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Summary: Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" Souls are alive and dead at the door N.V.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

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Abstract from literature:

“The souls of the dead are alive at the door of N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"

Novocherkask

1. The history of the creation of the poem "Dead Souls"

2. The souls of the dead and the living at the door N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"

2.1 The purpose of Chichikov's life. Father's order

2.2 What are "dead souls"?

2.3 Who are the “dead souls” of the Poemi?

2.4 Who are the “living souls” of the poet?

3. Another volume dead souls» - a crisis in Gogol's creativity

4. Rise up to sensu

List of references

1. The history of the creation of the poem "Dead Souls"

Writers, yakі easily and vіlno guess the plots of their creations. Gogol did not lie down to them. Vin boo is unbearably innocent of the plot. Forcibly giving you the idea of skin creation. To you, you will need a new postal order to bring your imagination to life. The co-workers tell, with such a greedy clatter, hearing Gogol different stories, anecdotes, pidhopleny on the streets, boules and non-bills. Hearing professionally, writing, memorizing the skin characteristic detail. Passed the rocks, that other one, with a vipadkovo sense of history, came to life in yoga creations. For Gogol, having guessed P.V. Annenkov, "nothing was wasted for nothing."

The plot of "Dead Souls" Gogol, as it seems, A.S. Pushkin, who, having long since reluctantly written a great epic tvir. Pushkin told Gogol the history of the suitability of an adventurer who, having bought dead villagers from his helpers, about those who would slay them, as if they were alive, in Opikunsky Radi and take away from them a non-abyak posture.

But the stars of Pushkin found out about the plot, which one he gave to Gogol?

The history of Shakhrai windings with dead souls could become a reminder to Pushkin at the hour of the yogi of Chisinau. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, tens of thousands of villagers flowed here, on the first day of Russia, to Bessarabia, from various regions of the country, rushing to pay arrears and various extortions. Misceva Vlada repaired the resettlement of these villagers. Revisited them. Ale, all come in were marnimi. Ryatuyuchis in the wake of the next, the villagers-vtikachi often took the names of dead kripakiv. It is said that in the hour of Pushkin's transfer to Chisinau, the envoy across Bessarabia spread a little, but the place of Bendery is immortal, the population of this place was called "immortal supremacy". For a long period of time, there was not registered a mortal's death there. Investigation has begun. It turned out that in Bendery it was accepted as a rule: those who died “do not turn off the suspense”, and their names were given to the villagers, who arrived here. Pushkin visited Bendery more than once, but she already occupied the history.

Shvidshe for everything, she herself became the grain of that plot, which may be through the second decade after the Chisinau banter, and the poet Gogol's recitations.

It is necessary to respect that Chichikov's zatiya has never been such a rarity in life itself. Shakhraystva with revіzskim souls bouldered in those hours with a widened river. It is possible to admit with confidence that more than one singing change formed the basis of Gogol's idea.

The core of the plot of "Dead Souls" was Chichikov's adventure. Vaughn was only given as naming and anecdotal, in fact, it was authentic in all the most important details. Krіposnitska realnіst created more friendly minds for such adventures.

By the decree of 1718, the ranks of the ranks under the census were replaced by the head census. All of a sudden, all the strong men of the state, “looking old to the last unmovable,” were given a handout. Dead souls(died or vt_kachi villagers) became a tractor for the helpers, like a dream, naturally її wake up. And it created a psychological change of mind for various machinations. Some dead souls were in tyagar, others saw the need for them, roaring for the help of Shakhray's favors to take the benefit. Itself on the basis of Pavlo Ivanovich Chichikov. But better than those, that Chichikov's fantastic pleasing was done at the end of the day with paragraphs of the law.

At the heart of the plots of the rich Gogol's works are a stupid anecdote, a vinnyatka vipadok, an over-the-top podia. And the more anecdotal and supra-lingual is given to the outer shell of the plot, then the picture of life is real before us. Here is one of the original drawings of the art of a talented writer.

Gogol pratsyuvati over " Dead souls” in the middle of 1835, then earlier, lower above the “Revizor”. On July 7, 1835, he reminds Pushkin that he wrote three divisions of Dead Souls. Alenova Rich hasn't yet drunk Mikoli Vasilovich. Vin wants to write a comedy. And even after the "Inspector" after the cordon, Gogol, in a right way, takes on "Dead Souls".

In the autumn of 1839, Gogol was embarrassed to make a trip to the Fatherland, and, apparently, to make a break in work. Through the spring months, Gogol will turn back to Italy to speed up the work on the book. At the same time in 1841, the fate of the wines will come again to Russia with us to instruct their tvir - the result of a stubborn sixfold practice.

At the chest, the rest of the correction was completed, and the residual version of the manuscript was submitted for review by the Moscow Censorship Committee. Here "Dead Souls" caught the eye of the shutter. Golokhvastiv, who was headlong at the meetings of the censorship committee, felt the name “Dead Souls”, and shouted: “Ni, I won’t allow anything: the soul is immortal - you can’t be a dead soul, - the author is afraid of immortality!”

Golokhvastov was slandered about what to say about the revisionist souls, and yet more and more bitterness came: “What and preparations cannot be allowed ... it means against violent law!” Here the members of the committee chimed in: "The acceptance of Chichikov is already a criminal mischief!"

If one of the censors, having tried to explain bulo, that the author is not true to Chichikov, they shouted from their sides: “So, not true, but the axis of wines having put yoga now and go and take the butt and bathe the dead souls ...”

Gogol zreshtoy buv zmusheniy take away the manuscript and virіshiv vіdraviti yogo to St. Petersburg.

In 1841, the fate of Moscow was hosted by Belinsky. Gogol, having turned to a new place, took the manuscript with him to Petersburg and accepted it as the most obvious passage through the Petersburg censorship authorities. The critic eagerly waited for the visconate to hand over and on May 21, 1842, with some censorship corrections, "Fit Chichikov's Dead Souls" came out together.

The plot of "Dead Souls" is made up of three calls of closed, but internally tied between each other: helpers, mischief officials and the life of Chichikov. The skin from the flanks helps to ground and better reveal the ideas and artistic ideas of Gogol.

2. The souls of the dead and the living at the door N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"

2.1 The purpose of Chichikov's life. Father's order

The axis of writing V.G. Sakhnovsky at his book “About the play “Dead Souls”:

“... It seems that Chichikov buv, not too thick, not too thin; that, in the opinion of some, he was thrown off against Napoleon, that he could speak miraculous power with his skin like a sign of that, about which he was acceptingly speaking. With Chichikov's method, he managed to cope with the most pleasant damage, to spread and inspire confidence in himself. It seems that Pavlo Ivanovich has a special charm, which, having overcome two catastrophes, he has knocked down another one forever. Ale smut, which characterizes Chichikov - all the addictive pulls to booty. The article, which is called, “a man with a vag in the court”, being “a man of dignity”, without a clan and a tribe, like rushing around like “a bark like a middle of fierce wind”, is the axis of Chichikov’s main task. Get your own place in life, not zvajayuchi not on whose and nor with any interest, large and private, - the axis of which is directly related to Chichikov.

And everything that did not seem wealthy and contentment was directed at a new enemy, not bugged by himself, - write about the new Gogol. Batkivske povchannya - “be careful and save a penny” - went to hell with you. We were not driven by stinginess and stinginess. No, you were given before life with some statues: crews, budinok, good power, savory insults.

“You’ll find everything and break everything in the world with a copy,” Yogo Batko commanded Pavel Ivanovich. Vіn zavoїv tse all life. "Self-confidence, patience and exchange of needs, showing the fault of innocence." So writing Gogol in the Biography of Chichikov (Chapter XI).

... Chichikov to come, to open. Yes, evil, like a kitten of Rus, like Chichikov in trinity. What is evil? It rises in the skin in its own way. On Chichikov's rash, the skin is quiet, you can do your own thing, you have your own reaction. Chichikov leads one line, but in a new new role with a skin diy special.

... Chichikov, Nozdrev, Sobakevich and other heroes of Dead Souls are not characters, but types. In these types, Gogol zіbrav i zagalniv richly similar characters, revealing in them a wild life-social way of life ... "

2.2 What are "dead souls"?

The first sensation of speaking of “dead souls” is this: did the villagers die, still in the revision lists. Without such a whole specific meaning, the plot of the story is impossible. And even more wondrous is Chichikov's undertaking in the fact that it buys the wines of the dead villagers, who entered alive in the audit lists. And what is legally feasible: it is enough to compile a list of villagers and to issue a purchase and sale in accordance with the official rank, to please the living people. Gogol on vlasnі ochі pokazuє, scho in Russia panuє law kupіvlі-sale of live goods, і scho take place є natural and normal.

Henceforth, the very factual basis, the very intrigue sing, prompted the sale of revisionist souls, the bula social and victorious, even though it was building an excuse, sing an innocent and distant view of vikrittya.

It's true, you can guess what Chichikov buys living people, what object of yoga please the villagers died. However, there is Gogol's irony here. Chichikov is stingy for the dead absolutely the same way, yakby vin stinging up the living villagers, following the very rules, following the very formal and legal norms. Tіlki tsіnu at tsomu Chichikov rozarovuє give significantly less money - well, like a bi for goods of lower quality, deposits of chi zіpsovany.

"Dead Souls" - this Gogol's formula starts to look like its deep zmist that changes. Tse mental recognition of the dead, word-finding, for which there is no such person. That formula comes to life - and real villagers follow it, such a helper can sell or buy, specific people.

The richness of the sense is already buried in Gogol's own word-collection. Yakbi Gogol wanted to add one single meaning, wine, more for everything, taking bi viraz "revising soul". Ale, the writer is navmisno vinіs in the name of sing word-of-mouth, inconspicuous, merciful, which did not sound in everyday speech.

2.3 Who are the “dead souls” of the Poemi?

“Dead souls” - the name to be worn by oneself, to induce fizz ... Not revіzsky - dead souls, prote tsі Nozdrev, Manilov and others - the axis of the dead souls mi їkh zustrіchaєmo shokroku ”, - writing Herzen.

In their own way, the “dead souls” of the atrocities are no longer up to the villagers - the living and the dead, - but to the rulers of life, the helpers of those officials. I sense yoga is metaphorical, figurative. Aje physically, materially, "all of the Nozdrevs, Manilovs and others" flourish and prosper. What can be bezsumnіvnіshe, nizh vedmedopіbny Sobakevich? Abo Nozdryov, about whom it is said: “It was bright like blood with milk; I was healthy, it seemed, so it pierced with yoga guise. But physical buttya is not yet for human life. Roslinne іsnuvannya is far away from the right spiritual ruins. “Dead souls” mean deadness, lack of spirituality. And this lack of spirituality manifests itself, accept it, in two ways. Nasampered - tse existence of any interests, passions. Do you remember what to say about Manilov? “When you see something, you don’t get a living one, or you can instill an intelligible word, like you can feel it, like something like that, like hitting an object, which you bully. The skin one had his own, but Manilov had nothing. You can’t call the greater number of passions high and noble. But in Manilov there was no such predilection. There was nothing of its own in the new sky. І smut of hostility, as if sending Manilov on a spy - tse inconspicuousness of that "mortal nudga".

