Like in China to rob the roads. How the roads will be in China: the great haircut
Automobile roads to China
Budіvnitstvo іnfrastruktury avtomobilіlnyh dorіg na kobіvnіtstvo іnfrastruktury vіdkritostі
In ancient China, automobile roads and roads were replaced with them at the edge of an old steel station, in 1949, the total length of the roads attached to the transport of automobile roads in the entire country became less than 80.7 thousand. km, the width of the roads became less than 0.8 km/100 km2. At the first stage of the creation of the PRC, having survived the stage of renewal, motor roads took a significant development, in 1952 the length of the roads amounted to 126.7 thousand. km. In the middle and for example of the 50s, depending on the needs of the economic development and development of the cordon regions, China began to build large-scale roads near the cordon and the mountain regions of the country, the roads of Sichuan - Tibet, Qinghai - Tibet were also coastal, pіvnіchno-shіdnіh and pіvdenno-zahіdnіh areas of the kraїni boulevard roads for vikoristannia in defense purposes, the roadway grew sharply and in 1959 accumulated more than 500 thousand. kilometers
In the 60s, at the same time with the large-scale life of the roads that are continuing, the technical re-equipment was strengthened, as a result of which the length of the roads grew noticeably, which may have a road cover, as well as the increase in the cost of the road. In the middle of the 70s, China began the technical re-equipment of the Qinghai-Tibet highway, which was completed in the 80s, this rite prompted an asphalt road with the highest altitude above the sea level near the world. Once from the Division of the Budіvnitztva Dorig, Removed the Diviskens of the Budіvnittva Automotive Mostiv, Bula bobbled Tsіl Grup Mostiv, Shaho Volodіyut China Speftіku: Kam'ynya Archny Mostsov, Arch Mosts Zontiniy Vigin, Svalo-concrete Arched Mostiv, and Torznomannichniki Most Balkov . During the thirty-year period from 1949 to 1978, regardless of the ups and downs of the economic development, the roadway of the country continued to grow at a generally stable pace and at the end of 1978 it became 890 thousand. km, which means an average wide increase of 30 thousand. km; road width reached 9.3 km/100 km2.
Budіvnitstvo іnfrastruktur avtomobilіlnyh dorіg vіd vіd vіd politіkі reformіvіdkritosі
After the beginning of the reform policy in China, the economy of the country continued to develop with high speed, which was accompanied by an unbelievable increase in consumption in automobile transportation; Budіvniktvі іnfrastructuri Automotive Magniki Diviga Vіdbusyashov Іstoriynya, Shaho Knichersov His _Digree in the midst: Budіvnitvno Digiga soaded actively pіdtrimvatsya Yak Central Silver, so I am a Missevy Siberian Siberian School, "Yaks, Yak, Todby," Yakschiko Waito Rosbatіti, Trekta Skirts of Few Rozhkati "; Step by step, the importance of the life of the roads has become a fundamental fact in the whole society. On the basis of a unified planning, the planned life of the road infrastructure in the whole country was started. On the cob and on the basis of the 80s of adoptions and beginning to develop a plan for the construction of state highways and the system of national swedish highways, why in everyday life the bula was assigned a reading of the global meta and number on the skin stage; order of the expansion of the scale of everyday life of the roads, the first task was to increase the level of quality. Shvidky rozvitok shvidkіsnykh highways and іnshih avtomobilnih dorіg vysokі klasu dokorіnі vіdkіv vіdstalu shvidk_shnіh zhіvnitstvа; channeling fіnansuvannya budіvnitstva dorіg diversifіkuvalisya scho permitted postupovo virіshiti problem nestachі koshtіv of Road budіvnitstvі, Especially s of acceptance Derzhradoyu in 1984 rotsі rіshennya about pіdvischennya rozmіru zborіv for obslugovuvannya dorіg, cob Zborov dodatkovih mit at kupіvlі MACHINES that virіshennі Introduction Zborov for proїzd shose Visoko Klas. loan return; Beginning in 1985, there were legislative acts that provided stable funding for road life. According to statistics, until 1999, the total length of automobile roads in the country was 1 million 350 thousand. km; In 1979, the ratio of roads of a different class to the middle of the country's average roads increased from 1.3% in 1979 to 12.5% in 1999. It became especially clear to see the improvement of the road, that the main places were closed, the power supply to the tension of the road had won. At the same time, at a fast pace, the number of country roads and rural roads grew, just as their quality improved, in some provinces, hundreds of asphalt pavements were laid on roads, with technologies that match another class; in the country there was a construction of roads between 100% of the roads, 98% of the force and 89% of the administrative forces. In general, we can say that a network of automobile roads has been formed, that the whole country is covered, that it is composed of rationally arranging the roads together between the main and auxiliary roads.
For special respect meritorious life of Swedish highways. Shvidkіsnі highways є commemorate the achievements of road life in China after the beginning of the policy of reforms in the voice. In 1988, the first highway to China, Shanghai - Jiading (length 18.5 km), was put into operation. Because of this, one by one, the Shenyang-Dalian freeway with a steep valley of 375 km and the Beijing-Tianjin-Tanggu highway with a steep valley of 143 km were prompted. From the beginning of the 1990s, within the framework of the main plan for the life of highways of national swedish freeways, the life of swedkish freeways in China began to pick up pace, the dozhina of swedkish freeways, which are going to be more widely, has grown from a decade to a dozen more kilometers. Until the end of 1999, China had already reached 11,605 km of the total number of Chinese motorways launched into operation. For about 10 years, China has achieved such results on the everyday swedish highways in China, and 40 years on the rozvinenyh krai have been scorched. The life of Swedish highways and other high-class automobile roads has promoted the technical class of road life in China, allowed the country to vanish in the shadows of road life, and at the same time significantly speeded up the development of China.
Shvidky development of high-class automobile roads, having reached the high-class level, to the life of automobile bridges and tunnels, having taken on an increase in the number of cars and an increase in the technical level of automobile bridges and tunnels. In China, through the main rivers and deak ducts, there are a number of bridges of a high degree of folding with deep-water foundations and a great valley, such as the Huangshi city on the Yangtze river (the first especially great city across the Yangtze river, independent transport construction and Wanxian town on the Yangtze river, Tonglin town on the Yangtze river, Jiang'in town on the Yangtze river through Hu, the great town of Humen near Guangdong, the sea town of Nyugushan near Shandong, the town of Haicang near Xiamen and others. These projects have become evidence of the fact that China has already reached the advanced countries of the world with bridges with a deep-water foundation and a great long life. Until the end of 1999, the number of automobile bridges near the country already had 230 thousand. pieces, the total dovzhina became 8006 km; The number of tunnels was 1257 pieces, the total length of the valley was 407 km. The development of everyday life of car tunnels in our country has grown up practically in an empty place. In 1986, China's first great modern automobile tunnel of the advanced level on the first-class Fuzhou-Mawei Highway: Gushan double tunnel. Following this trend, great modern car tunnels, such as Zhongliangshan, Jiyunshan, Liupanshan, Badalin and ing, were created.
