What are the main genres do you know? Apply painting, genres, styles, different techniques and straight lines Genres of paintings in art.
Although the understanding of the "genre" appeared in painting recently, the songs of genres were based on old-fashioned days: images of creatures near the caves of the Paleolithic era, portraitsAncient Egyptthat Mesopotamia 3 yew. BC, landscapes and still lifes in Hellenistic and Roman mosaics and frescoes. Formation of the genre as a system in easel painting emerged from Europe in the 15th–16th centuries. and ended mainly in the 17th century, if, krіm subdivision of the figurative art into genres, the so-called “sound” is understood. "high" and "low" genres are dependent on the subject of the image, themes, the plot. The historical and mythological genres were brought to the “high” genre, portrait, landscape, still life were brought to the “low” ones. Such a gradation of genres dawned until the 19th century. hoch i z vinyatki.
So it was in the 17th century. in Holland, the “lowest” genres (landscape, rough-and-tumble genre, still life) became the most conducive for painting, and the ceremonial portrait, which formally leaned up to the “low” genre of portraiture, did not lean so far. Having become a form of life, the genres of painting for all the stability of sleeping rice are invariable, the stench develops at once from life, changing the development of art in the world. Actual genres are born or know a new sense (for example, the mythological genre), they blame new ones, they sound in the middle earlier they founded (for example, in the middle of the landscape genre there appeared architectural regional viewі marina). You have to create something that combines different genres with your own (for example, mixing a single genre with a landscape, a group portrait with a historical genre).
SELF-PORTRAIT(French autoportrait) - a portrait of oneself. Ring out on the verge of a picturesque image; prote self-portraits are also sculptural, literary, cinematographic, photographic.
Rembrandt "Self-portrait"
ALEGORIA(Greek allegoria - allegory) - viraz of abstract ideas for the help of concrete artistic images. Butt: "justice" - a woman with vagamas.
Moretto ta Brescia "Alegory of Veri"
ANIMALISTIC(Lat. animal - creature) - a genre of depiction of creatures in painting, sculpture and graphic art.
D. Stubbs. Kobili that horse near the landscape white river. 1763-1768 pp.
BATALNY(French bataille - battle) - attributions to images of military life and military life.
Aver'yanov Oleksandr Yuriyovich. href="http://www.realartist.ru/names/averyanov/30/">Waterloo.
POBUTOVIY- descriptions from images everyday life people.
Mikola Dmitrovich DMITRIEV-ORENBURSKY (1837-1898). Pozhezha near the village
GALLANTNY- "poshtiviy, vvіchlivy lov'yazny, vvіchlivy, tsіkaviy" is outdated. po'azaniya іz izobrazhennyam vishukanyh lyrical scenes іz zhiztya court ladies and cavalry in artistic creativity is more important than the 18th century.
Gerard Ter Borch the Younger. Gallant soldiers.
HISTORICAL- one of the main genres of figurative art, attributions to historical podias of the past and present, socially significant phenomena in the history of peoples.
Pavlo Ryzhenko. Help Peresvit.
CARICATURE- The genre of figurative art, which victorious invents satire and humor, grotesque, caricature, imagery, in a comical effect is created by a way of overflowing and overstated characteristic rice. The caricature is vismіyuє, it’s not enough or the viciousness of the character, in order to get yoga and otochyuchih people, with the method of zmіnitsya change to the best.
MYTHOLOGICAL- dedications to podiam and heroes, about yaks rozpovidayut myths. Gods, demiurges, heroes, demons, mythical entities, historical and mythological characters. In the 19th century, the mythological genre served as the norm of a lofty, soulless mysticism.
Oleksandr Ivanov. Bellerophon is violating the campaign against Chimeri.
Still life- the genre of figurative art, the depiction of inanimate objects, placements in a real button middle ground and organization in a single group; a picture of images of objects, flowers, flowers, fruits, wild game, forked ribeye.
Aenvanck Theodore (Aenvanck, Theodoor)
NUDE(nudity) - an artistic genre in sculpture, painting, photography and cinematography, which depicts the beauty of a naked human body, more importantly a woman.
Venus Urbіnska", Titian
Pastoral(French pastorale - shepherd, rural) - a genre in literature, painting, music and theater, images of the idyllic life of shepherds and shepherds in nature.
Scenery(French paysage, від pays - kraїна, місївії), - a genre of attributions to the image, whether it be mіscevosti: river, gіr, watering, lіsіv, silskogo chi mіskogo landscape.
Href="http://solsand.com/wiki/doku.php?id=ostade&DokuWiki=7593bff333e2d137d17806744c6dbf83" >Adriana van Ostade
Portrait(French portrait, “to create something, the devil”) - a genre of figurative art, attribution of an image of a person or a group of people; different – self-portrait, group portrait, formal, chamber, costume portrait, portrait miniature.
Borovikovsky V. "Portrait of M. I. Lopukhina"
PLOT-THEMATIC PICTURE- The designation of a unique cross-breeding of traditional genres of painting, which fused the creation of large-scale works on socially significant ones with a clearly expressed plot, plot action, rich-figurative composition. - a change of traditional genres in the painting of a butt, historical, battle, compositional portrait, landscape and other.
Robert, Hubert - View of the old church
CARTOON or FRIEND CARTOON(French charge) - humorous or satirical images, in a way that changes the character of the model in the boundaries of the norm, with a method of fire, and not belittle that image, as it sounds to fight in caricatures.
Sculpture and symphony, painting and story, film and palace, performance and dance - all these create different kinds of art.
The art is classified according to different criteria. Image-creating art show in the artistic images a seductiveness, inconspicuously see the art of expressing the inner light. Unimaginative art: music, dance and literature, as well as architecture. Іsnuyut i mixed (synthetic) see the arts: cinema, theatre, ballet, circus and so on.
