Golovna > Medical examination > Hygiene is like a curtain of medicine. Tsіlі, zavdannya of the subject of hygiene. Dovkil's methods of vindication. Hygiene of physical culture and sports

Hygiene is like a curtain of medicine. Tsіlі, zavdannya of the subject of hygiene. Dovkil's methods of vindication. Hygiene of physical culture and sports

Hygiene like science

1. Hygiene as a science

1.1 Meta, subject, object and method of hygiene

1.2 Hygiene as a fundamental science

1.3 Laws of hygiene

1.4 Differentiation of hygiene as a primary discipline

1.5 History of hygiene development

1.6 Hygienic diagnostics at the stage

List of vicorists dzherel

1. Hygiene as a science

Metoyu medicine є vіdnovlennya, zberezhennya and zmіtsnennya zdorov'ya people. Tsya meta is reached by two methods: the first one is the exaltation of people’s illness, the other is the prevention of illness and the frontal wear of the body, that is. prevention. Vіdpovіdno to tsgogo were molded two directly in medicine: likuvalny and prophylactic.

The ancestor of the likuval directly is therapy, the prophylactic one is hygiene. The word "gіgієna" resembles the name of the ancient Greek goddess of health Gіgієn - the daughter of the god of exuberance Esculap. Hygiene is the science of people's health.

Crim the term "hygiene", which means "healthy for a quiet person", the same term "sanitation" (similar to the Latin word Sanitas zdorov'ya, which means the practical part of hygiene). In this hour, like therapy, so hygiene was divided into a whole series of therapeutic (therapy) and preventive (hygiene) scientific disciplines and areas of practical activity, united by a common method, and with different methods of achievement.

In this rank, today's hygiene is directly in medicine. It includes low preventive scientific disciplines and areas of practical activity of doctors. Like all medicine, hygiene rests on the theoretical foundations of philosophy, exact (physics, chemistry, mathematics) and global biology (primary biology, normal and pathological physiology) sciences.

1.1 Meta, subject, object and method of hygiene

Meta hygiene as a science - the protection and improvement of the suspense and special health by the way of the improvement of the natural and socially important environment, which is formed from the specific minds of the workers, I will follow that behavior of the people. According to the current statements (Statute of the All-World Organization for the Protection of Health), healthy means not only the presence of ailments, but also the maximum physical, mental and social well-being, which allows people to more effectively achieve their supporting functions. Otzhe, healthy people, understand the biosocial for the role of the social.

The subject of hygiene is the development of regularities in the interdependence of factors in the natural and social environment and the body of a person, the achievement of causal and inherited links in the system "healthy environment - a healthy person", as a result of more fluctuations in the destruction of old health, illness and wounds in vzaєmodії people with unfriendly infusions of the ovnіshnoї middle.

The main objects of follow-up in hygiene are healthy people(Social group, population, population of the region) that is the middle ground. For the trips, the officials of the dovkіllya go to the natural, virobnichі and pobutovі. For svoєyu factors impact zovnіshnogo seredovischa podіlyayut on fіzichnі (klіmat, mіkroklіmat primіschen, atmospheric elektriku, noise vіbratsіya, іonіzuyuchі that neіonіzuyuchі vipromіnyuvannya that INSHI) hіmіchnі (hіmіchny warehouse atmospheric povіtrya zhitlovih that sluzhbovih primіschen) bіologіchnі (mіkroorganіzm Komakhia, tvarini that produkti їх zhittєdіyalnostі) and socially-pobutovі (mind the accommodation, the provision of people, food, water supply).

Spetsifіchnіst method gіgієni polyagaє not tіlki in Yogo spryamovanostі on usunennya negative vplivu seredovischa on Lyudin, ale th in sposobі realіzatsії tsієї spryamovanostі not Shlyakhov bezposerednogo vplivu on Lyudin (lіkuvannya), and through reglamentatsіyu complex NAUKOVO obґruntovanih Yurydychna, admіnіstrativnih, tehnіchnih, gospodarskih that іnshih zahodіv.

Hygienists have such specific follow-up methods:

1. The method of hygienic furnishing of an object where people live and work. This method is based in full-scale research on the minds of the practitioners, on the basis of that repair, on the basis of the observed minds with hygienic standards, and on the recommended recommendations for the adoption of the observed sanitary damage.

2. Instrumental-laboratory method, which plays a great role in the transformation of hygiene into the scientific discipline. In this case, there is a significant number of private methods for investigating the physical, chemical, biological factors of the superfluous medium, as well as functional impairments, which give an indication of the impact of these factors on the body.

3. Sanitary-statistical method, which allows assessing the level of public health among other groups, groups of the population in connection with the influx of factors of the natural and social environment for three of the main groups of indications:

Sanitary and demographic indicators that characterize the creation of the population (population, mortality, causes of death, mid-life life, final results of the work);

Indicators of illness and pracevtrate (primary werewolf, hospitalization, pracevtrati);

Indicators of physical development (growth, weight of the body, functional indicators).

4. Experimental method, which is victorious in scientific studies on the korst of hygienic standardization, which includes laboratory and natural studies.

Accordingly, today's hygiene can be defined as a complex of medical preventive science disciplines and areas of practical activity of doctors, as a way to save and improve the health of people by the method of preventing disease and the old age of the body.

1.2 Hygiene as a fundamental science

Science has been adopted by extension to practice in fundamental and applied sciences. The word "fundamental" from the Latin Fundamentus - basis) has two meanings: basic, head and ground, deep.

Webster's Dictionary, as it is possible to suggest the meaning of this word: "what is the basis of what theory or principle" and "what is the main thing for scientific and technical progress".

Sticking to the fundamental sciences, the BSE designates their laws as the knowledge of the laws that govern the behavior and interaction of the basic structures of nature, the support of that mission. At the same time, it’s blatant that these laws are kept in a clean look, without a trace to the most powerful victorious. And for the uninterrupted heads of applied sciences, it is necessary to put the results of the fundamental sciences to the solution of specific social and practical problems. For such sciences, the criteria for success are the peace of satisfaction with social development.

Maiuchi on the Uvati say, it is possible to Kvalipkuvati Gigієnіchnu Science Yak Rіvnoznaya Baspannaya Tu Applied, Oskilki, Visnan Obruntovyvati Well-known Zhittya, Pratsya, Tomatu, Vona є The Scientific Body for Sanitary Practices, and the Sciences of Recommenders, Scho Login, Majuta Schedule.

