Dopamine Wikipedia. Instructions for zastosuvannya. What are the functions of dopamine?
Dopamine (dopamine , DA) is a neurotransmitter that vibrates in the brain of creatures (in that number of people). Likewise, the hormone that is vibrated by the cerebral speech of supra-cerebral deposits and other tissues (for example, nirks), but may not penetrate into the brain from the blood. Behind the chemical structure, dopamine is classified as catecholamine. Dopamine is a biochemical precursor of norepinephrine (adrenaline).
The studies continued the motivational hypothesis of dopamine, which proved the dysmotility of patients with Parkinson's ailment, as they pointed out the increase in dopamine in the dorsal swarthy body, and they violated its effectiveness with the results of healthy adults. All the participants vykonuvali shvidki posledovnі ruhi to visual objects, povyazanih z razny rizik and raznymi vitraty energy, scho gravitation counter or helped them. In the minds of the low energy of the patients, the patients were treated quite well, similarly to the recipes of an ideal planner and healthy participants.
neurotransmitter
Dopamine is one of the chemical factors in internal reinforcement (FVP) and is an important part of the “vineyard system” of the brain, which oscillates a little satisfaction (or satisfaction), which contributes to the process of motivation and learning. Dopamine naturally vibrates in great numbers under the hour of the positive, for the subjective manifestations of people, for example, sex, the reception of savory food, the reception of bodily sensations. Neurobiological experiments have shown that thinking about anxiety can increase the level of dopamine, so the neurotransmitter can be used by the brain to assess that motivation, which is important for survival and the continuation of the family.
However, as more energy is spent, the efficiency of patients with Parkinson's ailment has significantly decreased lower for indications for ideal planners and lower for indications of healthy summer participants. The results showed that the building before the effective planning can be stored in the amount of energy and diy dopamine for the influx of energy per day.
Regulation and administration of dopamine
In Parkinson's disease, dopamine-transmitting neurons in this area die. As a result, the brain of people with Parkinson's disease may not take revenge on dopamine. Apparently, dysfunction in various dopaminergic systems is associated with various disorders. In patients with schizophrenia, there was a decrease in dopamine in the anterior cortex and galvanized dorama of the swarthy body. Dopamine waste in a swarthy tone is responsible for motor control loss in Parkinson's patients. Studies have shown that there is an underlying abnormal regulation of dopamine and wheezing in Tourette's syndrome.
Dopamine plays an important role in ensuring cognitive activity. Activation of dopaminergic transmission is necessary in the process of switching people's respect from one stage of cognitive activity to the next. In this way, the lack of dopaminergic transmission can lead to increased inertia of the sick person, as it is clinically manifested by an increase in cognitive processes (bradyphrenia) and perseverations. These are the most typical cognitive symptoms of ailments due to dopaminergic deficiency - for example, Parkinson's ailments.
Dopamine may be necessary to mediate sexual responses. In addition, studies of microdialysis showed that narcotic drugs potentiate post-acute dopamine. Neuro-visualization showed a link between euphoria and psychostimulant-induced increase in postacute dopamine. Tsі efekta disfunktsії dopamіnu vkazuyut on sutnіst pіdtrimki funktsіonalnostі dopamіnu for Relief homeostasis mehanіzmіv, SSMSC boule pov'yazanі of delicate balance mіzh synthesis zberіgannyam, vivіlnennyam, metabolіzmom that zvorotnim zahoplennyam, oskіlki tsі mehanіzmi prisutnі yak on rіvnі populyatsіy klіtin, so i on rіvnі okremih nervous cells.
As the largest number of neurotransmitters, synthetic analogues are used for dopamine, and stimulants of vision are found in the brain. Zokrema, a lot of drugs, reduces the generation of dopamine in the brain 5-10 times, which allows people, like them to live, to feel a little satisfied with the piece rank. Thus, amphetamine indirectly stimulates dopamine release, influencing the mechanism of its transport. Other drugs, for example, cocaine and other psychostimulants, block the natural mechanisms of dopamine ingestion, increasing its concentration in the synaptic space. Morphine and nicotine mimic natural neurotransmitters, while alcohol blocks dopamine antagonists. As the patient continues to re-stimulate his “hooking system”, step by step the brain adapts to a piece of dopamine boost, less hormone release and a decrease in the number of receptors in the “hooking system”, one of the factors that spur the drug addict to increase the dose. A further development of chemical tolerance can step by step lead to metabolic disorders in the brain, and in the long term, potentially lead to serious damage to a healthy brain.
