge turned into an effective artistic method.
The philosophical ideas of Bergson formed the basis of the famous novel by the French writer Marcel Proust(1871-1922) "At the jokes of the wasted hour" (in 14 volumes). The robot, which is a cycle of novels, will serve as a viraz for the minds of children, who squeal out of the ghosts. In the wake of the passing hour of people, naytonshi poured into that mood, speech light, - the writer of the whole fabric of creation with chimerical associations and manifestations of fleeting memory. Proust's message - the image of the inner life of a person as a "stream of information" - is of great importance for rich writers of the 20th century.
Prominent Irish writer, representative of modern and postmodern prose James Joyce(1882-1941), relying on Bergson's method, discovering a new way of writing, for whom the artistic form takes the place of the morning, coding for his own ideas, psychological and other worlds. IN artistic creativity Joyce's verses like "the flow of information", ale and parody, stylization, comic tricks, mythological and symbolic rendering of meanings. The analytical layout of the movie and the text is accompanied by the layout of the image of a person, the new anthropology, close to the structuralist one, is characterized by a higher degree of social aspects. Internal movement as a form of butt literary creation rose to an active obigu of writers of the XX century.
Create a prominent Austrian writer Franz Kafka(1883-1924) for this life they did not cry out great interest among the readers. Regardless of the price, he is considered one of the most important prose writers of the 20th century. In the novels "The Process" (1915), "The Castle" (1922), both descriptions of the grotesque and parable-like forms, showing the tragic powerlessness of the people in yoga, from the absurdity of the modern world. Kafka, with a dazzling force, showed the inability of people to mutual contacts, without the power of an individual in front of folding, inaccessible to the human mind, mechanisms of power, showing marne zusilla, like people-pishaks reported in order to save themselves from the pressure of other people's forces on them. An analysis of “near-cord situations” (situations of fear, roar, tightness) brings Kafka closer to the existentialists.
Close to the new, ale own way to the joke of a new movie and a new poetic zmistu, the Austrian sings that prose writer Rainer Maria Rilke(1875-1926), having created a cycle of melodic verses in line with the symbolic and impressionistic traditions of the first decades of the XX century. They sing rozmіrkovuє pro existential problems of people, її tragic razvoenіnіnіst, pragnennya until porazumіnnya and love.
Romanticism(Romanticism) - purposeful and artistic directly, like in European and American culture of the 18th century - the first half of the 19th century, as a reaction to the aesthetics of classicism. Slowly speaking (1790-I pp.) in philosophy and poetry in Germany, and later (1820-I pp.) expanding in England, France and other lands. Vіn vyznáv the remaining development of mystekstva, navіt yogo directly, yakі acted against it.
The new criteria for the art were freedom of self-expression, promotion of respect to individual, unique rice people, naturalness, breadth and brilliance, which came to change the legacy of the classic zrazkіv of the 18th century. The intensity of the stink on the chilly place was put on by the emotionality of vislovlyuvannya, nathnennya.
Seeing themselves free in the sight of the system of aristocratic rule, which is falling, the stench jumped to show their new look, reveal the truth to them. The suspense's place has changed. The stinks knew their reader of the middle class, scho growth, ready to emotionally encourage and navit shilyatsya before the artist - genius and prophet. Streamliness and humility were seen. Strong emotions came to change, which often go to extremes.
A special infusion of romanticism was given to young people, who took away the ability to read and read a lot (which is why they spit a snarky development of the handiwork). Let the ideas of individual development and self-development, the idealization of special freedom in the light-gazer, rise to the surface of rationalism. The special development was set higher than the standards of the furry and even in the aristocratic society. The romanticism of the illuminated youth changed the state of Europe's supremacy, becoming the beginning of the appearance of the illuminated "middle class" in Europe. And the picture Mandrivnik over the sea fog With a new stand can be called a symbol of the period of romanticism in Europe.