1.3 Laws of hygiene

In the past, fundamental preventive science with a rich history, the subject of which was the system "Healthy people - in the middle," formulated its own laws.

Henceforth, the first law of hygiene is that the damage to the health of people, caused by physical, chemical, biological, or socially-related factors, can be blamed only for the obviousness of three minds: the dzherela of the irritability (nezbezpeki) of the medium, the mechanism of the reception of the organ.

Another law of hygiene reflects a negative environmental impact on the current middle ground of human activity, which is independent of your will. Without the improvement of the sanitary and hygienic conditions, the progression of dovkill and the biospheric zagalom will be progressive.

The third law of hygiene is the law of negative impact on dowkill of extreme natural phenomena (volcanic activity, geochemical anomalies, spalahs on the Sun, earthquakes, cyclonic and anticyclonic activity sometimes).

The Fifth Law of Hygiene characterizes the negative impact of the fermented medium for the health of the people. Diya tsgogo law perebuvaє pevnіy zalezhnostі vіd specific vyavu vyavu could other and third laws. So, vnaslіdok trivalogo zabrudnennya at nevmіlomu zemlekoristuvannі deyakih agrotseonozіv in Gomelskіy oblastі pesticides that nіtratami in poєdnannі of Visoko radіoaktivnim background that vmіstom polіmetalіv in ґruntah regіonu target Minds for viniknennya ksenobіotichnogo syndrome Sered vagіtnih zhіnok that novonarodzhenih scho viyavlyaєtsya anemієyu, gіpoksієyu, zhelsoyu tsentralnoї nervovoї sistemi

The sixth law of hygiene is a positive influx of the natural environment on a healthy person, as it is necessary not to separate, but rather to lighten (that good-natured hedgehog is environmentally friendly, clean water, atmospherically fresh, natural insolation, UV-vibration of the sun is too thin).

1.4 Differentiation of hygiene as a primary discipline

Rozdіlami gіgієnіchnoї science Je gіgієna pratsі, Communal gіgієna, gіgієna dіtey that pіdlіtkіv, gіgієna harchuvannya, radіatsіyna gіgієna, vіyskova gіgієna stosovno doslіdzhuvanih ob'єktіv: Promyslova of companies, population mіsts, Kindergarten that shkіlnih SET, ob'єktіv Gromadska harchuvannya of companies that harchovoї promislovostі, .

Physicians-hygienists conduct ongoing and ongoing sanitary and hygienic control over the camp of dovkil, the minds of life and the population.

Practically instilled in the life of standards and recommendations, developed by hygienic science, are observed at the sight of sanitary entrances. For example, hygienic standards for microclimate, GDK sawing and toxic speeches in the windows, sealing the air, closing ventilation in the workshops, stosuvanya by the workers of the individual health care workers. Hygienic standards for water supply and water quality require low sanitary entrances to choose the place for water intake from water storage, water purification systems and water contamination, development of methods for monitoring the efficiency of water treatment. For all visits, a sanitary inspection is carried out.

1.5 History of hygiene development

Starting from ancient times, hygiene is small monopoly on the production of factors of the outer environment and their contribution to the health of people. Even ancient Greeks endowed the mythical burnt healer Asclepius (Esculapius) with two bottoms - Panakia and Hygiene. The first bula introduced the role of curing sick people, the other - prevention of sickness in healthy people with a path to the use of shkidlivih factors in dovkillya, vikoristannya brown and molding on this basis healthy way life. Tse molding lay on the back of the empirical guards for the results of the interaction of people with the most natural and social environment and was expressed in the eyes of the people, stating that religious rules. Later, stinks were added to the first scientific practices, which belonged to the famous healer of old Hippocrates (460-377 BC), such as "About water, resurrection and misfortune", writing de wine, , to that the doctor, schob vykonati his obov'yazki, is guilty of resolutely guarding, how a person is put up to їzhі, pittya that vsgo, yogo otochuє. From the 9th century, in Italy (Salerno), having founded a university, the idea of Hippocrates and the Roman physician Galen was given a wide development. At the Gathering, I will see the role of the development of medicine and the injection of dovkіllya on health by playing the famous teachings of Abu-Ali ibn-Sina, leading to Europe under the name of Avetsenni. Vіn rozrobyv rich hygienic rules about the power of that morning life, clothes, proper eating, looking after the children too soon. Vіn vpershe pointing out the possibility of widening the disease through the soil and water. XV and XVI centuries. were marked by the birth of the capitalistic method of cultivation, which caused the development of the sciences and science, science and modern natural science.

Medicine has risen, and the hygiene of the zocrema, along with religious, scholastic statements about the causes of ailments are growing on the natural path of development. Zovnіshnє sredovishche that mind of the life of people is recognized as the guide of the viniknennі and the development of ailments. The doctor and astronomer Frakastro warned about the paths of widening infections and wrote a treatise "About contagious ailments" (1546), and the doctor Rammatsin - "Treatise about ailments, mindfulness of people's professions" (1700).

The further progress of science, suspіlnogo life that culture hung new challenges before hygienic science and practice. The first great creations, which show them to the vimog, were the helper of the hygiene of Michel Levi, who was born in 1844. in Paris, that helper of experimental hygiene of the English doctor Parkes, publications in 1854 p. at London. A further development of the experimental directly took away from the practice that practical activity of the prominent scientist-hygienist Max Pettenkofer (1818-1901r.) and the school of hygienists created by him.

In Russia, as in other lands, the germs of empirical knowledge about the links between the minds of life and health have been known for a long time - even in Kiev and Novgorod Russia. The stench knew their tip from the treatise about the possible Russian symposium "Domostroy". Recently, there are a number of decrees about the protection of the heart of the city and the healthy population, zocrema, about looking after the sanitary camp of the city (1737), about the sanitary wash at cloth factories ("Regulations", 1741), about obov'yazkovy vіdomlennya at times of contagious ailments ( "Instruction to governors and governors", 1743).

The history of veterinary medicine is evidence of a deeper understanding of the problems of hygiene by prominent Russian clinicians.