Pomіtno zrosla Ploscha pokrittya roads sіlskoї mіstsevostі, pіslya utvorennya New China in kraїnі bezupinno yshlo posilennya budіvnitstva MEREZHI avtomobіlnih dorіg, Shvidky pace rozvivalosya budіvnitstvo dorozhnoї іnfrastrukturi, odnochasno of budіvnitstvom natsіonalnih freeways that magіstraley provіntsіy, priskoryuvalisya Tempi budіvnitstva shvidkіsnih freeways that sіlskih shose MEREZHI avtomobіlnih dorіg gradually improved, gradually increased the overall efficiency. By the end of 2008, the total length of automobile roads in China had already reached 3,730 thousand km, including the length of Swedish highways - 60,300 km, the first class highway - 54,200 km, the highway of another class - 285,200 km, roads. occupy 10, 72% of the total length of all roads. The technical class of the road surface and the depth of the hoarseness moved up, at the end of 2008, the road length with the high and middle class of the road surface reached 1,995.6 thousand. km. Road width increased from 0.84 km/100 km2 in 1949 to 38.86 km/100 km2, which means an increase of 46.26 times against 1949 rock. The commissioning of the Shanghai-Jiading highway in 1988 marked a breakthrough in the zero level of the everyday Swiss highways in mainland China. Pisl Tsoy Budіvnitvo Schvidkіsnyh Avtostrade So much sucked with non-end pace, Sobelulyuchi Novi recordnis of acquaintances: 1999 ROCHT PLAYED SWIDKIXY AVTOSED PLAYED 10,000 KM, 2002 ROCK PLAYED 20,000 KM, 2004 ROCK PLAYED 30 000 000 IN 2007 ROTSI PLAYED 50 000 KM, ROTSI PLAYED 60,000 km, steadily moving in another place near the world; Shvidkіst development of Shvidkіs highways near China turned the respect of the whole world. Until the end of 2008, the total length of rural motor roads near the country amounted to 3,125 thousand. km, which is 4 times more for showings in 1978; The number of settlements, the strength and administrative forces of the laid roads increased from 90.5% and 65.8% to 99.24% and 92.86%.
Automobile transportation from China
750 meters per year - with such speed, new roads will be built in China today. How did the “Chinese road marvel” come about, and how can we help us with good luck?
Z NIKVIDKI
Pivtolittya to that China is one of the most steely lands behind a long road with firm grounds. The order of the People's Republic of China is important, what is the most important task. The situation began to change in the 1980s, when it became clear: it is impossible to travel without a modern road infrastructure. It appeared to go out: "As if we want to be rich, we need to start the road." At the same time, the order, having praised the first plan for the creation of a number of state-owned Swedish highways, and rozrobili vydpovidny standards of quality. Appointed as the funders of the finances of everyday life (costs to the state budget, financial budgets, fees for the maintenance of roads, additional charges for the car, excise taxes on the floor). Since 1985, everything was formalized by laws (we have a lot of organizational problems, we don’t have a lot of problems). The same state allowed the collection of fees for the passage of a high-class highway for the return of credits for everyday life.
The first road, Shanghai - Jiadin (18.5 km), was opened in 1988, after which the laying of such routes rushed along the ramp. Already in the past decade, China has achieved such results for the road industry, but in Europe and the USA it has gone over the top! The arrangement of swedish highways made the day of the whole road life, allowed the steel gallery, where the main means of making were a shovel, a wheelbarrow, a hand-made forging and millions of low-paid workers, to enter the modern day. Serious builders of road equipment appeared.
The everyday life of Swedish roads continues at once, moreover, at a fantastic pace. At the beginning of the 21st century, the dovzhina moved 10,000 kilometers. 2002 year - already 20 thousand, and 2008 - 60 thousand kilometers! Until the end of 2013, the total length of automobile roads covered 4.1 million kilometers, including 104.5 thousand highways. As part of the Program for the development of transport on the 12th Friday (2011–2015), the nearest rocks in China will form a network of highways, as a link to all regions and practically all places with a population of over 200 thousand people. Already today in China there are 300 thousand bridges (a thousand of them - a half a kilometer). For a lot of modern roads, the country turned into another place in the world, and all the swedish roads were built for 20 years!
The whole of China is covered with a net of Swedish toll roads, deyaki from them do not think of a cost-free alternative. Water to pay, but not to swear: even if you can quickly get to the point of the edge!
SECRET TECHNOLOGIES
The Chinese did not blame anything new. Uryadov and regional institutions are planning to increase the transport capacity - to improve the development of the economy, directly the interest of passenger traffic, and the increase in the number of cars. The country has a lot of pennies, zokrema and freemen are quiet, so that you can straighten the creation of the current infrastructure. Rhetorically cited: why didn’t they smash Russia like that, if the country was literally flooded with naftodolari? In 2005-2010, investments in the construction of national swedish highways near China cost 17-18 billion US dollars per river, and at a time, if the main arteries are already in operation, they spend 12 billion dollars a day.
The federal government, or the government, is in control of everyday life, but it is carried out, as a rule, on the contractor's pennies. And the state chi order the region to pay you more than once, as the whole work will be vikonana, moreover, it is at the borders of tієї sumi, as it is registered in the contract. The high tempi is a direct result of such a system: alarm clocks want to turn their money back on their deposits. When it’s not for shkoda, it’s worth not less than 25 years to ring out the terms of the service of the road.
PENIES FOR STEEL
Most of the roads in China are costless. There are two types of toll roads: state (provided for budgetary expenses) and commercial (arranged for budgetary expenses of companies). For a simple motorist, there is no trade between them, but beyond the law, a sovereign road can become cost-free after 15 years of operation, and commercial - after 25 years. Fee for passenger cars - from 0.25 to 0.6 yuan (1.3-3.3 rubles) per 1 km, depending on the hour of doby, season, etc. For vintage cars - from 3 to 7 rubles, which is not subject to European tariffs. Ale є dvі vіdminnostі vіd єvropi chi suіdnої japonії. In the past, near the places, the roads are without shoes, navіt like futuristic six-way rozvyazki, like near Shanghai. And besides, Tokyo's entry to the Bagatorіvnevy Mіs'kyi freeway is paid. In another way, do not always have a cost-free alternative road, moreover, in such weathers, it is more likely to take a decision on an equal footing.
I traveled a lot on Chinese roads. Honestly seeming, they are chirping among those old, broken, especially at the beer lands. Ale new roads, rozvyazki, bridges, as well as the pace of everyday life are hostile. At times, I don’t recognize the month: I remember that the torik axle here was a clear field and there were like huts, and today to pass the highway, moreover, on a different level, and new roses will appear.
Most striking the city of Donghai, awakening three years ago. If you marvel at the map, you blame yourself for seeing that you are in nowhere and shaving off at the sea. Ale, everything is bad. The Shanghai port, the largest in the world in terms of turnover, has to pay for the milky-water branch of the Yangtze River and cannot accept such large tankers and container ships. To solve this problem, a new port was created on the small island of Yanshan - the same for such ships. I connected the island from the mainland with the bridge of the zavdovka 32.5 km. Fantastic controversy! Shist - great smog for the wind, vіdmіnne pokrittya, illuminating ... Go ahead by the open sea! So from, Donghai was more than three years away! I did not find a place near China: near the province of Shandong, there is a place across the Jiaozhou inflow of the plant 36.5 km. І for conclusion: only ten of those who found bridges with the world know themselves in China.
