Like salts will be electrolytes. Electrolyte
Electrolytes are designed to avenge the high concentration of ions, to ensure the passage of an electric jet. As a rule, the waters contain salts, acids and lugs.
In humans and creatures, electricity plays a significant role: for example, blood electricity with ions of the air transport oxygen from the fabric; Electrolytes with potassium ions and sodium regulate the water-salt balance of the body, the intestines and the heart.
power
Pure water, anhydrous salts, acids, strum meadows do not conduct. In speech, speech breaks down into ion and conduct a strum. Electricity itself is called conductors of a different order (on the basis of metals). Electrolytes can also melt deacrystals, zocrema zirconium dioxide and slab iodide.
The main power of electrolytics is the building up to electrolytic dissociation, so that the molecules disintegrate when interacting with water molecules (or other retailers) on charging ions.
According to the type of ions, which are settled in a variety, they distinguish between electrolytic alkaline (electrical conductivity is bound by metal ions and OH-), saline and acidic (with H+ ions and excess acid bases).
For a specific characteristic of the building capacity of the electrolyte before dissociation, the parameter "stage of dissociation" was introduced. Tsya value reflects the number of molecules that are known to decay. Won to fall in:
speech itself;
retailer;
concentration of speech;
temperature.
Electrolytes are divided into strong and weak. The faster the reagent is differentiated (divided into ions), the stronger the electrolyte, the faster the streak will be carried out. Meadows rise to strong electrolytes, strong acids and salts.
For electrolytics, which are found in batteries, such a parameter is important, such as strength. Vіd neї lie down umovi ekspluatatsії akkumulyatora, yogo єmnіst that termіnі service. They signify the power for the help of hydrometers.
Please come in when working with batteries
The most popular electrolytes, the most concentrated sulfuric acid in the meadow are potassium hydroxide, sodium, and lithium. All the stinks call out the chemical optics of the skin and mucous membranes, even the unsafe optics of the eyes. For the same reason, all work with such electric batteries is necessary to be carried out in a clean room, which is well ventilated, vikoristovuyuchi zahistu: robes, masks, eyepieces, gum gloves.
In the order of applications, where work is carried out with electric batteries, a first-aid kit with a set of tools to neutralize is to be saved, and a tap with water.
Acid opiks are neutralized with soda (1 teaspoon per 1 tbsp. Water).
Opiky meadow neutralize with boric acid (1 tsp per 1 tbsp water).
For washing the eyes of a difference, which neutralize, blame the two who are weak.
Poshkodzhenі dіlyanki shkіri spochatka wash with a neutralizer, and then with sweet water.
Once the electrolyte is spilled, it is taken with thyrso, then washed with a neutralizer and rubbed dry.
Under an hour of work with an electrician next 
all the help of safety equipment. For example, the acid is poured into the water (and chi is not on the pack!) Not by hand, but with help. Lower the shmatki of a hard meadow near the water not with your hands, but with tongs and spoons. It is not possible to work in one place with batteries on different types of electrolytes and save them at the same time.
Deyakі robots vymagayut "kipіnnya" elektrolіtu. When you see the water - combustible and vibuhonobezpechny gas. In such applications, the vico-safe electrical wiring and electrical appliances are to blame, the chicken is harrowed and, if it is robotic, with fire.
Save electricity from plastic containers. For work, glass, ceramic, porcelain dishes and tools are suitable.
At the next stat, there is a more detailed report about seeing that electrocution.