One of the founders of the Russian therapeutic school M.Ya. Mudrov (1776-1831), being a professor of therapy at the medical faculty of Moscow University, 3 chervnia 1809. having celebrated his famous promotional act under the title "A word about the melancholy and objects of military hygiene, or the science of protecting the health of military servicemen." This promotion has a thought that has not spent its value today. Vin saying: "It is easier for the police and especially for the navy to take care of the money, lower the cost of health." I gave: "The regimental doctors and the divisional doctors of the settlement are not so jubilant, the skilki are ahead of the ailment, but it’s better to read the soldiers to take care of their health. The cities and the healthy soldiers are good, the workers are uncomfortably, and, therefore, unbearable."

The words of N.I. are widely known. Pirogov: “I believe in hygiene. S.P. Botkin is like the head of the Association of Russian Doctors, having vowed for the need, so that "the idea of health was more and more popularized", so the thought about "... health improvement, about sanitation, sewerage of our cities - these centers and distribution centers of infection - was more and more ". Professor of Therapeutic Clinic G.A. Zakhar'yn in 1873. in an act promotion at the Moscow University, saying: "It is possible to compete with an ailment of the mass, or less than hygiene. It was understood that hygiene is needed, footwear for skin, lower knowledge of ailments and their pleasure." Professor G.O. Zakhar'in pidkreslyuvav: "What is the most practical doctor, the more in the mind can the hygiene and the weak weakness of the healing, therapy...

The Medical and Surgical Academy became the first department of hygiene in Russia, which was organized in 1871. Professor Oleksiy Petrovich Dobroslavin (1842–1889). Reading day O.P. Dobroslavinim first lecture - 19 leaf fall 1871r. - be respected by the date of the foundation of the Department of Hygiene. Vaughn bula was named the department of zagalnoy, military-terrestrial and marine hygiene. The chief of the vіtchiznyanoї hygiene A.P. Dobroslavin is a student of the academy, having won the honors from the famous chemists N.N. Zimina, A.P. Borodin, A. Wurtz, L. Pebl, physiologists N.M. Yakubovich and A. Rollet, with the hygienists M. Pettenkofer and R. Foyt.

A.P. Dobroslavin wrote the first original Russian language assistants, having fallen asleep the first hygienic magazine "Zdorov'ya" and hygienic suppleness. A.P. Dobroslavin enriched hygiene with valuable experimental results and practical recommendations for food hygiene, wine hygiene and other areas of hygiene.

Professor Fedir Fedorovich Yerisman (1842-1915) is rightfully respected as one of the founders of the industrial science hygiene. Swiss traveler, F.F. Erisman was the most successful worker in Moscow, de at 1882. having fallen asleep at the Department of Hygiene at the Moscow University, in 1879-1885. together with the zemstvo doctors A.V. Pogozhovim and E.V. Dementievim provіv ґruntovne vyvchennya sanitary camp of factories and plants near the Moscow province, the results of this publication in 10 volumes.

F.F. Yerisman is also the author of the trivolum "Help for Hygiene", "Professional Hygiene and Rozum Hygiene and Physical Practice". Just look at the day of hygiene, the contributions to the introductory lectures, publications in the "Course of Hygiene" of 1887, have not lost their relevance today. F.F. Yerisman vvazhav hygienic science about I'm healthy: "Let's save the hygiene of її suspіlny character..., to declare that hygiene is not the science of public health, but that it is the responsibility of her to take care of only the provision of private meals at the walls of the laboratory, - in front of you, you will lose less than the sign of science, for the sake of not working varto".

1.6 Hygienic diagnostics at the stage

The concept of "diagnostics" (recognition) sounds like a clinical one, tobto. likuvalnoy medicine. Obviously, the understanding can be wider and on іnshі manifestations of nature and suspіlstva, incl. on the factori dovkіllya. Tse naked at his pracies, the founder of hygiene in Russia A.P. Dobroslavin, who called out to the doctors to diagnose "sanitary ailments" of the suspension, form the hygienic thought, to help diagnose and diagnose these ailments. Vіn rightfully respecting the method of recognition, cultivating and evaluating the minds of the naïve middle of the world is identical to that in the process of identifying and identifying people in the process of diagnosing ailments.

In the methodological and methodical aspects of hygienic diagnostics, it is precisely considered in the form of clinical diagnostics.

The objects of hygienic prenosological diagnostics are a healthy person (population), the medium and the interrelationship. The object of clinical (nosological) diagnostics is the sickness of a person and even fragmentarily, only in a conscious plan, - wash your life and work. The subject of clinical diagnostics is sickness, її severity; the subject of hygienic prenosological diagnostics is healthy, yogo value.

Hygienic prenosological diagnostics can be based on research, or, at any time, on the assessment of recent data about the most important people of the natural and social environment, and then move on to the people (population). Clinical diagnostics starts directly from the disease, which already may have scars, and symptoms. Link them into a logical scheme and put them in the background in assistants, ceremonies and a model of ailment, which was formed as a result of the report. The knowledge of the medium plays a different role here, it is not necessary for diagnostics, because the result of the medium is manifest, moreover, in a manifest form.

Kіntsevoyu method of hygienic prenosological diagnostics є establishing the level, the magnitude of health, clinical - sign of illness and її severity. Why is it obvious that with the development of hygienic prenosological diagnostics, we can first evaluate the adaptive reserves of the body, and then the functions of that structure, which may be indestructible, especially the structure. At clinical diagnostics, at the same time, damage to the structure is most often revealed, functions and, more likely, become adaptive reserves.

Uzagalnyuyuchi all that has been said above, next to support, that hygiene is a preventive science. At the present time, we know ourselves at that stage of the development of medical science, if we post a review of the prophylactic directing of all our health care and the most important introduction into medical practice. Also, in our day, the words of A.I. Nesterov: "Medicine is prophylactic - same medicine is etiological, pathogenetic and social at the same time; - same medicine is scientific and active rich-sided infusion like a sick person, as well as a common middle ground."

In all civilized countries, preventive medicine is directly recognized and most effective. Try to get the system of medical examination of the population in the country as a method of prevention of littering did not give any effect. Among the reasons for failure, the order of the number of structures and mechanisms that allow the development of prevention, such as lack of infection in the practice of practical doctors, is bad for the training of students at medical institutes from this division of work.