20 million Shanghai to cope successfully with its transport problems. The head “secret of the company” is to create more new roads and openings.
BROTHERS - NAVIK?
How can we get Chinese good luck? What can you do at once, so that you can overcome the first odvіchne Russian famously?
A small number of previous projects are already being introduced into life: for example, there will be new cordon crossings to the Russian-Chinese cordon, motor roads leading to them. It is planned to build two bridges across the Amur: Blagovishchensk - Khaikhe (nowadays a project) and the one near the Trans-Baikal Territory, near the village of Pokrovka. Pratsyuvatimut and Chinese, and Russian companies. The largest road and wellness corporations of the Middle Kingdom are even more likely to take part in our main infrastructure projects - the construction of the Central Ring Road near the Moscow region, the new Swiss highway Western Europe - Western China (for them, the prices are the most important transit!). The first main object, which was targeted in the last months by at least two Chinese companies, is the life of the bridge across the Kerch channel. As soon as it became known about the project, a large delegation of Chinese experts suddenly arrived at Kerch. It wasn’t just that they showed me Donghai for a reason!
– The Chinese partners would like to invest in the development of our transport infrastructure for five years nearly five trillion rubles, and I respect that our cooperation may have even better prospects, – Minister of Transport of the Russian Federation Maxim Sokolov. - It’s already a long way to home with partners at a low key power. First, at all stages, Russian and Chinese companies work together. In another way, the joint projects are ready to invest in Chinese banks and funds, moreover, directly in yuan and rubles. Thirdly, є pіdtrimka on the most equal level and from our side and from the Chinese.
The 32-kilometer Donghai town is on the way to Shanghai from the new deep water port on the island of Yanshan.
It seems that the life of the bridge across the Kerch Channel can become the first, or even more serious, project. Judge for yourself: it is necessary for folded minds to induce a 19 km bridge crossing of the zavdovka, which will pass by a dam through the island of Tuzla to Kerch. Tamansky Pivostrіv, Tuzla and the Crimean coast are connected by two spans of a double-tiered summed car-sail bridge - a bridge 1.4 and 6.1 km. And for the approach to the bridge, you will need to take at least 40 km of highways to Taman, 8 km of the highway to Kerch, 17 km of freeway ... The city serves as a support for water conduits. It's a pity, we don't have any information about objects of such scale. European companies are not helpers here - they won’t stink to Crimea, don’t suffer from sanctions. And the Chinese won’t know: the stench will immediately find a place in the world: Macau - Hong Kong. Yogo dozhina 58 km.
Before speech, in the middle of life, 1 km of the Chotirismugo highway in China costs 2.9 million dollars. We have close to 7 million dollars, but here comes the money for the purchase of land, the transfer of communications and other expenses, like pulling on 40-50% of the total amount. So the prices can be changed. I can only imagine the results in the future: we will have three more than 600 km of roads, and in China - up to 10,000 km! It’s true, in the PRC, up to 4% of GDP was invested in the roads, and in us - less than 1% ... Axis and go out, but ninth major roadway from firm cover in China is 4.5 times more, lower in Russia. For more than 30 years, the Chinese did not have much to boast about. Perhaps, for ten years, the stink of the stench will lift the roads with us?
Flying to China, I’m sure that the inhabitants of the country of the country ride rusty bicycles, in the shortest time - on tricycle carriages, that they practice on woogilli. Reality, as always, turned over all my ochіkuvannya.
Let's start with a small lyrical opening.
Having leaned on Beijing, first, what do you remember - I can stomp the place in the gloomy. Somewhere in Beijing there is really no chim chim... Which wine is on which car? Perfectly. Ale, do not stink alone - shvidshe, on the right in the great number of virobnits, such as the faceless China in pubs. Such an axis is a side effect of progress. Ale vlada China has been forced to work on reducing this catastrophic situation.
In the first place, here and there lіsosmugs are created for purification. In another way, new standards of cleanliness for brewers are being promoted. Thirdly, the authorities seriously took up the development of "green" public transport and environmentally friendly cars, which are allowed on the streets of Beijing and other major cities.
What does it mean? Tse means that you won’t get a good car in Beijing, but even in the city you can only drive cars, which comply with strict environmental standards. For passenger cars, the standard is China 5, which complies with Euro-5. My photos were updated in 2012, if there were Euro 4 standards in the area.
Cars, which were put on the road before the introduction of zhorst norms, clearly do not have the right to stand on the streets at the moment of the worsening of the environmental situation.
It is important to follow the road inspectorate for the dotrimannyam.
V'їzd vantage transport per day fenced without special permission. Cry, Vlasniki pickups, you won't be able to get to the center of Beijing! That one is not the ones in the center, you can’t get in at the fourth ring ...
There is a fight against the number of cars on the roads. Beijing has over 5.5 million cars. Ale, to increase the number of cars, it’s not enough to buy a car. In order to fix the traffic jams, the city of vlada will intervene to see the number of car numbers in the number of 240,000 pieces.
The numbers are divided for the help of a special state lottery. The contribution for the participation of the warehouse on our pennies is close to 8000 rubles. Close to 3% of the total number of participants play in the countryside. If the budget allows, then the number can be bought without a bill - ce cost 100,000 yuan, tobto. over 800,000 rubles. In China, for a qiu sum you can get a whole decent car.
But still, not everything is in Beijing's struggle with traffic: with the pair of the remaining digit of the number, you can travel on boys' days, and on the other hand. For out-of-town drivers traveling to Beijing, a special permit will be required. So zhorstki come not to lie down to the popular ones, but the effect is hostile - there are no traffic jams in the gigantic metropolis.
Those who do not have a car, ride bicycles, and those who speak more often - on electric bikes.
Sometimes you can use electric motorized strollers.
Zagalom, the city flow is similar to the Moscow one, but there are more mopeds: the Chinese love good cars, there are no such brands on the roads.
Native "Chinese" are more familiar, lower with us. Of the local brands, Chery and Great Wall are most popular.
Then Audi, Mercedes, BMW - on skin rose.
The most popular models of German brands are produced on the territory of China (for example, the "Mercedes" ce E, C and GLK-class), and are imported. Mother imported cars - right chic, even more costly more expensive for "mustevy".
Five BMWs, Audi A6s and Mercedes E-classes are especially popular with older versions, which are not available in other markets.
Rolls-Royce is the choice of the largest possible Chinese.
The "American" Buick brand is for middle-class officials.
Taxi services are popular with Hyundai and another generation of VW Passat (Santana). Such cars were produced from China until the end of 2013.
Outside Beijing, the pressure on environmental standards is weaker.
The law for passenger cars has the China 4 (Euro 4) standard, but as you know, it costs cars to be registered again. Age norms China 2 (Euro 2) for passenger cars were introduced in China only in 2004. Moreover, for vantazhny transport with diesel engines, the norms of EURO-4 were carried out only in sichni 2015, and until the year 2007 the norms of EURO 3. So what can you say about the environmental cleanliness of Chinese cars beyond the boundaries of the largest places, you can do it smartly, but everything is one equal, for example, with the Russian car fleet, China, without a doubt, wins in this food.
Now about the roads. The Chinese are masters of everyday life. The roads in China are simply wonderful, they can't look like European autobahns. Adopted 30 years ago, it was insured for 50 years by the federal program for the development of road infrastructure, demonstrating continued success.