Electrolyte (Vid Electro ... and Greek. Lytos - fold out, rozchinny)
rіdkі аbo hard rechovina ta system, in some presence in the skilka-nebud commemorative concentration of ioni, scho zumovlyuyut the passage of an electric jet. In the high sense of E., speeches are called, which are used to conduct electrical strum ions, which are established as a result of electrical dissociation. i.e. in terms of strengths and weaknesses. The strengths of E. are practically povnistyu dissociated on ioni in bred roses. Before them, one can see a lot of inorganic salts and active inorganic acids and bases in water roses, as well as in retailers, which may have a high dissociation of buildings (alcohols, amides and others). Molecules of weak E. in rozchinas are less often dissociated into ions, which are in a dynamic relationship with non-dissociated molecules. To weak E., there are more organic acids and rich organic bases in water and non-aqueous varieties. E. subdued the strengths and weaknesses of the singing world mentally, to the fact that it does not show the power of E. themselves, but their camp at the rozchin. Remains to be deposited according to concentration, nature of the retailer, temperature, pressure and in. For the number of ions, on the basis of dissociation, one molecule is divided into binary, or monovalent, E. (indicated by 1-1 E., for example KS1), one-bivalent E. (indicated by 1-2 E., for example CaCl 2) i etc. E. type 1-1, 2-2, 3-3 are just called symmetrical, type 1-2, 1-3 etc. - asymmetrical. The dominance of the development of weak differences in E. is adequately described by the classical theory of electrical dissociation. For the development of weak E., and also for the development of strong E., this theory is not stagnant, the stinks of the stench are collapsible systems that are composed of ions, non-dissociated molecules or ionic pairs, as well as larger aggregates. The power of such divisions is determined by the nature of the interplay of ion-ion, ion-dealer, as well as by the change of authority and the structure of the clerk under the influx of divergence particles. Current statistical theories of strong E. adequately describe the power of less than diluted (mol/l) variations. e. superimportant in science and technology. All rare systems in living organisms can be destroyed by E. An important class of E. - Polyelectronics. E. is the medium for carrying out various chemical synthesis and electrochemical synthesis processes. In this case, the role of non-aqueous developments of E. is playing an ever greater role. . A.I. Mishustin.
Great Radianska Encyclopedia. - M: Radianska Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
Wonder what "Electrolyty" is in other dictionaries:
In a wide sense, rіdkі or solid in the i system, in some presence in the memory concentration of ion, which means the passage of electricity through them. struma (ion conductivity); at a narrow rozumіnі va, scho rozpadayutsya in r re on іoni. When E.…… Physical Encyclopedia
Modern Encyclopedia
Speech, which are laid out under the infusion of galvanic. struma. Glossary of inshomonic words that have gone up to the stock of Russian language. Pavlenkov, F. 1907 Dictionary of foreign words of Russian language
Electrolyte- ELECTROLITES, rіdkі аbо solid speech, in which presence іоn, zdatn_ move and conduct an electric jet. Vuzkomu sensi khіmіchnі spoluki, yakі in rozshchiny rozpadayutsya on іon after electrolytic dissociation. Illustrative encyclopedic dictionary
- (Vіd elektro ... і ... lit) rіdkі аbо hard rіchovіnі, іn kіlki-nebіtnih kontsentrаіyakh іnі іnі, zdatnі move і conduct elektrichniy strum. At the highest value of salt, the difference between them is to conduct an electric jet from ... Great Encyclopedic Dictionary
Water and other varieties of meadows, acids and salts to conduct electricity. strum. e. sound conductors of a different kind, because the stench is sharply irritated by metals (conductors of the first kind). electric strum, passing through the guides of the first kind, do not vibrate. Technical zaliznichny vocabulary
electrolytes- - systems that can be rare or hard become ionic conductors. Glossary of analytical chemistry. Chemical terms
Electrolyte- - salt and in. chemical speech, the design of which is to conduct an electric stream through the presence of ions, which are established as a result of electrical dissociation. [Terminological dictionary for concrete and concrete. Federal State Unitary Enterprise "NDC "Budіvnitstvо" NDIZhB. Encyclopedia of terms, designation and explanation of everyday materials
Electrolyte is a chemical term that means speech, melting or melting to conduct an electric stream after dissociation on ions. Acids, salts and bases can serve as butts of electrolytes. Electric conductors of a different kind, ... Wikipedia
Electrolyte- Rіdkі аbo solid speech, in which, as a result of electrolіtic dissociation, they are settled into scatter concentrations of ions, which irritate the passage of a steady electric stream. Electricity in retail. Encyclopedic dictionary of metallurgy
Speech, scho mayut іonnu providnіst; They are called explorers of a different kind. The melting of salts, oxides or hydroxides, as well as (which is significant ... Collier Encyclopedia
Books
- Hot chemistry. Special course Grif MO RF, Volkhin V.V. , The heading book "Zalna khіmіya" consists of three books: "Basic course" (book 1), "Special course" (book 2) and "Choose chapters" (book 3). Book 1 contains the latest course on the basics of chemistry. Book 2 Category: Assistants: dod. supporters Series: Assistants for VNZ. Special literature Vidavets: Doe,
- Plasma-electrolytic modification of surface metals and alloys. Have 2 volumes. Volume 2, Volkhin V.V. , The other part of the book systematizes information about the modern method of surface processing and the change of metals, which allows you to take rich functional coatings - microarcs...