The new term dietetics has become synonymous with dietology. Dietology is the science of eating ailments that you eat...

Hygiene knowledge, founded on life guards, originated from ancient times. The first hygienic treatises that have come down to us (“About a healthy way of life”, “About water, freshness and health”), lay the pen of the great doctor Ancient Greece Hippocrates (460-377 pp. BC). The first local water pipelines, liquoreries were built in Ancient Rome.

Dosі not only vіdomiy, but y represents the singing scientific interest "Treatise on hygiene human body the way of the administration of pardons among the regimes)”, writings by the great Arab-Muslim vchenim, who were born in Central Asia, Avitsen Abu Ali ibn Sina (980-1037). In the treatise, important nutritional hygiene is discussed, methods for preventing illness and prevention of illnesses, causing disrupted sleep patterns, eating thinly are discussed.

Proteohygienic science developed as if on the basis of empirical precautions, and, madly, on the improvement of new experimental data. Here it is necessary to guess the hygienical ceramics, written by the Frenchman M. Levi (1844) and the English physician E. Parks. The first department of hygiene at the medical faculty of the Munich University in 1865. organized by Max Pettenkofer (1818–1901). Vіn less doslіdzhuvav chinniki dovkіllya (water, povіtrya, soil, їzhu), and th having created the first school of hygienists.

From Ancient (Kiev, Novgorod) Russia, empirical knowledge about hygiene also comes to us. To finish guessing a treatise about Russian sim's - "Domobud", described the foundations of the correct sberirgannya produktiv, attached respect to dotremanny cleanliness and arrogance.

Bagato for the protection of the healthy population, and the spread of illnesses in Russia, having killed Peter I, who had seen a number of decrees about the sanitary camp of the city, about obov'yazkove podomlennya about the incidence of contagious ailments, then.

On the especially important prophylactic visits to early high illness were indicated by a lot of Russian doctors: N. I. Pirogov, S. P. Botkin, N. G. Zakhar’in, M. Ya. Mudrov.

N. I. Pirogov wrote: “I believe in hygiene. Axis of depolarization of the correct progress of our science. It is possible to rely on foreign medicine”. In Aktovіy Promovі, told in 1873 r., Ishiy Vіdomiy Rosіysky Klіnіzist, Professor G. N. Zahar, Saying: "Chim Privі's practical Lіkar, Tim Bіlshi Rosumіє Vіn MShtnіst Gigієнини Tu Vіdnosnu Weakly Lіkuvannya, Terapії ... Naiuschnіshі terapії moscow dotrimannya hygiene. It is possible to compete with the ailments of the masses, maybe less hygiene. We respect hygiene as one of the most important, and even the most important subject of activity of a practical doctor.

In Russia, hygiene as a course of ship science (ship medicine) begins to be published at the Medical and Surgical Academy (St. On the back, the course is called "Medical Police", and from 1835 p. "Medical police and hygiene". The self-supporting department of hygiene at the Academy and First in Russia was opened in 1871 under the supervision of Privatdozent Oleksiy Petrovich Dobroslavin (1842-1889). A. P. Dobroslavin organized an experimental laboratory at the department, created the first Russian school of hygienists, and wrote the first Russian hygienists.

The Moscow school of hygienists was created by Fedir Fedorovich Yerisman (1842-1915). In 1881, F.F. Erisman was appointed privat-docent of the Department of Hygiene of the Medical Faculty of Moscow University. Vіn bagato pratsyuvav at the Branch gіgієni dіtey that pіdlіtkіv (dosі vіdoma Universalna desk Erіsmana) sotsіalnoї gіgієni slain Fundamentals vivchennya vplivu seredovischnih faktorіv on Health Protection pіdrostayuchogo pokolіnnya, dovіv scho fіzichny rozvitok Mauger yak vistupati pokaznik sanіtarnogo blagopoluchchya Kindergarten population.

In the radian period, for the development of venerable health, such vcheni were richly developed, such as professors Grigory Vitaliyovich Khlopin, Fedir Grigorovich Krotkov, Oleksiy Mikolayovich Sisin, Oleksiy Oleksiyovich Minkh, Gennady Ivanovich Sidorenko and many others.

The philological adventure of hygiene appears behind the Greek mythology with the goddess of health (Hygieinos) - the daughter of Esculapius. Hygiene - the goddess of health - a symbol of health.

Hygiene- medical, preventive discipline. You will see the regularities influx on the organism of the factors of the most necessary middle of the body with the method of preventing the disease and the improvement of the most necessary middle. Officials of dovkіllya practice those other disciplines. The peculiarity of hygiene lies in the fact that it is embodied in the factors of dovkill on healthy people.

The manager of hygiene, like science, believes in the fact that the way of carrying out hygienic approaches to weaken the negative factors and the strength of the positive factors. Zokrema, at this hour it was established that fluorine in the warehouse of drinking water is given a singing injection on the development and molding of the teeth.

For example, the concentration of fluorine in water is less than 0.7 mg/l, and especially at a level of 0.5 mg/l, it can lead to the development of caries. The water of the Volga, which is widely used for water supply in the places of the Volga region, contains fluorine at a level of 0.2 mg / l. Such a riven for fluorine in drinking waters can lead to a mass development of caries. 80%, and in other places - 90% of the population of the Volga regions suffer from caries. Order of such vіdomim negative factor The absence of fluorine in drinking waters at an above-world concentration (over 1.5 mg/l) can lead to the development of fluorosis. Fluorosis is not an illness, a development of some kind of connection with the influence of fluorine on the body, like a protoplasmic wipe. Zokrema, high concentration fluorine to bring about a change in the molding and development of the teeth. The order of the skeletal form is the so-called dental form of fluorosis. The optimal level of fluorine, which ensures the prevention of caries and excludes toxic effects, is between 0.7 and 1.5 mg/l. This range of doses of fluoride drinking water to be installed with the improvement of regional features and other aspects. in such a manner, dictatorial peculiarity Hygiene and standardization of factors that we have seen on the application of fluorine.

Subjects of hygiene and dovkіllya and zdorov'ya. What stench represent?

Navkolyshne middle ground - the collection of elements of physical, chemical, biological, psychological, economic, cultural and ethnic character, to form a single ecological system (ecosystem), which is constantly changing.