In the middle of the dermal mind, the mysticism is known to be born, as they are called genres Vіdpovіdno to those i ob'єktіv image. We'll talk about this axis with you today.
See the art
Image-creating vision of art
painting
Perhaps, it is one of the most widespread types of art. The best painterly art can be seen until ancient times, the stench is revealed on the walls of the caves of ancient people.
Monumental painting, which developed in the form of mosaicsі frescoes(painting from gray plaster).
Saint Nicholas. Fresco of Dionysius. Ferapontov monastery
easel painting- all paintings of various genres, written on canvas (cardboard, paper), mostly with olive farbs.
Genre painting
Modern painting has the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, butt, landscape, still life, animal genre.
portrait genre reflects the outer and inner look of a person or a group of people. This genre is broadened in painting, and in sculpture, graphic art too. The headline task of the portrait genre is the transfer of the splendid likeness and revelation of the inner world, the essence of the character of a person.
I. Kramskoy "Portrait of Sofia Ivanivna Kramskoy"
historical genre(Images of historical backgrounds and characters). Obviously, the genres of painting are often intertwined, because when depicting, for example, as if it were a historical image, the artist is brought up to the portrait genre too soon.
Mythological genre- Illustration of myths and retellings of different peoples.
S. Botticelli "The Nation of Venus"
Battle genre- Images of battles, heroic deeds of war, combat action, which spawned battles, the triumph of victory. The battle genre can include elements of other genres - butt, portrait, landscape, animal, still life.
V. Vasnetsov "After the Battle of Igor Svyatoslavich with the Polovtsians"
Pobutovy genre- Images of scenes of everyday, special life of a person.
A. Venetsianov "On the roll"
Regional view- depiction of nature dovkilla, sightings of rural culture, locality, historical monuments, etc.
And Savrasov "The Rooks Have Arrived"
Marina- seascape.
Still life(in translation from fr. - “dead nature”) - images of objects in butut, practice, creativity, quits, fruits, bits of game, forked rib, like a real butt medium.
Animalistic genre- Images of creatures.
Graphics
The name of the type of image-creating art resembles the Greek word grapho - I write, small.
Before the graphics, bring us in front of the little ones and engraving, in some little ones it is important to create an additional line on the arch paper and cut on solid material, from which images are printed on the paper sheet.
See the charts
Engraving- on a flat surface of the material, little ones are applied, which then is covered with farboi and is visible on paper. The number of cuts varies depending on the type of engraving technique and material. The main engraving materials are metal (copper, zinc, steel), wood (boxwood, palm tree, pear, cherry and others), linoleum, cardboard, plastic, plexiglass. Processing of engraving plate is carried out by mechanical means, steel tools or acid etching.
Estamp- A piece of paper from an engraving board (engraving, lithography, shovkography, monotype), which is an easel creation of artistic graphics. Estamp makes friends, like engraving by the artist himself, often he can make beats. So robots sound like signatures, author's accomplices, they are respected by first-timers. Estampi are black and white and colorful.
Book graphics- book design, decorative design, illustrations.
Promislova graphic - creation of commodity labels, brand marks, brand names, packaging, advertising labels, letterheads and envelopes. Vaughn sticks with advertising, enters the design system.
Exlibris- A sign that points to the owner of the book. The exlibris is attached to the inner bookcase palette or lining. Bookmarks are engraved on wood, midi, linoleum, zincographic or lithographic methods.
Exlibris Grety Garbo
Poster- Image, rozrahovane for solemn respect, created in agitation or primary purposes.
Linocut- engraving on linoleum.
Lithography- View of the engraving: a small print on a stone and a wreath from a new one.
Woodcut- woodcut.
Katsushika Hokusai "Great Fluff in Kanagawa", woodcut
Etching- a type of engraving on metal, a method of engraving and a beater, an otrimany of this method.
Computer graphics– images are compiled on a computer, displayed in dynamics or static. When folded, the graphics can be shaped, as the image is formed at all stages, and it is not necessary to create a correction.
Sculpture
This kind of mysticism is also a vineyard for a long time. It was found a lot of images of creatures that were cut out of clay, or cut out of stone, to accurately convey their natural look. We saved a lot of women's statues, as they can inspire a woman's beginning. Possibly primitive images of goddesses. Ancient sculptors outgrew their native forces, depicting them with tight quilts, and archaeologists call them "Venuses".
Venus of Willendorf, close to 23 yew. rokiv BC e., Central Europe
The sculpture is subdivided into a circle, which is freely placed in the space, and the relief, in some volume of the image, is spread out on the flat.
Like in painting, in sculpture, easel and monumental forms are used. monumental sculpture that square is recognized for the street, such a reminder is created for a long time, then call vikonan from bronze, marmur, granite. Stankov sculpture- all portraits or small genre groups, made from wood, plaster and other materials.
Monument to the leaf-bearer. Nizhny Novgorod
Decorative and ugly art
The creators of the works of decorative and ugly art put before themselves two things: create richness, as it is necessary for everyday life, but all the richness is at once guilty of the mother of the song of art. Everyday objects are due to serve people practically, and to embellish life, to delight the eye with the perfection of forms and farb.
Obviously, at the same time, a lot of creations of decorative and uzhitkovo art can be mainly aesthetically significant, but don’t start like that.
The main types of decorative and uzhitkovy art
Batik– hand-painted on fabric
Work in the technique of hot batik (with vicarious wax)
Beadwork
Vyshivannya
V'yazannya
Merezhivopletinnya
kilimarstvo
Tapestry
Quilling- the art of making flat or bulky compositions with twisted spirals of long and narrow paper husks.