The main conductors of the electric stream are gold, copper, gold, aluminium, alloys. Next to them, there is a large group of speech-non-metals, melting and water-spraying, such as may be the power of conductivity. Tse strong bases, acids, active salts, which took away the heady name "electronicity". What is ionic conductivity? Of course, as a reminder of speech-electricity to the widest manifestation.
How often to transfer charges?
The light of navkolo spovneniya raznomanіtnymi conductors, as well as insulators. About the authority of the bodies and speeches, we know about old-timey ones. Greek mathematician Thales provіv dosvіd іz burshtin (Greek - "electron"). Vtrativshi yoga about shovk, exercises posterіg having a manifestation of heavy hair, fibers outside. Later it became clear that amber is an insulator. There are no particles in this speech, as if they could carry an electric charge. Good conductors - metal. In this warehouse there are atoms, positive ions and ions, infinitely small negative particles - electrons. The stink itself will take care of the transfer of charges, if you let the strum pass. Strong electricity in a dry look does not avenge the strong particles. Ale, when expanding and melting, there is a collapse of crystalline grains, as well as polarization of a covalent bond.
Water, non-electricity and electricity. What's so different?
Given or adding electrons, atoms of metal and non-metal elements are transformed into ions. Mіzh them at the crystallіchnіchі resіttsі іsnuє dosit mіtsniy zv'yazok. Refining or melting of ionic spills, for example, sodium chloride, can lead to destruction. In polar molecules, there are no binding, no strong ions, stench is produced when interacting with water. In the 30s of the 19th century, M. Faraday showed that some speeches were made to carry out a strum. Learning from science is the most important understanding:
- ioni (charging parts);
- electrolytes (conductors of a different kind);
- cathode;
- anode.
Є z'єdnannya - strong elektroliti, kristalіchnі ґrati such povnіstyu ruynuyutsya zvіlnennyam ionіv.
Іsnuyut indistinguishable speech and ti, which are taken from the molecular look, for example, tsukor, formaldehyde. Such pollutants are called non-electrolytes. For them, it is not typical to settle the charged particles. Weak electricity (vougilna and octova acid, that low of other speeches) avenge little ions.
Theory of electrical dissociation
In his work, the Swedish teachings S. Arrenius (1859-1927) relied on Faraday's whiskers. Nadal clarified the position of the yoga theory of the Russian scholars I. Kablukov and V. Kistyakovsky. The stinks were saying that, from the difference and melting, they are satisfied with the total obligation of speech, less electricity. What is the dissociation for S. Arrhenius? This is the destruction of molecules, which is to be produced before the appearance of charged particles in melts. The main theoretical provisions of S. Arrenius:
- Imagine, acids and salts in different varieties are found in a dissociated person.
- Reversely rozpadayutsya on іon strong elektrolіti.
- Weak ones satisfy few ions.
An indicator of speech (її often pronounced in hundreds of women) is the spivvіdnennia of the number of molecules, which broke up into ions, and the total number of particles in a variety. Electrolytes are strong, as the value of this indicator is over 30%, weak - less than 3%.
