Pratsі associations of amateurs of Russian literature. Vіlne suspіlstvo lovers of Russian literature
The Society of Lovers of Russian Literature (OLRS) is a literary and scientific society at the Moscow University, which began from 1811 to 1930 (break from 1837 to 1858). To the warehouse of the partnership included a goal. arr. philologists and writers. Among the members of yoga, for example, linguistics A. Kh. Vostokov, K. S. Aksakov, F. I. Buslaev, Ya. K. Grot, F. Ye. Korsh, V. I. Dahl, A. A. Potebnya, F. F. Fortunatov, I. I. Sreznevsky, A. A. Shakhmatov, R. F. Brandt, A. L. Duvernoy, M. M. Pokrovsky, D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, O. M. Bodyansky I. V. Yagich, V. N. Shchepkin, literary scholars and critics N. I. Nadezhdin, A. N. Veselovsky, N. S. Tikhonravov, M. N. Speransky, S. A. Vengerov, A. N. Pipin, A. M. Skabichevsky, P. N. Sakulin, M. K. Lemke, Yu. I. Aihenvald, M.A. Tsyavlovsky, N.L. , V. F. Pereverzev, V. M. Friche, folklorists A. N. Afanasyev, E. F. Barsov, P. N. Ribnikov, I. M. Snegiryov, P. V. Kireevsky, A. F. Hilferding,
P. V. Shein, a wealth of writers under G. R. Derzhavin and N. M. Karamzin to I. A. Bunina and M. Gorky. L. N. Tolstoy, I. S. Turgenev, A. A. Fet, F. M. Dostoyevsky, A. K. Tolstoy, St. Ya. Bryusov, K. D. Balmont, Vyach. Ivanov, V. V. Veresaev, L. M. Leonov,
A. V. Lunacharsky and in. The warehouse of the OLRS also included historians (M. P. Pogodin, S. M. Solovyov,
B. O. Klyuchevsky, M. N. Pokrovsky, N. I. Kostomarov, I. Є. Zabelin, R. Yu. Vipper ta in), philosophers (A. S. Khom'yakov, V. S. Solovyov ta in.), teachers (L. I. Polivanov, V. F. Savodnik, V. Ya. Stoyunin ), lawyers (V. D. Spasovich, A. F. Koni), theater performers (K. S. Stanislavsky, V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, M. P. Sadovsky), composer A. N. Verstovsky, biologist K. A. Timiryazev, mathematician A. M. Perevoshchikov et al. slavist P. Y. Shafarik, V. Ganka, fr. historian A. Rambo, writers P. Merime, R. Rolland.
Metoyu OLRS, after the words of the first head, rector of Moscow. un-ta A. A. Prokopovich-An-tonsky, it was “to embrace the successes of vitchiznyanoy literature”, unacceptable without the improvement of the language.
Galuzi has a rusy. movie OLRS put sobi slid. zavdannya: the creation of a "systematic, grammatical grammar", the destruction of the development of the vocabulary warehouse, the improvement of the warehouse of domestic literature. At the center of respect for the OLRS, there was a supply of normalization of Rus. move, food culture move, especially the ordering of word life, paths to the development of Rus. lit. movie.
The OLRS has adopted the copy of the “Tlumach dictionary of living Russian language” by V.I. Dahl (1861-66), “Songs, collected by P. V. Kirievskiy” (1860-74, 1911-29), “Realization of the Pivnichny region” by O. V. Barsov (1872-82), “Belarusian songs” by P. A Bessonova (1871), "Mirkuvannya pro slov'jansku movu..." A. Kh. Vostokov (1820), which zapochatkuvav porivnyalno-historical mentality in Russia, "To trace Russian grammar" K. S. Aksakov (I860). We have seen “Cyril-lo-Methodievskiy collection of riddles about those who produced thousands of words of Janskian writing and Christianity in Russia” (1865), collections of “In memory of A.P. Chekhov” (1906), “Turgenev at that hour "(Sat. 1-2, 1923-26), "Pushkin" (Sat. 1-2, 1924-30) and in.