The appointment of health is most adequately given to modern minds by the experts of the All-World Organization for the Protection of Health. Health is the stage of complete physical, mental and social goodness, and not only the presence of illness and physical defects.

For the minuli of the twentieth century. The main benefits that are invested in the protection of health went mainly to the solution of problems that are already blamed, and not to those that prevent their appearance. The voice was sounded for exaltation, otherwise, at every time, for a change in filthy health, for therapeutic help, and not for a change in health, that old ailment. The reorientation of priorities is guilty of buti zdijsnen. Greater respect should be given to the preventive direct development of medicine.

Zagalnovidomo, scho hygiene of vinyl from the needs of clinical medicine. For the development of hygiene, representatives of clinical medicine, such prominent doctors, as M. Ya. Mudrov, N. G. Zakhar'yn, N. I. Pirogov, S. P. Botkin. Zahalnovidomim є vyslovlyuvannya Zakhar'їna: "The more practical the doctor, the more in the mind the power of hygiene and the viable weakness of the likuvannya - therapy." The very successes of therapy can be less for the mind to get better hygiene. The head of hygiene is responsible for the fact that we will develop the development of people the most, life - strong, and death - the greatest distance.

Knowledge of hygiene is necessary for the practical activity of doctors of various profiles: liquor, pediatric and dental.

Zagalnovіdomo, that the officials of dovkіll are pouring into the development of various pathologies. If you do not protect the factors, the effectiveness of the lure is reduced. For example, the galusi pathology is ill empty mouth vіdomy vpliv professional factor.

Work with these and other chemical speeches can help the development of a pathological process in the mouth emptying, caries, and other illnesses. The development of caries is significantly influenced by such a factor as the nature of eating (alimentary). Zagalnovidomo, that caries most often develops in quiet, who are living greater number refined carbohydrates. In this hour in medicine, the number of illnesses is significant, which may have an environmental factor in the genesis. By stretching the whole, low sickness is poured into living minds, spozhivannya drive tієї chi іnshої mineral warehouse. Wash your hands to take the development of quiet chi іnshih ailments, can help overcome the cardiovascular pathology, negatively influence the development of the pathology of the respiratory organs. It is necessary to say that I am ill, that I am deluded by the impact of the professional factor on the body. Number of ailments and names: professional illness.

The doctor needs to know the impact of that number of factors on the body: the alimentary factor, the nature of the water, its warehouse, its quality. When carrying out more than one treatment with vicarious pharmacological preparations, the nature of the meal can be reversed, the stools can be weakened or strengthened by the drug (as well, as well as drinking water can be carried out, or, navpaki, weaken the effectiveness of the drug).

Development of hygiene go for two straight. From one side, there is a process of so-called differentiation. The process of differentiation emerges from the sightings of the global hygiene of such self-sufficient blinds, as social hygiene, communal hygiene, hygiene and toxicology of polymeric materials. From the other side, the development of hygiene in the way and the path of integration. Hygiene develops in close contact with clinical directions of medicine, therapy, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology and other cares.

In this hour of hygiene, such a course was seen, like valeology- Science, which shows the laws of molding high level I'm healthy. The laws of the formation of the pathological process were always given great respect, but the lack of respect was attached to the problems connected with the minds, factors and laws that signify the formation of the high level of health.

Hygiene methodology

Methodology of hygiene - її divided, part of hygiene, which is engaged in the nutrition of vikoristan її methodical approaches for the study of patterns of interaction between the body and the necessary medium. The methodology of hygiene is based on the development of hygiene standards, methodological instructions, sanitary rules. Hygienists have such names as specific classical hygienic methods. Before them, one can see the method of sanitary obstezhennya, the method of sanitary description and the method of sanitary guarding. Hygienists widely zastosovuyutsya different methods, related to the assessment of factors, which are applied to people. By such methods, physical, chemical, and how to evaluate the physical and chemical state of the navkolishny medium. In hygiene, toxicological methods are widely used, which are designed to assess the nature of other chemical speech toxic to the body. Physiological methods are widely promoted, it is not without reason that hygiene is called applied physiology.

Biochemical, genetic, clinical and epidemiological research methods are widely used to assess the impact of factors on those other systems of the body. Statistical methods based on modern technologies are widely used to clarify the results.

Methods of cultivating the factor of the navkolishny middle ground in natural minds. Tsey is directly called a natural experiment. What will the health of other groups of the population, as they live under the influence of various factors of dovkillya, become from the vivchennyam. In natural minds, you can turn and pour in the minds of practice on the health of the working ones. Vivechayut and injection of factors of the initial process on the child's body. Clinical and hygienic investigations are carried out, which allow to expand the maximum permissible concentrations of harsh chemicals near the working area. In this way, clinical and hygienic results and laboratory experiment add one to one and establish a single pidhid to hygienic results of a healthy environment and a healthy person.

Navkolishne middle and healthy

The subject of hygiene is dovkіllya and zdorov'ya. In dovkіllі (ecosystems), biospheres, processes are supraematically foldable. One of the processes involved in the influx of civil servants, contributions to the safety of the stability of the dovkil (water, soil, atmospheric wind). Ce factors that stabilize. Other officials (and can but natural, natural character chi pov'yazanі z diyalnіstyu people, ranks of anthropogenic officials) lead to the destruction of natural equivalence, harmony in nature. Tse factors that destabilize.

Ecology understands the anthropogenic exchange. Anthropogenic exchange can be on the introduced natural resources, on the whiskey - for picking and butting. Ecological anthropogenic exchange is very imperfect. Vіn wear vіdkritiy, non-closure character and concessions to that circle of life, a kind of taman biosferі zagalom. In order to characterize the anthropogenic exchange, there is an indicator - the yogic coefficient of natural resources, which shows the value of natural resources for a person. The value of KKD on the current year to become 2%, then 98% - the price of a natural resource, and, moreover, that part of the resources, as it appears, as a way out, is a wasteful dovkillya. Among these zabrudnyuvachіv іsnuyu speech, in some of them the destabilizing effect is clearly pronounced, so the name of the factor that destabilizes. Before them, one can see halogen components, rare and important metals, speech, which may have an ionizing effect, and other factors. In general, none of the officials by the character of diї can be brought to the physical and chemical. Seriously unsafe to become chemically sick. A series of chemical speeches can lead to the development of destabilization, destructive processes, which can lead to a growing effect. This process is out of control of the person. Vіn overwhelms the influence of natural stabilizing factors, after which the development of spontaneously non-ferrous, daedals of growing destabilizing phenomena is noted. Speech and factors that may have such a effect took away the name of superecotoxicants. Chemical speech, classed up to the second class, are essential metals, ionizing chemicals, halogen-containing components. All stinks may have a special character influx on the human body, which manifests itself in the cellular membranes of the clitin, in the development of damage in the enzyme systems of the body, in damage to homeostasis, leading to destructive manifestations in the human body. Ecotoxicants are characterized by a high stability in the middle, stability. The stench of buildings accumulates in the objects of dovkill. The stability and zdatnist of chemical speeches to the point of accumulation in the superfluous medium will ensure their migration, which is extremely unsafe for people in that medium of life.