Other characters - assistants and officials - are far from being impartial. For example, Nozdryov and Plyushkin have their own passions. Є svіy "zavzyattya" and Chichikov's - fuse "pridbannya". And in the richness of other characters, there is their own "bullying subject" that causes the most addictive passions in the mind: greed, ambition, cuckoo and so on.

It means that in whom the “dead souls” are born, they are dead in a different way, in a different world and, so to speak, in different doses. Ale, in other respects, the stench of the dead, however, without a difference and vinyatkiv.

Dead soul! Tse zdaєtsya super chlivim in his own way, we put it together s yakі include one to understand. How could a soul be dead, a person dead, then those who, by their nature, are spiritualized and spiritual? Can't live, can't sleep. Ale.

In the form of life, it seems like a form is lost, in the form of a person - a shell, as if it is properly managing life functions. And here one more meaning of Gogol’s image of “dead souls” is revealed: the revisionist dead souls, that is the mentally comprehension of the dead villagers. Investigative dead souls are specific, resurrecting individuals of the villagers, who behave in such a way as people do. And dead in spirit - mustaches of Manilov, Nizdrev, assistants and officials, a dead form, the sympathy of human interactions ...

All these facets of one Gogol's understanding - "dead souls", artistically realized by Yogo Poem. I faces are not isolated, but warehouses are single, inexhaustibly deep image.

Following his hero, Chichikov, moving from one month to another, the writer does not deprive himself of the hope of knowing such people, as if they would bear the beginning of a new life and rebirth. Tsіlі, yakі put in front of him Gogol and yogo hero, who is right next to him. Chichikov to chirp dead souls at the direct and figurative meaning of the word - revizsky dead souls and people who are dead in spirit. And Gogol is joking, I live my soul, in which the spark of humanity and justice burns.

2.4 Who are the “living souls” of the poet?

To “dead souls” sing the words “live” - a people of talent, praciovity, richly suffering. From the deep feelings of a patriot, that faith in the great future of his people, write about the new Gogol. Vіn bachiv lack of rights of the villagers, yogo humiliation of the camp and those stupinnya and zdichavіnnya, yakі became the result of krіpatstva. So uncle Mitya and uncle Minyay, the strong girl Pelageya, didn’t wake up, de right, but de right, plushkin Proshka and Moor, beaten to the extreme. Ale and in my social humiliation Gogol bachiv I live the soul of the “chewing people” and the zealousness of the Yaroslavl peasant. Vіn іz zakhoplennymi i lyubov'yu talk about the building of the people, courage and remoteness, vibrancy and the thirst for freedom. A formidable bogatyr, tesla Cork "was fit for the guard". Vіn went out with a sokir behind his belt and boots on the shoulders of the province. Carriage worker Mikhey created crews of supra-martial virtue and beauty. Pіchnik Milushkin instantly put a pіch at the be-yakom booth. Talanovitiy chobotar Maxim Telyatnikov - "what a silly kilne, those chobots, chobots, thank you." And Yeremey Sorokoplekhin “bringing one dues for five hundred karbovantsiv!”. Axis pozhniy krіpak Plushkin Abakum Firov. I did not see his soul in the oppression of captivity, he was drawn to the wide expanse of the Volz, in "walking noisily and cheerfully on the bread pier, joining the merchants." Alya is not easy for him to walk with barge haulers, "pulling the strap for one unskinned, like Russia, song." In the songs of the barge haulers Gogol, he felt the intensity of the oppression of the people until the next life, until the beautiful future. Behind the bark of lack of spirituality, callousness, carrion, the living forces of the people's life are alive - here and there break through to the surface in a living Russian word, cheerful barge haulers, Russian triika - forcing the future renewal of the fatherland.

Hot faith in prikhovanі until one o'clock, but the inescapable strength of the entire people, love to the fatherland, allowed Gogol to brilliantly rebuff the future.

3. Another volume of "Dead Souls" - a crisis in Gogol's creativity

"Dead Souls," Herzen said, "shocked all of Russia." Vin himself, having read them in 1842, wrote to the student: "... a marvelous book, a harsh zakid of modern Russia, but not hopeless."

"Pivnіchna bdzhola", the newspaper, which was seen by the third special office of Mikoli I, called Gogol at tsomu, scho vіn having depicted the peculiarity of the world of the negative, which never happened and instantly died. Critics sued the writer for one-sided depiction of action.

But the assistants saw it for themselves. Gogol’s companion, Yazikov sings, writing to relatives from Moscow: the axis is a clear proof that their portraits were written off by him correctly and that the originals were fastened to life! Such talent! Many who, before Gogol, described the life of the Russian nobility, but no one angered him as much as wine.

At the same time, “Dead Souls” were boiled and baked super-chickens. The stench vibrated, behind the words of Belinsky, "the nourishment of style and literature, like a hromada." The famous critic, however, having smartly caught these insecurities, they slandered Gogol, continued Dead Souls and showed Russia from the other side. Gogol did not understand that this poem was finished, that “all Russia” was painted over and that we would see (like we see) otherwise.

This super-intelligent idea was formed by Gogol at the end of the work on the first volume. To the same writer it was given, the new idea is not opposed to the first one, but to go straight out of the new one. Gogol, having not yet remembered what he cares for himself, he wanted to correct that vulgar world, which he painted so truthfully, and did not think about the first thing.

The work on another volume went well, and what was given is more important. Near the lime 1845 Gogol burnt down the writing. It’s like Gogol himself explaining through the river why another volume was burned down: It’s only a matter of arousing one empty pride and bragging ... No, it’s an hour, if it’s impossible to straighten the soul otherwise, or to inspire the whole generation to the beautiful, until you show all the depths of the right guide; It's an hour, so you won't be able to talk about the high and the beautiful, without showing clearly ... the way and the road to the new. The rest of the furnishing was little and weakly laid out in another volume, but there may not be a head; to that wine and sleeping ... "

Gogol, in such a rank, having slandered the accident of his conceived as a whole. You will be healed at the right time, that in the first volume of “Dead Souls” you have depicted not the real types of assistants and officials, but your own vices and shortcomings, and that Russia needs to restore the morality of all people. Tse bula vіdmova vіd kolishny Gogol, scho having caused the bewilderment and close friends of the writer, and all the progressive Russia.

In order to better understand the spiritual drama of Gogol, you need to take it to the point of respect, pour it on the new one. The clerk is alive for a long time behind the cordon. There, they became a sign of serious social upheavals that culminated in the lower lands of Europe - in France, Italy, Austria, Ukraine, Prussia - the revolutionary vibe of 1848. Gogol spriymaє єх like wild chaos, the triumph of the blind, ruinous element.

Information from Russia brought Gogol into even more confusion. Peasant turmoil, heated political struggles exacerbate the destruction of the writer. The fight for the future of Russia inspires Gogol with the thought of the need to save Russia from destruction Western Europe. At the whispers of the exit of the wines, a reactionary-patriarchal utopia about the possibility of a nationwide unity and prosperity is bursting. How could she overcome the crisis, and what kind of world did Gogol the artist stumble upon through the crisis? Would you like to create better light, lower "Inspector" or "Dead Souls"?

One can only judge about the content of another volume by the nibblings and rhymes of memoirists. M. G. Chernishevsky’s opinion: “Utsililih urivkas have a lot of such sides, if they can be secured at the best, if they give us Gogol, they will suffocate with their artistic genius and, more importantly, with truthfulness. ..”

Superechka could have been written with only the rest of the manuscript, but it was spent for us, perhaps, naviki.

4. Rise up to sensu

The skin has come to an era in a new way, showing classical creations and such facets in them, as if they were the same in the other world, sounding and solving the problems of the world. The fellows wrote about "Dead Souls", that the stench "awakened Russia" and "awakened in us the knowledge about ourselves." The first few have not died out yet in the world of Manilov and Plyushkina, Nozdrev and Chichikov. The stench, zvichayno, became smaller, lower bulls in those hours, but did not spend their day. The skin of the new generation was revealed in Gogol's images of new ugliness, which they thought about the most important manifestations of life.

Such is the share of the great works of art, the stench outlive their creators and their era, they make national cordonies and become the eternal companions of humanity.

“Dead Souls” is one of the most exciting and exciting creations of Russian classics. How long would it take us to see the creation, but we never cease to marvel at the depths, perfection, and, perhaps, our notice about the new vicegerpanim is not taken into account. Reading "Dead Souls", you take in yourself noble moral ideas, as if you carried in your skin the ingenious virtuosity of art, and incomprehensibly for yourself you become pure and beautiful.

During the hours of Gogol, the word “vinahid” was often used in literary criticism and mysticism. At the same time, the word mi is brought to the product of technical, engineering thought, but it’s not enough for us in front of you in respect and art, create literary. І meant the whole word unity of zmist, form that zmist. Adzhe, to talk about it new, necessary faulty - create more artistic purpose, which in no way failed. Let's guess the words of A.S. Pushkin: "It is the greater courage - the courage of the winemaker". Knowing the secrets of the “winewalker” is so expensive, it’s not connected with the most obvious difficulties: for him it’s not necessary for him to speak, it’s not necessary for him to destroy the mission. You can blame for a literary hero, and go in the same way, as if you were passing through. It takes just an hour, that book, that bazhannya to think about it. Ale tse and naivazhcha are more expensive: it is impossible to say what the mark has reached, to that behind the skin we will understand and comprehend the artistic rank, unravel the mystery, post it again - more important and groaning. That is why the artistic tvir is incomparable and dearer to yoga sensation inexcusably.

List of references

goldeneye dead soul chichikiv

1. Yu. lit., 1989. 142 p.

2. Mashinsky Z. "Dead Souls" by Gogol "- 2nd view., Add.- M .: Khudozh. Lit., 1980. 117 p.

3. Chernishevsky N.G. Draw the Gogol period of Russian literature.- Full. Zibr. tv., v.3. M., 1947, p. 5-22.

4. www.litra.ru.composition

5. www.moskva.com

6. Belinsky V.G. "Come Chichikov, or Dead Souls" - Poln. zib. tv., vol. VI. M., 1955, p. 209-222.

7. Belinsky V.G. "Kilka sliv about Gogol's poetry ..." - Ibid., p. 253-260.

8. Zb. "Gogol at the Sochasniks' Spogadakh", S. Mashinskiy. M., 1952.

9. Zb. “N.V. Gogol in Russian Criticism”, A. Kotova and M. Polyakova, M., 1953.

How to understand what you really want to say Mikola Gogol

Text: Natalia Lebedeva/RG
Collage: Rick of Literature.