Acts of romance turned to the cryptic, mysterious, stingy, folk belief, fairy tales. Romanticism is often associated with democratic, national and revolutionary changes, even though the "classic" culture of the French Revolution really encouraged the arrival of Romanticism before France. For the time being, there is a smattering of literary revolutions, the most important of which are "Storm and Onslaught" in the Nimechchina, primitivism in France, on which standing Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a Gothic novel, raising interest to the last, a ballad and old romances becoming the term "Romanticism"). Dzherelom inspiration for the German writers, theoreticians of the Jena school (brothers Schlegel, Novalis and others), who voiced themselves as romantics, was transcendental philosophy of Kant and Fichte, which put the basis of creativity to the mind. The new ideas of Coleridge's zavdyaks penetrated to England and France, and also marked the development of American transcendentalism.
In this manner, Romanticism was born as a literary trend, but having plunged into music and less so into painting. IN figurative art Romanticism was most prominent in painting and graphic art, less so in architecture. In the 18th century, with the artists' favorite motifs, there were mountain landscapes and majestic ruins. Some of the main drawings are the dynamism of the composition, the volume of spaciousness, the abundance of color, the lightness (for example, create Turner, Gericault and Delacroix). Among the other romantic artists can be called Fuselі, Martina. The creativity of the pre-Raphaelites and the neo-Gothic style in architecture can be seen as manifesting Romanticism.
Presentation to learn from the work of prominent artists in France, Germany, Spain and England of the era of romanticism.
Romanticism in European painting
Romanticism is directly in the spiritual culture of the late 18th - first third of the 19th century. The reason for the appearance was rozcharuvannya in the bags of the French Revolution. The motto of the revolution is "Freedom, jealousy, brotherhood!" appearing utopian. The Napoleonic epic and the gloomy reaction that followed the revolution called out to the mood of rosemary in life, to pessimism. In Europe, the new fashionable ailment "Light's Sorrow" has spread rapidly and has appeared new hero, sumuyuchy, mandrive light in searches for an ideal, and more often - in searches for death.
Zmist of romantic art
In the era of a gloomy reaction, the English singer George Byron became the leader of thoughts. Yogo hero Childe Harold is a gloomy thinker, who torments a tightness, mantras with light in the wake of death and is separated from life without a regret. My readers, singing rich, immediately guessed Onegin, Pechorin, Mikhail Lermontov. Golovne, who evokes a romantic hero, who absolutely rejects a gray, everyday life. Romantic and inhabitant - antagonism.
"Oh, let me see the blood,
Ale, give me some space for shvidshe.
I'm scared to choke here
At the damned world of merchants...
Ni, rather vile vice,
Robbing, violence, robbery,
Chim rahivnicha morality
I garlic of these peaks.
Gay, hmarka, take me,
Take with you on a long journey,
To Lapland, or to Africa,
Chi hoch at Stettin - curl up!
G. Heine
Vtecha from the orphan everyday life and becomes the main contributor to the art of romanticism. Where can a romantic “flow” from everyday life and grayness? If you are Vi, my smart reader, a romantic at heart, then it’s easy to give advice on your request. First, let's add for our hero a hundred far past, most of the middle-class people, tournaments, secret castles, Beautiful Women. The middle one was idealized in the novels of Walter Scott, Victor Hugo, in the poetry of German and English poets, in the operas of Weber, Meyerber, Wagner. In 1764 he wrote the first English "Gothic" novel zhahiv "Castle of Otranto" by Volpoll. At Nіmechchinі on the cob of the XIX century Ernest Hoffmann wrote "The Devil's Elixir", before the speech, honor the rajah. In a different way The miraculous possibility of "flowing" for the romantic was the sphere of pure foresight, the creation of the world of the foreseen, the fantastic. Guess Hoffmann, yogo "Luskunchik", "Krykhitka Tsakhes", "Golden Miner". I realized why Tolkien's novels and stories about Harry Potter are so popular in our time. Romance is gone! Aje tse camp of the soul, what are you good for?