Wide highways and grandiose bridges will be built in a record-breaking style, with which the quality is on top, the rocks are working to save the road for a stretch of dozens of years. Punishment for the violation of "socialistic standards" in China is more severe, that is dear to the authorities.
Suvore dotrimannya simple, but efficient technological rules to build Chinese roads with the best quiet, which I had a chance to bachiti. Metal fittings are laid on a fluffy pillow made of gravel and sand, as if poured into concrete with a thick ball. After hardening, asphalt is laid on the concrete. Result: zvnyatis s chinese can only autobahn Іtalії (short for Єuropi). And even though the amount of mechanization is minimal. The dude at the white shirt obviously works for yakistyu.
Most of the roads are paid, but here you have to pay for what.
For the sake of justice - pitting repair is also sound, but shy of yoga to conscience. The axis, for example, on this sign, the worker sees all the cracks in the holes, as they can cause adhesion to the patch material.
Naykhrenovіsha road in pivnіchnomu China looks like this, but the current autobahn has already been laid.
The Swedish regime and the movement of transport facilities on the territory of China are strictly controlled. Automatic cameras were installed at all intersections and roads. Crimea to a fine for one violation of the Swedish regime with a penalty point. Usyy is allowed 12 penalty points per river, even more - the right to take and be brought back to the training.
Speed-kami znіmayut avtomobilі zzadu, that rich vodіїv go on cunning, or zavіshuyu numbers ganchirokami, or insert CDs in the license plate frame. Can't guess anything?
Luckily, tricky spratsovut far from zavzhd. What water Lexus was caught on mischief...
And behind the king's ruler Camry, with golden nameplates on my eyes, a rightful persecution was kindled.
It should be noted that there are practically no cars on the highways. Perhaps, the infrastructure was designed in such a way that it is not necessary for the Chinese to travel outside the borders of their area, but it is simply too expensive. So, anyway, most of the time, expensive cars are on the roads, so you can hurry up.
The road propaganda was dubbed in English language. Tsikavo, now? Adzhe, for foreigners to sist for kermo, it is necessary for you to take Chinese rights, as well as to fuss with the escort from the police KDB.
On the vіdmіnu vіd avіd vіd vіd vіd vіdkovіv, uѕі vіntazhіvki і avtobusi - mіstseі brandy. Among the most popular buses are Higer and King Lion. Normal buses and comfortable.
Among vintage cars, FAW and Foton are most often seen, they are suspected to be similar to Mercedes, Scania, Volvo.
In other words, you can sing and sing like "Americans".
Absolutely all mіstsevі fury go with the wild, for the Russian worlds, perevantazhennyam. It is obvious that China has no common standards for vanity and overall dimensions. Well, chi stink allowed :)
Car carriers are especially delivered, on which cars the animal should stand in two rows.
Here you can take a mustache on the vantage. Navit locomotives.
І І інші incomprehensible constructions.
And, of course, to take luggage on the vests, yak, at your house, you can also take the boots.
On the streets of provincial towns - shtovkhanina and povniy ignoring the rules of the road traffic.
There are no regular borders for motor transport here - you can drive vantage and pickups in the streets.
Cars are parked everywhere on the sidewalks, and they should be informed about the passing part. First place center!
And on the streets of the same center you can see the ruins and buy a smittya.
Everything is miraculously poster, standing in a deaf trial. Beijing has nothing like that!
Before the word, Harbin was founded by the Russians, and on the cob of the 19th century, there was the largest Russian community beyond the borders of Russia ... Importantly, it’s a simple sbig, even the Russians have not been around Harbin for a long time.
In deaf provinces, taxis are often not “branded”, but native, truly “Chinese”.
In Chinese, visit the police here.
Vantazhіvki zustrіchayutsya, scho no longer comply with the usual acceptable standards.
Self-made condo - a technical solution.
The rules of transportation are not rudely violated - there are no known rules of the day.
And the axle and dovgoochіkuvanі trikolіsnі cars! Such devices are of two main types, the skin of which looks enchanting in its own way:
Light...
… and vantage.
It’s crazy to admit that in some cases the products of handicraft manufacturing are simply self-confident. Nezabar stinks of history. You need to take a place in a normal car.
The most popular local transport near the Pivnichno-Chinese wilderness is motorized carriages, which are known in Pivdenno-Skhidniy Asia as “tuk-tuks”.
Horse-drawn transport in China is a great rіdkіst, but still more can be seen.
Well, obviously, in the countryside, normal boys ride tractors.
Silske gas station
At the roadside cafe, you can always have a delicious bite to eat with the evil ones.
The shop will be instructed to pick up spare parts for the overhaul of your investment, which is called, not in vіdhodyachi vіd kasi.
What else can I tell you about driving in China? Trim: for 2 tyzhnі I bachiv total 2 minor road accidents, such as accidents are not named.
Obviously, we need to know why the Chinese should.
Chi vouchsafed text? Read other messages from my dear China:Abstract
An article to know about the achievements of China at the outskirts of life for the rest of 15 years. The results of the technical re-development and reconstruction of the roads of the old spore, the inclusion of the ambitious project of the national barrier of the high-water mains, the unique proof of the life of the high-water valley of Tibet are described. The problems of development and exploitation of highways, their engineering protection are considered.
Today's China is a unique phenomenon among the great powers of the world, which rememberably vibrates in the middle of the world. If the global lighting trend is the goal of stabilization and to bring about a change in the global life of the air, then in China there is an outbreak of sour, or rather, a vibukhov development of the infrastructure of the air transport. І not just a development, but the creation of new transport subsystems.
Have 2002 r. the length of the railing of the edge became less than 60 yew. km, in 2014 the turnover reached already 103 thousand. km. The electrification of the main lines of the PRC also came first at the turn of 2012–2013, ahead of the big leader - Russia. The average dryness grew sharply on the most significant – non-standardized – highways, de at 1997–2014. there have been close to eight planned promotions of permitted business trips. Transit lines will be forced to develop near distant provinces, increasing the transport congestion of the region. A unique project was implemented for laying a high-rise rail line in the early Tibet insulation - this is the name of the Qinghai-Tibet rail, half of which is to pass at a height of over 3 km.
A colossal event of life on the road to China with the leader in the life of piecework spores: for the remaining 15 years (2000–2014) such grandiose objects were created there, like the Danyang-Kushansky viaduct of the plant 164.8 km, 13.7 km , a stretch of tunnels over 10 km, two sea ferries, a dozen bridges across the great rivers. The Chinese also piled chimali and valuable dosvid on this galusi.
It needs to be said that such a boost in the development of the transport infrastructure in the country is not a chaotic process, but the implementation of a whole series of specific plans, which are confirmed and corrected approximately once every five years on the CCP's black stars. The financing of these projects is carried out in a centralized way, by means of the release of crops from the state (bonds), and the main investment is made by joint-stock partnerships, controlled by the state.
One of the main elements of the planned development of the airway is the plan of everyday life of the sight lines (along with the splendid line) of high-speed highways, high-speed lines. Vіn otrimav name "Plan 4 + 4" for geographic configuration.
