De born Mikhailo Bulgakov. Biography
The life and creativity of M.A. Bulgakov ovіyanі mystical halo. He is one of the most mysterious writers in Russian literature. Carrying on the creativity of Gogol's traditions, the author of nabuv and taєmnichist, to the power of Mikola Vasilovich.
Possibly, the whole point is with the one who, in his creativity, is not afraid of vicarious image of evil spirits, but it is possible that the reason for such mystification is in another way. short biography Bulgakov will help you to explore some unreasonable facts from the life of a prose writer, explaining what the cause of death was.
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The Life and Creativity of Bulgakov: the Cob of the Way
Mikhailo Opanasovich appearing in the light of Kiev, with this assistant professor of the spiritual academy. In the wake of this, when the future great writer Bulgakov was born, there were seven children. Batko vivchav zahіdnі religіynі vіrospovіdnya and buv fahivtsy vіy temi. At the child's fate, Mikhailo Bulgakov, having finished the miraculous domestic vihovannia.
Batko zmusiv yogo vivchiti kіlka mov, among them were German, Latin, French and English. After graduation from the Kyiv Gymnasium, the writer enters the apprenticeship at Kiev University to the medical faculty. For the river until the end of the VNZ, Bulgakov took T.A. Lapp.
In 1916, Mikhailo Opanasovich became a doctor, practicing in the Smolensk province. The very practice there, he is accumulating his animosity for the creation of the book “Notes of a Young Doctor”, as opposed to the breadth of the image of the everyday life of the doctor.
These were not easy hours, even Bulgakov, having called to morphia, looked at some more smoothly. Here the squad helped you, as they helped you get rid of the bad boy.
In 1918, Mikhailo Panasovich, a clergyman, introduced his own medical practice for the treatment of venereal diseases.
At the rock of the Gromadyansky war of Bulgakov, like a viyskovozobov'yazany, call to the lava of the army. In 1919, the roci vins at the same time opine at Vladikavkaz, debilitating that other first creation (feuilletoni). Gromadyanskaya war is accepted by the writer as a terrible and fraternal action. Setting up to tsієї podії knew its own way in rich creations.
In 1921 roci the writer moves to a permanent place of residence to Moscow, where Bulgakov lives right up to his death.
Creativity M.A. Bulgakov
One of the main themes of Bulgakov, respecting the appearance of the Russian intelligentsia, as the intellectual elite of the state. Vіn showing himself free to criticize the nіsіnіtnitsa and pardons of the radyansk Russia and vvazhav, what is the satirist's shoes in yogo. The first creations of Bulgakov boules fayletoni and collection of evidence"Notes of a young doctor". Pіznіshe z'yavlyayutsya povistі "Dyavoliada" and "Fatal eggs". In 1925, the roci writer finished his work on the novel "Bila Guards", which became a warning about the spiritual path of the intelligentsia in the revolution.
Through r_k, on the basis of the novel, the p'esu "The Days of Turbine" was created. Pіznіshe at svіt come "Big", "Zoyka's apartment".
A lot of creative people fought only once, and the deacons of Bulgakov's p'yesi were defended. Prose writers were worked by Radian critics and political deacons. The talented screenwriter was mocked by a simple robot worker on stage.
In order to take the order's disgrace from himself, Bulgakov wrote the song "Batum". After that, the author will work on the price of the song, as a kind of “sales of the soul”.
From 1928 until death, the writer creates the head of his own tvir, novel "The Master and Margarita".
For Mikhail Opanasovich Mitsno the glory of the "bourgeois writer" was consolidated. It was impossible for Radyansk critics to push the yoma of disrespectful and sarcastic staging to the ambush of the krai glad. Tse wriggled in the right hand. P'esi Bulgakov is not allowed to get drunk, and a lot of them do not enter the stage for the life of the author.
Sharply negative creativity of Bulgakov suing Stalin. A lot of creations win the brand of "anti-radar". The position of a writer before such persecutions knew its own expression in the novel “Maister and Margarita”. If the critic Latunsky smashes the robot Maistra to smithereens, Margarita, having assumed the image of a witch, will take revenge on you.
Important! In his work about the revolution, the writer thoroughly described the houses, where Bulgakov is alive in Kiev. Vіn zrobiv yoga one of the central scenes of diї. Behind the plot, the heroes robbed someone's booth of belongings. When the novel appeared, there were a lot of people who wanted to know the treasures. Tse called to the point that the house, where Bulgakov is alive, was destroyed. Luckily, I didn’t lie down on yoga sim'ї.
Help your hearts
In 1925 roci Bulgakov is making new kohannya, Vіn razluchaetsya s retinue and proponuє L.Є. Bilozersky. Vaughn nadihayogo writing of the coming creations:
- "Dog's heart";
- "Fatal eggs";
- "Diaboliad".
"Dog's Heart" provoked a raid at the Bulgakovs' booth. The manuscript was reviewed in writing, the writer had already been turned over for a long time. As a result, this TV was published only through the press.
Zustrich Oleni Sergievna Shilovskaya and Bulgakov became a turning point in the lives of both. Vaughn was a wealthy foreign lady, the man was a military leader, and Mikhailo Panasovich at that time was a married man, without any pressure on the future, I will be full of glory.
Ale Kokhannya amazed them both. Olena Sergiivna sighed M. Bulgakov on writing the leading novel of his life, “Maistra ta Margariti”.
Vaughn herself became Margarita. The writer poured the heroine into creation rice of their kohanoi. Olena Sergiivna spent the rest of her life with Mikhail Opanasovich. I zavdyakov їy swayed the light of rich creations, as if for the life of a writer they were under the fence.
The rest of the novel
An hour before the beginning of work on his final work, Bulgakov read the book "Venedicts, or the memory of my life," the plot of this book is against the standing of a young man and that devil, having put his mind on the idea of a similar work. The novel "Maister and Margarita", which Bulgakov wrote the last, appeared his own bag of life and creativity Bulgakov.
Tvіr vіdrіznyaєє tsіkavoi composition. Heads that explain about the life of Moscow, like the 20s, are drawn from the chapters of Maystra's explanation about Yeshua. Parts, dedicated to Moscow, carry in themselves a gaudily satirical directness. Bulgakov vismіyuє radyanske bureaucracy, radiansky mode, critically portrays the writing organization MASSOLIT, from which mayzhe all occupied the production of pilgrims.
At the center of the respect of the writer and the reader, no doubt, Woland is known. Tse marvelous character, which makes justice and payment for sins. It seems that the epigrapher before the novel Bulgakov wrote rows from Faust. These words of Mephistopheles are called podkresliti duality the devil at a rosy writer.
Woland is the guarantor of justice, the right judge of people, the creator of good. The light-gazer of the author of "Maistra and Margarity" may be rich in what is anti-Christian directing, but in the novel a character who can resist the unclean forces that intuitively turns to the Russian saints, tse Ivan Bezdomny (Ponirev).
Respect! The novel “Maister and Margarita” has a joking and super-fluffy soul M.A. Bulgakov, Vіn virіs and having been formed as a peculiarity in the seething intellectual suspense under the hour of change of the essential in Russia. For a period of atheism, that mass instability imposed a deep blow on all of Bulgakov's works.
Stay rocky
Z 1929 to the fate of Bulgakov perebuvali under the full fence. The rozpachі veins are sent to Stalin in a letter sent and urged to allow foreign countries to travel, to help their minds, for which a robot was delivered.
Stalin pishov nazustrich to the writer of his food. On New Year's Day, the pratsyuvati bounty appeared in theaters.
In the other half of the 1930s, Bulgakov, having begun to eat sir, the ailment of nirok began to grow. Vin continue to take morphs like faces, so that you want to ease your suffering.
Hypertensive nephrosclerosis is slowly taking away strength from Mikhail Opanasovich. Apparently, scho tsia ailment got to you in the recessions of the father, the cause of death of such an ailment was also. The last time Bulgakov worked on the novel about Maistra Chapter 13, mayzhe in a month yoga will not.