The power of electrolits
Theoretical experiments of S. Arrhenius supplemented the latest studies of physical and chemical processes in rozna and melting, carried out by Russian scientists. We took away the explanation of the power of basic acids. Before the first ones, the z'ednannya can be seen, in the range of some of the cations, only metal ions can be detected, anions - particles of OH -. Molecules of acids break down into negative ions of acidic excess and proton water (H+). Rukh ionіv in rozchinі and rozplavі — chaotic. Let's look at the results, for which it is necessary to choose a lancer, turn on the new and great light bulb. We can check the conductivity of different speeches: kitchen salt, octic acid and zucru (the first two are electrolytics). What is an electric Lanciug? That strumu was dzherelo that guides, z'ednani among themselves. When the lancet flickers, the light bulb burns brighter in the range of kitchen salt. Rukh ionіv nabuvaє ordering. The anions go straight to the positive electrode, and the cations go straight to the negative.
The fate of this process in oxic acid is small, the number of charged particles. Zukor is not electrolytic, do not conduct struma. An insulating ball appears between the electrodes in a different way, the light bulb is not lit.
Chemical interactions between electrolytes
When pouring out, you can make sure that electricity is being applied. What is the nature of such reactions? Let's take a look at the application of chemical interactions between sodium and sodium nitrate:
2NaNO 3 + BaCl 2 + = 2NaCl + Ba(NO 3) 2.
Electrolyte formulas can be written in ionic form:
2Na + + 2NO 3- + Ba 2+ + 2Cl - = 2Na + + 2Cl - + Ba 2+ + 2NO 3-.
Taken for the reaction of speech - strong electricity. And here the stock of ions is not changed. Chemical interactions between possible three types:
1. As one of the products, it is an indistinct speech.
Molecular alignment: Na 2 SO 4 + BaCl 2 = BaSO 4 + 2NaCl.
Let's write down the warehouse of elektrolit_v at the sight of ions:
2Na + + SO 4 2- + Ba 2+ + 2Cl - \u003d BaSO 4 (white precipitate) + 2Na + 2Cl -.
2. One of the speeches that they have settled down is gas.
3. The middle product of the reaction is a weak electrolyte.
Water is one of the weakest electrolytes
It is chemically clean not to carry out an electric stream. Ale at її warehouses є a small number of charged particles. These are protons H+ and anion BIN-. The dissociation is reduced to a meager number of water molecules. The main value is the ionic additional water supply, which is constant at a temperature of 25 °C. It allows you to recognize the concentration of H + and OH -. They prevail over water in acid roses, hydroxide-anions more in meadows. In neutral ones, the number of H + and OH - increases. The middle difference also characterizes the water indicator (pH). Chim vіn more, tim more є hydroxide-ions. The middle is neutral with a pH range close to 6-7. In the presence of H+ and OH ions, their color of speech-indicators changes: litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl orange and others.
The authorities of the rozchinіv and the melting of elektrolitіv know a wide zastosuvannya in industry, tekhnіtsі, silskogo gosudarstvo and medicine. The science of priming was laid down by the robots of low-profile scientists, they explained the behavior of particles, including salts, acids and bases. In this case, different reactions of ion exchange occur. The stench of vicorist is used in the production processes, in electrochemistry, galvanization. Processes in living sources are also found between ions in plants. Rich in non-metals and metals, toxic as atoms and molecules, indispensable as charged particles (sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, phosphorus and others).
Electricity - ce of speech, rozchini chi melting yakah to conduct an electric strum. Acids, bases and salts are added to electrolytes. Speech, if not to conduct an electric stream in a smelted or molten steel, are called non-electrolytes. Before them one can see a lot of organic speeches, for example, tsukru, that іn. The zdatnіst razchinіv elektrolіtіv conduct elektrichny strum explain tim, scho molecules elektroіtіv when rozchinennі rozdayutsya on electrically positively and negatively charged particles - ions. The value of the charge of an ion is numerically equal to the valency of the atom and the group of atoms that make up the ion. They look like atoms and molecules as if they are electric charges, and with other powers, for example, they have no smell, no color, no other powers of chlorine molecules. Positively charged ions are called cations, but negatively charged anions. Cations make up water H + metal: K + Na + Ca 2+ Fe 3+ - deyak_ groups of atoms, for example, the group of ammonium NH + 4; anioni dissolve atoms and groups of atoms, which are acidic excesses, for example Cl - , NO - 3 , SO 2- 4 , CO 2- 3 .