Quilling technique
Ceramics
Mosaic
Jewelry art
Varnish miniature
Palekh lacquer miniature
Art painting on wood
Art painting on metal
Zhostovo pidnos
Artistic carving
Artwork of shkiri
Art painting from ceramics
Metal art
pyrography(vipalyuvannya on wood, shkir, cloth too)
Robot zі sklom
Upper half of the window of Canterbury Cathedral, UK
Origami
Photomystery
The art of artistic photography. The genre is more important than that of painting.
graphite
Images on walls and other surfaces. Before the graffiti one can see whether there is some kind of street-fabricated wall, on which one can know everything: from simple written words to high-pitched little ones.
graphite
Comics
Malovanie stories, roses in pictures. The comics will continue to draw such types of art, like literature and image-creating art.
Artist Winsor McKay "Little Semmі Chhai"
Unimaginatively see the art
architecture
architecture- The art of design and life. Arkhіtekturnі sporudi can іsnuvati like okremіh budіvel chi vilyadі ensembles. Alone, different ensembles are formed historically: from budinkov, zbudovanih at the hour, settling into a single whole. Butt of Chervona Square of Moscow.
Architecture allows you to judge the technical reach and artistic styles of different eras. Until our time, the Egyptian pyramids have been preserved, built nearly 5 thousand years ago, the temples of Ancient Greece and Rome. Be-like a place in be-like a country in the presence of its architectural disputes.
Palace Square near St. Petersburg
Literature
In a broad sense of the word: the sukupnіst of any written texts.
See the literature: fiction, documentary prose, memoirs, science and popular science, dovіdkova, primary, technical.
Genre of literature
Literary TV can be protected up to that rank of the genre for different criteria: for the form (short story, ode, opus, drawing, story, poem, description, novel, sketch, epic, epic, ese), for the splendid (comedy, farce , vaudeville, interlude, sketch, parody, comedy position, comedy of characters, tragedy, drama), behind the curtains.
Epichny Rіd Keywords: tale, bilina, ballad, myth, short story, story, epic, novel, epic novel, fairy tale, epic.
Lyric Rid: ode, sheet, stansi, elegy, epigram.
Liro-epichny rіd: ballad, poema.
Dramatic Rid: drama, comedy, tragedy.
music
music- Tse mystechstvo, by way of incorporation of artistic images for what is sound and silence, especially organized in hours. But it’s impossible to give one completely accurate understanding of the understanding of “music”. This is a special kind of creative activity, including craft, profession.
Great view and stylistic expansion of the music.
Classical (otherwise serious)- professional musicians, people of European culture are more important than the New Hour (cordon of the 16th-17th centuries) and in the middle ages;
popular- importantly song and dance music genres.
Poza-European (non-European)- Music of the peoples (Skhodu), whose culture is born in the culture of Western European civilization.
Ethnic (folk)- folklore musical creations of different peoples, which slander on the self-sufficiency of the ethnos, nation, tribe.
Estradna (easy)- Music of a respectful nature, recognized for recovery.
Jazz– reinterpretation by Europeans of the Victorian traditions of American blacks, based on the synthesis of African and European musical elements.
Rock- the music of small vocal and instrumental groups of young people, which resonate with the language of percussion and electric musical instruments, like guitars.
Vanguard (experimental)- directly in the professional composer's creativity in the XX century.
Alternative– new musical creations and vicons (sound manifestations, “performance”), fundamentally dissimilar to all music seen today.
You see, music can be assigned for that function, as it is victorious: military, church, religious, theatrical, dancing, movie music just.
Abo for the character of vikonanna: vocal, instrumental, chamber, vocal-instrumental, choir, solo, electronic, piano and other.
The skin type of music has its own genres. Perspective for the butt Genre of instrumental music.
Instrumental music- all the music, like victorious on the instruments, without the participation of the human voice. Instrumental music is both symphonic and chamber.
Chamber Music- Create, recognized for vikonannya in small rooms, for home, "room" music. Chamber music has a great ability to convey lyrical emotions and subtle spiritual states of a person. The following genres of chamber music can be seen: sonati, quartets, p'esi, quintets and others.
Sonata- one of the main genres in instrumental chamber music. Sound is composed of 3 (4) parts.
Etude- Musical song, recognized for the perfect technical skill in playing the instruments.
Nocturne(French "night") - a genre of a small one-part sing-song lyrical song for pianoforte.
Prelude(Lat. "Introduction") - a small instrumental piece. Improvisation entry to the main p'esi. But you can be an independent creation.
Quartet – musical TV for 4 vikonavtsiv.
The middle of the dermal aspect of music can be traced back to the development of watery styles and direct lines, which are characterized by strong and characteristic structural and aesthetic signs: classicism, romanticism, impressionism, expressionism, neoclassicism, seriality, avant-garde and others.
choreography
Choreography is the magic of dance.
Species (zmіshanі, or synthetic) see the art
Theatre
Spectacular view of art, which is a synthesis of various arts: literature, music, choreography, vocals, image-creating art and others.
Lyalkovy Theater
See theaters: dramatic, operatic, ballet, lyalkovy, pantomime and other theater. The art of the theater has been known for a long time: the theater was born from the most ancient ritual saints, which in an allegorical form created the phenomena of nature or labor processes.
Opera
A kind of art, in the same anger in one whole poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, mime, dancing, painting, scenery and costumes.
La Scala Theater (Milan)
Estrada
The type of art of small forms is more important than the popular-rozvazhny straight line. The stage includes directly: songs, dances, circus on stage, illusionism, rozmovny genre, clowning.
The circus
A kind of visual art, behind the laws of which there will be a roaring manifestation. Before the performances of the daily circus, there are demonstrations of tricks, pantomimes, clowning, reprise, demonstrations of vinyatkovyh zdibnost, often associated with risk (physical strength, acrobatics, equilibrists,), dressing creatures.