Through those who, in his work, Bulgakov went into those evil spirits, there were a few people talking about him, that he stole the pleasure of the devil himself. The clerk was called in occultism and stosunkah from evil spirits. Bagato who allowed, scho tse i є the cause of death. The other version, which was popularly supported by people, believed that the writer would be covered with a morphinist, and the very same sounded yoga to the grave. At the death of Bulgakov bachiled more mystically.
The funeral of the writer of the Proyshs at the Novodevichy Tsvintary. The place, where Mikhailo Opanasovich Bulgakov is buried, is located not far from the grave of Gogol, so beloved by him. On the strength of his team, the deputy of the monument put a majestic Marmur brila on the grave, as if N.V. was protecting the eternal sleep. Gogol.
Museum
Budinok, in which Bulgakov is still alive, staying in Moscow, at once to the museum, which is to wear the name of Mikhail Opanasovich. The new man has different treasures of exhibits, as if they belonged to a writer. Sometimes at the museum, exhibitions are organized, spivrobitniks tell stories about the life of a genius.
Short biography of Bulgakov helped us grow in life and creativity prose. The novels of Mikhail Opanasovich Bulgakov startle the readers of the cry and laugh at the rich rock. Yogo creativity recently became available to the general public. It’s wonderful, like a person, like a person who endured the trials of that persecution, didn’t have time to go to the pleasing of her conscience and was smart not to waste a little moisture. It is left to spodіvatis, scho the place, where Bulgakov's honors, gave you that very calm, about which wine is so dreamy.
The life and work of Bulgakov left an unforgettable trace in the memory of his fellows.
Short biography of Bulgakov
History of life and creativity of Mikhail Bulgakov
May 3 (May 15 for the new style) 1891 Mikhailo Opanasovich Bulgakov was born - Russian writer, playwright and theater director. Author of novels, short stories, descriptions, feuilletons, p'es, stage performances, screenplays and operatic librettos.
Childhood and youth
Mikhailo Bulgakov was born in the family of professor of the Kiev Theological Academy Athanasius Ivanovich Bulgakov (1859-1907) and his friend Varvara Mikhailivna (the girl - Pokrovsky) (1869-1922) on Vozdvyzhensky Street, 28 near Kiev. Bulgakov's family had seven children: Mikhailo (1891-1940), Vira (1892-1972), Nadia (1893-1971), Varvara (1895-1954), Mikola (1898-1966), Ivan (1900-1969) that Olena (1902-1954).
Mikhailo Bulgakov scorns artistry, love for theatrical productions. At this house, home performances were often played, Mikhailo was the author of hot vaudevilles and comical scenes. In 1909, he graduated from the Kiev Persh gymnasium and entered the medical faculty of Kiev University. On July 31, 1916, Bulgakov took away his diploma about the confirmation of "the world's doctor, with the recognition of our rights and privileges, the laws of the Russian Empire, assign the first step."
The future writer chose the profession of a doctor solely from the material microscopy. After his death, the father of wine became the eldest man of his family. Truthfully, the mothers suddenly came out of the country, and the girls with the witch, on the guardianship of the young brothers and sisters, did not fold with Mikhail. Vіn pragnuv nasampered to financial independence. Until then, at the moment of graduation from the university, Bulgakov was already a friendly person.
Z Tetyana Mikolayivna Lappa (1892-1982), a medical student Bulgakov, resigned from 1913. Deyakі relatives M.A. Bulgakov (Zokrema cholovik yogo sister Varvaria Leonid Karum) for a year did yoma, that the first coat, like the choice of profession, was also dictated by the cocky rozrakhunk. Tetyana Lappa turned out to be a "general's donka" (її father was a military officer). Prote L. Karum maw usi podstavi for advanced advancement to his famous relative: Bulgakov viviv yogo as a negative character (Colonel Talberg in the novel "Bila Guard" and p'esi "Dni Turbinih").
Behind the wisdom of Aunt Lapp herself, the financial problems of the Bulgakovs began already on the day of their wedding:
“I didn’t have a faty, obviously, there wasn’t any, wedding cloth tezh - I did all the pennies, like a father having paid. Mom came to the wedding - she gasped. I had a linen bed at the fold, my mother bought a blouse. Fr. Oleksandr married us... Chomus roared greedily under the wine. When they got home, the churches rode by the carriage. At the meeting of the guests there was not much. I remember, there was a lot of flowers, most narcissists ... ".
Father Tetyani paid 50 rubles for a month (at that time, a good sum). Ale pennies in їhnyu gamantsі schvidko razchinyalis, to that Bulgakov did not like savings and bu v people's whims. As if you wanted to ride in a taxi for the rest of the pennies, and without hesitation, navazhuvavshis on tsey krok.
“Mother barked for lightness. Let's come to meet her, get out - no kіlets, no lancers. "Well, it means that everything is in the pawnshop!", - Zgaduvala T.M. Lapp.
After the ear of the First World War, M. Bulgakov spent a month working as a doctor near the frontline zone, then we sent directions to work near the distant village of Mikil'ske, Sichivsky county, Smolensk province. The very first descriptions were written here (“Zoryaniy visip”, “Rushnik z pivnem” and others). According to Mikilsky, following the words of T. Lapp, Mikhailo Opanasovich became addicted to drugs. On the cob of 1917, the fate of the wines, having fussily murmured to the authorities about the transfer of a larger population point, de mozhna prihovat in the eyes of third parties yogo drug addiction. Otherwise, Bulgakov rizikuvav pozbutisya doctor's diploma. On the 20th of spring 1917, Bulgakov moved to Vyazemsky Zemsky likarny as head of infectious and venereal diseases.
Gromadyanskaya war
Like the fierce 1918, the fate of Bulgakov's friends turned to Kiev, settling together with the young brothers and sisters of Mikhail at the Batkiv apartment. Bulgakov is a privately practicing venereologist. Until the spring of 1918, the fate of youmu began to become more vilified in morphinism, however, behind the minds of people, who knew very well, during this period, Mikhailo Panasovich began to be evil with alcohol.
The tragic fate of 1918 in Kiev, that fate with them, Bulgakov, is often reflected in his op-ed “The Doctor’s Unseen Good” (1922) and the novel “Bila Guards” (1924). On the last day of Skoropadsky's hetmanate (14 March 1918), doctor M.A. Bulgakov buv chi mobilizations in the yogo army, chi pishov voluntarily like a military doctor to one of the officers' corrals. Drive, scho volunteers-officers and junkers, as it seems, were dismissed under their confession by the intercessor of the commander-in-chief, General F.A. Keller. According to T. M. Lapp, on that day, Bulgakov did not take part in the annual events of the war, but simply arrived at home on a vacation and “said that everything was over and Petliura would be”. The protege of Dr. Turbin against Petliurivtsiv, described later in the novel, is entirely autobiographical. This episode of the biography of the writer can be seen until the fierce 1919 fate, if M. Bulgakov was forcibly mobilized as a military doctor to the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. The Petliurists were already leaving the place, and on one of the crossings, Bulgakov drifted in.
“We’ll sweat it out, as if we’ve set up three more, then we’ll have three more, for a stovp, for another, and rushing into the provulok of the big. So big, so my heart was beating, thinking I would have a heart attack, ”the squad of the writer T.N. Lappa guessed.
For example, the sickness of 1919, for one version, M.A. Bulgakov was mobilized to the Chervonoy army, I am still like a military doctor. On the 14th-16th of Zhovtnya I turned back to Kiev and at the hour of street battles I crossed over to the battlefield of the Fire Forces of the Day of Russia, becoming the military doctor of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment. Following the version of the writer's squad, Bulgakov, before the arrival of the whites (Serpen 1919), stayed with the city. In the sickle-spring of 1919, the fate of the vins was mobilized as a doctor to the Volunteer Army and to the administrations in the Pivnichny Caucasus. Having taken the fate of the march on Chechen-aul and Shali-aul against the risen mountaineers. On the 26th leaf fall of 1919, Bulgakov's famous feuilleton "Coming Perspectives" was published in the Grozny newspaper.