The breakdown of electrolyte molecules into ions is called electrolytic dissociation, or ionization, and it is a reverse process, so that in a difference it can become equal, when some molecules of electrolytes break up into ions, the insoles change. The dissociation of electrolytes on ions can be represented by the following general lines: , de KmAn - undissociated molecule, Z + 1 - cation, which carries z 1 positive charges, A z- 2 - anion, which has z 2 negative charges, m and n - the number of cations and anions that are dissolved during the dissociation of one molecule of electrolyte Napriklad, .
The number of positive and negative ions in a variety can be different, but the total charge of cations is always equal to the total charge of anions, which is electrically neutral in general.
Strong elec- tricity is practically more likely to dissociate into ions for any concentrations of them in a retailer. Before them one can see strong acids, strong bases and even all salts. Weak electricity, to which one can see weak acids and bases and deak salts, for example, sublimate HgCl 2, dissociate more often; steps of their dissociation, that is a part of the molecules that have broken down into ions, growing from a change in concentration.
The world’s ability of electrolytes to break down into ions in different areas can be the constant of the electrical dissociation (ionization constant), rіvna 
where the square arms show the concentration of the most common particles in the rosette.
When rolling through the rally electropline of post_inyl eckecitrical strips of the cat) to change to negatively charged with the electricity - the cathode, the Anodi is submitted to a positive enectrod - the anode, de vіdyutnі's charges, rejuvenate on the ELECTRODERNY atoms of Abo molecules (Kationi to donate Elektroni Cathedral, and Anioni Vіdayut Elektroni. Osskilki processes PREDINANNA ELECTRONIV TO RECHOVINY є VіDDDOVNYE, and the process of Vіddachi Elektronіv Rechovenoy - oxides, then for the otsed by the enectricultic stream through the rich enectrolіt to Kationiv, Ale in the anode-oxidine, Anіv. Tsei oxesino-Vidnovniy process.
Electrolytes are non-mandatory storage sources and alkaline tissue organisms. In physiological and biochemical processes, such inorganic ions as H + , Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , OH - , Cl - , HCO - 3 , H 2 PO - 4 , SO 2-4 play a great role (Div. Mineral exchange). Іoni Н + і ВІН - in the body of a person are found in even small concentrations, but their role in life processes is great (div. Acid-luzhna rivnovaga). The concentration of ions Na + and Cl - signifi- cantly outweighs such a ratio of inorganic ions at once. also buffers, Іonіti.
Electricity - speech, rozchiny or melting yakah to conduct an electric strum. Typical electrolytes are salts, acids and bases.
Apparently, before the theory of electrolytic dissociation of Arrhenius, the molecules of electrolytic compounds in different species spontaneously disintegrate into positively and negatively charged particles - ions. Positively charged ions are called cations, and negatively charged anions. The value of the charge of an ion depends on the valency of the atom or the group of atoms that make up the given ion. Cations make sounds like metal atoms, for example, K +, Na +, Ca2 +, Mg3 +, Fe3 +, and other groups of other atoms (for example, the ammonium group NH 4); anionis, as a rule, are dissolved by atoms and groups of atoms, which are acidic excesses, for example Cl-, J-, Br-, S2-, NO 3 -, CO 3 , SO 4 , PO 4 . The skin molecule is electrically neutral, so the number of elementary positive charges of cations is equal to the number of elementary negative charges of anions, which are settled during the dissociation of the molecule. The presence of ions explains the construction of the design of electrics to conduct an electric jet. Therefore, the variety of electrolytes is called ionic conductors or conductors of a different kind.
The dissociation of electrolyte molecules into ions can be represented by the upcoming violent events:
de - undissociated molecule, - cation, which carries n1 positive charges, - anion, which has n2 negative charges, p and q - number of cations and anions, which enter the warehouse of the electrolyte molecule. So, for example, the dissociation of sulfuric acid and ammonium oxide hydrate are expressed as equals: 
The number of ions, yak in retail, is accepted to be used in gram-ions per 1 liter of retail. Gram-ion - the mass of ions of this species, expressed in grams and numerically more advanced formulas of the ion. Formula vaga know pіdsumovuvannya atomic vаg аtomіv, scho utvoryuyut danny іon. So, for example, the formula for ions SO 4 is more expensive: 32.06 + 4-16.00 = 96.06.