Photo portrait of N. V. Gogol from the group daguerreotype of S. L. Levitsky. Author K. A. Fisher / ru.wikipedia.org

Mikola Vasilyovich Gogol is rightfully considered one of the most mysterious writers in Russian literature. The rich mystery of yoga life and creativity has not been revealed by contributors. One of these riddles is the share of another to that of Dead Souls. Why did Gogol, having burned another volume, that one, having burned the wine of yoga, ignited? But the deacons of the mystery of "Dead Souls" literary scholars could still unravel. Why is the “Russian peasants” so remarkable, why did the gra in the vist become “obedient busyness” and how the role of the novel is played by the fly that flew into Chichikov’s nis? About the price and not less historian of literature, translator, candidate of philological sciences Yevheniya Shraga rose to Arzamas.

1. Mystery of Russian peasants

At the first paragraph of "Dead Souls" a chaise with Chichikov in "zhzhdzhaє" to the provincial town NN:

“Without doing yoga at the city, we make no noise and don’t be accompanied by anything special; only two Russian men, who stood by the door of the tavern against the hotel, raised deacons for respect ... "

This is clearly a detailed statement: from the first words, it was understood that Russia had a vision. Need more clarification, what are the men of Russia? Such a phrase literally lulled the hell out of the mouth of a foreigner, who would describe his own foreign hostility. Historian of Literature Semyon Ugortsiv in the article under the title “Gogol zovsіm not knowing the real Russian life” explains it like this:

Gogol was defiantly recognized as a well-known Russian (and not Ukrainian) thug, not seeming to be thrashed about the Russian province,

That's why such an epithet for a new one is really meaningful. Ugortsіv buv upevneniy: “Think about it, Gogol, even if it’s just for one piece of fluff, vin bi invariably fixing his stupidity, so don’t say anything to the Russian reader’s epithet.”

Ale toy not zakresliv - and not without reason: really the most characteristic for the poetics of "Dead Souls" reception, which sings and philologist

calling it a “figure of fiction”, - if it’s said (and often richly), but little is said, they don’t signify, they don’t describe descriptions.

The second example of poetics is the description of the main character. Vin “not blushing, but not filthy oldness, not too thick, not too thin; it’s impossible to say that it’s old, but it’s not like that, it’s too young”, “a person of the middle age, that the rank is not too great and not too small”, “pan of the middle hand”, individuals such as we do not like, wanting to look at the mirror with satisfaction.

2. Mystery of the rainbow braid

Axis yak mi vpershe Bachimo Chichikov:

“Pan, having thrown off his cap and unwound his woolen, district-wide, braid, as if we were preparing a squad with our own hands, without care with decent attitudes, as if wrapping ourselves up, and unfriendly - I can’t sing-songly say who to rob, God knows them ... "

"... I never wore such scarves,"– continue the admonitions of “Dead Souls”. The description will be more characteristic of Gogol's way: the intonation of a know-it-all - “I miraculously know everything about such braids”- sharply change to the length - “I am unfriendly, I didn’t wear anything like that, I don’t know anything.” Behind this primary method, and in such primary detail, the district braid is well-hidden.

“Having thrown another day of wine, it’s already drunken lies. The sun shone brightly on youma right in his eyes, and the flies, as if yesterday they slept peacefully on the walls and on the stele, all turned back to him: one strength to youmu on the lip, another on the ear, a third strove to nibi sit on the very eye, the very one that is small the carelessness of the pidsis is close to the nasal nostrils, sipping veins at the sleepers at the very nіs, which irritated him even more mіtsno chnut. too many reasons yoga awakening.

Tsіkavo, scho rozpovіd perepovidny rozgornutym descriptions zagalnogo dream, and tse awakening Chichikov - podіya, about yaku rozpovidaє report.

Chichikov rolls over like a fly that flew into the sky. It seems like it was described as such, like a shock to officials, like they sensed about the Chichik scam:

“The position of their [officials] among the persh hvilin was similar to the camp of a schoolboy, like a sleepy comrade, who got up earlier, put a hussar in his nose, tobto papirets, reminiscent of a tyutyun. Pulling the whole tutyun in your sleepers to yourself with the strength of a sleeper, you roll over, splurge, marvel like a fool, opening your eyes on all sides, and you can’t understand, de vin, what vin, what happened to him ... "

Wonderfully sensitive, the place was alarmed, and this excitement is described as a quiet awakening, who had previously gone into “dead dreams on the side, on the back in the other positions, from croups, nasal whistles and other accessories”, that everything was dormant in the place. Before us is the resurrection of the dead, high and parody. And the axis on the Mіs'kogo procurator was so depressed that Vіn zovsіm died. Yogo's death is paradoxical, to that in my senses on Sundays:

A. A. Agin. "Dead Souls". Chichikov and Korobochka. 1846/ www.nasledie-rus.ru

“... They sent a doctor to make bloodshed, but they pumped, that the prosecutor was already soulless. Just like that, they realized that the dead man had a soul, singsongly, without showing any guilt for his modesty.

The contrast between sleep and awakening is related to the key motives of the novel - death and respite. By mail before waking up, it’s possible to have a little dribnitsa - a fly, a tyutyun, a wondrous ear. The "Resurrectionist", in the role of such a speaker Chichikov, does not need a mother for any special honesty - you should end up opinating in the role of a fly, which she ate in her nose: the evil of the zvichny perebіg of life.

5. How to catch everything: the secret of Chichikov

Chichikov їde vid Boxes:

“While it was a good day, but the earth of the flooring became strayed, the wheels of the britzka, hooting її, soon became covered by it, as if to say, that the crew was significantly tightened; the soil is clay-bearing and chipka is unseen. That was the other reason why the stench could not pick up the travelers before noon.

Later, after noon, the hero forcibly chooses to stovpova. Before the winter of wine, after the truly super-cooks, having bought 18 revision souls from Korobochka and having a snack on a fresh pie with an egg and mlintsy. Tim rushed through the tenth hour. How, in two short years, did Chichikov catch up with everything?

This is not a single butt of Gogol's free rein in an hour. Traveling from NN to Manilivka, Chichikov sits by the brichka in “great bears,” and on the road, the peasants wear sheepskin coats - the weather is clearly not summer. Arriving to Manilov, to set up houses on the mountain, “dressed with trimmed turf”, “bushes of bushes and yellow acacias”, berezi z "with shabby-leaved sparse peaks", "becoming, covering the greenery", by the number of women wandering into the bet - already without any tulubivs. Having thrown an offensive wound into Korobochka's booth, Chichikov marveled from the window at the "spacious city with cabbage, tsibuleya, potatoes, beetroot and the other gospodar's sheep" and " fruit trees, covered with netting for the defense of forty and gorobtsiv"- It's time for fate to change again. Turning back to the place, Chichikov again dressed his "bear covered with brown cloth". "At the bears, critih with brown cloth, and in a warm cap with vukhs" when they arrived in the city of Manilov. Zagal, as it is said in another Gogol's text: I do not remember numbers. The month didn’t happen like that.”

Covering the first seen sing "Dead Souls", vikonan on the little N. V. Gogol

Zagalom light "Dead Souls" - Tse light without an hour. For the time being, they do not change one by one in order, but accompany the character's places, becoming one additional characteristic. The hour ceases to flow with a chiding rank, catching up at the indulgent eternity. "become unruly, what are you trying", behind the words of a philologist Michael Weiskopf.

6. Mysterious clapping with a balalaika

Chichikov punished Selifan to watch at dawn, Selifan at the top of the house smelt in the house, and told him to keep quiet, which means:

“Chi is covered for those who didn’t go farther, a meeting is planned tomorrow with his brother at an unpretentious skin, girded with a belt, here at the royal tavern, otherwise the sweetheart of the heart has already got involved in a new place and is brought to deprive the evening of standing by the thief. and political trembling for white hands at that hour, as the days of the day are scowling at the place, a child in a red shirt bryazka on a balalaytsi in front of the yard servants and a lash of quiet farewell of the people?<…>God knows, you don't guess. What does it mean for the Russian people chuhanna in the potilice.

Such passages are more typical for Gogol: to tell the impersonal everything and to come to the visnovka, which did not make sense of anything, that and indignantly speak a little about what. Ale, in this black passage, who does not explain anything, attaches respect to the lad with the balalaika. Here mi yoga already bachili:

“Pid'zhzhayuchi to the gank, having remembered the wines, two individuals looked out of the window at once: a woman in a cap, a vuzka, a dovga, like a ogirok, and a man, round, wide, like Moldavian garbuzi, ranks of gourds, from which to rob in Russia balalaikas, double-stringed , light balalaikas, the beauty and calmness of a hoary twenty-fifty lad, migottsya and chepurun, and pidmorgue and whistling of white-breasted and big-chested girls, who chose to listen to yoga of a quiet-stringed chann.

You won’t change your mind, where will you start the Gogol’s match:

the pairing of Sobakevich's individual with the Moldavian garbuza raptov to go to the scene for the fate of our balalaika.

Such a roar of fire is one of the tricks, for the help of such Gogol expands the artistic world of the novel even more, to add to the text those who did not take the time to instill such a mystical plot, as more expensive, those maybe we don’t fit into the big picture of the life of the provincial town and its suburbs.

Ale Gogol does not sing about what, but takes a chepurun with a balalaika, which, having appeared in the roaring fire, I again know this place in the text, and now it is already much closer to the reality of the plot. Z posta movi, s povnyannya virosta real character, which doubles its own place in the novel and in the result fits into the plot.

7. Corruption mystery

More to the cob podium "Dead Souls" Chichikov entering to the commission “to inspire like a state grandee capital life”:

A.A. Agin. "Dead Souls". Manilov with his retinue. 1846/www.nasledie-rus.ru

“Six fates [commission] had a good time; ale climate, chi, zavazhav, chi material is already like this, only the government has not gone beyond the foundation. And at the same time, in other parts of the world, the place was studded near the skin of the garni, a booth of civil architecture: it is clear that the ground of the earth is being cut there.

This riddle of "civilian architecture" fits into Gogol's superfluous style, denoting nothing, but in contrast, it is simply possible not to add another element. Ale spochatka vіn buv: "civil architecture" was countered by the church. In the early edition of "Dead Souls" the commission, until Chichikov's death, is designated as "commission for the construction of the temple of God."