The anniversaries of writers and famous poets were regarded as a suspense-cultural phenomenon. OLRS held Pushkin Jubilees (1899), Gogol Days (1902, 1909), organized jubilees dedicated to M.V. friendship (1864). In the 90s rock. 19 Art. literary and musical evenings were dominated by the riddle I. A. Krilova, M. Yu. Lermontova, A. I. Polezhaeva, F. I. Tyutchev, Fet, A. N. Ostrovsky, S. Ya. Nadson, N. A. Nekrasov, T. G. Shevchenko (in 1911, yoga "Kobzar" was seen); An important place in the cultural life of Rus. camaraderie. In cinema. 19 - post. 20 st. exhibitions on the mystery of A. Z. Pushkin (1880, 1899), A. Z. Griboyedov (1895), U. R. Belinsky (1898), N.V. Gogol and V. A. Zhukovsky (1902). A great public and cultural resonance arose, with the participation of the OLRS, the erection of a monument to Pushkin near Moscow (1880). Zavdyaki OLRS near Moscow erected a monument to Gogol (1909). The owls The OLRS period marked the anniversaries of the great Russians. writers, Dante, Molière, 250-Richya grew up. theater, history of the day of the rise of the Decembrists. Anniversaries were held by M. N. Yermolova, V. N. Figner, A. I. Yuzhi-on-Sumbatova, Bryusova, Veresaev.
The activities of the OLRS were carried out especially intensively in 1812-28: 27 volumes of “Practice of the OLRS” (parts 1-20, 1812-20; “Create in prose and verses. Practice of Comradeship ...”, parts 1-7, 1822) -28). OLRS was inspired by the works of K.M. rozrobki dialect, "pokhіdnogo" (etimo-logo-word-working), synonymous dictionaries. The editors of "Trudiv" were a professor of Krasnomovstvo, a verse and a Russian movie sung by A.F. Merzlyakov and a professor of Rus. Literature P. V. Pobedonostsev.
OLRS made a significant contribution to the development of Russians. national culture Vidrogeno in 1992; honorable head - D.S. Likhachov.
In 1811, the viniclo "Moscow Society of Lovers of Russian Literature". Suvoro stylistic vitrimanity in New Buv. The members of the partnership were the authors other directions: V.A. Zhukovsky and K.M. Batyushkov, A.F. Voykov, F.M. Glinka, A.F. Merzlyakiv.
The historical and literary significance of these “changed” comrades is poised in their objective continued polarization of literary developments, moreover, one branch, which takes the cob from Karamzinizm, is formed more importantly in Moscow, and the polar opposite of Peterburg literature The foundation of the two capitals of the literary world has become a special branch of Russian literature cob XIX the century, the poet's translation showed both ideological and aesthetic orientations (“Moscow zdikhachs” and “Petersburg zealots”).
“BESIDA LUBICHI IN THE RUSSIAN WORD”
Vіdome literary art “Rozmov's lovers of the Russian word” was created in 1811 by A.S. Shishkov, the author of "Mirkuvannya about the old and new warehouse of Ukrainian language" (1803), criticizing Karamzin's theory of the new literary movie and pronuvuvav his. Shishkov criticized Karamzin for unpatriotic - directly modern reforms: "Replace the image of one's thoughts behind the rules adopted from long ago and understand, richly for centuries, that they have grown and rooted in our minds, we image them behind the rules and understandings of a foreign people." The description of "classic-romantic" clearly does not fit Shishkov and Karamzin, even if it is impossible to establish who is who: Shishkov, talking about the nationality of Russian literature, appears more romantic, lower Karamzin. But Karamzin is not a classic. Describe the situation over other terms.
The topic of discussion between the “Shishkivtsy” and “Karamzinists” was the problem of the new movie. Karamzin's proposition was used in the creation of the synthesis of duality (Russian and French), which was said to be in one unity of the European Russian language - both for written literature and for oral communication. Shishkov let it go, what did I bring to the point of spending national self-reliance in such a language. Vіn zaproponuvav: first, do not mediocre mova, but save the difference between my letters and my verbal splintering: Vіn іnоdі fast, іnоdі nоєdnuіє, іnоdі сmіnіuє, іnоdі choose the word.<…>It is necessary to speak loudly and majestically, there you pronounce the wines of thousands of chosen words, rich in intelligence, reasonable and even more special types of silence, which we explain in splendid roses”; in a different way, it is necessary to create a bookish language according to the principle of lightness, acceptability, smoothness, and, according to the principle of richness of vocabulary, depth of thought, sonority of national language; Based on the Lomonosov theory, Shishkov promotes synthesizing the high style with yogo archaisms, the middle style with the most popular folk songs, and often “low vocabulary”, “to learn low words in a high warehouse, such words, so, for example, like: pull for the hair, ... the head was thin, not belittling the language with them and saving all the importance of it. Shishkova is opposed to the smoothness and aestheticism of the Karamzinists, the salon-like subtlety of the album verses, but with all the wines, it is not against the romantic spirits. Perekonannya and Karamzin, and Shishkov є pre-romantic and polemical їkh founded only on the paths of the formation of romanticism.