Electrolytes are subdivided into low molecular weight, high molecular weight (polyelectrolytes) and columns. The butts of low molecular weight electrolytes, or simply electrolytes, can be equal to low molecular weight acids, bases and salts, for example, they are used to dilute on weak and strong electrolytes. Weak electrolytes do not dissociate into ions, after which a dynamic balance is established between ions and non-dissociated electrolyte molecules (equal 1). To weak electrolytes, weak acids, weak bases and strong salts, for example mercuric chloride HgCl 2, are seen. Kіlkіsno protses disotsіatsії Mauger Buti elektrolіtichnoї disotsіatsії characterization stage (stage іonіzatsії) α, i іzotonіchnim koefіtsієntom constants that elektrolіtichnoї disotsіatsії (constant іonіzatsії) K. stage elektrolіtichnoї disotsіatsії α nazivayut the chastku molecules elektrolіtіv, yak rozpadaєtsya on іoni in danomu rozchinі. The value of a, which varies in parts of one or %, is deposited depending on the nature of the electrolyte and the retailer: it changes with an increase in the concentration of the difference and changes slightly (increase or change) with an increase in temperature; it also changes when a strong electrolyte is introduced into the range of this electrolyte, which dissolves one-time noni (for example, the stage of electrolytic dissociation of octic acid CH 3 COOH changes when hydrochloric acid is added to the level of HCl or COON acetate).
Іzotonic coefficient, or van't Hoff coefficient, i. Experimentally, it is designated as a way to overcome the osmotic grip, lowering the temperature and freezing the difference (div. Krіometriya) and other physical powers of the different. The values of i and α are mutually equal
de n - The number of ions that are dissolved during the dissociation of one molecule of a given electrolyte.
The constant of electrolytic dissociation Up to є constant of equalization. If the electrolyte is dissociated into ions for equals (1), then 
de, 
i - concentration in the range of cations and anions (g-ion/l) and non-dissociated molecules (mol/l) apparently. Rivnyannia (3) is a mathematical virase to the law of mass, which is due to stop before the process of electrolytic dissociation. What is more K, then the electrolyte is more likely to fall into ions. For this electrolyte, deposit according to the temperature (speak for the increase in temperature) and, at the discretion, do not deposit due to the concentration difference.
If a molecule of a weak electrolyte can dissociate not so into two, but into a larger number of ions, then the dissociation proceeds in stages (step-by-step dissociation). For example, weak carbonic acid H 2 CO 3 in water varieties dissociates in two types:
With this, the dissociation constant of the 1st stage significantly outweighs that of the 2nd stage.
Strong elec- tricity is consonant with the Debye-Hückel theory in terms of dissociation on ions. Strong acids, strong bases and even all kinds of water salts can serve as butts for these electrolytes. Due to the total dissociation of strong electrolytes, there is a large number of ions in different regions, in which there are such, that between differently charged ions, the forces of electrostatic gravity are shown, The presence of the ionic atmosphere reduces the chemical and physiological activity of the ions, their instability in the electric field and other power of the ions. Electrostatic gravity between differently charged ions increases due to the increase in ionic strength, which is equal to the highest total concentration of skin ions per square of iodine valency Z:
So, for example, an ionic strength of 0.01 molar difference MgSO 4 is more
The development of strong electrolytes independently of their nature with the same ionic strength (which does not exceed, however, 0.1) may have the same ionic activity. Ionna blood strength of a person does not exceed 0.15. For a syllabic description of the powers of distribution of strong electrolytes, a value was introduced, called activity a, which formally replaces the concentration in equals, which is to be expelled from the law of mass, which is to be, for example, in equal (1). Activity a, which may vary the concentration, is related to the concentration equal to
de f - activity coefficient, which shows how often the effective concentration of these ions in a variety becomes effective concentration or activity. With a change in concentration, the difference f grows and even more diversified, the difference becomes equal to 1; at times a=C.