Cinematography
A type of visual art, which is also a synthesis of art: literature, theater, dance, image-making art (decoration) and others.
Ballet
Type of stage art; a performance, instead of which one is drawn into musical and choreographic images. A classical ballet performance is based on a song plot, a dramatic idea. At the XX century. Vinik is a plotless ballet, the dramaturgy of which is based on the development laid down by music.
The number of styles is directly large, otherwise it is inexhaustible. The key sign, by which you can create groups for styles, is the only principle of artistic thought. The change of some methods of artistic creation by others (drawing the types of compositions, adopting spacious motives, peculiarities of color) is not vipadkov. Historically minlive and our adoption of art.
Vibudovuyuchi system of styles in the ієrarchіchnomu order, dorimuvatimemos єuropotsentristskoї ї tradіtsії. The greatest in the history of art is the understanding of the era. The skin epoch is characterized by the “picture of the world”, which consists of philosophical, religious, political ideas, scientific phenomena, psychological features of light perception, ethical and moral norms, aesthetic criteria of life, for which one era is born. Such is the First Epoch, the epoch of the Ancient World, Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the New Hour.
Styles in art do not make clear boundaries, stench smoothly transition from one to one and change from interruptionless development, mixing and contrasting. Within the framework of one historical artistic style, a new one will always be born, and the other one will go over to the offensive. A lot of styles are created at once, and there are no “pure styles” in sight.
In that very historical epoch, a sprinkling of styles can be spawned. For example, Classicism, Academicism and Baroque in the 17th century, Rococo and Neoclassicism - in the XVIII, Romanticism and Academicism - in the XIX. Such styles, like, for example, classicism and baroque are called great styles, stinks of stench are spreading on all types of art: architecture, painting, decorative art, literature, music.
The next difference: artistic styles, straight lines, currents, schools and peculiarities of individual styles of other masters. At the borders of one style, there can be a sprinkling of artistic lines. The art is directly formed as a sign typical for this era, and from its own ways of artistic thought. Art Nouveau style, for example, includes a low direct line of the century: and post-impressionism, and symbolism, and fovism too. From the other side, understanding symbolism, as artistic directly, it is well divided in literature, just as in painting it is more widely recognized and shared by artists;
Lower will be the designation of epochs, styles, and directly, as they would have otherwise been imagined by modern image-making and decorative and ugly art.
| - artistic style, which was formed in the lands of Western and Central Europe in the XII-XV centuries. Vіn becoming the result of a rich revolutionary middle-class art, its most important stage and at the same time the first in the history of the global European, international artistic style. Vіn ohopiv usі see art - architecture, sculpture, painting, stained glass, book design, decorative art. The basis of the Gothic style was architecture, which is characterized by arrow-shaped arches straight uphill, colorful stained-glass windows, visual dematerialization of form. Elements of gothic art can often be seen in modernly decorated interiors, zokrema, wall painting, or easel painting. From the end of the last century, there is a gothic subculture that clearly manifested itself in music, poetry, and design clothes. |
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| (Renaissance) - (French Renaissance, Italian Rinascimento) The era in the cultural and ideological development of the low countries of Western and Central Europe, as well as those of the other regions of Northern Europe. The main influences of Renaissance culture: secular character, humanistic svetoglyad, early to ancient cultural decline, a kind of yoga renaissance (star and name). The culture of the Renaissance may have specific features of the transitional era from the middle to the new hour, in the same old and new, intertwined, establishing their own, like a new alloy. Let's summarize the information about the chronological inter-birth period (in Italy - 14-16 centuries, in other countries - 15-16 centuries), its territorial expansion and national features. Elements of this style in today's art are often found in wall paintings, similar to easel painting. | |
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- (From the Italian maniera - a trick, a manner) to the European art of the 16th century. Representatives of Mannerism looked like the Renaissance harmony of the world, the humanistic concept of people as a thorough creation of nature. Violently sprynyattya zhittya podnuvalis programm pragnennya not to follow nature, but to express the subjective "inner idea" of the artistic image, which is born in the artist's soul. More manifested in Italy. For the Italian Mannerism of the 1520s. (Pontormo, Parmigiano, Giulio Romano) characteristic dramatic gaudiness of images, tragedy of light perception, complexity and altered expression of poses and motives of movement, subdued proportions of figures, coloristic and light dissonance. In the rest of the hour, becoming a vicarist of the mystical sciences for the recognition of the phenomena of the modern mysticism, connected with the transformation of historical styles. |
| - Historical artistic style, a kind of widened shoulder in Italy in the middle. XVI-XVII centuries, and then in France, Spain, Flanders and Germany XVII-XVIII centuries. The broader term is chosen for the designation of trends that are constantly changing, restless, romantic light, thought in expressive, dynamic forms. Nareshti, at the skin hour, mayzhe in the skin historical artistic style, you can show your “baroque period” as a stage of the greatest creative moment, tension of emotions, vibrancy of forms. | |
| - artistic style of Western European art XVII - part. XIX century and in Russian XVIII - post. XIX, which turned to the antique recession like to the ideal for succession. Vіn showing up in architecture, sculpture, painting, decorative and uzhitkovy art. Classicist artists respected antiquity to their greatest reach and crushed it with their standard of art, which they despised to inherit. Years later I was reborn into academism. | |
| - Straight into the European and Russian art of the 1820-1830s, which changed classicism. The romantics hung on the first plane of individuality, opposing the ideal beauty of the classicists to the "undercomplete" reality. Artists added bright, rare, supernatural phenomena, and instilled images of a fantastic character. In the art of romanticism, a great role is played by the greater individual acceptance of that experience. Romanticism evolved art in the form of abstract classicist dogmas and turned it to national history and images of folklore. | |