The basis of this episode of Chichik's biography was based on Gogol's good knowledge of the history of the construction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior near Moscow. temple bulo laid July 12, 1817 rock, on the cob of the 1820s, a commission was founded, and even 1827th Maliciousness was revealed, the committee was told, and two of its members were judged. On the other hand, the number is used to date the biographies of Chichikov, ale, first, like we already bachili, Gogol did not even show himself an exact chronology; in a different way, in the final version, the riddle about the temple is taken, it is revealed in the provincial city, and the whole history is burnt down to the element of style, to the “civilian architecture”, in Gogol's way, nothing is marked.

"Dead souls" - poems on the wiki. The plasticity of the depiction of action, the comical nature of the situation and the artistic mastery of N.V. Gogol is painted the image of Russia as of the past, and of the future. The grotesque satirical reality and the soundness with patriotic notes create an unforgettable melody of life, as if it sounds like a crisis of history.

Kolezky radnik Pavlo Ivanovich Chichikov is destroying a distant province in order to buy kripakiv. Prote yogo is not people, but only the names of the dead. It is necessary for submission to the list before the opikunskaya for the sake of, that "obіtsyaє" great pennies. Noblemen with such a large number of villagers were all doors of the court. For the implementation of the conceived wines, help the assistants and officials of the city NN. All the stinks show their ugly vdacha, that hero is given to take away the bazhan. Also, we are planning a vigilante team. Prote the result is deplorable: the hero of turmoil tikati, the shards of the yogo plan become zagalnovidomimi zavdyaki helper Korobochtsi.

History of creation

N.V. Gogol vvazhav A.S. Pushkin as his teacher, having “given” a story about the usefulness of Chichikov to the educator. He sings soothingly that only Mikola Vasilovich, who may have a unique talent, can realize his “idea”.

Letter loving Italy, Rome. On the land of the great Dante, he started working on a book that conveys a three-part composition, in 1835. Poema is small buti similar to " Divine Comedy» Dante, depicting the hero being buried in hell, yoga mandri in purgatory, that resurrection of yoga soul in paradise.

The creative process continued for six years. He conceived a grandiose picture, which depicts like “all Russia” right, and the future, revealing “the indistinguishable riches of the Russian spirit”. At the fierce fate of 1837, Pushkin is dying, the “sacred commandment” of which “Dead Souls” melts for Gogol: “I didn’t write a row without it, so that I didn’t show myself in front of me.” The first volume was completed in 1841, but the prote did not immediately know his reader. At the censorship, the bewitching “The Tale of Captain Kopeykin” was called out, and the title was ringing. I had a chance to take action, raising the headline with the phrase “Fit Chichikov”, which is intriguing. Therefore, the book was published only in 1842.

After a deaky hour, Gogol write another volume, ale, dissatisfied with the result, burn yoga.

Sens name

Naming the creation of a crying super-clear cloud. Vykoristaniy priyom oxymoron generates numerical nutrition, for example, I want to take the best evidence. The heading is symbolic and rich in meaning, that is why the mystery is not dermal.

In a direct meaning, “dead souls” are the representatives of the common people, who have gone to another world, and even to be listed behind their rulers. Step by step, there is a rethinking of understanding. "Form" hіba scho "comes to life": right krіpaki, with their zvichkami and nedolіkami, stand in front of the reader's gaze.

Characteristics of the main characters

Pavlo Ivanovich Chichikov - "pan of the middle hand". Deshcho tedious in the manners caused by people are not allowed to be frivolous. Vihovany, ohayny and delicate. “Don’t blush, scarlet and don’t rotten, don’t ... tovst, don’t .... thin ...". Respectful and protective. Collect non-traditional fritters at your own screen: maybe you need it! Everything has a zisk. Generated by the largest sides of the obsessive and energetic people of a new type, opposed to assistants and officials. We wrote a report about the new one at the work "".
Manilov - "empty face". Bilyaviy "salty" basic "with black eyes". The wretchedness of the thought, the uniqueness of the real difficulties of the wines are covered with a miraculous phrase. The new one has a lively pragnennya that be-yakі interesi. Yogo virnі companions - bezplіdne fantasy and thoughtless Balakanina.
The box is a "club head". Vulgar, bad, stingy and stingy nature. She looked like a mustache, shutting herself up at her mother's - "box". She pretended to be a dumb and greedy woman. Fenced, screwed up and soulless.
Nozdryov - "historical people." You can just think about what youma will be tempted to, and fool anyone. Empty, stupid. You show yourself a broad nature. Prote vchinki vikrivayut bezladnoy, chaotically - bezvіlnogo and vnochno arrogant, bezpardonny "tyrant". Record holder for getting into tricky and stupid situations.
Sobakevich - "patriot of the Russian slug". Zovni nagaduє vedmeda: clumsy and nevgamovnogo. Absolutely untimely understanding of the simplest speeches. A special type of hoarder, which at the same time quickly sticks to new vimog suschesnosti. Nothing to squawk, krim gospodaryuvannya. we have characterized in the same name.
Plyushkin - "a prophet in the people". Іtota nezrazumіloї statі. Yaskravy is a sign of a moral fall, as if it has completely lost its natural image. The only character (Krim Chichikov), who has a biography, who “drives” the stepwise process of degradation of specialness. Call it worthless. Plyushkin's maniacal accumulation "waggles" at the "cosmic" scale. And the more he becomes addicted to him, the less in the new he is left with people. Yogo, the image of mi was reportedly taken from creation .

Genre and composition

On the back of the head, it was born like an adventurous - Shakhrai novel. But the breadth of the undersides, which are described, and the historical truthfulness, neither “compressed” among themselves, gave the opportunity to “talk” about the realistic method. Roblyachy exactly respected, inserting philosophical mirkuvannya, savage up to the age of generations, Gogol sing his offspring with lyrical voices. It is impossible not to wait for this thought, that the work of Mikoli Vasilyovich is a comedy, for that, in it, irony, humor and satire are actively played, which most of all exude absurdity and swaville “a squadron of flies, sho panuє”.

Kіltsev's composition: the chaise, which entered the place NN on the cob of roses, fills it with the aftermath of all the vicissitudes, which became a hero. At the whole "kіltse" episodes are intertwined, without any integrity they will be destroyed. The first one is given a description of the provincial town of NN and the local bureaucracy. From the other to the last one, the author made the reader aware of the helper gardens of Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdrev, Sobakevich and Plyushkin. Somiy - the tenth division - a satirical image of officials, the design of the favors that they saw. The low number of podias ends with a ball, de Nozdryov “reveals” about Chichikov’s scam. The reaction of the sspіlstva to this statement is unequivocal - the tiles, yakі, like a snіgovа kіlа, are overgrown with nebilitsy, who knew the brokenness, among them, in the novel ("The Tale of Captain Kopeykin") and parables (about Kif Mokievich and Mokіya Kіfovicha). The introduction of these episodes allows for the granting that a share of the votchizna can be deposited directly in the form of people who live in it. You can’t marvel at how to create such inconsistencies. Songs form the protest of the land to see. The eleventh chapter - the biography confirms the plot of the hero, explains what the fault is, the roblyachs are the other day.

With a happy compositional thread, the image of the road (you can learn more about it by reading Tver » ), which symbolizes the path, which passes at its development, the power "under the modest name of Russia."

Navіscho Chichikov dead souls?

Chichikov is not just cunning, but also pragmatic. Yogo vitoncheniye rozum is ready for nothing to “spill a tsukerka”. Not looking for enough capital, wine, being an indecent psychologist, having gone through a good school of life, having the magic of “salting the skin” and victoriously, the father will command “take care of the penny”, starting a great speculation. Vaughn speaks at the simple deceit of the "power of the powers that be", to "warm up the hands", otherwise it seems, to gain a great sum of pennies, securing it for yourself and your future family, about Pavlo Ivanovich mriyav.

Names of purchases for free dead villagers they entered in the document, which Chichikov could instantly lead to the state chamber under the sight of making him withdraw the loan. Having pledged the bi kripakiv, like a brooch in a pawnshop, and instantly re-mortgaged all their lives, for the benefit of none of the officials without distorting the physical state of people. For a penny of dilok, having bought and right practitioners, and maetok, and having lived on a wide foot, squat for the graciousness of the nobles, even the wealth of the helper, the representatives of the nobility died in the number of souls (the villagers were called “souls” in noble slang). In addition, the hero of Gogol, rozrakhovuvav zdobuti dovіru in suspіlstvі that vygіdnitsya with rich spadkoєmiceyu.

Main idea

Anthem of the Fatherland to the people, rice mastery some kind of praciality, to sound on the sides of the sing. The master's golden hands became famous for their winemakers, their creativity. The Russian man is zavzhd "for the fortune of riches." Ale є th th і hulks, like galmuyut the development of the country. Tse vicious officials, ignorant and idle assistants and swindlers on Chichikov's kshtalt. For your own good, the good of Russia and the world, you are guilty of standing on the paths of rectification, having understood the indulgence of your inner world. For whom Gogol ruthlessly vismіyuє їх the entire first volume, prote in the next parts of the work, the author can show the Sunday of these people on the butt of the main character. Possibly, because of the falsity of the coming divisions, being angry at the one who created the world, having burned it all at once from the other part of Dead Souls.

Prote the author has shown that the richness of the country is the richest of the country - the soul of the people is wide. Nevipadkovo tse word is blamed on the name. The scribe believes that the rebirth of Russia will be reborn from the rebirth of human souls, pure, pure with everyday sins, self-identification. It’s not easy to believe in the future country, but to report chimalo zusil on this fast road for good luck. "Rus, where are you going?" It is not enough to feed the refrain through the entire book and baldly on the head: the country is guilty of living in postiyom rus in the best, the best, the progressive. Only on this way "give me the way to other peoples of that state." About the ways of Russia we wrote an okremy tvir: ?

Why did Gogol burn another volume of Dead Souls?

As a matter of fact, the writer begins to overestimate the thought about the Messiah, which allows Chichikov’s rebirth and Plyushkin’s rebirth. Progressively "transformation" of the people on the "glimmering" Gogol is able to turn back. Ale, having stumbled out of reality, the author is experiencing a deep disappointment: the heroes of that part of life come out of the pen, far-fetched, inanimate. It didn't. There is a crisis in light perception and has become the reason for the publication of another book.

In other words, to those who were saved, it is clearly visible that the writer depicts Chichikov not in the process of repentance, but in fullness to the point. Vin still thrives in adventures, dresses in a devilish-red tailcoat and breaks the law. Yogo vikrittya does not feel anything good, even if his reaction to the reader does not succumb to the rapt vision of chi farbi som. I should not believe in the possibility of arranging such fragments at any rate. Gogol did not want to sacrifice artistic truth for the sake of a good idea.