For example 1919 - on the cob 1920 years M.A. Bulgakov worked as a doctor at the military hospital near Vladikavkaz, and at the fierce fate of 1920, he robbed his residual choice for the melancholy of literature, leaving medicine that became a permanent supporter of the newspaper Kavkaz.
In the fierce fate of 1920, Vladikavkaz was flooded. Befriending Bulgakov, they could not follow the advancing army: Mikhailo was seriously ill with typhus. Youmu was able to take away the fact of his service in the White Army and run away, and then Mihailo Panasovich repeatedly tormented his squad for those who did not know the ability to take Yogo from the place. Yakby became less, Bulgakov bi, posture vague, emigruve. Who knows? Possibly, Russian literature would use one of the brilliant prose writers and playwrights of the 20th century. It is unlikely that the emigrant-Bulgakov could be seen as a writer in the minds of a woman's life, even more - gain such a wide popularity.
cob way
According to M.A. Bulgakov to visit the Vladikavkaz Revolutionary Committee. Vіn buv appointments to the head of the section pіdvіddіl mystekstv, putting on the stage the revolutionary p'єsi of his creation: "Self-defense", "Brothers Turbіn", "Parizki komunari", "Sini Mulli". The vistas did not have much success, but the playwright himself realized that the building was better.
On spring 24, 1921, M. Bulgakov moved to Moscow. Vіn began spіvpratsyuvati like a feuilletonist with the capital's newspapers "Pravda", "Gudok", "Robitnik" and the magazines "Medical practitioner", "Rosіya", "Vіdrodzhennya". At the same hour I have published the chapters from the novel “Notes on the Cuffs” in the “Literary Supplement” to the emigrant newspaper “Forward”, which is in Berlin. From 1922 to 1926, r_k at "Hook", de M.A. Bulgakov at his own time, having analyzed the sheets, he was ordered over 120 reports, drawings and feuilletons.
In 1923, M. Bulgakov joined the All-Russian Union of Writers, reworking at the RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Writers).
In 1924, at the evening of the meeting “Forward”, the writer-pochatkіvets got to know Lyubov Evgenіvna Bilozerska (1898-1987), who had recently turned back from behind the cordon. Nezabar won became the new squad of Mikhail Opanasovich. Friendship with Bilozerska, as small as great links in the literary world, played the role of a necessary "gathering" in the career of a little-known author. Behind the guards of the companions, making friends with spiritually close people, but the zavdyaks of Bilozerska and її acquaintances succumbed to the light of Bulgakov’s most important work at that time - the novel “Bila Guards”. As soon as the first part of the novel came out, the author needed a proposition in the Moscow Art Theater to write today's song. 1925 the "Days of Turbines" are announced.
On the titular arcade of "The White Guard", as it seems, Bulgakov, after having venerated, will dedicate his new squad, which, after heading the deadly image of T.M. Lapp. Tetyana Mykolaivna was deprived of yoga, a faithful companion, prolonging the most important fates of ailment, revolution, hromada war. Vaughn became an eyewitness and a participant in the descriptions of the Kievan podia in the novel, but the lack of squads did not know the place either on the sides of creation, or in the new Moscow life of the writer. Mikhailo Opanasovich completely accepted his fault before this woman (in 1916 he insisted on an abortion, which did not allow T.M. Lappa to be more than a mother of children). Already after the separation, Bulgakov repeatedly said: “Through you, Tasya, God will punish me.”
Good luck and tskuvannya
Life has to be paid for everything. The success of the “Dni Turbinih” at the Moscow Art Theater (1926) did not shy away from the fencing and even the fence of Bulgakov’s works, like the 1920s. P'ysa was worthy of I.V. Stalin, but at the verges the leader said: “The Days of Turbine” - “an anti-Radian thing, and Bulgakov is not ours.” At the same time, an intense and sharp criticism of M. Bulgakov's work was held at the Radian press. For yoga, the best pranks, for 10 years, there were 298 lilac reviews and only 3 good ones. Among the critics were such effusive officials and writers as V. Mayakovsky, O. Bezymensky, L. Averbakh, P. Kerzhentsev and many others.
For example, the fate of 1926 at the Vakhtangov Theater was a great success at the premiere of the play "Zoyka's Apartment". However, the p'esa "Big", dedicated to the podia of the Gromadyansk war, was not allowed before staging. Bulgakov was ordered to make a low change of ideological character to the text, categorically judging it. In 1928-1929, the “Days of Turbines”, “Zoyka’s Apartment”, “Crimson Island” were taken from the repertoire of the capital's theaters.
The novel "Bila Guards" and especially the song "Dni Turbinikh" gained wide popularity among the Russian emigration. Prote "radianskoy" creativity of the writer of the Belarusian emigrants did not take. In 1929, Bulgakov's conceived ideas for the novel "Maister and Margarita". According to L.E. Belozerskaya, the first edition of the novel was based on the manuscript as early as 1930. Imovirno, the novel was written with the prospect of its publication behind the cordon: a sharp criticism of the current activity of that animal until those of Jesus Christ were completely turned on by the appearance on the sides of the Radyansky friend.
If all the works of Bulgakov in Radyansk Russia were fenced off and ceased to be friends, the writer seriously tried to get rid of the SRSR in order to rebuild his family (two brothers lived behind the cordon). In 1930, Mikhailo Panasovich wrote to his brothers Mikoli in Paris about the literary and theatrical situation unfavorable for himself and the importance, to inspire the most material camp.
Writer and Leader
Zatskovaniy and persecution, Radyansky playwright Bulgakov, having written the same sheet to the Council of the SRSR, dated 28 June 1930, with the prohannyam to appoint a share - either to give the right to emigruvat, or to give the opportunity to practice in the Radiansky region.
April 18, 1930 M.A. Bulgakov by telephone I.V. Stalin. At a short rozmov, the leader, having spoken more widely, zdivuvannya z drive the playwright to leave the country: Bulgakov Vіdpovіv, scho vіn russian writer and wanting to work in Russia. Stalin nonchalantly recommending that you apply to the Moscow Art Theater.
From 1930 to 1936 M.A. Bulgakov worked at the Moscow Art Theater as a director-assistant. In 1932, on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater, a performance of the play "Dead Souls" from Bulgakov's performance was staged. On February 16, 1932, the performance "Dni Turbiny" was celebrated. At the leaf to his friend P. Popov, Bulgakov spoke about it like this:
Obviously, the "miraculous order" was given not by any order, but by Stalin. At the same time I marveled at the Moscow Art Theater for the performance of Afinogenov's song "Fear", which was not worthy of you. The leader guessed about Bulgakov and punished the remembrance of the Days of Turbines - what a mitte was celebrated. Vistava was saved on the stage of the Art Theater right up to the black of 1941. Prote to the daily theater, the crime of the Moscow Art Theater, allowed to put the beloved Stalin's p'esu did not expand.
In that 1932 fate, M.A. Bulgakov was left behind by L.E. Bilozersky. Olena Sergiivna Shilovska became the third squad, having lived all her life for some reason.
In 1934, Bulgakov asked the order of the SRSR about granting him a two-month-long extra-cordon trip "to improve his health." Possibly, the purpose of the trip was also a proposition to the emigrants' species of the draft version of "Maistra and Margarity". In 1931, through his emigration, Bulgakov began to write the novel anew and to his friend (I will not stop far away) the editors of the editors date the same 1934 rock.
Ale Bulgakov otrimu є vіdmova. Comrade Stalin is miraculously wise: if Bulgakov is to be lost behind the cordon, then the Days of Turbines will happen to be taken from the repertoire. The playwright becomes "invisible", but at the same time he gains the status of "underwhelmed". At the time of Bulgakov's arrest for some kind of ringing, the leader would also take care of the beloved species.