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- (Vid lativ. sentiment - a little) - directly zahіdnoy art of the other half of XVIII. S. will vote a little, emphasizing the thought, the simplicity of the strong life of the "little people." J. J. Rousseau is the ideologist of S.. |
| - Directly at the mysticism, which is the greatest truth and authenticity, it seems like an equal form, so is the essence of phenomena and speeches. As a creative method, it is common for oneself to have individual and typical drawings when creating an image. Hour after hour found a direct basis that develops in the first place to this day. | |
| - Directly at the European artistic culture of the XIX-XX centuries. Viniclia as a reaction to panuvannya in the humanist sphere of the norms of bourgeois "reasonableness" (in philosophy, aesthetics - positivism, in the mystics - naturalism), symbolism took shape in French literature of the 1860s-70s, Austria, Norway, Russia. The aesthetic principles of symbolism were rich in what they attacked the ideas of romanticism, and brought to certain doctrines of the idealistic philosophy of A. Schopenhauer, Ege. Hartmann, often F. Nietzsche, to the creativity and theorizing of the German composer R. Wagner. Lively action symbolism opposing the world of vision and dreams. A universal tool to understand the mystery of buttya and individual information, entering into the symbol, generations of poetic insights and expressions of potoybіchny, attachments in the form of everyday information of sensual phenomena. The artist-creator, looking like an intermediary between the real and the supersensible, who can barely know the "signs" of the harmony of the world, who prophesied the signs of the future like in the present-day manifestations, so in the undertones of the past. | |
| - (in the form of fr. impression - vrazhennya) directly at the mystekstva of the last third of the XIX - the ear of the XX century, which is in France. The name of the bula was introduced by the art critic L. Leroy, who disrespectfully remarked about the exhibition of artists in 1874, and in the middle of the bula a painting by C. Monet “The Departure of the Sun. Vrazhennya. Impressionism has affirmed the beauty of the real world, accentuating the freshness of the first emotion, the calmness of the distant. The respect for the pure malovnichesky heads is more important than the traditional announcement about the little ones as about the head of the warehouse part of the creation of the mysticism. Impressionism made a strong impact on the art of the European countries and the USA, arousing interest in stories from real life. (E. Manet, E. Degas, O. Renoir, C. Monet, A. Sisley and others) | |
| - Techniques in painting (synonymous with divisionism), which developed within the framework of neoimpressionism. Neo-impressionism vines in France in 1885 were also wide and wider in Belgium and Italy. The Neo-Impressionists tried to stagnate at the mysticism of novelty at the gallery of optics, behind some vikonana dividing points of the main colors of painting, at the dawn of time, they give zlittya colors and all the din of painting. (J. Sirka, P. Signyak, K. Pizarro). | |
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Postimpressionism- umovna sbirna naming the main directions of French painting to. XIX - 1st quarter. XX Art. The art of post-impressionism vindicated as a reaction to impressionism, fixing respect for the transmission of mites, for visually picturesqueness and inculcating interest in the form of objects. Among the post-impressionists - P. Cezanne, P. Gauguin, V. Gogh and others. |
| - Style in European and American art at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Art Nouveau has reinterpreted and stylized the drawings of the art of various scenes, and robbed the power of artistic methods, based on the principles of integration. The object of stylization of modernity is also natural forms. TsE OBRAYATA NOT TІLKI ІNTEPHETING TO PPOIZEDIENX MODEPNA, PPOIZEDIENІYAK MODEPNA, NP I CAMA QUIE QUIE COLATING SPIAKA - OBIVIE KPIVIVINIX OPTINGS, EXITY, RECEMBER POPOPOVIX CONTYPUX, FOPOVYX POWERIX POWYPY. Closely related to modernity - symbolism, which laid the aesthetic and philosophical basis for modernity, spiraling towards modernity as a platform for the realization of one's ideas. Art Nouveau - in France, Secession - in Austria, Jugendstil - in Germany, Liberty - in Italy. |
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- (French modern - modern) is a common name for the art of the first half of the 20th century, for some characteristically transcribed traditional forms and the aesthetics of the past. Modernism is close to avant-gardism and is opposite to academism. |
| - a name that goes along the lines of art, widened in the 1905-1930s. (fauvism, cubism, futurism, expressionism, dadaism, surrealism). All qi directly follow the practice of modern art, rethink this task, gain freedom of artistic expression. | |
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- right at the mystetstvі to. XIX - n. XX century, founded on the creative lessons of the French artist Paul Cezanne, which brought the usual forms in the image to the simplest geometric shapes, and the coloring to the contrasting prompts of warm and cold tones. Sezanism served as one of the main points for cubism. By the great world, sesanism has also plunged into the Vitchiznian realist school of painting. |
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- (fauve type - wild) avant-garde trend in French art. XX Art. The name "wild" was given by modern critics to a group of artists who performed in 1905. the Parisian Salon has an independent, and little ironic character. The group included A. Matiss, A. Marquet, J. Rouault, M. de Vlaminck, A. Derain, R. Dufy, J. Braque, K. van Dongen and others. , search for impulses in primitive creativity, middle-class art and right away. |
| - Navmisne simplification of image-creating tools, inheritance of primitive stages in the development of art. This term means so-called. naїvne art of artists, yakі zdobuli spetsії osvіti, prote zaluchenih to zagalnogo artistic process to. XIX - poch. XX century. To the works of these artists - N. Pirosmani, A. Russo, V. Selivanov and others. domineering and original childishness in the interpretation of nature, subtly aggravated form and literalness in details. Primitivism forms zovsіm on the sign of primitivnіst zmіstu. Vіn often serve as a dzherel for professionals, yakі zapozichili from folk, in fact, primitive art of form, image, method. M. Goncharova, M. Larionov, P. Picasso, A. Matiss drew inspiration from primitivism. | |