Third way the entrance of a romantic hero in the form of activity - flowing into exotic lands, not tied to civilization. Tsey way causing the need for a systematic cultivation of folklore. Baladi, myths, bilini formed the basis of the art of romanticism. A lot of works of romantic image-making and musical art connected with literature. Shakespeare, Cervantes, Dante are again becoming the souls of thought.
Romanticism in the image-creating art
In the skin of the country, the art of romanticism swelled its national rice, but for all their creations it is characteristic of a rich sleepy. Usikh artists-romanticists are especially moving towards nature. The landscape, in front of the creations of classicism, de vin served only as a decoration, ashes, for romantics fills the soul. The local species help to support the hero's camp. Corisno will be equal European image-creating mysticism to romanticism with mysticism.
Romantic mysticism in vіddaє perevaga to the night edge, zvintar, gray fogs, wild rocks, ruins of old castles and monasteries. Particularly close to nature, the people of the famous English landscape parks were taken in (think of regular French parks with straight alleys and trimmed bushes and trees). The stories of the past often become the plots of the creation of painting.
Presentation "Romanticism in the European Image-Making Art" to take revenge on the great number of illustrations that are known from the work of prominent romantic artists in France, Spain, Germany, England.
As the topic has got you hooked, it’s possible that a smart reader will be familiar with the material of the article “ Romanticism: nature is biased" on the Arthive website dedicated to the art.
More illustrations of the miraculous beauty I knew on the site Gallerix.ru. For quiet, who wants to get lost in the topic, honor rajah:
- Encyclopedia for children. T.7. Artistic. - M.: Avanta +, 2000.
- Beckett W. History of painting. - M: TOV "Vidavnitstvo Astrel": TOV "Vydavnitstvo AST", 2003.
- Great mitts. Volume 24. Francisco José de Goya-i-Lucientes. - M: Direct-Media publishing house, 2010.
- Great mitts. Volume 32. Eugene Delacroix. - M: Direct-Media publishing house, 2010
- Dmitrieva N.A. short history mysticals. Vip.III: Country Western Europe XIX century; Russia XIX centurion. ‒ M.: Mistetstvo, 1992
- Emokhonova L.G. Svitova artistic culture: Navch. Help for students. middle ped. navch. mortgage - M: Vidavnichesky center "Academy", 1998.
- Lukichova K.L. History of painting in masterpieces. - Moscow: Astra-Media, 2007.
- Lvova E.P., Sarab'yanov D.V., Borisova E. A., Fomina N.M., Berezin V.V., Kabkova E.P., Nekrasova Light art culture. XIX century. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007.
- Mini-encyclopedia. Pre-Raphaelism. - Vilnus: VAB "BESTIARY", 2013.
- Samin D.K. One hundred great mitts. - M.: Viche, 2004.
- Freeman J. History of science. - M.: "Vidavnitstvo Astrel", 2003.
Success!
The art of romanticism is formed in polemics from classicism. In the social aspect of the emergence of romanticism, they say about the Great French Revolution of the 18th century, blamed as the reaction of the wild man on the cob, and as a deep rozcharuvannya in the possibilities of the people with її astonishment. Above those, German romanticism was later respected as a bloodless version of the French Revolution.
As an ideological and artistic flow, romanticism declares itself in the first half of the 19th century. Vіn blames us before yak literary straight- here the activity of a romantic high is successful. Music is no less significant at that time: vocals, instrumental music, musical theater (opera and ballet) to romanticism form the basis of the repertoire today. However, in the image-creating and spacious arts, romanticism showed itself less clearly and for the number of created works, but for their equal. Painting to romanticism is equal to masterpieces from Nіmechchinі and France, the region of Europe vіdstaє. About the architecture of romanticism and it is not accepted. Deyak svoєridnіst here vyyavlyaє only landscaping mystetstvo, that and romance develop here the idea of an English landscape, or natural, park. In the same place, such neo-Gothic tendencies of romance have developed their own art in a number of ways: Gothic - Baroque - Romanticism. Such Neo-Gothic was seen in the Slavic lands.