As you notice zhorstki, painful m'yazi and commemorate deaki cognitive damage, as well as loss of balance and coordination, you may have low levels of dopamine neurotransmitter. Tse those who are guilty at the rosy fog, which lead to palniks, keys, closed at your booth, and not in the memory of memory, I divided, which you read with ease.
- Dopamine, learning that memory
It also can be brought to severe pains, tremors and falling. To increase the supply of dopamine to the brain, doctors denounce amphetamine drugs, such as Ritalin or Adderell. Tim is not less, stink, like before, give priority nature, to turn on the foot.
Biosynthesis
The precursor of dopamine is L-tyrosine (it is synthesized from phenylalanine), which is hydroxylated by the enzyme tyrosine-droxylase to L-DOPA, and, in its own right, is decarboxylated for the help of the L-DOPA-decarboxylase enzyme and converted to dopamine. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of the neuron.
Equals of dopamine are changed even more appropriately, so be it a better method, it is recommended that the person gave me enough time, the first is lower, or it is better to praise the solution in essence. Doctors don’t call a person for a low level of dopamine and diagnose natomist її apparently until symptoms improve.
Illness associated with dopamine
Well, you can say, ymovirno, dopamine plays a great role in our everyday life. The cei neurotransmitter plays an important role in the formation of memory, regulation of sleep, focussing of attention, and maintenance of the hand function. Understanding dopamine is the way you practice, is the key to understanding how your brain works. In the future, we can discuss other neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and glutamate.
receptors
The fate of the internal supplementation is taken by D 2 and D 4 receptors.
At high concentrations, dopamine also stimulates α- and β-adrenergic receptors. Injection into the adrenoreceptors of the bindings is not so with direct stimulation of adrenoreceptors, as due to the development of dopamine induction of norepinephrine from granular presynaptic depots, to induce an indirect adrenomimetic effect.
The functions of dopamine are too great for a fagot. Dopamine is an overhead neurotransmitter that works in your brain. So, if you want to learn about neuroscience, dopamine always come to the discussion. This chemical is one of the central power drivers for all the work of your brain. Without dopamine, we would have been called non-human, shards are the key strength of our greater diy and international stances. If you want to know the roles of dopamine in your way of life, the axis is a list of nine different ways how to pour into your life.
"Circle" to dopamine
The fate of the system
In the fundamental study of 1954, Canadian scientists James Olds and his colleague Peter Milner showed that it is possible to implant electrodes in the cerebellum, especially in the middle vuzol of the anterior cerebellum, then the eye can be taught to push important in the clitoris. If the eyes have learned to stimulate the village, the stinks have come upon the importance up to a thousand times a year. It gave the opportunity to let go, that the center of satisfaction is being stimulated. One of the main pathways in the transmission of nerve impulses in this division of the brain is dopamine, to which the previous ones hung a version that the main chemical speech, caused by satisfaction, is dopamine. Later, the admission was confirmed by radionuclide tomographic scanners and antipsychotic drugs (drugs that ignore the productive symptoms of schizophrenia).
Dopamine and schizophrenia
Dopamine is the same molecule, as the body vibrates in a natural way, and as speech, as to know our dreams and the greatest secrets. Dopamine means heat, love, innocence, motivation, respect, womanhood, drug addiction.
Dopamine is similar to a chemical messenger in the brain, which technically acts as a neurotransmitter and acts for signaling in the central nervous system. Tse those that allow you to transfer information from one neuron to another. After injecting dopamine into the brain, lie down in a number of different factors and lie down in other types of neurons, as in others. They respected the heart that this speech is tied to the right satisfaction, as we knew. For the rest of the hour, it becomes stronger that dopamine is more effective than guarding satisfaction with that motivation.