Yu.M. Tinyanov uttered the terms "archaist" and "innovators" to describe the atmosphere. Archaist - tse Shishkov, yoga pribіchniki, participants of "Besid ...", and before that divided them into subgroups: older archaist (G.R. Derzhavin, A.A. Shakhovsky, A.S. Shishkov, I.A. Krylov, S. A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov) and young, so called “young archaist” (A. S. Griboyedov, P. A. Katenin, V. K. Kyuchelbeker). The most radical were young archaists, like karamzinists sounded in the smoothness and acceptability of the language in the French manner, even more so, in disrepair to folk music and sound. And he called the “innovators” of the wines like Karamzinists, and all the poets - participants of the literary partnership “Arzamas”, organized in 1816.
An ear of the Great Association of Lovers of Russian Literature (another name for yoga is the Association of Enlightenment Enlighteners and Charitable Work) of Andriy Opanasovich Nikitin (1790-1859) - a writer, author of comedy and verse in an osianic genus. On September 17, 1816, the first meeting was held at the apartment, at which the writers brothers Borovkov and Lyutsenka were present (Efim Petrovich, sings; yogo translation of Wieland's poem "Vastola" in 1836 by A. S. Pushkinim).
On the 28th of September, F. M. Glinka was adopted by the new suspіlstvo of F. M. Glinka, having joined the Decembrist organization Union of the Savior, or the Association of the True and True Blues of Vitchizni (Glinka was an orator at the box of "Choose Mikhail"). Nezabar came to Vіlna comradeship Rilєєv, Del'vіg, Kuchelbeker, Somov, Pletnyov, Grech (seen by the magazine "Syn Batkіvshchini"). At this trinity union of comrades - the taєmny Decembrist, Masonic (lodge of "Vibrated Michael") and literary (two remaining - legal) - patriotic ideas were affirmed, inexpressibly pov'yazanі z volnolyubstvo.
The founders of the Free Association of Lovers of Russian Literature began to develop a plan for the upcoming capital events:
1) "The New Russian Encyclopedia", which is to take revenge on oneself for everything that is known about Russia among the representatives of history, art, science, literature;
2) "Lives of the great people of the Batkivshchyna" - a rich volume of literature;
3) A new iconological dictionary with images - the whole story is illustrated by painting, a little by engravings;
4) The magazine of the members of the Association - tse vidannya - "The Enforcer of Light and Charity" - began in 1819.
Projects of Encyclopedia, such an Іcarologist's Sloven, Solidi, Cathedrid Mіnіstrom, Svitti, Cooking here, inexpensive, Zmaganna Comrade Z Akademіюu, Jaco, Pratsya, such a rosemach b_lisha (protein in Tsei Zakіnchuvavov Eight Tom of His Grandiozno "Іstorії DRIEY ROSІYSKY" Karamzіn - not academy і not one people ). And yet, the members of the Free Partnership began to work on the biographies of Russian people. A rich volume biographical dictionary also did not appear, the society and in which it did not know the tips, but a number of biographies that were intended for the dictionary, but the premises in "Zmagachi" - the life story of the poet Petrov, the commander Suvorov, I. I. Shuvalov and other venerable deacons.