In 1936, after five years of rehearsals, at the Moscow Art Theater, the light of the vistava "The Cabal of the Saints" was played. All this has passed, and the vistava has been fenced off, and in Pravda there is a smashing article about the “false, reactionary and negative” nonsense. Following the articles from Pravda, Bulgakov happened to leave the Moscow Art Theater. Vin became a pratsyuvati at the Great Theater as a librettist and translator. In 1937, M. Bulgakov worked on the libreto "Minіn ta Pozharsky" and "Peter I", and immediately finished the remaining edition of the manuscript "Maistri ta Margariti".
It was thought that, like the 1930s, the chances of publishing a novel in the USSR were greater than those of the 1920s, if Bulgakov started working on it. The tension of anti-religious propaganda was reduced, and the activity of the church was brought back to life by the Zusillas of the government. There were reprisals, or they just played the scenes of a lot of Bulgakov's critics. The RAPP was dissolved, and the new Union of Writers of Bulgakov was adopted at the same time, in red 1934. In 1937, the fate of Mikhail Oleksandrovich came up with the propositions to write a “radian adventure novel”. Bulgakov was inspired. Less than once, having ventured to propagate before the publication of the chapter from “Maistra and Margarity”, and then the editor of the almanac “Nadra” Angarsky (with the same years of reprisals) clearly reprimanded: “You can’t abuse me.” "What?" - Having energized Bulgakov, I’ve been bazhayuchi a little bit primed with water. "Impossible," - repeating Angarsky, having looked into any explanations.
On the 9th of spring 1938 Bulgakov was seen by representatives of the Moscow Art Theater. The stinks asked me to forget a lot of images and write a new poem about Stalin. Bulgakov was getting ready to get ready, so that they would allow him to cripple Yogo "Maistra and Margarita". The poem "Batum" was written in 1939, before the leader's 60th birthday. Obviously, Bulgakov, as if choking on the rank of young Stalin, could not take away any materials for writing, nor access to archival documents. Podії “Batum” is based on the publication of official documents at that time and є, zdebіlsh, artistic wisdom. Everyone to whom Bulgakov read the p'esu, її praised (they didn't know about Stalin). Stalin himself also praised "Batum", but, in spite of the author's slander, it was fenced off without a zayvogo galas and staging. Undertaking to write "zamovnu" p'esu, the playwright and nasty things do not need to tell Josip Dzhugashvili about the pre-revolutionary past. The infallible Leader of the people, the posture of the vain, was to be enchanted.
Sickness and death
For the help of E.S. Bulgakov (Shilovskaya), Mikhailo Opanasovich in the beginning of their sleepy life, often talking about his own death. Friends of that close writers took the roses, shvidshe, like a devil's fever: trample on everything, Bulgakov's life was a fun-loving people and loving drawings. In 1939, roci, in 48 roki, were sick for nephrosclerosis. Bulgakov, knowing that hypertonic nephrosclerosis - the ailment of spadkov is deadly. In the past, the drug has been found, it is possible, it is too early to see the first symptoms. In addition, Vіtsі nephrosclerosis zvіv at the grave of Father Mikhail Opanasovich.
The health camp of M. Bulgakov was gradually improved, having periodically consumed fat, continuing to live in morphine, prescribing yoma in 1924, with the method of removing pain symptoms. At the same time, the writer has begun a new one, I will leave the editing of the novel “Maister and Margarita”. If you are still blind, you will dictate the rest of the chapters to the squad. Editing zupinilas 13 fierce 1940 fate in the words of Margarita: "Then, the purpose of the writer to follow the string?".
On June 10, 1940 Mikhailo Opanasovich Bulgakov died. On the 11th of June, a panakhida was held at the Budіvlі Spilka of Radyansk writers. Before the Panahida, the Moscow sculptor S.D. Merkurov took off the death mask from the face of M. Bulgakov.
Pokhovaniy M.A. Bulgakov at Novodevichy Tsvintary. At the yoga grave, behind the noises of the yoga squad O.S. Bulgakovskaya, a stone was installed, nicknamed “Golgotha”, which previously lay on the grave of M. U. Gogol.
Olena Shirokova
Behind the materials of the book Sokolov B. Three lives of Mikhail Bulgakov. - M.: Elis Lak, 1997.Mikhailo Bulgakov was born on May 3 (15), 1891 near Kiev in the same year as the graduate of the Theological Academy of Opanas Ivanovich Bulgakov. Since 1901, the fate of the future writer having taken the pochatkov education from the First Kyiv Gymnasium. In 1909, he joined the Kiev University at the Faculty of Medicine. On another course, in 1913, Mikhailo Opanasovich became friends with Tetyana Lappa.
Medical practice
After graduating from the university in 1916, Bulgakov dominated the work of up to one of the Kiev hospitals. Vletka 1916 was sent to the village of Mikilsk, Smolensk province. In the style of Bulgakov's biography, it is impossible not to guess that in this period the writer became addicted to morphine, but the efforts of the team could overcome the fallowness.
Under the hour of the civil war in 1919, Bulgakov was mobilized as a military doctor in the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, and then in the army of Pivdennoy Russia. In 1920, Mikhailo Opanasovich fell ill with typhus, he could not leave the country with the Volunteer Army.
Moscow. Cob creative way
In 1921 Bulgakov moved to Moscow. Vіn is actively engaged in literary activities, starting to spivpratsyuvati z bagatma periodical editions of Moscow - "Gudok", "Robitnik" and іn, taking part in the meetings of literary groups. In 1923, Mikhailo Opanasovich joined the All-Russian Union of Writers, in which A. Volinsky, F. Sologub, Mykola Gumilyov, Korniy Chukovsky, Oleksandr Blok also changed.
In 1924, Bulgakov parted with his first retinue, and already across the river, in 1925, made friends with Lyubov Bilozerskaya.
Ripe creativity
In the years 1924 - 1928, Bulgakov created his own creative works - "Dyavoliada", "Dog's Heart", "Zaviryukha", "Fatal Eggs", the novel "Bila Guard" (1925), "Zoyka's apartment", the song "Days of Turbines" ( 1926), "Crimson Island" (1927), "Big" (1928). In 1926, the theater at the Moscow Art Theater had a premiere p'єra "Dni Turbіnh" - Tvіr was put behind Stalin's vlasnoy vkazіvka.
In 1929, Bulgakov’s roci saw Leningrad, de know z Let us remember that Anna Akhmatova. Through his harsh criticism of the revolution in his works (zokrema, in the drama "Days of Turbines"), Mikhail Opanasovich was repeatedly called to drink to the OGPU. Bulgakov ceased to drukuvati, yogo p'esi fenced off to be staged at theaters.
Stay rocky
In 1930, roci Mikhailo Opanasovich wrote in a special way sheet I. Give Stalin the right to leave the SRSR or allow him to earn a living. After that, the writer of the zmіg became the director of the Moscow Art Theatre. In 1934, Bulgakov was accepted to the Radyansk Union of Writers, whose heads in different times were Maxim Gorky, Oleksiy Tolstoy, A. Fadeev.
In 1931, Bulgakov's company separated from L. Bilozerskaya, and, in 1932, the company became friends with Olena Shilovsky, with whom they knew each other as a rock.
Mikhailo Bulgakov, the biography of such a boulder is full of podias, the rest of which are severely ill. The writer was diagnosed with hypertonic nephrosclerosis (ailment nirok). On June 10, 1940 Mikhailo Panasovich died. Bulgakov was buried at the Novodevichy Tsvintary in Moscow.
Meister and Margarita
"Maister and Margarita" is Mikhail Bulgakov's greatest work, which he consecrated to his remaining squad of Reindeer Sergievna Bulgakov, and worked over him for ten years before his death. The novel is the most discussed and important work in the biography and creativity of the writer. For the life of the writer, "Maister and Margarita" was not published through the fence of censorship. Previously, the novel was seen in 1967 roci.
Other options for biography
- Bulgakov's family had seven children - three blue and white daughters. Mikhailo Panasovich was the eldest child.