Issues

Turns on the way to the development of the Fatherland - the main problem in the poem "Dead Souls", about which the author is turbulent. Before them one can see the swagger and the embezzlement of the state officials, the infantilism and the idleness of the nobility, the non-government and the wickedness of the peasants. The clerk, having done his best to contribute to the prosperity of Russia, suing those vices, whirling new generations of people. For example, Gogol was unimpressed by the glorification as if he were emptying the ice of the land. The life of a hulk can be corny for supremacy, and the greater number of heroes should be taken out of the door.
Moral problems. The presence of norms of morality among representatives of the noble class of wines is seen as the result of their conniving predilection for accumulation. The helpers are ready to shake the soul out of the peasant for the sake of ziska. So the problem of egoism comes to the fore: the nobles, like officials, think less about their own interests, the fatherland for them is an empty word. The greater supremacy does not concern ordinary people, it is simply victorious yoga for its own purposes.
Crisis of humanism. Sell people, like a creature, program at a card, like a speech, pawn like a paint. Slavery is legalized and is not respected by immoral or unnatural things. Gogol took on the problem of wealth in Russia globally, showing the offending sides of the coin: the mentality of a serf, a powerful krіpaku, and the tyranny of the ruler, who is enthralled by his own superiority. All the traces of tyranny that permeate each other in all versions of the suspense. She's laying people out and destroying the country.
The author's humanism is manifested in his attitude to the “little people”, critical vikritti of the sovereign order. Gogol's political problems should not be touched upon. Vin, having described the bureaucratic apparatus, which functions only on the basis of swindle, nepotism, embezzlement and hypocrisy.
Gogol's characters are plagued by the problem of non-government, moral blindness. Through it, the stench does not indulge in its moral squalor and do not build up independently from the quagmire of vulgarity.

Why does creativity have its own?

Adventurousness, realism, sensibility, the presence of the irrational, the philosophical world of the good of the earth - everything is tightly intertwined, creating an "encyclopedic" picture of the first half of the 19th century.

Gogol dabbles in variety of different approaches to satire, humor, image-making features, numerical details, richness of vocabulary, composition peculiarities.

An important role is played by symbolism. Falling into the bagnyuk “transferring” the future vikrittya of the head character. The spider weaves its own web, in order to want a devil's sacrifice. Similar to the “unacceptable” coma, Chichikov masterfully conducts his “dilok”, “paying” for assistants and officials with noble nonsense. "sound" like a pathos of rush forward and stverdzhuє lyudskoe samoskonalennya.
We look after the characters through the prism of "comical" situations, the best author's words and characteristics, given by other characters, who for an hour were inspired by antitheses: "wine was a prominent person" - but only "at a glance".
The vices of the heroes of "Dead Souls" become the continuation of positive powers of character. For example, Plyushkin's greediness is greedy - creating a lot of charitableness and statehood.
In small, obscure lyrical "inserts" - the writer's thoughts, not easy thoughts, anxious "I". The stench is obviously a great creative effort: to help the people to change for better.
The proportion of people who do things for the people that are not “powerful” for a long time, do not deprive Gogol of bait, even if in literature wines have strength, create “rewire” the success and acceptance of this civilized development. Social development of the society, its position in relation to the whole national: culture, movies, traditions - take a serious place in the author's opinions. If the language goes about Russia and the future, every now and then we can feel the voice of the “prophet”, which is not easy to convey, but straight away from the light of the future of the Motherland.
Navіvayut turmoil philosophical thoughts about the slіnіnіst buttya, about youth and old age. That is why it is so natural to lower the “batkivska” from youth to youth, in the form of energy, practicality and illumination of such a deposit, a kind of “way” for the development of Russia.
Mova is true folk. Forms of rozmovnoy, bookish and letter-dіlovoї mov are harmoniously intertwined with the fabric. The rhetorical nourishment of that viguki, the rhythmic pobudova of okremy phrases, the implantation of words, yanisms, archaisms, sonorous epithets create a sing-song mode of promo, as if it sounds urochist, it is sincere, without a hint of irony. When describing the landowner's sadibs and yogo masters, the lexicon is spelled out, the taman's promo is used. The images of the bureaucratic world are saturated with the vocabulary of the image medium. we described in the same creation.
Urochistnost porivnyan, high style at the same time with self-promotion create a sublime-ironic manner of advocacy, to serve as a decoupling of the lowly, vulgar world of the rulers.

Tsikavo? Save on your wall!

Tvіr Gogol "Dead Souls" was written in the other half of the 19th century. The first volume was seen in 1842, the other volume was practically written down by the author. And the third volume was not written like that. The plot of the creation was suggested to Gogol. We sing about the pan of the middle fates, Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, mandulating Russia with the method of buying the so-called dead souls - the villagers, who are not alive, but still they are still alive for documents. Gogol wanted to show the whole of Russia, the whole Russian soul in its breadth and uncertainty.

Therefore, Gogol's "Dead Souls" can be read below for a short answer for divisions. In the suggested variant, the main characters are described, the most significant fragments are seen, for the help of which it is possible to put together a complete picture of the whole world. Read Gogol's "Dead Souls" online will be interesting and relevant for 9th graders.

Head Heroes

Pavlo Ivanovich Chichikov- Eat the head hero, the puny radnik of the middle age. Raise the price of Russia with the method of buying up dead souls, to know pidhіd to the skin of a person, with whom you constantly cory.

Other characters

Manilov- helper, no longer young. At first, you think about the new one, only I receive it, and then you don’t know what to think. Yogo is not turbulent by butovі problems; live with the retinue of that two sons, Themistoclus and Alkidom.

box- Summer woman, widow. I live in a small village, I govern myself, I am engaged in the sale of products and farms. Stingy woman. I knew the names of all the villagers by heart, I did not keep a letter form.

Sobakevich- Helper, in everyone's favor. Having guessed a bear with his massiveness and innocence. You'd better sell Chichikov's dead souls before you even start talking about it.

Nozdrev- helper, which one day can not sit at home. Love kutiti and play in the cards: hundreds of times in wine, having been engraved in fluff and gunpowder, but all the same, having continued to play; always be a hero of history, that same master of rozpovidat nebilitsy. Yogo's squad died, having left the child, but Nozdryov's family didn't do it right.

Plushkin- an unimaginable person, at the sight of whom it is important to designate whom I will lay wine. Chichikov half-heartedly mistaking Yogo for an old housekeeper. Live alone, wanting earlier in yoga, life was virulent.

Selifan- coachman, servant of Chichikov. Bagato p'є, often vіdlіkaєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєє on the road, to love rozіrkovuvat about eternity.

Volume 1

Chapter 1

At the place NN there is a chaise with a remarkable, unremarkable. After checking into a hotel, de, how often it happens, it was bіdno and brudno. The pan's baggage was brought in by Selifan (a short man in leather) and Petrushka (maliy rokiv 30). Mandrivnik mayzhe immediately straightened out at the tavern, so that he could find out who had the stones planted at his place. If you don’t speak pan about yourself, prote everything, without saying sir to Kim Bi, you’ve made up your mind about the new best characterization. The instruction from the author often reinforces the insignificance of the character.

Under the hour, the guest is known from the servant, who is the head of the city, who is the governor, how many rich assistants, who come without missing any details.

Chichikov get to know Manilov and the uncivilized Sobakevich, enchant them with their manners and cherish them in public: start a moment to promote Rozmov on a be-yak topic, more than anything, respectful and respectful. People who knew him were less than positive about Chichikov. Behind the card table, he behaved like an aristocrat and a gentleman, talking like a particularly welcoming, for example, "you wanted to drink."

Chichikov hurried to pay a visit to all the officials of that place, to turn them back to himself and honor his honor.

Partition 2

Chichikov is alive at the city even more late, spending an hour drinking and drinking beans. Vіn avіv impersonal brown yomu acquaintances, bavzhanim guest of rіznyh receptions. While Chichikov spent an hour on a chergovy obіdі, the author knows the reader with his servants. Parsley, walking in a wide frock coat from the pan's shoulder, mav the great nіs that ruin. The character of letters is movchazny. Vіn loves to read, but the process of reading to you is more like a richer, lower subject of reading. Parsley, always wearing “its own special smell”, ignoring Chichikov’s prohanna, go down at the stairs. Well, the author did not describe the coachman of Selifana, but he lied down to a low stand, and the reader was more like an assistant to that graph.

Chichikov, straightening up to the village to Manilov, as if "nebagatyoh could lure roztashuvanya with her mist." Khoch Manilov and having said that the village was only 15 versts from the place, Chichikov had a chance to get through even more. Manilov at first glance, a bula person is visible, drawing a veil of yoga was accepted, but there’s more than licorice. Seeing that you don’t get the desired living word, Manilov is not alive in the world of God. Manilov has nothing of his own, just his own particularity. Talking about wine a little, mostly thinking about high matters. If the villager chi the clerk about feeding the pan, he said: “so, it’s not good,” without catching up with him, which is farther away.

There was a book by Manilov's office, as if he had already read another book, and the bookmark, once left out on side 14, was left out on the page. Not only Manilov, but the budinok himself was suffering from an accident that was especially special. The booth didn’t always hang out: the furniture was expensive, but the upholstery didn’t hang on two armchairs, there wasn’t any furniture in the other room, but they always decided to put it there. With the retinue of the master, speaking outrageously, lowly. Won bula pіd become cholovіkovі - typical vyhovanka boarding house for girls. Vaughn was trained in French, dances and dances on the piano, to indulge that person. Often the stinks moved lower and tremulously, like young kokhans. There was hostility, that the friends did not talk about the buttovі drіbnitsі.

Chichikov and Manіlovim kіlka hvilin stood in the doorway, letting one one forward: “to gain mercy, don’t worry like that for me, I’ll pass after”, “don’t worry, be kind, don’t worry. Be a caress, come in." As a result, the insults went sideways at once, one by one. Chichikov, after all, was happy with Manilov, who praised the governor, the police chief, and others.

Chichikov was born by the children of Manilov, two blues of six and eight births, Themistoclus and Alkid. Manilov wants to brag about his children, he did not remember Chichikov as a prote of their special talents. After Chichikov’s insult, after talking to Manilov about one more important thing on the right - about the dead villagers, who still care about documents alive - about dead souls. In order to “make Manilov free of the need to pay taxes”, Chichikov ask Manilov to sell his documents to the already unimportant villagers. Manіlov buv deshcho zbentezheny, Prote Chichikov overturned the helper from the legitimacy of such a land. Manilov vyddati "dead souls" for nothing, after which Chichikov quickly climbed up to Sobakevich, the pleasures of the distant pribannyam.

Partition 3

Chichikov went to Sobakevich in a good mood. Selifan, the coachman, quarreled with his horse, and, choked with thoughts, ceased to follow the road. The travelers got lost.
The britzka rode off-road for a long time, until it hit the parkan and flipped over. Chichikov zmusheny buv ask the old one for the night, as if she let them in only after that, like Chichikov roaring about his title of nobility.