F. N. Glinka instructed in 1816 the rotation in the "Blue Witches" "Mirkuvannya about the need for mother history Vytchiznyanoi war 1812 year" (the first version of the article appeared in the "Russian Visnik" by S. N. Glinka in 1815). the closeness of the glare of the thick darkness of the great period... The bounty of rich remembrances for our trouble-free life, yearning for history... The Russians want especially the mother of a living image for that hour, if the rapt grim of war awakened the spirit of the great people; if the people of yours, reaping all the blessings of the world for honor and freedom, with noble baiduzhistyu, marveling at the devastated regions, reaping laurels on the ashes and snows of their homeland with a nameless masculinity ... One story. .. Oh, you, the mighty opponent of hours and vipadkivs, hosting the deeds of all peoples, that buttya of all ages, history! prepare the best of your tablets for the image of the glory of my patrimony and the deeds of the Russian people! Marvel, like a half-mooned soul, showing the whole people, peoples in the cold snows of Pivnoch ... The historian of the Vitchiznyanoy war is guilty of the Russians for the peoples, vchinkami, vyhovannyam, right and soul. A foreigner, with good will, is impervious to know the Russian history so well, to be so intoxicated with the spirit of the great ancestors of the Russians, to value the famous days of silence so dearly that they have passed, so lively image and choke on the glory of the right hours.
In this statute of Glinka, vіdshtovhuyuchis in the history of the Great Vіtchiznânoї war, to talk about Russian history vzagali. Vіn hіba scho to bring the law to those who write the history of the Great Vіtchiznyanoї war A. I. Danilevsky, a participant in її (“The Creator can be self-seeing,” write Glinka), and the history of Russia - M. M. Karamzin.
"A foreigner, - write Glinka, - will inadvertently smirk to that, with whom you know from the early fates, to the history of the Romans, Greeks and your own ancestral lands. In the absence of inadvertently speaking due justice to the Mamai, the conquerors of Kazan, the warriors of the Russians About Great Rosії, Izinets, Okakynaya Oblopi, Mimovoli, I Daughty, Daughty, Mimovniy Rosemіr, Mimovoli, not Zigada Vіn, Naskіlki Great Spacious Land Kuli Opіkuztnuzhnocha Rosіya. All Pivodnya івіні жа жа ї ї ї ї. .. The Russian historian does not miss the opportunity to draw the power of the people and the spirit of the hour.
The first volumes of "History" by Karamzin appear in 1818. Karamzіn, reformer Rosіyskoi L_teatnoї, Movy, Movy Rosіyskoy Prosi, Miga, Glіnko in Yogo Statti, for the Vinyatkom, Posyzhannya: "Rosіyysky Istorik TReezhnaya Waitgnati W Pisan's Words Schools and Self-Storotnikіv. Vіn to be patient, so that the warehouse of yogo posyatkovaniya buv napіvrosіyskim chi zovsіm not russian words, how to sound buvaє at the warehouse of vіdomosti and vіysk news ".
At the papers of P.I. Pestel was saved a glossary of terms, which were small foreign trips, from the replacement of their Russian Pestel proponed the replacements: the constitution is a sovereign statute; aristocracy - great power; tyranny - evil-lord; general - governor; theory - mind; republic - a global power; the Cabinet of Ministers - the Uryadova Duma is too thin.
Z 1818 Glinka was actually a kerіvnik of the Vilny Association of Lovers of Russian Literature, vіn ocholyuv yogo lion, stronger winged and pursuing the patriotic Decembrist ideas.
In the years 1820-1822, the future Decembrists K.F. Rileev, A.A. and N.A. Bestuzhev and A.O. Among the members of the association were already singing Boratinsky, Delvig, Pletnyov, Izmailov, Ostolopov, Grigor'ev, V. Tumansky.
Im'ya Bulgarin, as we have mentioned more than once in this book, cannot speak out loud: until the resurrection of 14 December 1825, I was not yet an informer of the Third Division.
Bulgarin is well known to the wealthy future Decembrists, including Rilievim, having been trained in the cadet corps with him, even though he looks like a rock of fate earlier. Vіn drukuvav vіrshi Rilєєv in the 20th years in his magazines "Pіvnіchniy Arhiv" and "Literaturnі Listki", and Rilєєv - Bulgarin's prose in "Polyarnіy Zirtsі". Buvalo, the stench was cooked and mіtsno. Ale Rilєєv pishov from life as a friend of Bulgarin, with faith in his order. Like a bag of wine brought to the soul of Bulgarin, who came back in the presence of his friends on that fatal day! Bulgarin did not pass yoga in the Third Viddelennya - these materials were published in the 1870s in the journal "Russian Starina".
Having pinned its foundation, the Decembrist Union of Welfare - a decision about its dissolution was adopted at the beginning of 1821 on the Moscow Star. Maizhe vіdrazu viniklo new suspіlstvo - Pіvnіchne, St. Petersburg. By the direct road yshov Rilєєv to the z'ednannya with him.
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