Bagatorivneve connection of non-standard lines to the main HSR (Nankin)
Ambition "Plan 4 + 4"
"Plan 4 + 4" was approved in 2004. as a program for the development of high-season airways for China. In the basis of its own vines, the cobwebs are composed of a system of four vertical (from pivnochi on pivden) and four horizontal (right at the start) lines. Pіznіshe vіn supplemented with new vіdgaluzhennyami and happy lines, but the carcass of highways looked like this.
What was it that led to the realization of what was the most ambitious plan?
Vertical mains (meridional) fault lines:
- Get to the capital of the country from the manufacturing Manchuria: the Beijing-Harbin line from the river to the Kwantung Pivostrіv near the port of Dalian.
- Drive two major cities to China: Beijing and 25-million Shanghai plus a parallel highway closer to the Great China Sea - Tianjin-Shenyang.
- Lay the shortest route on the highway to Pivden: Beijing-Wuhan-Guangzhou with the prospect of continuing to Shenzhen and Hong Kong.
- Ride the coastal swedish line to all economically active pivdenni provinces from Shanghai through Ningbo and Fuzhou to Shenzhen.
Horizontal mains (latitudinal) lines:
- Connect the port of Qingdao with the inner industrial center of Taiyuan through the Beijing industrial region.
- Connect the Huang He valley with the distant western Xinjiang - Xuzhou-Lanzhou-Urumqi (the latter is strategically important).
- Lay a cross-cutting line through the Yangtze Valley and її industrial centers: from the port of Shanghai through the metropolis of Wuhan and Chongqing to Chengdu.
- Lay a line in the mountainous regions of China's border crossing, which adjoin to the borders of Pivdenno-Skhidnoy Asia: from the port of Shanghai through Changsha to the capital of Yunnan province, m. Kunming.
In this manner, China, having stretched out its “Swedish tentacles” practically in all regions of the country, and the lines would allow a passenger (businessman, tourist, state serviceman) to reach any point in the middle of the price configuration of mensh lower for 12 years. The loneliness of the world was the very year straight to the point, everything was counted from them. For example, from Beijing to Shanghai, the average hour of passage was short from 14 to 5 years, from Harbin to Beijing from 15 to 5.5 years.
The arrangement of such a measure made it possible to speed up the economic activity on the territory of China, to get a new layer of the inactive population from the inner regions to the economy, to accept the formation of new enterprises of various galuzes. Qi factors were reportedly reviewed from Zhu Ying's article in "Komersant" (detailed div. http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2602194).
Reconstruction and technical redesign of the main lines
Ale, not less than the everyday life of the VSM, changed the air of the Middle Kingdom. In parallel, other processes were going on:
- Budіvnitstvo new lines zvichayny type (Vantage-passenger universal) is important in remote and outlying areas.
- Comprehensive reconstruction of the main main corridors in the region with the method of increasing their throughput capacity and long-distance traffic, which also shortened the hour of passage.
- Electrification of highways with a method of increasing throughput capacity and the middle rail of warehouses, as well as improving the environmental situation, which is extremely relevant for the city of the country.
In 2013, China outperformed Russia for showing more electrified lines and lines on the first day of the world (48 thousand km, more at a time). It happened after the commissioning of the port of Harbin-Dalian. Electrification began there only in 1958, and in the reach of light pershostі for a long time electrified bays, China needed three more than a century.
At “zero”, two sea ferry crossings were put into operation: through the Qunzhou Canal (the mainland and the Hainan Island near the Haikou metro station, 33 km) and through the Bohai Canal between the ports of Yantai (Shandong Province) and Dalian (Liaoning) zavdovka 57 km. In addition, great tunnels were built, crossing from Severomuisk in Russia, such as Qinglinsky (18.5 km, on the new Xian-Ankang line), Dayaoshansky (14.4 km, on the Henyang-Guangzhou line). Tunelіv zavdovka vіd 5 to 10 km boulo pobudovan′no pobudovan′ pobudovav poduza.
Beginning in 1997 consequently, a comprehensive reconstruction of the main highways of the country and a technical re-engineering of the park were carried out. The whole process is richly planned and including impersonal related processes. On yoga warehouses, I guess, varto zupinitsya report.
Rozrobka that whiskey of a shvidkіsnogo ruhomy warehouse. This is the first great stop at the wild succession of the re-development. For a short hour (7–8 years) on the cob of the 2000s, it was broken up and tested a small number of new series of locomotives and wagons, invested on operating lines with a speed of up to 160–200 km/year. For example, electric locomotives of the SS7D and SS9 series, diesel locomotives of the DF4 series, passenger cars of the 25K family of different classes, including double-top.
Then, at the beginning of the 2000s, it was time for the modernization of the basic infrastructure on the main main corridors, ties with the great capital windows, which were impossible in the minds of the 1990s. Vіn including such come in:
- laying of stickless battens and liquidation of short battens with a large number of sticks;
- change of line retellings to shvidkishni;
- re-laying the paths with the method of liquidating curves of a small radius, debow unacceptable traffic due to high swedishness;
- po'yakshennya zagalny profile of the route for changing the number of plots with steep slopes and descents;
- replacement of old wooden sleepers on concrete;
- reconstruction of highway pipelines and small bridges;
- zaprovadzhennya reinforcement gruntiv v zaliznichne budіvnіtstvo and transition from passive utrimannya to active zmіtsnennya budovi kolії (clogging strizhnіv, reinforcing nasipіv z vikoristannym geofabric or geocells);
- the installation of fences and the liquidation of relocations with parallel everyday life, road changes near different equals;
- a thorough system of locomotive signaling and ubiquitous automatic blocking.
An important aspect of the work of promoting security was the safety of the traffic of trains on a high level.
And here, too, there will be a need for a logistical engineering solution: it was necessary to secure the ongoing monitoring of technical assistance independently in the future, and the information needed to make a decision is to act at a negligible moment. Chinese zalizniki along the path of samples and pardons have crossed the threshold of three monitoring systems.
Sublog system zdijsnyuє vimіryuvannya transverse forces in vzaєmodії wheels and rails under the hour of the passage of the train. In this case, a synchronous selection of data from sensors of vibration, soundness and speed, as well as their analysis from a real hour, is carried out. The system equipment can be installed at any critical path, and the alarm signal is momentarily canceled at the traffic control center for 10 seconds.
The mobile system (on the basis of the GJ-4 swivel track inspection car) is based on various equipment, in which the technology of inertial orientation and on-line laser guidance is used, with automatic binding to a specific location. The main parameters of the route can be checked and registered for an hour the traffic of a wagon with speed up to 160 km/year.
The system for monitoring critical points of quantity (on the basis of the wagon-vimiryuvacha zhorstkosti kolії) allows you to measure and register the value of the zhorstnostі kolії on the approaches to the bridges and on the crossings, crossings, in the areas of railroad crossings and other critically important routes up to 4 km / highways year. . Vykoristannya of such a car allows you to control the critical points of the highways, reveal possible problems at an early stage and correctly choose the type of upper building number during your future reconstruction.
Like a bachite, the implementation of a rich-stage program to promote the speed of mobility hanging from China to the lava of leaders. At the same time, on the main corridors between the largest economic centers of the country, there are fluctuations in passenger traffic (up to 160 km / year) and large-scale passenger trains (up to 100 km / year and 5000 tons of railroad stock) on the same and the same intensively operating lines. What by itself is an inextricable achievement.