Low molecular weight electrolytes are non-mandatory storage sources and alkaline tissues of organisms. From the ions of low molecular weight electrolytes in physiological and biochemical processes, the cations H+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and the anions OH-, Cl-, HCO 3 , H 2 PO 4 , HRO 4 , SO 4 (div. Mineral exchange) play a great role. They H + and OH- in organisms, including those in human organisms, are found in even small concentrations, but their role in life processes is great (div. Acid Luzhna Rivnovaga). The concentration of Na+ and Cl- signifi- cantly exceeds the concentration of the other ions, at the same time.
For living organisms, the so-called antagonism of ions is characteristic of the so-called antagonism of ions - the nature of ions, which are different, mutually reduce the power of the skin of them. It has been established, for example, that Na + ions at this concentration, in such a stench, are found in the blood, and they are poisonous for rich insulating organs of creatures. However, the presence of Na + is taken into account when adding to the range, in order to avenge them in the same concentrations of K + and Ca2 + ions. Thus, K+ and Ca2+ ions are antagonists of Na+ ions. Rozchini, at some shkіdlіvu diyu whether-iоnіv іnіtіv ієіonіv antagonіstіv, are called equilibrated rozchiny. Antagonism of ionic manifestations during dif- ferent physiological and biochemical processes.
Polyelectrolytes are called high-molecular electrolytes; butts of їх є proteins, nucleic acids and many other biopolymers (div. High molecular weight), as well as a number of synthetic polymers. As a result of the dissociation of macromolecules of polyelectrolytes, low molecular weight ions (protions) are dissolved, as a rule, of a different nature and richly charged macromolecular ion. Part of the protions is mitically bound to the macromolecular ion by electrostatic forces; others are known to the rozchini in the free station.
Butts of kolodnyh elektrolitiv can be buty mila, tanneries of speech and deaks of barvniks. Rivnovaga is typical for the discourses of these speeches:
micelles (colloid particles) → molecules → ions.
When rozvedennі rozchina equal shifts zlіva to the right.
also Ampholyte.
ELECTROLITES- Speech, rozchini or razmelt yakikh to carry out an electric strum.
NON-ELECTROLITY- Speech, rozchini or razmelt those who do not conduct an electric strum.
Dissociation- The fall of the day on ion.
Steps of dissociation– increase in the number of associations of molecules on ions to the total number of molecules in a variety.
STRONG ELECTROLITY in case of differences in drinking water, it is practically povnistyu to dissociate to ions.
Under the hour of writing the equal dissociation of strong electrolytes, put a sign of equal.
Up to strong electrolytes one can see:
· Rose salts ( look at the table of differences);
Rich inorganic acids: HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, HClO 3, HClO 4, HMnO 4, HCl, HBr, HI ( marvel acid-strong electrolytes in the tables of rozchinnosti);
Bases of lunar (LiOH, NaOH,KOH) and luzhnozemelnye (Ca (OH) 2, Sr (OH) 2, Ba (OH) 2) metals ( marvel at the base-strong electricity in the tables of differences).
WEAK ELECTROLITY in water roses, they are less frequently (reversely) dissociated into ioni.
Under the hour of writing, the dissociation of weak electrolytes should be marked with a sign of turnover.
Weak electrolytes can be seen:
May all organic acidic water (H 2 O);
Deyakі inorganic acids: H 2 S, H 3 PO 4, HClO 4, H 2 CO 3, HNO 2, H 2 SiO 3 ( marvel acid-weak electrolytes in the tables of rozchinnosti);
· Nerozchinnі hydroxide metals (Mg (OH) 2, Fe (OH) 2, Zn (OH) 2) ( marvelclab and electricity in the tables of rozchinnosti).
A number of factors come into play on the balance of electrical dissociation:
the nature of the retailer electrolyte: strong electrolytes - speech with ionic and covalent strongly polar bonds; good ionizing building, tobto. zdatnistyu viklikati dissociation of speeches, mum retailers with great dielectric penetration, molecules of some kind of polarity (for example, water);
temperature: shards of dissociation - the process is endothermic, the temperature rises and the value of α moves;
concentration: when the difference between the stages of dissociation increases, and with an increase in concentration - changes;
stage of the process of dissociation: cutaneous advancing stage less effective, lower anterior, approximately 1000-10 000 times; for example, for phosphoric acid α 1 > α 2 > α 3:
H3PO4⇄Н++H2PO−4 (first stage, α 1),
H2PO−4⇄H++HPO2−4 (another step, α 2),
НPO2−4⇄Н++PO3−4 (third stage, α3).