Between the body of a person and the navkolishnim middle, there is a close relationship. The problem of unity of the organism and dovkill is the most important problem. It is necessary to say that a simple form of jealousy is formed in the middle of the medium and the organism. Tsya equal navkolyshny middle of that organism is formed as a result of the most important mechanisms of physiological response of the organism to the influx of quiet chi and other factors and works through the work of the central nervous system. This form of jealousy is the so-called dynamic stereotype, that is, as a factor, it is constant, to have a repeating character, the body vibrates stereotyped reactions. The emergence of new factors to bring to ruination of rіvnovagi. Particularly serious is the concern of anyone to represent the ranks of supra-world officials. The stench is to destroy the dynamic stereotype. Changing the dynamic stereotype is caused by the disrupted functions of the body: neuro-psychic, stressful camp, extreme factor.

The manager of hygiene is a search for ways and methods for shaping a new stereotype. Tse can be reached by the path of the most recent changes in dovkillya, and by the path you can build up the mechanisms of adaptation to the body. In the diagram, developed by the academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor Yu. The primary factor of somatic (hard) health, for the tribute of experts of the All-World Organization for the Protection of Health, is style, or, as we say, a way of life. Vin signifies the somatic state of health by 53%. 17% of people's physical health is considered to be equal to dovkillya, 20% of people are in decline, and less than 10% of physical health is considered to be equal and accessible medical assistance population. In such a rank, 70% of a healthy person's life is left in quiet moments, as if it were a direct connection with hygiene. Tse healthy way of life of a person, like a dovkіllya.

Navkolyshne middle is added to the main indicators of the health of the population (trivality of life, indicators of nationality, rіven physical development, sickness and mortality). More than that, the core of the disease is low, as if the nature of the fallow nature of ecological minds is clearly manifested. Tse ecologically educated ailments. Before them, zokrema, one can feel ill, as if it took away the name “chronic otomi syndrome”. At the core this illness to lie on the membrane-supporting action and on the enzyme system of chemical inhibitors and ionizing enzymes. It is unacceptable to produce chemical speeches to a sharp decrease in immunobiological indications. Massive obstezhennia of great places show a sharp change in immune homeostasis in Meshkants. Changes in immunity to 50% are assigned to residents of Moscow. The situation is blamed for the so-called secondary non-specific immunodeficiency, influencing the body with low unfavorable factors, including chemical speeches.

Evaluation of the health of the population, which in different minds of dovkil, nі zmushuє talk about the basis of environmentally educated middle ills. These illnesses are caused from the zabrudnennyam of the mіskogo middle ground with rare and important metals, until such a sensitive childish organism is in front of us. Therefore, the injection of the factors of the medium of the city on the organism of the population, especially the child, is the actual task of hygienic science.

Hygiene is preventive medicine. What should one think about under the very prophylaxis? Explain the understanding of primary and secondary prevention. Let's understand the so-called secondary prevention. Під перинанная роділакотокое розміна проска корахіва, hiding on Lockanizatsiyu, weakened by the pathologian process with a synth-making dispensarizatsii, a prostrivial Terapії, Sanatorium-resort Lіkuvannya, T. Lіkuvalnyh Kharchuvannya, Tobto, Vtorinna Profitika - Ta Ta Diyalnіsti, Scho Zdіysnyu) L_kari-Practitioners. Hygiene is responsible for primary prevention. The basis of the primary prevention is the adoption of the causes and factors that lead to the vindication of pathological processes, that the way to get sick with a way to improve the natural, virobnicheskogo, butovogo environment; shaping a healthy way of life, directed at the promotion of the body's opirnosti and the improvement of health. Pid profіlaktikoyu slіd rozumіti not lishe Poperedjennia zahvoryuvan is the Venue of ozdorovchih zahodіv scho toil on metі receptionists Health Protection of the population, and all sukupnіst Reigning, Gromadska that medichnih zahodіv, spryamovanih on stvorennya for Lyudin naybіlsh spriyatlivih minds Zhyttia, scho Povny mіroyu vіdpovіdayut її fіzіologіchnim require .

Hygiene is a preventive discipline and the basis of preventive visits is to become a hygiene standard.

Hygienic standardization

What is the next thing to understand according to the hygienic standard? The hygienic standard is a perfect range of parameters of the factors of the medium, optimal and not short-lived for the preservation of normal life and healthy people, human populations and future generations. Sanitary rules, norms, hygienic standards are the normative acts that establish the criteria for the safety and inconsistency of the people of the clerk in the middle of the life. Sanitary rules are binding on all sovereign bodies and public associations, undertakings and other subjects of government, organizations, regulations, regardless of their subordination and forms of power, landowners and citizens.

Hygienic standards for chemical speeches are established as maximum permissible concentrations (GDK). For physical officials, the stench is established as an acceptable equal to the inflow (PDU).

For chemical speeches, HDCs are installed in the atmospheric environment of the population at the sight of the maximum developmental and average marginal allowable concentrations. GDK of shkіdlivih khіmіchnyh rechovina are being installed near water bodies, drinking water. GDK is being installed for the morning of shkidlivih chemical speeches in the soil. For food products, shkіdlі khіmіchnі speeches are normalized as admissible extra quantities (DOK). For chemical speeches, the maximum allowable amount of water in water is set in milligrams per 1 dm 3 or 1 l, for repetition - in milligrams per 1 m 3 repetitions, food products- In milligrams per 1 kg of mass product. GDK characterize the safe equal influx of harsh chemical speeches in quiet and other objects of Dovkill.