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- Directly from the art, which was formed on the basis of the pre-trimannian canons of antiquity and the era of the Renaissance. Started in rich European schools of art from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Academism, having transformed classical traditions into a system of "eternal" rules and orders, which fettered creative jokes, trying to counteract the incomplete living nature of the "temporal" improvement, brought to the fullness of the national and hourly forms of beauty. Akademіzm is characterized by the prevailing of plots ancient mythology, biblical or historical themes of plots from a contemporary artist's life. |
| - (French Cubisme, Cube - cube) directly in the art of the first quarter of the XX century. The plastic language of cubism is grounded on the deformation and placement of objects on a geometrical plane, plastic destruction of the form. The people of cubism live in 1907-1908 rock - ahead of the first day of the first world. That publicist G. Apollinaire sings the unperceived leader of which, directly becoming. This trend was one of the first to inspire the leading trends of the further development of the art of the XX century. One of these trends was the dominance of the concept over the artistic self-worth of the picture. J. Braque and P. Picasso are encouraged by cubism as fathers. Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay, Juan Gris et al. | |
| - currents in literature, painting and cinematography, which were introduced in 1924 in France. With a significant peace, it took the molding of the witness of a modern person. Heads of wild spirits - Andre Breton, Louis Aragon, Salvador Dali, Louis Buñuel, Juan Miro and many other artists in the whole world. Surrealism vislovlyuvav idea іsnuvannya posture of real, especially significant role here absurd, unseen, dream, dream. One of the characteristic methods of the surrealist artist is the use of recognized creativity, to work with an instrument, in various ways to chimeric images of visionary bridges, to argue with hallucinations. Surrealism survived the sprat crisis, survived a friend holy war and step by step, angry with mass culture, mingling with the transavant-garde, moving like a warehouse part into postmodernism. | |
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- (From lat. futurum - future) literary and artistic currents in the art of the 1910s. Giving Cheba the floor of the prototype of the art of the future, futirism as the main program saw the idea of allowing cultural stereotypes and offered to take an apology for technology and irbanism Becoming a roadside artistic idea to fiturism, becoming a plastic virazu of strimkosti rush as the main sign of the pace of modern life. The Russian version of futurism was called cubo-tourism and was based on the same plastic principles of the French cuban and European physical |
Gothic(from Italian gotico - non-primary, barbarian) - a period of development of the middle arts, which, having swarmed all the halls of culture, developed the life of Zakhidnoy, Central and part of Schidnoy Europe from the 12th to the 15th centuries. Gothic completed the development of the European middle-class art, blaming it on the achievements of the Roman culture, and the era of the Revival of the middle-class art was considered "barbaric". Gothic art was cult for recognition and religious for the theme. It turned to greater divine powers, eternity, the Christian light-gazer. Gothic in the development is subdivided into Early Gothic, Period of Development, Early Gothic.
Famous European cathedrals have become masterpieces of the Gothic style, as tourists love to take pictures of the most important details. In the design of the interiors of Gothic cathedrals, an important role was played by color solutions. There is a great amount of gilding, lightness of the interior, openwork of the walls, crystallization of space. Matter was relieved of grandeur and impenetrability, it was somehow spiritualized.
The majestic surfaces of the windows were filled with stained-glass windows with compositions, which confirmed historical legends, apocryphal epics, literary religious stories, images of bututovyh scenes from the life of ordinary peasants and remіsnikіv, yakі were a unique encyclopedia of life in the period of the Middle Ages. Horse beasts were filled to the bottom with curly compositions, as if they were placed in medallions. The rise of light and color on the cob to painting in the technique of stained glass gave an impetus to artistic compositions. Vykoristovuvalis different skla: densely red, fire, red, pomegranate colors, green, yellow, dark blue, black, ultramarine, virizan on the contour of the little one ...
New aesthetic values were born to the gothic color skul, and the furbies gained the greatest sonority of the bright color. The pure color gave rise to the atmosphere of a poultry middle, stuffed in different shades of zest and light on columns, underclothes, stained-glass windows. Kolіr changed into a dzherelo svіtla, which dimmed the prospect. Tovste sklo, often unequally, was like a not-so-sharp bulbous bulbs, which exaggerated the artistic effect of the stained-glass window. Light, passing through the uneven tovshu skla, was crushed and began to grow.
The best images of the right Gothic stained-glass windows look around in the cathedrals of Chartres, Bourges and Paris (for example, “The Bogomatir of Nemovlyam”). It is filled with not less writing, but also the “Flaming Wheels” and “Molyuchy Glitters” in the Cathedral of Chartres.
From the middle of the 1st century, folded colors began to be introduced into the barista din, as if they were taken away for additional tanning. Such unremarkable stained-glass windows in the Gothic style were preserved in Sainte-Chapelle (1250). The contours were applied along the slope with a brown enamel farboi, and the forms, with this, had a small flat character.
The Gothic era has become the hour for the discovery of the art of miniature books, and for the development of artistic miniatures. The strength of worldly tendencies in culture has only strengthened their development. Illustrations rich figure compositions Religious topics included various realistic details: images of birds, animals, blizzards, ornaments of growing motifs, butt scenes. The special poetic charm of the work of the French miniaturist Jean Pussel.
At the development of French Gothic miniatures of 13-14 centuries, the place was occupied by the Parisian school. Psalter of St. Ludovіk ryasnіє rich-figurative compositions, framed by one motif gothic architecture, why the rozpovіd nabuvaє nadzvychaynoї string (Louvre, Paris, 1270). the figures of women and faces are graceful, their forms are permeated by struma lines, creating an illusion of movement. The richness and density of the farb, as well as the decorative architecture of the little one, transform these miniatures into unique works of art and expensive embellishment of the sides.