Dopaminergic system
The main dopamine pathways are:
- mesocortical path (processes of motivation and emotional reactions)
- mesolimbіchny way (production of a feeling of satisfaction, vіdchuttya hedge that bazhannya)
- nigrostrіarny way (rukhova activity, extrapyramide system)
Tila neurons nigrostriatal, mesocorticalі mesolimbic tracts establish a complex of neurons in the black substance and the ventral field of the lining. The axons of these neurons go together at the warehouse of one great tract (the medial bundle of the anterior cerebellum), and then diverge at different brain structures. The authors work on combining the mesocortical and mesolimbic subsystems into a single system, the prote was more primed to see the mesocortical and mesolimbic subsystems clearly to projections near the frontal cortex and limbic structures of the brain.
Functions of dopamine and circulation
In order for your basal ganglia to function at their maximum efficiency, you rely on seeing the amount of dopamine in your vascular neurons. If there is not enough dopamine to reach the basal ganglia, good-will may be delayed or uncoordinated, like Parkinson's disease. However, as the basal ganglia take too much dopamine too much, it can cause the body to work inappropriately, tics, which are repeated, as a widening symptom of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.
In the extrapyramidal system, dopamine plays the role of a stimulating neurotransmitter, which promotes the development of rukhovo activity, changes in rukhovo galvanism and thinness, and reduces hypertonicity of the tongue. Physiological dopamine antagonists in the extrapyramide system - acetylcholine and GABA.
Functions of dopamine and memory
In the prefrontal cortex, the main part of the brain is connected with the greatest ordering of thoughts, secrets of dopamine help improve your working memory. Equal to dopamine here is super-delicate, so to induce a small increase, or a change to a normal amount can bring to the suffering of your memory.
Indication before zastosuvannya
Shards of dopamine are poured into your memory, and wine is also poured into learning processes and those, as you collect information. If dopamine is present at the hour of the day, or I will, we will remember it; However, it’s like a day out, we don’t remember anything. Dopamine attachments to your center of the winegrower, if you are not interested in specific things to occupy, or the cultivation of singing objects, then equal dopamine will change in your prefrontal cortex. As it happens, then your brain does not see the motivation to guess the facts given to you.
Other subsystems
In the hypothalamus and hypophysis, dopamine plays the role of a natural halmic neurotransmitter, which inhibits the secretion of low hormones. With any regard for the secretion of various hormones, it is realized at different concentrations of dopamine, which ensures a high specificity of regulation. The secretion of prolactin is the most sensitive to halmic differences in dopaminergic signals, the secretion of somatoliberin and somatotropin is less sensitive, the secretion of corticoliberin and corticotropin and, to a lesser extent, the secretion of thyrotropin and thyrotropin. The secretion of gonadotropins and gonadoliberin is not affected by dopaminergic signals.
This is the main rank for the readers, as they can give a reason why these students do not take information from the class, although they would be given an explanation. New - innovative ways of training, new technologies, new assistants. Zahoplyuyuchi - adventurous, practical, task manager.
Functions of dopamine and respect
Rewarding - boosting, giving rewards, praise and other ways to improve the self-esteem of your learning. Dopamine allows you to get angry and give respect. Vіn pratsyuє, reacting to the bachelor, as if zmushuє you turn your respect on whether it be specific zavdannya chi activity. This neurotransmitter can be significant for those that are left behind in your short-line memory, part of your prefrontal measles, is tied up with negaino respect. If the concentration of dopamine here is too low, it can lead to respect deficit syndrome.
Due to the sensitivity of certain hormonal subsystems to the level of dopamine, drugs-dopaminometics that enhance iodine synthesis can be used as therapy for hormonal diseases. For example, dopaminometics are prescribed for hyperprolactinemia and Parkinson's disease.
Functions of dopamine and satisfaction and reason
Dopamine is the central chemical speech in your brain, which regulates how you perceive it and feel satisfied. Under the hour of receiving moments, otherwise the situation of which neurotransmitter is vibrating, which will disturb the people of shukati bazhanu activity again and again. Eating and manifesting a state act as stimulants for the development of dopamine in the brain. The very reason for the cієї causes the cі dії to ring out the reception and why people constantly take the fate of them.
Functions of dopamine and bіl during obrobtsі
In a series of hoarse hostility, dopamine is also released if you stick with irrelevant or natural stimuli, for example, if you take paper roses or you use an insipid argument from your best friend.