Therefore, in the range of acid concentrations, the concentration of ions in water is the largest, and phosphate ions PO3-4 is the smallest.
1. Razchinnist and that stage of dissociation of speech is not related to each other. For example, a weak electrolyte is good (non-coated) ozone acid in water.
2. In the case of a weak electrolyte, it is less for others to avenge quiet ions, as they settle down at the remaining stage of electrolytic dissociation
On the steps of electrolytic dissociation, we also add addition of other electrolytes: for example, steps of dissociation of formic acid.
HCOOH ⇄ HCOO − + H+
zmenshuєtsya, akshcho in rozchin to add trochs of sodium formate. Qia strong dissociation with the approved formate-ions HCOO - :
HCOONa → HCOO − + Na +
Through the war, the concentration of ions in HCOO– shifts, apparently to the principle of Le Chatelier, the shift in the concentration of formate-ions replaces the equal process of dissociation of formic acid to the left, tobto. the steps of dissociation change.
Law of breeding Ostwald- spіvvіdnennia, scho reflects the staleness of the equivalent electrical conductivity of the diluted binary difference of the weak electrolyte in terms of the concentration of the difference:
Here - the dissociation constant of the electrolyte, - the concentration, - the value of the equivalent electrical conductivity at the concentration and at the undissolved dilution. Spivvіdnoshennia є naslіkom chinnyh mast and equivalence law
de - steps of dissociation.
The law of Ostwald's birth was introduced by V. Ostwald in 1888 and confirmed by him in the same way. The experimental establishment of the correctness of the Ostwald's law of dissociation is of little great importance for substantiating the theory of electrical dissociation.
Electrolytic dissociation of water. Water indicator pH Water є weak amphoteric electrolyte: H2O H + + OH- or, more precisely: 2H2O \u003d H3O + + OH- The dissociation constant of water at 25 ° C is more: take a constant ta equal 55.55 mol / l (solidity of water 1000 g / l, wt 1 l 1000 g, quantity of speech water 1000g: 18g / mol \u003d 55.55 mol, C \u003d 55.55 mol: 1 l \u003d 55 55 mol/l). This value is constant at a given temperature (25 ° C), it is called an ionic addition of water KW: Dissociation of water is an endothermic process, therefore, due to the temperature increase, it is consistent with the principle of Le Chatelier, dissociation is possible, ionic water increases at 10 - 1030. In pure water at 25°C, the concentrations of ions in water and hydroxyl are equal to each other: = = 10-7 mol/l Differentials, in which concentrations of ions and hydroxyl are equal to each other, are called neutral. If you add acid to pure water, the concentration of ions in water rises and becomes higher, lower than 10-7 mol / l, the middle becomes sour, at which the concentration of ions in hydroxide mitte changes so that the ionic addition of water saves its 14-value. Those same vіdbuvatimetsya і when adding to clean water meadow. The concentration of ions in water and hydroxide is bound together through an ionic fiber, knowing the concentration of one of the ions, it is easy to calculate the concentration of the other. For example, yaksho = 10-3 mol/l, then = KW/ = 10-14/10-3 = 10-11 mol/l, or yaksho = 10-2 mol/l, then = KW/ = 10-14 / 10-2 \u003d 10-12 mol / l. In this way, the concentration of ions in water or hydroxide can be an important characteristic of the acidity or the content of the medium. In fact, they are not stained by concentrations of ions in water and hydroxyl, but by water pH and hydroxyl pH indicators. The water indicator pH is equal to the negative tenth logarithm of the ion concentration in water: pH = - lg - acidic, moreover, the lower the pH, the higher the concentration of ions in water. pH greater than 7 - the middle of the pool, if the pH is higher, then the concentration of ions in hydroxide is higher.