The style of the Gothic book is enhanced by sharpened forms, non-grabness, non-grabness, filigree of an openwork vizerunk and the fragility of winding lines. Varto signify that in the 14th-15th centuries the Svitsky manuscripts were also illustrated. Books of hours, scientific treatises, collections of love songs and chronicles are filled with miraculous miniatures. In the miniature, which was illustrated by the works of courtly literature, the ideal of a person's kokhanny was instilled, as well as scenes of a magnificent life. A similar vitvir is the manuscript of Manes (1320).
In the course of time, the gothic became more opposing. The "Great French Chronicles" of the 14th century show the artist's ability to penetrate into the sensation that he is depicting. These books were entrusted with a decorative shattering of the veiled veiled vignettes and frames of chimerical forms.
The Gothic miniature has already stuck into the painting and brought a lively strum to the art of the Middle Ages. Gothic has become not just a style, but an important link in the wild cultural development of the soul. Masters of style with naming accuracy could create the image of their partner in the objective and natural environment. Great and spiritual gothic creations are honed by an aura of unique aesthetic charm. Gothic gave birth to a new synthesis of mysticism, and those realistic conquests prepared the ground for the transition to the epoch of Renaissance art.
Painting is one of the ancient arts, as a rich century passed through the evolution of the Paleolithic wall paintings, to the new trends of the XX and the XXI century. Tse mystetstvo was born practically from the appearance of humankind. The ancient people, having failed to recognize the real human being, realized the need to depict the light on the surface. The stench painted everything they dreamed of: creatures, nature, myslivsky scenes. For painting, the stench was victorious, similar to farbi, made from natural materials. Tse buli earthlings farby, village vugіllya, black soot. Penzliks robbed the hairy creatures, or they simply painted with their fingers.
In the wake of the change, the new genres of painting were blamed. Behind the old period, the period of antiquity. Viniklo is the work of artists and artists until the creation of a real life, such as people are running around. Pragnennya accuracy of transmission called out the origin of the foundations of perspective, the foundations of light motives of various images and the completion of which by artists. And the stench weaved us in front of them, as if you could depict a vast expanse on the flat wall, near the fresco painting. Deyakі vytvori mystekstva, so like a vast expanse, svetlotinі began vikoristovuvat to embellish the place, the center of religion and pohovannya.
Let's start an important period in the past painting and the Middle Ages. At the same time, the painting is more of a religious nature, and the thought began to grow on the art. The creativity of the artists was based on iconography and other melodies of religion. The main important moments, which the artist is to blame for, were not so accurate in depicting reality, as the transfer of spirituality is instilled in the most manipulative paintings. The canvases of the masters of that hour were opposed by their vibrancy of contours, the beauty and barvisty. The painting of the middle class is given to us flat. All the characters of the artists at that hour are rebuying at one line. And so a lot of creations are given to us by cheap stylizations.
The period of the gray Middle Ages changed the brightest period of the Renaissance. The epoch of the Renaissance brought a new turning point in the historical development of this art. The new moods of the soul, the new svetoglyad began to dictate to the artist: these are the aspects of painting that are more clear and clear. Genres of painting, such as portrait and landscape, become independent styles. Artists express the emotions of people and their inner world through new ways of painting. In the 17th and 18th centuries, there was more serious growth in painting. During this period, the Catholic Church is losing its significance, and the artists in their creations more and more often depict the right view of people, nature, and everyday life. At the same time, such genres are also being formed, such as baroque, rococo, classicism, mannerism. Blame romanticism, which in the future is replaced by an effective style - impressionism.
At the beginning of the 20th century, painting is radically changing and there is a new direct modern art - abstract painting. The idea of \u200b\u200bwhich is directly in the fact that you can convey the year between people and mysticism, create harmony among the lines and colorful vibes. Tse art does not have objectivity. She doesn’t repeat the exact transmission of the real image, but instead she conveys those emotions that the artist’s soul has. An important roll for any kind of art is to form that color. The essence of this is to convey in a new way previously known objects. Here, the mits hope for complete freedom of their fantasies. This gave birth to the development of modern trends, such as avant-garde, underground, abstractionism. From the end of the 20th century and until the present hour, painting is constantly changing. But, despite the new access and modern technologies, artists still rely on the classical art - oil and watercolor painting, to create their masterpieces for the help of farb and canvases.
Natalia Martinenko
History of figurative art
The history of painting is an inexhaustible lancet, which originated from the first broken paintings. Leather style grows out of styles, like bules in front of him. Kozhen is a great artist reaching the reach of early artists and embracing the latest artists.
We can enjoy painting for its beauty. Yogo lines, shapes, colors, and warehouse (roofing of parts) can be like our feelings and linger in our minds. Ale is satisfied with the growth of mysticism, if we know it, if and why and how it was created.
A lot of factors have been added to the history of painting. Geography, religion, national peculiarities, historical backgrounds, development of new materials - all help shape the artist's image. By stretching the current of history, the painting has brought to light the subtle world and our statements about it. In their own hands, the artists gave one of the best records about the development of civilization, sometimes rozkrivayuchi more than the lower written word.
Prehistoric painting
Pecherni inhabitants were early artists. Colorful little creatures, dated from 30,000 to 10,000 years before our era, were found on the walls of caves in France and Spain. Bagato z tsikh malyunkіv completely well preserved, to that the ovens were sealed by the bagatioh century. Early people painted wild creatures, such stinks raged dovkol. Even rude human positions, broken in life positions, were known in Africa and the Skhodі Іspanії.