Also, MPCs are set for the injection of physical factors. Zokrema, іsnuіє yavlennya about the optimal and admissible parameters of the microclimate, such as temperature, moisture content, airflow, and airiness. The optimal admissible number of living speeches is being established, their normalization is taken from the improvement of physiological needs. This is the definition of physiological norms for consumption in proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral resources, vitamins. When the GDK is installed, shkidlivih khіmіchnyh chіchіvіn in navkolyshnymі sredovuєuyut sіnіvі principіv hygienіchnogo normavannya, yakі include:

1) the principle of stages;

2) the principle of threshold.

The stage of standardization is determined by the fact that the work of standardization is carried out in a strictly sequencing sequence, connected with the completion of the final stage of completion. For chemical speeches, the first stage is the analytical stage. The analytical stage includes an assessment of physical and chemical authorities: data on the structure of the chemical speech, its parameters - melting point, boiling point, water separation, and other productions. For carrying out analytical studies, the presence of specific methods of appointment is required. Another obov'yaskovym stage of hygienic follow-up when HDK is installed is toxicometriya, in order to determine the main parameters of toxicity. Toximetry includes a follow-up on how to determine the parameters of acute toxicity (hostra toxicometry or, simply, gostri dosledi). Dali go pіdhostry eksperiment and chronic sanitary-toxicological experiment.

The head and main tasks of the state order are the designation of average lethal concentrations and doses of LD 50 or CL 50. Statement of good words allows you to evaluate the level of unsafeness of chemical speeches, the nature of directness of speech, the irritability of other systems and the functions of the body. Gostrі dosledi allow the most priming to go to the setting of acute and chronic sanitary-toxicological experiments. Etapnіst normuvannya dozvolyaє takozh in okremih vipadkah skorotiti obsyagi Carrying doslіdzhen, so vikoristovuyuchi ranks principle normuvannya for analogієyu, tobto vivchennya pokaznikіv toksichnoї rechovini scho otsіnyuєtsya for two physical and hіmіchnimi vlastivostyami dozvolyaє z'yasuvati nayavnіst so Ranks rechovin-analogіv i zdіysniti normuvannya, vikoristovuyuchi principle analogy. Tsey pіdhіd і so іs called the standardization by analogy. For speeches, which may be similar to authority, then the regulation of which should be carried out by analogy, obov'yazkovym - the installation of parameters in acute toxicity. The presence of parameters in acute toxicity also allows you to shorten the duration of the investigation to be carried out, and save a significant amount of material resources, as well as an hour, spent on the experiment.

An important step in toxicometric studies is the conduct of a strict sanitary-toxicological experiment. The experimental experiment allows revealing the presence of cumulative powers from the position of both the illusory and the calculus assessment of this stage of development. In the first stage of the investigation, the most sensitive systems of the body are also shown, which allow one to objectively go to the establishment of the main stage of toxicometry, which is related to the designation of toxic parameters in the minds of a chronic experiment. A great set of toxicological tests is being tested in the fast-paced experiment, which evaluates the influx of chemical speech on the cardiovascular system, the nervous system, intestinal tract, I see the system and other functions of the body system

The most important principle of hygienic standardization is the threshold character of the normalized factor. According to the boundary level, in the chronic experiment, the lowest concentration is determined, which indicates destruction in the organism of a laboratory creature. Based on the results of a chronic sanitary-toxicological experiment for speeches, which we are in danger of developing a toxic effect, GDCs are being installed.

In case of standardization of heavy chemical speeches in the water medium, the viscous stages are followed by the addition of speech on the organoleptic authority to lead the sanitary regime with water, then for the establishment of the GDK of chemical speeches in the water basins, supplements are introduced. At all stages of breeding in the injection of harsh chemical speeches of the shoes, thresholds are set equal to the injection, threshold doses and concentrations. According to the threshold concentrations, a limiting sign of stupority is assigned, i.e., that lowest concentration is established, in which we are the first to manifest the effect of sloppy chemical speech, or organoleptic power of water, or on the sanitary regime of power, or on toxicity. When the GDK is installed in shkidlivih chemical speeches near the water, the limiting sign is revealed, either organoleptic, or sanitary regime, or toxicological. GDK is installed behind the limiting sign of fluctuation with the adjustment of the least boundary concentration. Also, the primary principles of regulation are the principles of threshold and stage.

The principles of standardization of chemical speeches and the equalization of physical factors have been established as the basis for decorous sanitary legislation.

GDK allow, from one side, to control instead of fluctuating chemical speeches in the superfluous medium, on the other hand, to create the so-called control system instead of fluctuating chemical speeches, in order to replace such monitoring in the median. GDK also wins when designing industrial enterprises, GDK is laid at the projects of industrial enterprises and other enterprises.

The structure of the sanitary service

Functionality of the sanitary and epidemiological service Russian Federation signed by the Law of the Russian Federation "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population".

What do you see in 2004-2005 years. at the edge of change, the structures of the sanitary service bumped into each other. By the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, the Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision (TSGSEN) was reorganized into the Territorial Administration of the Federal Service in order to protect the rights of well-being and well-being people (TU) and the federal government established the protection of health epidemiology" (F

Basic tasks Territorial Administration of Rosspozhivnaglyadu (TU) є:

1) state supervision that control could not be carried out by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the sphere of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population in the sphere of protection of the rights of the guardian;

2) forwarding of the heavy blow to the people of the factor of dovkill;

3) prevention of infectious and mass non-infectious diseases (diseases) of the population.

Functions Territorial administration:

1) state supervision and control over vikonannym allowed the Russian Federation to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population in the sphere of protection of the rights of the survivor;

2) sanitary supervision during the expansion, everyday life, reconstruction, liquidation of objects of the city, industrial life; for the production, sale of products, for the operation of water supply systems, water treatment and prevention installations;

3) organization and conduct of social and hygienic monitoring;

4) proving the sanitary and epidemiological arrangements for programs, methods, regimes of training, training;

5) carrying out anti-epidemic visits, attestation of the decreed contingent and their control;

6) control of laboratory results and testing;

7) carrying out sanitary and quarantine control.

The main tasks of the federal state mortgages for the protection of health are the conduct of sanitary and epidemiological examinations, investigations, decontamination, follow-up, testing, toxicological, hygienic and other examinations.