The hostess was a woman of a frail age. Її can be called prudent: at the booth there was a lot of old speeches. The dressed woman was unsavory, but with pretensions to elegance. The woman's name was Korobochka Nastasya Petrivna. Vaughn didn’t know any Manilov, why Chichikov had made whiskers, which brought them into the order of a maiden.

Chichikov leaned in pizno. Yogo whiteness was hung and vipran by the fussy worker of Korobochka. Pavlo Ivanovich did not particularly stand on ceremony with Korobochka, allowing himself to be rude. Nastasya Pilipivna was a wheelchair secretary, a man who had died long ago, for that all the state was on her. Chichikov, without losing his ability to talk about dead souls. Youmu had a chance to help the Box for a long time, which was still haggling. The box knew all the villagers by name, it did not lead to that letter form.

Chichikov, languishing at the sight of a long time, greet the master, and sooner than the one who took less than twenty souls from her, but the one who ended the whole dialogue. Nastasya Pilipivna, who supported the sale, decided to sell Chichikov boar, lard, straw, down and honey. In order to appease the guest, she punished the servants to bake milk and pies, like Chichikov from the satisfaction of the z'їv, but after other purchases, she was somehow inspired.

Nastasya Pilipivna ruled a little girl with Chichikov, so that she showed the way. The brichka had already been repaired and Chichikov had broken far away.

Rozdil 4

The brichka went up to the tavern. The author admits that Chichikov has a great appetite: the hero has closed the chicken, veal and piglet with sour cream and chron. At the tavern, Chichikov, having spoken about the ruler, his blues, their squads, and having recognized the infection, de live as a helper. At the tavern, Chichikov, Nozdrov’s wife, having offended the prosecutor at the same time. Nozdryov bov merry and p'yany: vіn znovu prograv karti. Nozdryov smiled at Chichikov's plans and denounced Sobakevich, urging Pavel Ivanovich to drop in on a visit until the next. Nozdrev was a comrade, the soul of a company, a reveler and a balakun. Yogo's retinue died early, having left two children behind, and Nozdryov was absolutely not concerned with the care of them. More than a day of wine could not sit at home, the soul of yogo vimagala benketiv that good. Prior to acquaintances, Nozdryov had a marvelous attitude: the closer you get together with a person, the more you open up the sky. With whom Nozdryov went, no one could get along.

Nozdryov is already fond of dogs, and he keeps a trooper at his place. The helper boasted so much of his powers that Chichikov yearned to look at them, wanting Nozdryov to assign forests to his lands, which would not be able to become powerful. At the table, Nozdryov poured wine to the guests, adding little to himself. Krim Chichikov was hosting his son-in-law at Nozdryov’s, and he didn’t bother to talk about the right motives for his visit to Pavlo Ivanovich. The protégé did not hesitate to get home, and Chichikov, nareshti, began to ask Nozdrov about dead souls.

Vin, having asked Nozdrov to transfer the dead souls of Vin, not seeing his true motives, but Nozdrov’s interest seems to be more powerful. Chichikov is embarrassed to see the difference in history: no dead souls are needed for bringing a woman to life, or to make friends far away, but Nozdryov sees falsehood, to that he allows himself to be rude at Chichikov’s address. Nozdryov instructs Pavel Ivanovich to buy from a new stallion, a kobila or a dog, in a set with some kind of wine to help the soul. Just like that, Nozdryov didn’t want to sell dead souls.

Vranci Nozdryov, acting like that, nothing happened, urging Chichikov to play checkers. If Chichikov plays, then Nozdryov rewrites all the dead souls in the new one. Having offended, they played unfairly, Chichikova strongly shook the gra, prote to Nozdrev, the reference book was not sent, having reminded that Nozdryov was now on trial for beating the helper. Shriveled by the weather, Chichikov hurried to leave Nozdryov's mother.

Rozdil 5

Chichikov is glad that he went to see Nozdryov with empty hands. In spite of his thoughts, Chichikov was disturbed by an accident: a horse harnessed at Pavel Ivanovich's britzka, entangled with a horse with another harness. Chichikov was charmed by a girl, as if she was sitting in another cart. Vіn dovgo thinking about the beautiful ignoramus.

The village of Sobakevich was given to Chichikov majestic: gardens, shelters, sheds, village houses. All nibis were broken into wikis. Sobakevich himself presented himself to Chichikov as looking like a bear. Everything about Sobakevich was massive and unassailable. Leather object buv stupidity, niby saying: "and I'm also similar to Sobakevich." As for other people, Sobakevich was talking unimportantly and rudely. In the sight of a new Chichikov, he found out about Plyushkin, with whom the villagers die like flies.

Sobakevich calmly reacted to the proposition about dead souls, prompting him to sell them first, and then Chichikov himself spoke about it. The helper behaved marvelously, stuffing the price, praising the already dead villagers. Chichikov was dissatisfied with the pleasure of Sobakevich. It seemed to Pavel Ivanovich that he did not try to fool his assistant, but Sobakevich did.
Chichikov straightened up to Plyushkin.

Rozdil 6

Bored at his mirkuvannya, Chichikov did not remember that he had entered the village. Near the village of Plyushkina vikna in boudinkas, boules without errors, bread - Syria and splashes, gardens - zanedbani. Nowhere was the result of human work visible. The beat of Plyushkin's house was richly awake, which was overgrown with green splash.

Chichikov's housekeeper chimed in. The master did not show up at home, the housekeeper asked Chichikov to go to his quarters. At the kіmnatakh it was heaped up with silent speeches, at the kupakh it was impossible to understand what it was to lie there, everything was in pills. Looking at the stone, it is impossible to say that people are alive here.

At the calm, a man was bent, naked, in a dressing gown. The appearance was not anything special. Yakby Chichikov slew the people on the street, then gave bi alms.

The helper himself appeared before the people. It's an hour, if Plyushkin is a thrifty ruler, and yogo budinok will be the recollection of life. Now, however, the strong ones almost did not appear in the eyes of the old, prote forehead seeing an unabashed mind. Plyushkin's squad died, the daughter flowed in with the Viyskovsky, the son went to the town, and the young daughter died. The hut became empty. The guests rarely looked up to Plyushkin, but their daughter, who had flown in, sometimes asked the father for pennies, Plyushkin did not bazhav. The helper himself wrote a rozmov about the dead villagers, who would be spared dead souls, even though he looked at him with suspicion.

Chichikov looked at the chastuvannya, perebuvayuchi under the defeat of the brooding utensils. Plushkin vyrishiv haggle, manipulating his heavy camp. Chichikov, having bought 78 souls from the new one, urged Plyushkin to write a receipt. Please please Chichikov, like earlier, hurrying along. Plyushkin, having closed the gate behind the guest, closed his own hair, commissar that kitchen, and then thinking how to please Chichikov.

Rozdil 7

Chichikov having already added 400 souls, he wanted to finish it in the same place. I have reviewed and arranged all necessary documents. The mustache of the villagers Korobochka was shocked by the marvelous recognition, Chichikov was dissatisfied, that their names occupy a lot of space on paper, Plyushkin’s note was shocked by the style of swedkist, Sobakevich’s notes were more and more reports. Chichikov, thinking about those, how the skin of a person went from life, being in a state of indulgence and playing the whole scenario.

Chichikov went to court, to verify all the documents, and then he was given an understanding that he would be able to go without swag for a long time, and Chichikov still happened to be stuck in the city for one hour. Sobakevich, a kind of supporter of Chichikov, having changed his head in favor of justice, Chichikov, having told that he had bought the villagers visnovka, from the Kherson province.

The chief of police, officials and Chichikov vyrishili complete the execution of documents with an insult and a thunder at the vist. Chichikov was cheerful and told us about our lands near Kherson.

Rozdil 8

About the purchase of Chichikov's vessel, everything is in place: are villagers visiting Chichikov? Nevzhe helpers sold the visitor so richly kind villagers, and not villains that p'anits? Why change the villagers of the new land?
The more a bit about Chichikov's wealth, the more they loved yoga. The women of the NN district respected Chichikov as an affable person. Vzagali, the ladies of the place N were presentable, dressed up with gusto, at the dachas they were suvori, prote їх іх іх іх іх іх іхіх іхіхіх іх іхі іхі іхіхіхінії taєміні.

Chichikov knows that he has an anonymous love sheet, which he has named in a unique way. At the reception, Pavlo Ivanovich did not have a moment to understand who of the girls had written you. Mandrivnik maw was successful with the woman, she so choked on secular roses that she forgot to go to the master. The governor's wife was at the reception with her daughter, whose beauty Chichikov was poloneniya - the woman no longer called Chichikov.

At the reception of Chichikov, Nozdryov, who, with his roaring behavior and drunken roses, placed Chichikov in an unhandled camp.

Rozdil 9

The author knows the reader with two ladies, buddies, who were caught early in the morning. The stinks were talking about women's food. Alla Grigorivna was often a materialist, slender to the point of being obscure and sumniv. The women talked about the visitor. Sophia Ivanivna, the woman's friend, is dissatisfied with Chichikov, who flirted with rich ladies, and Korobochka blatantly let slip about dead souls, adding to her story about those who, like Chichikov, cheated on її, throwing 15 rubles with banknotes. Alla Grigorivna hung up a sigh that the dead souls of Chichikov would like to swear at the governor’s daughter, so that they could win her from her home. Nozdrov's wife was recorded in Chichikov's memory.

The place boomed: food about dead souls praised everyone. The women talked more about the history of the stolen girls, adding to it all possible and unacceptable details, and the men discussed the economic bill of food. All this led to the fact that Chichikov was not allowed to enter the doorway and was not asked for an appointment. As an evil, Chichikov spent the whole hour at the hotel, for he was not spared by falling ill.

In an hour, the bagmen of the place at their allowances went to the point where they told about all the prosecutors.

Razdil 10

Residents of the city were elected to be the chief of police. The mustache wondered who such Chichikov was, the stars of the wine had arrived and that they were in the law. The postmaster tells the story about Captain Kopeykin.

In this section, a story about Captain Kopeykin is included before the text of "Dead Souls".

Captain Kopyikin had his arm and leg torn off during the hour of the military campaign of the 20s. Kopeykin virishiv ask the king for help. Cholovik bouv ugly beauty of St. Petersburg and high prices for a living and living. Kopeykin received the receipt of the general for about 4 years, but he was asked to come later. The audience of Kopeykin and the governor was postponed for a few times, Kopeykin's faith in justice and the king became less and less. A man ran out of pennies for a living, and the capital became fluid through pathos and spiritual empty. Captain Kopeykin virishiv made his way to the reception room to the general, so that he would definitely take evidence on his supply. Vіn virіshiv stand there, the docks of sovereigns do not marvel at the new one. The general, having entrusted the feld'jäger to deliver Kopeykin to a new place, de vin will be under the guardianship of the state. Kopeikin, healthy, having gone with the courier, and more than Kopeikin, no one was lucky.