- Bulgakov's first creative work was the poem "Fire the Svitlana," as Mikhailo Panasovich wrote to the seventh century.
- Bulgakov from the early years of his life vibrated with a vignette memory and read richly. One of the greatest books, like a future writer who read at the Eightfold Vіtsі, was V. Hugo's novel "The Cathedral of Our Lady of Paris".
- Bulgakov's profession as a doctor was chosen by those who most of his relatives were engaged in medicine.
- The prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky from the novel "Dog's Heart" became Bulgakov's uncle - gynecologist M. M. Pokrovsky.
Biographical test
After reading a short biography of Bulgakov, turn it over with a test.
The end of the 19th century is an hour of folds and a super-fluffy one. There is nothing marvelous in the fact that in 1891 one of the most mysterious Russian writers appeared in the world. Read about Mikhail Opanasovich Bulgakov - director, playwright, mystic, author of scripts and librettos of operas. Bulgakov's history is no less suffocating, lower twirl, and the team of Literaguru takes the courage to bring it on itself.
National Day M.O. Bulgakov - 3 (15) grassroots. Father of the future writer, Opanas Ivanovich, former professor of the Theological Academy of Kiev. Mati, Varvara Mikhailovna Bulgakova (Pokrovska), cared for their children: Mikhail, Vira, Nadiya, Varvara, Mikola, Ivan, Olena. At sim'ї they often put vistavi, p'єsi for some writings of Mikhailo. Vіn zmalku loving performances, vaudeville, space scenes.
Bulgakov's Budinok was a beloved place for the cult of the creative intelligentsia. Yogo fathers often asked for names of friends, like they poured on the gifted lad Misha. Vіn is more fond of hearing, matured in love and willingly taking their fate from them.
Youth: sanctification of that cob kar'єri
Bulgakov started at the gymnasium No. 1 of the city of Kiev. Finished її in 1901 roci, became a student of the medical faculty of Kiev University. Having plunged into the choice of profession the material camp of a future writer: after the death of Old Man Bulgakov, taking upon himself the responsibility for the great homeland. Yogo mother again zamіzh. All children, Crim Michael, were left in good stoks from their vitch. Senior syn hotiv buti financially independent. He graduated from the university in 1916, having taken the diploma of a doctor with a badge.
At the beginning of the First Light War, Mikhailo Bulgakov spent several months serving as a Polish doctor, then taking a seat near the village of Mikilsky (Smolensk province). Those days were written the deeds of opi- nance , as if later they went up to the cycle “Notes of a young doctor”. Through the routine of tedious provincial life, Bulgakov started to get used to drug addiction, available to wealthy representatives of the yoga profession for work. Vin asked to transfer yoga to a new place, so that the drug addiction would be implicit for the sick: for any other type of doctor, a diploma could be spared. The squad helped the adversity, as if secretly diluted the narcotic speech. Vaughn strongly zmushuvala chlovіka zashitivu shkіdlivu zvichku.
In 1917, Mikhailo Bulgakov, the deputy head of the Vyazma Zemstvo likarnia, took over the post of head of the Vyazemsky Zemstvo likarnia. Through the river Bulgakov, the retinue turned to Kiev, where the writer engaged in private medical practice. The use of morphine was overcome, and the replacement for narcotic drugs Mikhailo Bulgakov often used alcohol.
Creativity
Naprikintsі 1918 rock Mikhailo Bulgakov entered the officer's corral. It has not been established that chi boos are like a military doctor, that he himself has hung a bajan to become a member of the corral. F. Keller, the intercessor of the head commander, having opened the corrals, he also took the fate of the combat actions. But already in 1919, yoga was mobilized to the army of the UNR. Bulgakov Vtik. The versions of the farther part of the writer differ: the deacons confirmed that they had served in the Red Army, the deacons - that they did not leave Kiev until the arrival of the whites. It is reliable that the writer was mobilized to the Volunteer Army (1919). The same wine published the feuilleton "Coming Prospects". The Kievan podії knew their own vibes from the works of "Nezvichayní podgodi likarya" (1922), "Bila Guard" (1924). Varto respect that literature as the main occupation of the writer, having chosen the 1920s as a job: having completed his service in the hospital of Vladikavkaz, he became a writer for the newspaper Kavkaz. The creative path of Bulgakov is thorny: during the period of struggle for power, hostility to the address of one side could lead to death.
Genre, those are the problems
On the cob of twenty rokіv Bulgakov wrote importantly create about the revolution, importantly p'esi, as they were staged on the stage of the Vladikavkaz Revolutionary Committee. Since 1921, the writer has been alive in Moscow and worked in various newspapers and magazines. Krіm feyletonіv, vіn publishing okremi chapters of stories. For example, "Notes on the Cuffs" rolled light on the sides of the Berlin newspaper "Forward". Particularly rich in drawings and reports - 120 - were instructed by the newspaper "Gudok" (1922-1926). Bulgakov was a member of the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers, and at the same time, the artistic world was stale in the ideology of the union: he wrote with great sympathy about white Russia, about the tragic fate of the intelligentsia. Yogo problematics bula richly shirsha and bagatsha for allowed. For example, the social evidence of their winemaking, a satire on the new way of life in the country, etc.
In 1925, the song "Dni Turbinikh" was written. There is little success on the stage of the Moscow Art Academic Theatre. Navit Josip Stalin assessed the tvir, but still he was guilty of a skin thematic speech, emphasizing respect for the anti-radiant character of Bulgakov's p'es. Nezabar creative writing writer criticized. Over the next ten years, hundreds of sharp reviews were published. P'esu "Big" about the Gromadyanskaya war was put on hold: Bulgakov was encouraged to make the text "ideologically correct." In 1928-29 rr. From the repertoire of the theaters, the vistavi "Zoyka's apartment", "Days of Turbines", "Crimson Island" were excluded.
And Bulgakov's creative work was the key to emigration. Vin wrote about the role of science in the life of a person, about the importance of the correct setting one to one. In 1929, the fate of the writer rozmirkovuvav over the future novel "Maister and Margarita". The first edition of the manuscript appeared for the rec. Religious themes, criticism of Radian realities - all this made the appearance of Bulgakov's works on the sidelines of newspapers impossible. It is not surprising that the writer seriously thought about moving across the cordon. Vіn navіt having written a sheet to the Uryad, in which he asked either to allow you to vihati, or to give you the opportunity to calmly practice. At the next six fates, Mikhailo Bulgakov became director-assistant of the Moscow Art Theater.
Philosophy
Statement about the philosophy of the maister of the crafted word to give the most creative. For example, the novel "The Devil" (1922) describes the problem of "little people", to which the classics were often used. According to Bulgakov, bureaucracy and bait-and-switch are the right devilish force, and it is important to resist. Even though the novel “Bila Guards” is already guessing, it can be rich in why it has an autobiographical character. This life is one sim'ї, yak opined in a difficult situation: Gromadyanskaya war, enemies, the need to choose. It’s worth considering that Bulgakov should be loyally placed in the ranks of the White Guards, and there should be praise for the authors for the loyalty of the Radian government.
In the novel "Fatal Eggs" (1924) there is a truly fantastic story of a scientist, which inadvertently introduced a new species of plazunov. Numbers of places are constantly multiplying and in no time will fill up all the places. Deyakі philologists affirm that the image of Professor Persikov was known in the post of biologist Oleksandr Gurvich and the leader of the proletariat V.I. Lenin. Insha famous story - "Dog's Heart" (1925). Tsikavo, that in the SRSR it was officially published less than in 1987. At first glance, the plot is satirical in nature: the professor transplants the dog's human hypophysis, and the dog Sharik becomes a human being. Ale chi people?
Originality to style
The main trump card of the author was the mystic, like a win in the realist creation. The beginnings of this criticism were impossible to recklessly ring out in the image of the proletariat. The clerk touched the door and guessed the real social and political problems. However, some of the fantastical elements are always an allegory based on similar manifestations that seem to be true.