Image-creator of romanticism
At the XVIII century. the term "romantic" meaning "wonderful", "fantastic", "malovnichny". It does not matter to respect that the words "romance", "romance" (personal) are etymologically closer.
In the nineteenth century the term was interpreted as the name of a literary trend, which followed classicism in its own way.
In figurative arts, romanticism has manifested itself more and more in painting and graphic art, less clearly in sculpture. The most recent school of romanticism was formed in France, where the fight against dogmatism and abstract rationalism was started official science on kshtalt academic classicism. Becoming the founder of the romantic school of painting Theodore Géricault (1791-1824). Vіn navchavsya classicism in masters, ale, escaping from classicism gravitation to zagalnenno heroic images, Gericault first hung in painting almost the conflict of the world, expresive expression of significant podіy suschnostі. Already the first works of the artist show a high emotionality, the "nerve" of the era of the Napoleonic wars, in some kind of rich bravado ("Officer of the Imperial Guards, who go on the attack", "Wounded cuirassiers, who left the battlefield"). The stench is marked by tragic svіtovіdchuttya, almost ruined. The heroes of classicism did not feel such feelings, but they spoke them publicly and did not aesthetize znevira, decay, tightness. The paintings of the artist's fiery paintings are painted dynamically in romanticism, in coloring they prevail over a dark tone, which is expected by intense color accents, streak pasty strokes.
Gericault is creating a uniquely dynamic picture "Big free horses near Rome". Here we reverse the reconciliation of the transfer of the movement of all the previous artists. One of the main works of Gericault is the painting "Plate of the Medusa". She depicts real facts, but with such force, that the co-workers spun into her not the image of one particular ship accident, but all of Europe, as if they were trying to change their minds. I’m less okremі, naistіykіshі people continue the struggle for survival. The artist shows the folded din of human feelings - from a gloomy roar to a boisterous vibe of nadії. The dynamics of this canvas depends on the diagonal of the composition, on the effect of the binding, on the contrasting differences in light.
Géricault took on the role of master of the portrait genre. Here he also stands as an innovator, demonstrating the specifics of the portrait genre. In the "Portrait of a Twenty-Twenty Delacroix" that in self-portraits it is expressed that the romantic artist is about an independent creator, a bright, emotional specialty. Vіn lays the foundations of a romantic portrait - the year of one of the most successful romantic genres.
Géricault reached the landscape. Mandruyuchi England, vіn bov її vzglyady vіddav її danina її beauties, creating impersonal landscape paintings, written like oil, and watercolour. The stench is rich for color, thin for caution, not far from social criticism. The artist called them "Great and small English scenes." How typical is romance to call the image-creating cycle a musical term!
It's a pity that Gericault's life turned out to be short, but he conceived a glorious tradition.
From the 1820s. the head of the romantic-painter flock Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863). Having recognized the strong infusion of Gericault, he was friendly with him from the school shop. Vyvchav painting of the old masters, especially Rubens. Raising the price of England, buv zakhopleniy painting Constable. Delacroix has a prejudiced temperament, I strive to create fantasy and high practicality. From the beginning of the career in the professional field, Delacroix strongly follows the romantics. The first picture, as if showing wine, depicted Dante and Virgil in the tour, which recast the Stix ("Dante's Boat"). The picture is inspired by tragedy, gloomy pathos. With the advancing canvas of "Rizanin on Chios" we saw on the real bottom, tied with the Greeks under the Turkish yoke. Here, having declared his political position, having taken the battle of the Greeks in conflicts, having fought like a wine, having also captured the French order from Turechchina.
The painting evoked both political and mystical attacks, especially since Delacroix, with the infusion of Constable's creativity, rewrote the painting in bright colors. In response to criticism, the artist creates the painting "Greece on the ruins of Missolungi", in which he is resurrected to the actual struggle of Greece for the freedom of the Turkish yoke. This picture of Delacroix is symbolic, a woman’s figure with a raised hand in a gesture that curses the guardians, or calls to fight, separating the whole country. Vaughn transfers the image of Freedom to the future, most famous robot of the artist.