Everyone present knew that Chichikov could not be the captain of Kopykinim, because Chichikov had all the tips on the mission. Nozdryov opened up a lot of rіznіh nebilitsі, choking, saying that he had especially foreseen the plan of stealing the daughter of the governor.

Nizdrev zaishov at the guest to Chichikov, who is still ill. The helper told Pavel Ivanovich about the situation in the city, so sensitive that people talk about Chichikov.

Rozdil 11

From early on, everything went according to plan: Chichikov rolled over late, glided lower, the horses were not kicked, the wheel was not right. In an hour everything was ready.

A funeral procession rushed to Chichikov's way - the prosecutor died. Let the reader know about Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov himself. The fathers were nobles, they were only small krіpatstva. Like a father, taking little Pavel with him from the city, to take the child to school. Father, having punished the sons of the rumors and the readers and waited for the bosses, do not make friends, take care of the pennies. At the school, Chichikov defied diligence. Vіn z chіdіststva zrozumіv, yak multiply pennies: selling pie to hungry classmates from the market, training a mouse, showing tricks for a fee, lipiv figurines from wax.

Chichikov bov on a good rahunku. In a deaky hour, I transported my family to the city. Chichikova beckoned rich life, actively trying to get through to the people, but only a little bit to the state chamber. Chichikov did not rake victorious people for his purposes, he did not feel ashamed for such an appointment. Following a fall with one old official, on the bottom of which Chichikov was trying to make friends, to take back the plantation, Chichikov's kar'єra went sharply uphill. And that official, speaking genially, as if he had fooled Pavlo Ivanovich.

Vіn served at wealthy departments, skrіz cunning and shakhraїv, igniting a whole campaign, directing against corruption, even though he himself was a swindler. Chichikov, busying himself with everyday life, but after a sprinkling of fates of the statements of the houses, there were no promptings, but at the quiet, who, having looked after the everyday life, new buddies appeared. Chichikov engaged in smuggling, for which he spent before the court.

Win anew rozpochav his career from the lowest step. Vin, having taken care of it, transferring documents to the villagers for the sake of the guardian, de you paid for the leather villager. And yet, as Pavel Ivanovich was told that the villagers had died, but for the record they are alive, they still pay pennies. So Chichikov came up with the idea of buying up the dead for the fact, and the living for the documents of the villagers, sob to sell their souls for the sake of the opikunskaya.

Volume 2

The chapter begins with a description of the nature of that land, which belongs to Andriy Tentetnikov, the lord of 33 years, who mindlessly spends his hour: having passed the pizno, rushing in for a long time, “when not being a filthy person, - vin just copying the sky.” After low recent reforms, contributions to the life of the villagers, they stopped arguing with the restless, lowered their hands, loading the same inconsistency of everyday life.

Before Tentetnikov, Chichikov and, having grown up to his mind to know pidhіd to be a human being, are left for one hour with Andriy Ivanovich. Chichikov is now more protective and delicate, if dead souls hung on the right. Z Tentetnikovim Chichikov did not speak about the chains, but revived Andriy Ivanovich with ale roses about the weight of the troch.

Chichikov is straight to General Betrishchev, a man of majestic poise, who has lost his impersonal advantages and impersonal shortcomings. Betrishchev to know Chichikov with his daughter Ulenka, like the dying Tentetnikov. Chichikov shrugged richly, which he managed to seize the general's pretentiousness. I am barking with good fortune, Chichikov sees a story about an old uncle, who is obsessed with dead souls, but the general does not believe you, but with one more heat. Chichikov hurry up and go.

Pavlo Ivanovich goes straight to Colonel Koshkarev, and then drags him to Pyotr Pivnya, whom we see when we catch a sturgeon for an hour. Having found out that the maetok was pledged, Chichikov wanted to be vihati, but to get acquainted here with Platonov’s assistant, who tells about the ways of increasing wealth, which Chichikov is indulging in.

Colonel Koshkarev, who divided his lands into plots and manufactories, didn’t even have a chance to profit, Chichikov at Platonov’s and Konstanzhoglo’s escort to Kholobuev, who sells his maєtok for a beztsin. Chichikov gives a deposit for the maetok, having put the sum of Konstanzhglo and Platonov. At the booth, Pavlo Ivanovich, having cleared the empty stones, ale “fights against the evil spirits with gleaming dribnichkas of the best luxury.” Chichikov takes away the dead souls from the susis of Lenitsin, having enchanted him with the rags of the child. Tell me to shave.

You can let it go, that from the moment you bought the mother, having passed the last hour. Chichikov comes to the fairs to buy fabric for a new suit. Chichikov Zustrichaє Kholobueva. That dissatisfaction with Chichikov's deceit, having spent a recession through some kind of mayzhe. On Chichikov they appear to inform about the deception of Kholobuev and dead souls. To arrest Chichikov.

Murazov, a recent acquaintance of Pavel Ivanovich, a thief who, by deceitful way, having acquired his millions of fortunes, knows Pavel Ivanovich at the door. Chichikov ditched his hair on his own and mourned the loss of the casket with valuable papers: Chichikov was not allowed to order a lot of special speeches, including the casket, de bulo enough pennies to give himself an outpost. Murazov motivates Chichikov to live honestly, not to break the law and deceive people. It turns out that these words could strike such strings in the soul of Pavel Ivanovich. Officials, yakі razrakhovuyut otrimati swag from Chichikov, get lost on the right. Chichikov is out of the place.

Visnovok

Dead Souls shows a broad and truthful picture of the life of Russia in the other half of the 19th century. Narivni with beautiful nature, pictorial villages, in which you can see the self-sufficiency of the Russian people, in the smoldering space and freedom, greed, sknarіst and unimaginably rich money are shown. Svavіllya helpers, vigilance and lack of rights of the villagers, hedonistic rozumіnnya life, bureaucracy and lack of confidence - everything is depicted in the text of creation, like a mirror. Time for Gogol to believe in the light of the future, even if not without reason, another volume was conceived as a “moral cleansing of Chichikov.” The very mind of whom creates the most different Gogol's manner of expressing action.

You only got to know the short retelling of "Dead Souls", for a better understanding of the work, it is recommended to get acquainted with the new version.

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Entry

Visnovok

Such a high rating of "Dead Souls" was given to the Belinsky for example in 1843. From the moment of which the first century passed, mayzhe the second century. Ale d dosі the phenomenon of Gogol opposes with no less force. What is the reason? It is easy to find evidence: the genius of the author of "Dead Souls". Ale, such an explanation will be overly vague, slanderous. Adzhe Kozhen, a great artist, has his own special turns and impulses of creativity. Mav їх i Gogol.

The overarching history of the writing of "Dead Souls" is already fraught with something marvelous. With deep satisfaction, Gogol worked on the poetry of 17 fates: from the first thought (1835) to the remaining fragments and strokes before his death (1852). Having completed the nareshti of "Dead Souls", having burned their other volume. I want to depict the whole of Russia from one side. And having given a picture, there was no need for a variegated hoarseness of the apparitions. Having embraced "Dead Souls" as a "prestigious novel". I called - I will sing. You can bring other examples of marvelous differences. Ale is more than enough to blaspheme on the originality of the people and the creative individuality of Gogol.

The writer has always been "hard" in one sphere of activity, in one direct creativity, in one genre of literature. Gogol's soul longed for an alliance between self-destruction and that wide public action, penetration at the protirichcha of the existent and bringing to the harmonious forms of life, suvoroy obektivnistyu vysnovkіv and images of high, hidden thoughts. These aspirations were entirely supported by the artist's ability.

Meta tsієї roboti: Analyze the image of the author in the work of "Dead Souls".

Work manager:

1. Remember the history of the creation of Gogol.

2. Take a look at the characteristics of historicism, sing Gogol.

1. Artistic originality of Gogol's "Dead Souls"

1.1 History of the creation of Gogol's poetry

May the second hundred years, in 1842, Ogaryov sent a gift to Herzen in the city of Novgorod. The whole novelty of the book was the first volume of "Dead Souls", which is a kind of great viishov in Moscow. Herzen immediately wrote down in his wallet: “A marvelous book, a bitter zakid of modern Russia, but not a hopeless one. There, at a glance, a mist of pus-filled vapors can penetrate, there I’ll take wine, I’ll have more nationality ... It’s all right in the world of the Chichikovs, so, it’s all right for us, and there and then there’s one discord in the faith and hope in the future. ”

Thus began the immortality of the wondrous book. At the crossroads of rich readers, the generations clung together and crossed each other, and various foes, and almost proliferating.

"A fierce zakid of modern Russia" having stood against "the new, new forces of nationality." The same formula to belong to Herzen, the ale stinks were repeated in different versions, in different colors, starting from super-chicks from the drive of the book between the words of the yanophiles, which were basically devoid of nationality, and zahіdniks, which stole the hot zakid.

These super-accuracies are embedded in Dead Souls themselves. For a long time, the stench did not waste gostroty, and eat the strength of the heart.

Yakshcho Vyazavi the owned by the Rosiysk culture of the same time in the spaciousness, designed for the Ksthatt of geographical picture, then the "dead soul" to the niysky cstalt of the polling university, not far from the gazens. with future Russian culture. In the past - a great book by Radishchev, in the future - “U! like a glimmer, wondrous, unknown far away land! Russia!

The axis of why the power field of "Dead Souls" is richly transcribing hundreds of sides of the book text. It will permeate all Russian nineteenth century with streams of high voltage.

In Dead Souls, it is clear that Pushkin (here it is already sudden, after the Inspector General) played an important, vital role in Gogol's life. For the first time, he showed Gogol a simple plot that is hoarsely for a satirist. Suddenly, on the right, there was a folding. Zovnishnya zavyazka bula in the mouth of Pushkin pavement is simple. However, following Gogol's words, Pushkin brought the butt of Cervantes and Don Quixote to him, still seemingly, setting before his young friend the task of a great excuse: an epic to avenge the picture of an entire era.

More than once, before the novelists of the 19th century, standing up the Person of the Sumy Image, that yogo author. Dickens on the cob works on his first great novel, inventing the figure of Mr. Pickwick, guessing the ridiculousness and vagueness of the hero of the great book. Dostoyevsky put a direct link between Prince Mishkin and the Litsar Bidnim, with the cervantesian hero's sly spitting at the readers.

Gogol knew for a year: "This is the first time I've thought seriously." What did this serious thought mean? Vaughn bula pov'azana again with Pushkin, about those who, as if Pushkin had typified the power of Gogol's giftedness: christen in such a force the vulgarity of a vulgar person, so that all that rubbish, as it hangs in the eyes, would be great in the eyes of everyone ".