For example, the novel "Maister and Margarita" combines different genres: from parable to farce. Satan, having formed his name Woland, seems to be arriving to Moscow. Vіn zustrichaє people, yakі otrimuyut punishment for sins. It’s a pity that the devil comes out with a single power of justice in Radian Moscow, even if officials are bad, greedy and zhorstok to their spivgromadyans. Stink is doing evil. The history of the talented Maistre (Maxim Gorky was called in the 1930s) and the merciful Margarety is recounted on this earth. Only a little mystically vryatuvala vryatuvala creators in the vіrnoї death in the divine. A novel about the obvious reasons for publications after the death of Bulgakov. The same proportion checked for the unfinished "Theatrical novel" about the world of writers and theatergoers (1936-37) and, for example, for the plot "Ivan Vasilovich" (1936), a film for the motives of which you marvel until this day.
The nature of the writer
Friends who knew Bulgakov respected him at once, let us add to him even more modest. The pismennik zavzhdy bov something and vmіv hourly vіdіti "into the shadow". Vіn mav talent opіvіdachа: if yomu went to hem up rubbish and irritability, everyone present heard only yogo. The character of the author of the letters of foundations is based on the best qualities of the Russian intelligentsia: illumination, humanity, sensibility and delicacy.
Bulgakov loved to fire, never greeted anyone and did not whisper a better life. Yogo was struck by comradeship and skritnist, fearlessness and innocence, strength of character and dovirlivist. About the novel "Maister and Margarita" before his death, the writer said only one thing: "They knew." Such a stingy characterization of his ingenious vitvoru.
Life Specialist
- Shche, being a student, Mikhailo Bulgakov made friends with Aunt Mykolaivna Lappa. Sim'ї had a chance to shut up with a lack of cats. The first squad of the writer is the prototype of Ganni Kirilivna (the description of "Morphine"): ruthless, wise, ready to impress. Itself won yoga from a narcotic nightmare, at the same time it went through the fates of ruin and the crooked superchka of the Russian people. But the whole family didn’t work out with her, even if those hungry fates had an important concern for children. The druzhina suffered greatly due to the need to have an abortion, through Bulgakov's veins they gave a crack.
- So bi and an hour passed, yakbi not one evening: in 1924 Bulgakov had ideas Lyubov Єvgenivnі Bіlozerskaya. Vaughn is a small link with the world of literature, and not without help, the "Bila Guard" was published. Kokhannya became not just a friend and comrade, like Tetyana, but also a writer's muse. Tse i є friend squad of a writer, a novel with some kind of buv yaskravim that biased.
- In 1929, roci vin got to know z Olena Shilovskaya. I knew for a year that I loved my woman. Up to the moment of justrichi, the insults were friendly, but a little more they appeared even stronger. Olena Sergievna bula entrusted Bulgakov until her death. Child Bulgakov is not a mother. The first squad made two abortions in the first place. Possibly, for that, feel guilty before Tetyana Lappa. I accepted the name of the writer by becoming Evgen Shilovsky.
- Bulgakov's first tvir - "Fit Svitlana". The rozpovid was written, if the future writer had this fate.
- Wistava "Dni Turbinikh" was loved by Josip Stalin. If the author asked to let Yogo go beyond the cordon, Stalin himself telephoned Bulgakov from the inquiries: “What have you done to me?”. “Zoyka’s apartment” Stalin marveled at the least of the times. It is important that you intercede with the writer. In 1934, Bulgakov asked to give him a foreign trip, so that he could improve his health. Vіn otrimav vіdmova: Stalin is rozumіv, if a writer gets lost in another country, then “Days of Turbins” will happen to be taken from the repertoire. Such features of the author's mutual relations with the government
- In 1938, Bulgakov wrote a poem about Stalin in response to representatives of the Moscow Art Theater. The leader, having read the script of “Batum” and being overwhelmed, we are not satisfied: we don’t want wine, so that the general public knew about it in the past.
- “Morphine”, which tells about the drug addiction of the doctor, is an autobiographical verse, which helped Bulgakov overcome the drug addiction. Responding to papers, having taken away the strength to fight the disease.
- The author is even more self-critical, loving to collect criticism from third-party people. Vіn virіzav іz newspapers іѕ reviews оf yоur work. Z 298 were negative, but only three people praised Bulgakov's work for all his life. In this rank, the writer is not a bit aware of the share of his zatskovany hero - Maistra.
- The notes of the writer of that yogo colleague were also neatly folded. For example, director Stanislavsky threatened to shut down his legendary theater in order to block the showing of The White Guard. And htos, for example, Volodymyr Mayakovsky, having booed the screening p'esi. Vin publicly criticized his colleague, even without side estimating his achievement.
- Keith Hippo bov, it appears, it is not the author's guess. Yogo is the prototype of Bulgakov's phenomenally intelligent black dog with the same prestige.
Death
Why did Bulgakov die? For example, thirty roki vіn often talking about near death. Friends vvazhali tse heat: the writer is fond of drawings. Indeed, Bulgakov, a great doctor, having mentioned the first signs of nephrosclerosis - a severe disease of the disease. In 1939, a roci diagnosis was made.
Bulgakov was 48 years old - stilki f, skilki yogo father, who died due to nephrosclerosis. Naprikintsі zhittya anew soils vzhivati morphіy, schob muffle bіl. If they were blind, the squad wrote dictation for the new head of the “Maistra and Margarita”. Editing zupinilas on the words of Margaret: "So, then, the writers go after the string?" On March 10, 1940, Bulgakov died. Yogo was buried at the Novodevichy Tsvintary.
Budinok Bulgakov
In 2004, Moscow celebrated the opening of the "Bulgakiv House" - a museum-theater and a cultural and educational center. You can take a ride on a tram, watch an electronic exhibition dedicated to the life and work of a writer, sign up for a night tour of the “nasty apartment” and see the right cat Behemoth. The function of the museum is to preserve Bulgakov's spadshchina. The concept is connected with a mystical theme, like a great writer loved.
So is Bulgakov's non-transverse museum near Kiev. The apartment is smacked with secret passages and holes. For example, with a shafi you can spend up to the taemnoї kіmnati, where you can find yourself in the office. In the same place, you can look at the impersonal exhibits, as if talking about the childishness of a writer.
Tsikavo? Save on your wall! Mikhail Bulgakov. 1920s rocky With a good letter to Bulgakov’s squad of Lyubov Bilozerskoy: “Mother Lyube, lower kohanoi, that її Mutsі and Flushtsі. 1928 19 leaf fall Moscow. Museum of M. A. BulgakovIt is often thought that Bulgakov was a cat-lover, and, it would be given to him, to whom the impersonal confirmation. The most famous character in Woland’s mail is the whale Behemoth — at one time and the author of the most famous aphorisms (“I’m not empty, I don’t drink anyone”, “Kit is a long and short-lived creature”, “Hiba I allowed myself to pour ladies burners? Tse pure alcohol!”) . A friend of Bulgakov's squad, Lyubov Bilozerska, guessed that the prototype of Behemoth was the gray mowing Flyushka, stolen from his quarters by unstoppable tricks. Near Bulgakov's apartment on Velykiy Pirogovskiy, in the Crimea of Flyushki, there lived some guts - Bulgakov sometimes folded the squad's notes for them. For example, if її was not at home for a long time:
"Current mother
Wikin' in the pit
Shanovny Kit
P.S. Pappa Leg
sleep yoga
Rya"
In fact, Bulgakov's stounki with domestic creatures were foldable. In childhood and youth, in a new house in Kiev, neither intestines nor dogs were trimmed. The stench appeared only in the mid-1920s, if the writer became friends with Bila-zerskaya. Vaughn guessed later:
“Mikhailo Panasovich didn’t take Gut Muka in his arms at all - he was too guileful, but he allowed his writing style, adding a new paper.”
Bulgakov is more friendly with Bud z tsutsenyam, we bring it like a street and become a wild lover. On the door of the Bulgakovs' apartment there hung a card “Buton Bulgakov. Call twice,” and then she called out to the financial inspector, and they took her.