At the jokes of new heroes, strong features Delacroix often turns to the literary images of Shakespeare, Goethe, Byron, Scott: "Tasso in the Boudinka of the Divine", "The Death of Sardanapalus", "The Beating of the Bishop of Liege"; to work lithographs up to "Faust", "Hamlet", with the most subtle impressions of heroes, which earned Goethe's praise. Delacroix come up to artistic literature the shards of yoga in front of them went up to the Holy Letter, the roblyachi from the new indistinctly dzherelo plots for paintings.
At 1830 p. under the implacable hostility of the Lipneva revolution, Delacroix wrote a great canvas "Freedom that leads the people" ("Freedom on the barricades"). Above the realistically depicted figures of the participants revolutionary struggle, bіdnih, importantly young people, nahnenih wrestling, shiryaє miraculous woman, scho guess "genii" Veronese. She has an ensign in her hands, rebuking the nathnenne. It is not just an allegory of freedom in the spirit of classicism, it is a lofty symbol of revolutionary spirit. However, you can’t look at a living, sensitive woman’s figure - it’s so addictive. The picture looked foldable, accommodating, dynamic.
Like a right romantic, Delacroix will rise in price with exotic lands: Algeria, Morocco. It's more expensive to bring five paintings, among them "Levo's love in Morocco", maybe a tribute to Rubens.
Delacroix works richly like a decorator, creating monumental creations at Bourbon and Luxembourg palaces, Parisian churches. Vin continues to practice the portrait genre, creating images of people of the era of romanticism, for example, F. Chopin. Creativity Delacroix to lie to the heights of the painting of the XIX century.
Painting and graphics German romanticism light weight to sentimentalism. And just as German romantic literature is right to become the whole era, then you can’t say anything about the image-creating mysticism: in the literature there was "Storm and Onslaught", and in the image-creating mysticism - the idealization of the family patriarchal wake. Showing off some sensi creativity Ludwig Richtera (1803-1884): "Forest dzherelo bіla Arichchi", "Spring of the spring" and so on. There are also numerous little ones to lie on those fairy tales and folk songs, smashed in a dry manner.
But there is one large-scale post in German romanticism, which is impossible to miss. Tse Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840). Vin was a landscape painter, having started at the Academy of Mythology near Copenhagen. He settles down near Dresden, takes up pilgrimage.
His landscape style is original, the paintings are forgotten from the first acquaintance, some people realize that these are the landscapes of a romantic artist: they consequently show the specifics of a romantic light. Vin painted the landscapes of the pivdennoy Nіmechchini and the Baltic coast, overgrown with fox wild rocks, desert dunes, the frozen sea. People are sometimes present in yoga pictures, but rarely bachimo their disguise: posta, as a rule, savage to the staring back. Friedrich jumped to convey the elemental force of nature. Vіn shukav i vyyavlyav svvzvuchchya natural forces that human moods that shukan. If you want to finish your life accurately, Frederick's art is not realistic. This was indicative of the recent past of the Radianian mysticists, little was written about the artist, there were no reproductions at all. Immediately the situation has changed, and we can enjoy the profound spirituality of his paintings, the melancholy side of the landscape of Friedrich. Reading the rhythm of the composition, the severity of the little one are combined in yoga robots with contrasts of light, rich light effects. In an hour, Frederick will reach with his emotionality to a stinging tightness, seeing the fragility of everything earthly, to the suspense of a mystical trance. Today we are experiencing a surge of interest in Frederick's creativity. Yogo is the most far away work - "Death of Nadiya near the ice", "Monastic tsvintar under the snow", "Mesa in the Gothic ruins", "Sunset on the sea" and other.
IN Russian romanticism painting has a lot of super-cheesy. Before that, long ago it was important that kind artist- Realist. Imovirno to this, the idea was affirmed that O. Kiprensky and A. Venetsianov, V. Tropinin and A. Kuindzhi - realities, which we see as unbelievable, stinks - romances.