The most recent HSR train Beijing-Shanghai G1 will cover 1318 km in 4 years. 45 min The cob and the active stage of the implementation of the "Plan 4 + 4"
The first last stop of the Plan 4+4 was the shortest road (117 km), inspired by the two largest, most closely spaced agglomerations - the Beijing capital and Tianjin, which is located on the birch of the Bohai zatok. There was a Beijing-Tianjinsk railway up to the Olympic mountains-2008, which was characterized by all the main signs of the observed HSR, which will later become prominent on other analogous lines:
- mostly okrema in the form of traditional lines of the road, closed by fences and put on a flyover with some of the objects reshinged;
- without one-line breaks with other lines and roads to the highway;
- specialization - it creates only a high-speed passenger traffic without great trains, and even more so than vantage ones;
- On the basis of some prompting, there was a new station-terminal near Beijing (Pivdenny station) and a special route was seen at the Tianjin-Golovny station.
A CRH3 warehouse was delivered to the line, which develops a speed of up to 330 km / year (the last speed is reduced to 300). The middle trip after an hour was short in three years - from the next few years to 28 minutes. Every day, 60 pairs of trains (!) plus 2 shlyahovimiruval trains ply at the same time. Do not walk at night.
Following the conclusion of the first small line, the following regularity was revealed: the success of the new population is included in the process of transport exchange, as it had not previously been seen regularly between its own places (2007 - 8.3 million people, at the first million). The increase in the number of passengers was higher, the total number of passengers in the air and buses the second time earlier.
In parallel with the launch of the first line and the roll-out of the main solutions, the real operation began to boost the life of other, long-haul high-speed lines. Nasampered, from Beijing on the pivnich - to Manchuria, on the pivden - to Wuhan and Guangzhou, and also on the pivdenniy descent - to the largest metropolis of the province of Shanghai.
Pekіn-Shanhayska BCM dovzhinoyu 1318 km pіslya budіvnitstva (Kviten 2008 defoliation in 2010) threw Inshyj postulate transport spoluchennya, yaky vvazhavsya ranіshe neporushnim: scho visokoshvidkіsnі lіnії vigіdnі i privablyuyut pasazhirіv at vіdstanyah od 300 to 1000 km, while pochinaє vіddavati perevagu avіatsії.
Tse Veevilosha Zovsimіm: Nevozhenyuyi on Zvitchnaya Zanizniya Lіnіїi on Shanghai і showing a high-touch awaita tens of a busy, in Qiu Lіnіja Perevіdi Tens of Miljoniv People, plus Viknikl Kilka Miljonіv "NOVACHKIV", Yaki Ranіv, not Vijii. The hour of the road from the capital to Shanghai rushed from 12-14 years to 5 and 4 years. 45 min. For the first five years of the year (2011), the line transported 24.5 million passengers, and after 4 years (2015) the won transported for the first five years already 56.3 million passengers.
When the lines were running, there were also numerous number of pieces - 244 bridges, a sprat of long trestle viaducts (the biggest bridge in the world Danyan-Kunshansky viaduct of the plant is 165 km), 22 tunnels with a deep valley of 16 km. The largest line of the highway (about 80% of the length) was inspired by the bezbalasnoy technology. A lot of innovations were tested on it, which sounded at once on the Chinese high-speed lines.
The line is worthy of great popularity: every day it runs on average 290 (!) trains from various terminal stations. Traveling from Beijing to Shanghai is about 15 hours per skin. It is worth knowing 11 places out of the population of over 1 million people, as well as generating their own passengers. Zavdyaki її vіdkrittyu significantly intensified the interaction between the economic zone of the Bohai inflow and the coastal zone of the Yangtze delta.
In 2010-2015 years. there were those other lines behind the Plan 4 + 4 (div. Fig. 3). Three significant phases of the implementation of the Varto plan were to design the following projects:
The line to Manchuria and Kwangtung Pivostrіv (Beijing / Dalian-Shenyang-Harbin), as often called for in cold areas, where the temperature drops to -40 0C and you need to come in to the highway to compensate for the temperature. There, the speedy flights run from different seasonal speeds (up to 300 km/year inflow, up to 200 km/year in charge). For ts_єї іnії it was possible to adapt to the floor in cold regions by type CRH380B.
Found near the world's high-speed rail line on the first day (Beijing-Guangzhou-Shenzhen) of the plant for over 2300 km, ordered for the first time in 2012. A non-stop shuttle train of category G from Beijing to Guangzhou is 2,300 km in 8.5–9 years. Mіzh іnhim, tsya vіdstan mayzhe is equivalent to vіdstanі Moscow-Omsk.
The high-speed rail line of the Yangtze Valley (Shanghai-Wuhan-Chongqing-Chengdu, distance is about 2100 km), was laid near the folding highlands with dozens of tunnels and high-water bridges across the Yangtze and other large rivers. Not mined in one location (Chongqing-Wanzhou), completed in 2015.
Hainan Shvidkіsne pіvkiltse (HSR Sanya-Haykou, about 300 km long) was inspired by the tropics with high water and partly mountainous relief. The line is insulated from the main line of the VSM.
The implementation of the plan is three before our eyes, and we need to know about the introduction of some new high-growing plots - an exhausting weekday colony, the creation of a project, do not stand idle.
Problems of the growing crisis of 2011
As if it were a great complex project with impersonal steps, "Plan 4 + 4" did not break even the crisis phenomena of the growth of the city, a kind of "childish ailments". At the beginning of the forced life of new lines after the first successes (“Olympic Line” to Tianjin - 2008, Beijing-Shanghai High Speed Railroad іz grandiose piece sporuds - 2010) on the Chinese bays there was a “slowdown”.
The traffic speed on the innovation lines reached 340-350 km/year, the safety of the traffic for the sake of the fast straightening was weakened, the algorithms for re-checking the lines were not fully completed, and the payment was not barred.
On April 23, 2011, two power lines, which were running straight along the Shanghai-Fuzhou Highway Coastal Line, hit a flyover at the Wenzhou frontier (Zhejiang Province). One train has a speed of about 100 km/year. Having offended the train, they left the rails, the sprat of wagons fell from the flyover. 40 people died and 192 were injured, and at the time of the accident there were about 1,600 people on both trains. The catastrophe took away the name "Zhejiang catastrophe" and called out a great resonance in the society; Chinese officials and fakhivtsi recognized sharp criticism.
Tsya nadzvichayna podіya celebrated the effect of a cold shower on the primary euphoria of the VCM. First, in the course of the investigation, the guards tried to write off the fault on the natural factor (the blizzard in a strong thunderstorm rightly hit the signal line on the line, which was a kind of sighting from the fret, turning on the auto-blocking on the line). However, in the course of a distant investigation, already under the control of the PRC, there was a serious influx of the human factor, and at the same time - an indistinct organization of traffic control, a weak quality of dispatch control and poor control over signaling possessions.