Tsuzenya Buton Museum of M. A. Bulgakov And in Bulgakov's prose, there are penetrating moments related to the dogs themselves. Suddenly, “dearest dog” Sharik from “Heart of a Dog”, transformations into “such an abomination that the hair of the dibki gets up”, so that in a person it’s forever vrіzaєtsya into the memory of “the cats were strangled, strangled”, and the warm dog The Pontius Pilate of Banga, who divided twelve thousand months of self-sufficiency in the mountains with the ruler (“whoever loves, we can share the share of the one whom we love”).
Mensh vіdomy dog Jacques from Bulgakov's fantastic p'єsi "Adam and Eva" - yogod lord vinaishov zasіb against deadly gas, but he did not catch the dog, if the whole of Leningrad was lost in the wake of the rapt attack:
"Efrosimov.<…>Jacques reflects my life. (Pause.) Jacques is my dog. Bachu, there are four to go, carry a tsuzen and laugh. Appear - hang. And I paid them twelve karbovantsiv, so that the stench would not hang yoga. Now he is grown up, and I am by no means parted from him.
The dog itself appears as a right friend to Bulgakov's mystic world.
Bulgakov and morphine
One of the most intense myths about Bulgakov is the myth about the writer-morphinist, who made his most powerful speech at the changed place of speech. Often the scribal writers themselves explain the devilish power of Bulgakov's novel and mystical visionaryism. This myth, like many others, has a real basis, but by a chimerical order I created it and re-rozkazan.
First, this topic sounded in 1927 with the publication of the novel “Morphine” in the journal “Medical Practitioner”. The story is close to the cycle rich in why the autobiographical descriptions of the "Notes of a Young Doctor" - Bulgakov describes his work as a doctor near the village of Mikilsky Sichivsky district (Smolensk province) in 1916-1917. The very same wine in vipadkovo іnfіkuvavsya diphtheria, buv zmusheniya zapravadit your own antidiphtheritic syrovatka - and then morphіy, schob pozbutisya sore pain.
The ringing became shy and unrecognizable. Bulgakov tried unsuccessfully to get out of the fallow land and, perhaps, secretly from his usual trips to the Moscow clinic for a jubilant consultation, but to no avail. The most important hour for him was the early spring of 1918, when the writer returned home to Kiev. Shocking in the wake of the revolution, that ailment spived from the Gromadyanskaya war and zhakhs, violent mobilization - all these reactions are described and analyzed in the story "Morphine".
Prote Mayzhe the diva Bulgakov farted away from morphinism - in the autumn of 1921, the fate of wine arrived in Moscow already a healthy person. So here we can say for sure: Bulgakov was high without writing anything. This is a correct myth.
Bulgakov and self-destruction
Another myth about Bulgakov's engagements with deadly armor. In his memoirs, the literary scholar Volodymyr Lakshin tells the story of Bulgakov’s third squad, Oleni Sergievni, about how Bulgakov is at the best hour, if he is practically deafened by the law, choosing to shoot, and then changing his mind and at the sign of the long-term change of rates, throwing a revolver at the revolver:
“At 1929, roci,“ consolation of fire and water ”, Bulgakov was ready to be hired as a worker, a doorkeeper - they didn’t take yoga anywhere. After calling on the phone with Stalin, if you were told to work in the Art Theater, throwing a revolver at the stakes. Yes, at the headquarters of the Novodevichy Monastery.
We don't have any other direct evidence about this fall. Only one thing is reliable: the revolver (or browning) is an important motive in Bulgakov's life and a detail that is constantly repeated in yoga creations.
Bulgakov himself mav, mabut, browning during the hours of the Gromadyan war: yogo zgaduє yogo first team of Tetyana Lapp, describing the life in Kiev in 1918. The same browning figured in the "V'yug", the main hero of this, a young doctor, having lost his way into the khurtovina, appeared in the face of the enemy. In another work, "I've driven in", the doctor Yashvin rose, like a wine from a browning, having shot a zhorstoy colonel, like a katuvav people.
Zbroya in Bulgakov's book with the theme of self-destruction. Dr. Polyakov shot himself with a Browning at the novel "Morphine"; about self-destruction of rozmirkovuє (and stealing browning into a friend), the main character and the alter of its author, the writer Maksudov in the novel “Notes of the Dead”; Woland, in one of the editorials of the novel The Master and Margarita, gives the poet's revolver.
Mikhailo Bulgakov (lying near the center) with his mother Varvara Mikhailovna, brothers, sisters and friend Boris Bogdanov (extreme right-hander) at the dacha near Bucha. 1900s Museum of M. A. Bulgakov Bulgakov himself, in his youth, having become the only evidence of the self-destruction of a school comrade, sat with him at the same desk. Tsya death struck Bulgakov the doctor. Tetyana Lappa guessed later:
“If Mikhailo is killed, he is lying by the bed - maybe, strife. Mikhailo wanted to smoke. Boris said:
- Well, you can take cigarettes in my overcoat.
Mikhailo crawled over the guts of his overcoat, chanting and saying, “Tilki tepeika (that’s what they called the stench in the gymnasium, maybe, more slang for a copy) one lost” turning back to Boris. At this moment, having sunk, I shot.
In the fierce fate of 1940, a mortally ill writer fed Olena Sergiivna’s squad: “You can get to Yevgen Tobto at Yevgen Shilovsky, the great Radyansk military leader, a great man of Deer Bulgakov. revolver?"
The idea of self-destruction first came to Bulgakov in 1930: I saw, in fact, a guinea (“my ship tone”) writer who wrote a famous sheet to the order of the SRSR. At the other end of that report sheet, Bulgakov explained again his impossibility to be a writer in the SRSR, prophesying doom in the air and asking him to let him go beyond the boundary. Letter of letters of addressing zokrem to Stalin, Molotov, Kaganovich, Kalinin and Yagod. By the day, when the writer was strained to check for the decision of his share, there was a call about the self-destruction of Volodymyr Mayakovsky. On April 18, in Bulgakov's apartment, they blew a telephone call, and already the next day, Bulgakov was hired to work at the Moscow Art Theater as an assistant director.
Possibly, in fact, Bulgakov did not let go of the revolver at the stakes after the victorious call. We don’t know for sure what came to Moscow with browning, what vanished into oblivion at the same time with the Gromadyan war, which ended with Bulgakov’s benefits in the Caucasus.
Undoubtedly, one thing: in the spring of 1930 Bulgakov was ready to die, and self-destruction was the only exit from the unbearable camp.
Bulgakov and Stalin
Mikhailo Bulgakov from the corpse of the Moscow Art Academic Theatre. 1926 rik
Russian State Archives of Literature and Art
Scene from the play "Days of Turbines" staged by the Moscow Art Academic Theatre. 1926 rikRussian State Archives of Literature and Art
Scene from the play "Days of Turbines" staged by the Moscow Art Academic Theatre. 1926 rikRussian State Archives of Literature and Art
Scene from the play "Days of Turbines" staged by the Moscow Art Academic Theatre. 1926 rikRussian State Archives of Literature and Art
Scene from the play "Days of Turbines" staged by the Moscow Art Academic Theatre. 1926 rikRussian State Archives of Literature and Art
Scene from the play "Days of Turbines" staged by the Moscow Art Academic Theatre. 1926 rikRussian State Archives of Literature and Art
If you come in about the relationship between Bulgakov and Stalin, first, you fall into a thought, about what to talk about, it’s a “remarkable fact”, that Stalin already loved “Days of Turbines” and marveled at the performance at the Moscow Art Theater 15 times. Sometimes the formula “more than 15 times”, “more than 16” and “more than 20 times” is used! About tse (mayzhe zavzhdi mimokhіt i in shackles) bulga-kovedi, fakhіvtsі z theater and literary critics. The author of the book about Bulgakov and the theater Anatoly Smilyansky is respectful: “One of the most important watchers of the “Turbinikh” (won marveling at the theater no less than fifteen times), Stalin…”
About this, as a matter of course, I understood and all the speeches, write Volodymyr Lakshin, passing on a small selection of comments about Bulgakov: “It seems that Stalin, judging by the protocols of the Moscow Art Theater, marveled at the Days of Turbines at least 15 times.” Tse, here it is, only once, if at once these guesses of numbers appeared vaguely sent to the enigmatic protocols of the Moscow Art Theater.