The head state sanitary doctor - the clerk of the Teritorial Office is appointed the head state sanitary doctor on a regional scale to appoint the minister of health and social development of the Russian Federation from the nadanny of the federal sanitary service (Head state sanitary doctor of the Russian Federation).

Financing the cost of arranging territorial mortgages for the protection of health is funded with additional funds to the federal budget.

Sanitary vision in Russia is seen in two forms. At the sight of a sanitary sight and a stream of sanitary sight.

The first sanitary review of the development of inputs, related to the supply of health-improving, preventive visits at the stage of development of projects in industrial and civil facilities, public utilities, development of new technologies, supply of new food products. The following is especially significant, but the role of the sanitary service is overestimated in all the listings in more places. In other words, prevention, a better sanitary look is the responsibility of going ahead of the person, and not following her. For whom the most important role is played by foreign sanitary inspection. The first sanitary look at the butt of everyday life is quiet and other objects will end with the stage of acceptance. It starts from the weather for the project, control over the course of everyday life and that acceptance. The most important moment in the implementation of a foreign sanitary watch over the objects that will be, is the control over the progress of the attachment robots. After acceptance of the object, a streamlined sanitary inspection is started.

A streamlined sanitary look at practically all directives of the activity of quiet and other institutions, objects on the territory of that other settlement, district, region, and the swamp of Russia. Organizations of sanitary supervision exercise control over the activities of industrial enterprises, communal facilities, kindergartens, schools, likuvalno-prophylactic and other installations. The sanitary and epidemiological service is endowed with great rights to oversee the activities of other established organizations. The Sanitary Service establishes control over vikonannyam sanitary rules by these and other institutions, undertakings and objects. Sanitary rules are obov'yazkovym for vikonanny by all sovereign and hromada organizations and other state organizations independently of their order and form of power, as well as townspeople and hromadas. The sanitary service imposes control, directing to the detriment of sanitary law violations. Sanitary law enforcement is recognized as an encroachment on the rights of the public and the interests of the public are contrary to law, wine is navmisna, or it is unsafe, or it is idleness, which is due to the lack of sanitary legislation of the Russian Federation, including other sanitary rules and norms. Hygiene standards, expanded sanitary norms Those rules ensure the effective improvement of the foreign and in-line sanitary and epidemiological at a glance, the effective improvement of the health of the population and the improvement of the health of the population.

Hygiene is a science about health, a preventive discipline, which develops on the basis of the development of interdependence of the body and factors of the essential medium (natural and social) standards and standards that come in, creating such an optimal way of life for people.

The term hygiene itself resembles a Greek word, meaning "healing, that brings health."

Gіgієna yak science vklyuchaє kіlka distsiplіn, napriklad, Communal gіgієnu (gіgієna povіtrya, gіgієna Vod that vodopostachannya, gіgієna ground that the purified population mіsts, gіgієna Residents i population mіsts, gіgієna lіkuvalno-profіlaktichnih SET), NKVD gіgієnu, gіgієnu, gіgієnu dіtey that pіdlіtkіv that in.

It is necessary to distinguish between the terms "hygiene" and "sanitary".

Hygiene is a science, and sanitation is a collection of practical approaches, investments in conducting hygiene. Tobto hygiene is the theoretical basis of sanitation.

The subject of hygiene is well-discovered by the appointed ones.

People have always instinctively jumped to save their lives and health. That stench gradually accumulated the knowledge that the newcomers how to protect the special, and then the collective health. Archaeological excavations, vibrated in different parts of the earth's backwaters, to witness that in ancient times people were allowed to follow the elementary rules of preserving health. A lot of respect for that hour was given to food, eating, special hygiene, I will improve the life of that one.

Hygiene manager.

The main task of hygiene is in prevention, tobto. protecting the health of people. At the link with cym, you can name the following main directives:

1. Vyvchennya infusion of factors of the navkolishny middle - natural and social (physical, chemical, biological, psychological) on the health and practicality of the population and the development of health-improving approaches. These meals are taken care of by various distributions of communal hygiene.

2. Development of tools and methods that contribute to the promotion of the body's opirnosti to the possible unfriendly officials of dovkіll, health promotion and physical development. Tsі zavdannya virishuyut hygієna kharchuvannya, hygієna pratsі, osobysta hygієna that іn.

3. Fight against infectious diseases. Here there is an uninterrupted connection between hygiene and epidemiology.

Basic methods of hygiene:

*Sanitary description of any object. Look around, vimir, analyzi;

*experimental method based on laboratory findings (physical, chemical, bacteriological);

*Anthropological vimir;

*Statistical method (tested to confirm the reliability of the report).

The rise of the need for the development of hygienic science has caused specific problems in itself directly.

The beginning of hygiene in Russia was given to the course at the department of shipboard medicine at the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy.

In 1871, A.P. Dobroslavin created the first independent department of hygiene in Russia at the Viysk Medical Academy in St. Petersburg. Dobroslavin was the author of the first Russian assistant in hygiene, having created the first hygienic experimental laboratory and the foundation for further development of hygienic hygiene.

In 1882 the Department of Hygiene was established at the Moscow University. Kerіvnik of the department buv F. F. Erіsman. Yerisman representing a huge straight in hygiene. Erisman's assistants in hygiene, yoga practice in school, professional hygiene, food hygiene.

One of Erisman's scholars was G. V. Khlopin. Vіn having created a great school of hygienists, having established departments of hygiene, including those in our university (Women's Medical Institute) since 1904. Khlopin is the author of a number of assistants on hygiene and monographs on various problems of hygiene.

Let's learn Khlopina buv V. A. Uglov, who also worked at 1 LMI.

Vіn pratsyuvav at the gallery of communal hygiene, food hygiene, winter hygiene.

In the Radian period, the great contribution to hygiene was made in such a way as Y. A. Semashko, A. N. Sisin, F. G. Krotkov, A. N. Marzeev, A. V. Molkov, A. A. Litavet, L. K .Khotsyanov.

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Hygiene is like a curtain of medicine. Tsіlі, zavdannya of the subject of hygiene. Dovkil's methods of vindication. Hygiene of physical culture and sports

More on topics Understanding about hygiene as a science. Methods of hygienic care. History of hygiene