After this incident, the life of the high-speed railroad in China was temporally (truth, not for a long time) cited - the causes of the accident were investigated at once. The speed limit is everywhere: on the lines of the 1st class (G) - from 350 to 300 km / year, and on the lines of the 2nd class (C and D) - from 230-250 to 200-220 km / year. The layout of the ruhu was quickly reviewed, and a small reserve of an hour was introduced for zaznennya that nagіn. Starting from the end of 2011 drivers were allowed to reach a speed of 310 km/year on permitted roads, but at times more low on 10 hvilin, but after entering the boundary schedule for normal traffic, the figure of 300 km/year was lost. At different times, tsikh normatives and machinists, and dispatchers of the business were subjected to great fines. Vidpovіdalnіst dispatchers for the completion of the schedule bіlsh zhorstkoy. Were expanded and introduced new standards, which will establish a greater axis between the paths and the greater radius of rounding and alignment horizontally and vertically.
In addition, the Zhejiang catastrophe led to a numerical reversal of that residual fall of the “architect of the Chinese high-speed railways” - Minister of Foreign Affairs Liu Zhijun. Vіn buv zatrimani up to an accident for calls to corruption, but after it, yogo right got new serious episodes. Vіn buv calls at the illegal increase in the limits of working security and at the squeezing schedules of the life of the air, which they plunged into the safety of the rush.
Tsikavo, scho of arrests in 2011 Minister Liu (2003-2011) is actually the architect of the "4 + 4 Plan" and the engine of modernization of the railway to China. Colossal sums flowed through the new one - 80 billion dollars / rіk, during the first hour of the rebuying, the creations gained the rank of an engineering company, as if the process of modernizing the bay of the Middle Kingdom was being started at once.
І Vіn the same with its energy policy “without galms”, with an emphasis on records until the middle of 2011. instilled a system of high lines, which grows rapidly, to the most significant crisis. Zhejiang catastrophe ahead of Liu's residual fall: in the grass of 2012, the party was excluded from the game, in the black of 2013, the pishov was judged, in the fall of 2013. letters of litigation to the greater world punishment for the first line of vikonannya for 2 years.
Far from all the problems of high-speed railways to China. Critics are arguing too high prices for travel, accumulated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (at the time of the reformed ticket divided into two parts) and the financial warehouse of the colossal life. The problem is corruption, as it periodically breaks out in this debauched state, through which great sums of pennies flow. However, it is better to lie down with the theme of the article.
Unique project: Qinghai-Tibet Bay
Speaking about the experience of China in the reconstruction and everyday life of the great airways, one cannot help but guess about the unique airspace in Tibet, I have been inspired for more than 5 years (2001–2006). The main line began to be built from the metro station Sinin over Mao, in 1974, prote budіvnitstvo to the station. Golmud (on the Tibetan nagіr'ї) by the forces of the army and aggravated, it took about 10 years. The first 814 km were entered for operation in 1984.
Another, virishalna and nayvazhcha, dilyanka (1142 km to Lhasi) began to be after the death of Deng Xiaopin, in 2001. The airship overlooking Golmud rose from a height of 2800 m to the Tang-La pass (5072 m!) and then descended again to Lhasa (3642 m). Approximately 20 thousand. the workers were on the highway at once from two endpoints and ran through the yards for less than a penny. The cost of everyday life has accumulated close to 3.7 billion dollars, which is about 6 times cheaper than the earlier HSR Beijing-Shanghai.
There are 45 stations on the highway to Golmud, 38 of which are automatic, without a standing staff.
After the end of everyday life on this day, it was once set a record for the out-of-town life:
- the highest transverse tunnel near the world - Fenghoshan, height above the sea level 4900 m;
- the most beautiful railway station near the world - Tang-La, 5068 m above sea level;
- the main point of the highway - 5072 m.
Through the vinyatkovo height of the passage of the road for the main road, a special ruhomy warehouse was broken up. Using the technologies of the General Electric corporation, the diesel locomotive NJ2 with an intensity of 5100 liters was developed. pp., adapted for work in high school. No less than locomotives, and wagons for the line will also be used for special technology - the stench is actually hermetically insulated from the middle middle, in the middle there is a squeeze of acid, close to standard. Also, for the protection of the sickness of the skin, the car has individual acid tubes. Tonovane slopes of the carriages may be specially covered for the overworld sleepy radiation.
In the course of everyday life, there were a lot of serious difficulties, in the middle of which there was a permafrost (approximately a quarter of the main road). A broken ball of permafrost can lead to the tanning of ice-houses, which, with its own strength, potentially leads to the destruction of failures, which cause deformation of that collapsed number.
The protege engineers knew the solution to this complex of problems: at the hour of laying the canvas and the links of the bridges, special technologies were put in place near this permafrost zone. The slats are laid on a pile of brooks of a singing rose, sizzling with a singing ball. The pillow of the canvas may be a ventilation ball: it is piled across the piercings with a system of pipes for safe ventilation, and it is covered with a metal flooring, which makes it look sleepy and light by itself.
On okremih plots, when transferring special hardwoods filled with rare nitrogen. The stench actually freezes the foundation of the canvas, preventing the heating of the upper permafrost ball and yogo water. For this technology, the canvas was laid on a distance of 111 km. The speed limit for this area is 100 km/year.
To compensate for differences in elevation near the districts of everyday life, a significant part of the highway was laid with flyovers. 675 bridges were sprouted by the stretching of the Usyi Way. Estakadi on the pavement, the depths of which inspire in the minds of the upper ball of permafrost zapobigaє negative impact on the stability of the structure. The importance of the trestle stalls is important for those who do not stench the free migration of unique species of mystic creatures.
The regular passenger turnover of the line increased by 6.5 million in 2006. up to 11 million osib in 2012; The cost of delivery of the vantages to Tibet has become cheaper.
In 2014 direct continuation of the line from Lhasi to Shigatse (nearest place to Everest, about 120 km) 253 km.
Specialization High-speed railway station Beijing-Pivdenniy (prompted in 2008) Visnovok
China per chase of ten-thawed progress in the technologist of the Lamunical transport, ReconstruvavOV І Officials Zvichaine Svisnitzі New Techniko, I will have a new SvMM system at the SVC system (Zhu Ponad 16 km. KM) І Accumulating COLOSION DOSIKTE DOSSPRESIVIE, UNVAZYUKI growth station. The life of new lines and further electrification of essential ones continues. For 10 years, the total length of the railing has grown from 60 thousand. km. (2004) up to 103 thousand. km. (2014).
In 2012, Changchun launched China's largest center for the production and production of Swiss passenger trains, creations of CNR Corporation. Virobnichiy maidanchik (290 thousand km2), having become the largest in terms of scale, we will equip advanced facilities and a fully equipped virobnichiy base near the world. This building center is specially prepared: 500 wagons for the main passenger trains, 100 new generation HSR trains (CRH380A), 800-1000 wagons for HSR, 1200 wagons for international express trains.
The reform of the management of the saloons is being carried out: near the birch 2013. The Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China was divided into administrative (Ministry of Transportation) and commercial (China General Railways Corporation) structures.
How effective will it be to show the future, show the future. And yet, the Chinese barracks have picked up a colossal pace and are inspired to marvel ahead - the growth of the barracks infrastructure, calling for everything, it’s more time to finish it for a long time. I can learn a lot of things in them.