Obviously, this myth is rooted in 1969, when the article by Viktor Petelin about Bulgakov “M. A. Bulgakov and “The Days of the Turbines”” (“Vognik”, 1969, volume XI), in which the same article was told about the 15th anniversary of Stalin’s vista and “The Days of the Turbines”.
The collection of the Bulgakov Museum collects an article about Bulgakov, in order to send it to the Petelin article, in a clear handwriting of another squad of Bulgakov, Lyubov Evgenivna Bilozerskoy, it was firmly written: "That's a linden!"
Possibly, if the secret protocols of the performances of the Moscow Art Theater are found in the archives of the theater, for the time being, we can only repeat after Lyubov Bilozerska: "Tse linden."
Notes to the article about Mikhail Bulgakov with commentary by Lyubov Bilozersky Museum of M. A. Bulgakov Bulgakov and Gogol
Bulgakov loved Gogol and was a knower of his works. Gogol's intonations are sensible in Bulgakov's descriptions and stories, in yoga lists for friends and home family fires. In 1922, Bulgakov's rozі slandered the feuilleton "Got Chichikov" about those who, like a helper, appeared and turned widely in non-Pivsky Moscow. The writer loves to read tsyu rozpovid at his literary evenings. At the beginning of the 1930s, Bulgakov wrote a stage play of "Dead Souls" for the Moscow Art Theater, putting together a screenplay for "Dead Souls". The third team of Bulgakov, Olena Sergievna, already in the 1930s, gave him the honor of Kapitan Kopeykin, and Bulgakov’s friend, the artist Petro Williams, singing the writer, scho write, yak Gogol.
On the grave of the writer on the Novodevichy Tsvintar there is a tombstone - "Golgotha". Behind the broader retelling, this granite shave stood earlier on Gogol's grave. With different variations, this story is repeated in the minds of the critic Volodymyr Lakshin and the actor Grigory Konsky. Immediately this myth about the mystical posthumous link between Gogol and Bulgakov became a widely known fact and a practically sleeping place.
The coils of this myth are explained in the leaf of Olenya Sergievna Bulgakov's brother writer Mykola:
“I couldn’t know in any way that I wanted to bachita on the grave of Mi-sha - a good yogi. And once, when I went into the minestern at the Novodovichi tsvintary, I shook the clay of granite, which I buried deep in the pit. The director of the workshop explained to me that Golgotha was from Gogol's grave, taken from Gogol's grave, if a new monument was erected to him. On my way, for the help of an excavator, they lifted a bril, brought it to Misha's grave and set it up.<…>You yourself will understand how to go to Misha's grave - Golgotha from the grave of his beloved writer Gogol.
Prote chi tse truth, nevidomo. The rozpovid of the director of the maisterna is the only evidence of the stone's journey, that one is not necessary, no other confirmation of this legend has been found. Perhaps, on Bulgakov's grave, there really is a stone from Gogol's grave - or perhaps, a noble granite, which has turned into an oppressive cultural symbol.
Bulgakov and tram
Tram lines on Stritenci. Moscow, 1932 rіk TARS As you can see, the performance of "Maistra and Margaret" is based on the Patriarch's rates. The scene with the trams, the head of Berlioz and Annushkin's oil, which you don't find in the novel - її know you who have never read The Master and Margarita. Did you walk on the Patrick tram? Zvіsno, walking, upevneno vіdpovіdat chitachі.
Everything is true, as if it were true, a little more folding. Bulgakov can always be accurate in the details (there are no more citations for the address) - in the novel it is easy to recognize the Moscow of the 1930s. Tim is more surprising that nothing is known about trams on Maliy Bronniy. That’s why it’s obvious that there aren’t any tramways there at the moment, but the versions are still being developed and guessed. From one side, on Moscow maps, quiet rocky tramways are not marked on the Patriarchs. The first squad of Bulgakov, who lived with him on Veliky Sadovyi, made sure that there were no trams on the Maliy Bronniy rood. So, Bulgakov saw this tram?
On the other hand, Bulgakovian Boris Myagkov, after retelling a newspaper article of 1929, told about the appearance of a tram line on Maliy Bronniy and Spiridonivtsi. So you didn't guess? Ale chi bulo zbudovano tsyu line - nevidomo.
And then the third version appeared: the tram was running, Bulgakov wrote everything correctly, but there was a vantage line, that was not indicated on the maps. To the mischief of this version, as it seems, to say the photo from the excavations on the Maliy Bronniy, on which you can clearly see the old laths, but the reliability of this photograph also calls for food.
Prote tram, having become one of the most enduring Moscow myths - at Net Rates, the tram route "A" began to be called "Anna", and it got even more confused on the right. Like Berlioz was driven into the Patriarchs, why Annush into the Pure? Chi tse buli Net rates? Where are the stakes?
It's simple, it would seem, the history really seems to be mysterious and obscure. At a time, we can only say one thing: no reliable evidence of the construction of tram lines, described by Bulgakov, has yet been revealed. More than anything, tramways were invented for an over-the-top spectacular scene on the favorites of the Patriarchs by the writer.
Bulgakov: people and steamboat
All the listed myths are united by one set-up - so how else can you stink like you want and hits, but still, they are real. One hour, behind such myths, one discovers stories, and the appearance of such myths does not lend itself to any logical explanation. More precisely, they would be called not myths, but pure hoaxes.
One of such incredibly popular plots is called “The Secret Commandment of Maystra” (also known as “Invisible Commandment of Bulgakov”). Nibito Bulgakov having ordered half of his fees for the novel "Maistra and Margarita" (if he is instructed) to the one who will come to his grave first after the publication of the novel and the fate of life. The journalist Volodymyr Nevelsky was the first to come to Bulgakov's grave and to see the woman who stood alone on the grave, the writer's widow Olena Sergievna. Vaughn nonchalantly asked for a phone number at a new address, and after a few days she sent a great penny order. (Nikhto Zhanuvalnikovs Tsіїi, without putting the pitannya, I chopped on the Zwintar Olena Sergiyvna I Skilki Mysytsiva, I got to stand nearby, the peaks of the Pershoy Snoitan “) on the village of Golodyil, the grin of the grin of the grin, Do not stray with the ship "Mikhailo Bulgakov", and dossi plying the Volga.. The boat, to the satisfaction of the St. Petersburg roses, delivered a journalist from Lisy Nos today Lisiy Nis- a settlement on the birch of the Finnish bay. to work - the editorial office on the embankment of the Fontanka river.
As often happens in such moods, the details of the shockingly varied vary: the fate of the star of Olena Sergievna on the zvintar is called either 1969 or 1968 (the novel was published in the magazine "Moscow" at the leaf fall of 1966 and the widow of the writer; call to Leningrad by phone, to tell Nevelsky about the order, then force the sheet; often the stories appear three white chrysanthemums and wind a bouquet of mimos from the novel.
As if there is a legend, part of the article is devoted to a report about those, how the head belongings were spent and why the proof was not spared. Bulgakov's boat rushed about with the years - the "old building" was burned by the lads, and the journalist's savings were ruined by a fragment of the board with letters. The photograph of the legendary boat was not saved in the archives of Oleni Sergievna, as, by the way, no traces of the heroes of this history were found. It’s safe to say that Bulgakov’s widow herself never guessed this melodramatic plot anywhere.
Not long ago, the daughter of the late Volodymyr Nevelsky spoofed what was really a hoax - the whole story was invented from the beginning to the end and let into the people її dad with a friend. Prote legend has outlived its creators and cherishes the hearts of rich chanuvalniks Mikhail Bulgakov.