So it is given an armchair to represent the drib'yazkovy - to the great. Step by step, with a three-dimensional robotic movement, in Gogol's eyes, he conceived Dead Souls. The unforeseeable history of shahraystvo during the purchase of krіpakіv slaves created a sensation in the eyes of the author, which affected the entire social system of Mykolaiv Russia. This sense, having lost its attachments, mav on the uvazi subtext and after the text, and at the same time, with unstoppable force, appearing the names, shining through the lyrical voices.

Gogol called his tvir poem. At tsomu bula yogo innovative courage. When you have good thoughts about literary genres, you can understand what Gogol is cherishing. Behind the words of Gogol, "the novel does not take all life, but a significant contribution to life." The novel is getting closer to the drama, de “flying appearances” do not know their own place, de all playful faces Obov'yazkovo zalucheni in the violent conflict and, later, tied to the main hero. The second on the right at the end of Gogol is an epic. Vaughn "obliges not deyakі risi, but the whole epoch of the hour, in the midst of such a deyav hero in the form of thoughts, viruvan and instill knowledge, as if the people were growing for that hour." Gogol adds: “Such manifestations sometimes appeared in rich peoples. Many of them want to write in prose, prote can be insured to poetic works.

This thought was hung by Gogol with a hundred such works that vindicate guilt, like "smaller canopies of epics."

In this manner, the understanding of the "poetic" in "Dead Souls" is not surrounded by uninterrupted lyricism and the author's speeches. Gogol to speak about more - to the vastness and scope of the idea in a flash, from this universalism.

1.2. Characteristics of historicism sing Gogol

Analyzing the history of creation, sing "Dead Souls", we stick with one important feature, sing, as if for a daily, fresh reading of "Dead Souls" against the reader!

Gogol conceived "Dead Souls" as a historical reason.

With a great succession of wines, the hour of the first day of the year was celebrated, less than the fate of twenty years ago, until the middle of the reign of Alexander the First, until the epoch after Vytchiznyanoi war 1812 rock.

Gogol bluntly declares: “While, next to the memory, what did you think of the misfortune after the glorious outrage of the French.” This is why, in the appearances of officials and inhabitants of the provincial township, Napoleon is still alive (he died in 1821) and can threaten with a facade from the island of St. Eden. The axis is why the bivalshchina or a fairy tale about an unfortunate one-armed and one-legged veteran of the permissive Russian army, who took Paris from 1814, is so close to hearing the postmaster. Why is one of the heroes of the other one (over like Gogol, as it has already been said, having worked significantly later), General Betrishchev, a whole lot of viyshov from the epic of the twelfth year and spontaneous spogadіv about her. І yakshcho Chichikov vigadav for Tentennikov yakus mythical history generals of the twelfth year, then I set up water for the historical mlin of Gogol.

Other displays of Gogol's historicism. Vin scrupulously christened the readings of provincial officials. "The head of the chamber, knowing the memory of" Lyudmila "Zhukovsky, as if it was still an unforgivable news." Adzhe "Lyudmila" bula was written and instructed in 1808 roci!

So diligently and discriminatingly, Gogol otochuvav his justification by the examples of the last era.

Vіdsuvayuchi podії "Dead Souls" at the hour, Gogol's last and principles.

It would be naїvnym to admit that the author needed historicism, to get rid of the reasons from the side of censorship, more so, that it is clearly a sign of the past era - “The Tale of Captain Kopeykin”, only one called the censors' reason. I think the world could tell: in 1842, thirty years were celebrated at the hour of the Veteran war, that round date was known in the official propaganda.

So it’s naive to admit, no closeness to the twelfth fate was needed only for the sake of making the version about Napoleon more credible.

Submit Gogol's historicism glibshi. Guess about them.

Having conceived a wide epic canvas that can cherish the whole epoch, Gogol admitting that he needs two or three volumes. So, just like in a small part of the country, in the “Portrait”, at the end of the eighteenth century, at the end of the eighteenth century, in order to show the triviality of the basis of the portrait itself, which called for a tragic rozvyazka, so in “Dead Souls » Vіn vіdnіs vіdnіs zavyazka dії dії dії dії rokіv so, schob nіdnіhnyh volіv nіdnіvі geroїv up to suschenostі.

Ale Gogol was cherished even more, more powerfully than the greater world. Vіn zavzhdy pragniv pobachit batkivshchina from the side, from the foreign land, from the "beautiful far away". And having written the first volume at Rome, Such a distance itself was necessary for you, even in the hour, not only in the open. It was here that Gogol's pritamann was recognized as a bit of a historian.

For rich Russian writers in the first half of the nineteenth century, the era of Napoleon, these lessons of that historical significance became the point of correction, which for some of them became childish, for others - from youth. Until the recent past, scribes have been busy asking for an explanation of their current situation, in order to identify the roots of that root.

Gogol's vision of the recent epoch is inconsistent and self-contained. The first war of the twelfth fate, and Napoleon is woven into the fabric of the plot of "Dead Souls" like crazy "implausibility", like a sleepy voice that crosses the back of folklore, and then into upholstery and into bureaucratic tiles.

Gogol introduced one of the leading themes of Russian history - the theme of imposture. Pavlo Ivanovich Chichikov inadvertently stumbled here at the company with Dmitry the Pretender, and with Omelyan Pugachov himself.

Gogol was deprived of the crown power of his genius, slender to hyperbole, to an increase in real, low truth - with stingy phantasmagoria.

But the idea of "Dead Souls" was deeply and organically rooted in living modernity, which profoundly and irrevocably drove Gogol away! The axis of why the epic still did not become historical.

2. Image of the author by the poet N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"

Oskіlki genre sing the equality of the lyrical and epic cob, without the author's word it is impossible to get along with your creation. The lyrical cob of the poem "Dead Souls" is realized by itself in the author's voices.

Not being a hero, the author of "Dead Souls" speaks like a lyrical hero. The reader will take the notice of the lyrical hero, analyze the literature and look at Gogol’s thoughts about the appearance of a writer, about two types of writers, about two types of portraits, about MOV artistic creativity, about the choice of the main character

The author shares his creative ideas with the reader: “The axis in such a rank was sown in the head of our hero for this wonderful story, for which, I don’t know, what will be the reader of your reader, but as a writer, it’s important to say it. Bo, don’t say anything, if Chichikov’s thought didn’t come into his head, he wouldn’t come into the world of poetry. The author talks to the reader about his positive ideal, to talk about his position before Chichikov.

The author always talks to the reader, and in those who are older than the reader, irony is often overlooked, it is attached to the pragmatics to reach. Axis like Gogol turns to women-readers: “Ladies of wines [Chichiks] are not worthy, you can say firmly, God, women will do it, so that the hero will be richly thorough ...” .

The author speaks to his lyrical-epic work and as an acknowledgment. Deyakі yogo vyslovlyuvannya pov'azuyut okremi epіzodi sing, roar importantly compositional role: "... It's time for me to turn to our heroes, as if they were already standing in front of the door of the air, walking forward one by one." Other words of the author are related to okremі episodes or lyrical steps with the main reasons.

The spiving of lyrical and epic cobs in the poet's mind is a special expression of the author's position.

Uzagalnyuyuchi steps, tied with an epic part, revealing the author's proposition to the heroes. The author's position is expressed through Chichikov's spy. Sometimes it's easy to read Chichikov's thoughts through lyrical passages.

Before Gogol's "pathos of subjectivity" Belinsky was posed in two ways. The rich lyrical speeches of the wines are highly appreciated. Let's say, about a bag of a realist, who calls out with his creations about the heavy camp of the krainian hatred of the secular "black". Abo - steps, replicas, respect (like: "Ex, the Russian people! Do not love to die your death!") to the people. The critic called such author's thoughts "humane subjectivity". At once, I was rightly doubting my ability (claimed already in Volume I) to know real prototypes“a man endowed with divine valor”, and so the ideal “maiden”: “it’s so rich, that nowhere can you take the one who viconates the obityanka.”

You can't help but wait for such judgments. Prote, you can’t help but lie to the logic of the writer’s creative whispers. After the writing of the first volume of wine, it is necessary to express one's ideals to all of them. The author's experience swaying the suspensory waters vibrated the splendid image of the harmonic saplings. With the help of the method and the creation of the second volume, eat.

Visnovok

Later, the thought about the fatherland led Gogol to the idea of the primary idea of "Dead Souls" - rozpovidi about the "teller" and two or three "shakhraiv". As an artist, the world has grown larger, and its understanding has perished. Gogol was bulo buti baiduzhim "literary writer". Vin is actively opposed to evil. Nasampered - in his visions of the bright future. Hunger for goodness, justice, paint the “quap” of the writer. So vinikaє sponukannya pojdnati ob'ektivne izobrazhennya svіtu s author's joke of the Beautiful.

We sing about the lyrical creations, especially, subjectively zatsіkavlenim author's attitudes to sub and heroes, so that the lyricism of the image. Most of the time, it was the twir of the great obligation. About why, as a genre, V. G. Belinsky wrote: “... it is a special kind of epic, which admits the prose of life, which hoots only poetic, ideal moments of life and zmіst which to become a deep gaze and moral nourishment of modern people. Tsei read the epic alone, having taken the name “eat” in himself. So all sing Byron, deyak sing Pushkin, and navit Lermontov "Demon", "Mtsiri" and "Boyarin Orsha".

The creativity of N. V. Gogol marked a new stage in the development of realism.

Tlumachnik and the theorist of this directly used to be the ideologist of revolutionary democracy V. G. Belinsky. Vіn hanging the principle of nationality as a proving vimogi to a realistic art. The nationality of literature Belinsky knew about the description of "muzhiks' bast shoes and peasant sarafans", and showed the fundamental interests of the people. Belinskiy Vymagav as writers criticizing social phenomena, yakі respected the progressive development of the country.

Pratsyyuchi over the poem "Dead Souls", N. V. Gogol, having jumped to create a sharply twisted tvir and for which he was splendid with the help of satire. Satire is a sharply negative attitude of the author to the images of the characters, an evil view of us in front of the social types. In the field of social satire, it thrives on the "high lyrical movement" of the author's thought.

List of references

1. Belinsky V.G. Zibr. tv. 9 vols. T. 6.- M.: Dumka, 1981. - 460 p.

3. Gus M.S. Russia is alive at Dead Souls. - M.: Literature, 1981. - 228 p.

4. Obernikhina G.A. Literature of the 1st half of the 19th century. Methodical recommendations. - M.: View. scientific and pedagogical partnership "Alta", 1996. - 36 p.

5. Razumikhin A. "Dead Souls": A summary of the current reading / / Literature. - No. 8. - 2003.

6. Russian literature. Radyansk literature. Dovіdkovі materials. - M: Dumka, 1989. - 428 p.

Belinsky V.G. Zibr. tv. in 9 vols. T. 6. - M: Dumka, 1981. S. 415.

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