Pivtolittya to that China is one of the most steely lands behind a long road with firm grounds. Having taken into account the order of the People's Republic of China, what are the important tasks ... The situation began to change less in the 80s, if it became clear: it is impossible to go far without modern road infrastructure. It appeared to go out: "As if we want to be rich, we need to get back on the road." At the same time, the order, having praised the first plan for the creation of a number of state-owned Swedish highways, and rozrobili vydpovidny standards of quality. Appointed as the funders of the finances of everyday life (costs to the state budget, financial budgets, fees for the maintenance of roads, additional charges for the car, excise taxes on the floor). Since 1985, everything was formalized by laws (we have a lot of organizational problems, we don’t have a lot of problems). The same state allowed the collection of fees for the passage of a high-class highway for the return of credits for everyday life.
The first road, Shanghai - Jiadin (18.5 km), was opened in 1988, after which the laying of such routes rushed along the ramp. Already in the past decade, China has achieved such results for the road industry, but in Europe and the USA it has gone over the top! The arrangement of swedish highways made the day of the whole road life, allowed the steel gallery, where the main means of making were a shovel, a wheelbarrow, a hand-made forging and millions of low-paid workers, to enter the modern day. Serious builders of road equipment appeared.
The everyday life of Swedish roads continues at once, moreover, at a fantastic pace. At the beginning of the 21st century, the dovzhina traveled 10,000 km. 2002 year - already 20 thousand, and 2008 - 60 thousand km! Until the end of 2013, the whole roadway of automobile roads covered 4.1 million km, including 104.5 thousand km. km. Swedish highways. As part of the Program for the development of transport on the 12th Friday (2011–2015), the nearest rocks in China will form a network of highways, as a link to all regions and practically all places with a population of over 200 thousand people. Already today in China there are 300 thousand bridges (a thousand of them - a half a kilometer). For a lot of modern roads, the country turned into another place in the world, and all the swedish roads were built for 20 years!
SECRET TECHNOLOGIES
The Chinese did not blame anything new. Uryadov and regional institutions are planning to increase the transport capacity - to improve the development of the economy, directly the interest of passenger traffic, and the increase in the number of cars. The countryside has a lot of pennies, among those who are free, it is quiet, which can be directed to the creation of modern infrastructure. Rhetorically cited: why didn’t they smash Russia like that, if the country was literally flooded with naftodolari? In 2005-2010, investments in the construction of national swedish highways near China cost 17-18 billion US dollars per river, and at a time, if the main arteries are already in operation, they spend 12 billion dollars a day.
The federal government, or the government, is in control of everyday life, but it is carried out, as a rule, on the contractor's pennies. And the state chi order the region to pay you more than once, as the whole work will be vikonana, moreover, it is at the borders of tієї sumi, as it is registered in the contract. The high tempi is a direct result of such a system: alarm clocks want to turn their money back on their deposits. When it’s not for shkoda, it’s worth not less than 25 years to ring out the terms of the service of the road.
PENIES FOR STEEL
Most of the roads in China are costless. There are two types of toll roads: state (provided for budgetary expenses) and commercial (arranged for budgetary expenses of companies). For a simple motorist, there is no trade between them, but beyond the law, a sovereign road can become cost-free after 15 years of operation, and commercial - after 25 years. Fee for passenger cars - from 0.25 to 0.6 yuan (1.3-3.3 rubles) per 1 km, depending on the hour, season, etc. For vintage cars - from 3 to 7 rubles also subject to European tariffs. Ale є dvі vіdminnostі vіd єvropi chi suіdnої japonії. In the past, near the places, the roads are without shoes, navіt like futuristic six-way rozvyazki, like near Shanghai. And besides, Tokyo's entry to the Bagatorіvnevy Mіs'kyi freeway is paid. In another way, do not always have a cost-free alternative road, moreover, in such weathers, it is more likely to take a decision on an equal footing.
I traveled a lot on Chinese roads. Honestly seeming, they are chirping among those old, broken, especially at the beer lands. Ale new roads, rozvyazki, bridges, as well as the pace of everyday life are hostile. At times, I don’t recognize the month: I remember that the torik axle here was a clear field and there were like huts, and today to pass the highway, moreover, on a different level, and new roses will appear.
Most striking the city of Donghai, awakening three years ago. If you marvel at the map, you blame yourself for seeing that you are in nowhere and shaving off at the sea. Ale, everything is bad. The Shanghai port, the largest in the world in terms of turnover, has to pay for the milky-water branch of the Yangtze River and cannot accept such large tankers and container ships. To solve this problem, a new port was created on the small island of Yanshan - the same for such ships. I connected the island from the mainland with the bridge of the zavdovka 32.5 km. Fantastic controversy! Shist - great smog for the wind, vіdmіnne pokrittya, illumination ... Here are dumb at the open sea! So from, Donghai was more than three years away! I did not find a place near China: near the province of Shandong, there is a place across the Jiaozhou inflow of the plant 36.5 km. І for conclusion: only ten of those who found bridges with the world know themselves in China.
BROTHERS - NAVIK?
How can we get Chinese good luck? What can you do at once, so that you can overcome the first odvіchne Russian famously?
A small number of previous projects are already being introduced into life: for example, there will be new cordon crossings to the Russian-Chinese cordon, motor roads leading to them. It is planned to build two bridges across the Amur: Blagovishchensk - Khaikhe (nowadays a project) and the one near the Trans-Baikal Territory, near the village of Pokrovka. Pratsyuvatimut and Chinese, and Russian companies. The largest road and wellness corporations of the Middle Kingdom are even more likely to take part in our main infrastructure projects - the construction of the Central Ring Road near the Moscow Region, the new Swedish highway Western Europe - Western China (the most important transit for them!). The first main object, which was targeted in the last months by at least two Chinese companies, was the life of the bridge across the Kerch Channel. As soon as it became known about the project, a large delegation of Chinese experts suddenly arrived at Kerch. It wasn’t just that they showed me Donghai for a reason!
The Chinese partners would like to invest in the development of our transport infrastructure for a five-year period of nearly five trillion rubles, and I respect that our spivpratsya may have even better prospects - upevneniy. Minister of Transport of the Russian Federation Maxim Sokolov. - Vzhe vdalosya domovitysya s partners schodo low key food. First, at all stages, Russian and Chinese companies work together. In another way, the joint projects are ready to invest in Chinese banks and funds, moreover, directly in yuan and rubles. Thirdly, є pіdtrimka on the most equal level and from our side and from the Chinese.
It seems that the life of the bridge across the Kerch Channel can become the first, or even more serious, project. Judge for yourself: it is necessary for folded minds to induce a 19 km bridge crossing of the zavdovka, which will pass by a dam through the island of Tuzla to Kerch. Tamansky Pivostrіv, Tuzla and the Crimean coast are connected by two spans of a double-tiered summed car-sail bridge - a length of 1.4 and 6.1 km. And for the approach to the bridge, you will need to take at least 40 km of highways to Taman, 8 km of the highway to Kerch, 17 km of freeway ... The city serves as a support for water conduits. It's a pity, we don't have any information about objects of such scale. European companies are not helpers here - they won’t stink to Crimea, so as not to suffer from sanctions. And the Chinese won’t know: the stench will immediately find a place in the world: Macau - Hong Kong. Yogo dozhina 58 km.
750 meters per year - with such speed, new roads will be built in China today. How did the “Chinese road marvel” come about, and how can we help us with good luck?