The oven artists filled the walls of the oven with little ones in rich, bright colors. Children from the most beautiful paintings are rebuyed at the Altamira stove, Spain. One detail shows a wounded buffalo, which is no longer worth standing - imovirno, a sacrifice of thought. Vіn zabarvleniy have a reddish-brown color and christenings are simple, ale gracefully, black. Pigments, like victorious, were painted by bakery artists - ocher (oxide of the sun, which look after the color from light yellow to dark orange) and manganese (dark metal). The stench was tinted on a fine powder, mixed with oil (perhaps with fatty oil), and applied to the surface like a brush. Sometimes the pigments were stuffed into the shape of sticks, similar to the crade. Fat, mixed with powder-like pigments, robbed the lacofarb homeland, and particles of the pigment were glued together. The inhabitants of the oven made shields from the creatures of hair and roslin, and the gostrі tools from flint (for painting that podryapin).
For more than 30,000 years, people have found the main tools and materials for painting. Methods and materials were thoroughly improved at the coming century. The aloe of the oven sack are the main ones for painting.
Egyptian and Mesopotamian painting (3400–332 BC)
One of the first civilizations appeared in Egypt. From the written records of that mysticism, deprived by the Egyptians, there is a lot about their life. The stinkers respected that the body could be saved, so that the soul could live after death. The Great Pyramids were folding tombs of the rich and mighty Egyptian rulers. A lot of Egyptian art was created for pyramids and tombs of kings and other important people. In order to be absolutely inspired, that the soul is kept alive, the artists created images of a dead person in stone. The stench also created scenes from the life of people on the wall paintings near the funeral chambers.
The Egyptian techniques of figurative art were deprived of the inevitable protract of the century. In one way, watercolor farba was applied to clay or vape surfaces. In another process, the contours were visible on the stone walls and were filled with watercolors. Material, titles of gum arabic, ymovirno, vikoristovvsya for gluing farbi to the surface. Luckily, the dry climate and the sealed tombs gave way to such water-colour paintings collapsing in the water. A lot of myslivsky scenes from the walls of the tombs near Thebes, dated close to 1450 BC, have been well preserved. The stench will show how the wise men follow the birds abo riba. These plots can still be identified today, because the stench was carefully and resolutely prepared.
The Mesopotamian civilization, like Trival from 3200 to 332 BC, was planted in the valley between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates on the Close Descent. Budinki in Mesopotamia were mostly made of clay. The shards of clay help the board, their wakes fell into a pill, be-like real paintings, like, perhaps, would be more like cicavim. What was saved, ceramics were embellished (gritted and scalded) and barvy mosaics. Although the mosaics cannot be seen like a painting, the stench is often injected into it.
Aegean civilization (3000-1100 BC)
The third great early culture was the Yegei civilization. The Egyptians lived on the islands along the coast of Greece and on the islands of Asia Minor at about the same hour as the old Egyptians and Mesopotamians.
In 1900, archaeologists began to dig up the palace of King Minos at Knossos on the island of Crete. Excavations unearthed works of art, written around 1500 BC. in an over-the-top vile and graceful style of that hour. Obviously, the Cretans were non-turbulent people, like to love nature. In the midst of their favorite topics, the art of sea life, creatures, lives, sports games, mass processes. At Knossos and other Egeian palaces, paintings were painted on wet gypsum walls with farbs from mineral rechovins, and earthen ocher. Farba seeped through the watery plaster and became a permanent part of the wall. These paintings were later called frescoes (from the Italian word "fresh" or "new"). The Cretans were like yellow, red, blue and green shades.
Greek Tarim classical painting (1100 BC - 400 AD)
Ancient Greeks decorated the walls of temples and palaces with frescoes. From old literary dzherel and from Roman copies Greek art it can be said that the Greeks painted small pictures and made mosaics. We remember the names of the Greek masters and three things from their life and work, even though little Greek painting has survived the century and the legacy of the war. The Greeks did not write well at the tombs, so their robots were stolen.
Pofarbovani vazi - all that was preserved in the Greek painting today. The preparation of ceramics was a great success in Greece, especially in Athens. Containers were a great drink, they were exported, just like oil and honey, and for butovyh purposes. The largest early vase painting of vicons in geometric figures and ornaments (1100-700 BC). The vases were decorated with human figures in brown glaze on light clay. Until the 6th century, vase painters often painted black human positions on natural red clay. Details were made on clay with a gostry tool. Tse allowed the chervonomu to appear in the glens of the relief.
The red-figured style has been replaced by black. That is, navpaki: the figures are red, and the black became ashes. The advantage of this style was in the fact that the artist could instantly win a penzel for creating contours. The shield gives a free line, a lower metal instrument that wins over black curly vases.
Roman wall paintings were known as the main rank of villas (zamіsky budinkas) in Pompeii and Herculaneum. In 79 regions of our country, two places were mostly inspired by the eruptions of the Vesuvius volcano. Archaeologists, who dug up this area, could learn a lot about the old Roman life in these places. There were paintings on the walls of the skin booth in the Pompeii villa. Roman painters carefully prepared the surface of the wall, applying sumish from a marmur saw and plaster. The stench polished the surface to the extent of a marmur coating. A lot of paintings - copies of Greek paintings of the 4th century BC. The thinned poses of the figures painted on the walls of the Will of the Mysteries near Pompeii suffocated artists in the 18th century, if the place was dug up.
Greeks and Romans also painted portraits. A small number of them, most importantly portraits of mummies, embroidered in the Greek style by Egyptian artists, were saved near Oleksandria, pivnich from Egypt. Founded in the 4th century BC by Oleksandr the Great from Greece, Oleksandriya became a leading center of Greek and Roman culture. The portraits were painted in the technique of encaustic on wood and were installed at the sight of a mummy after the death of a person. Encaustic paintings, made from farb, mixed with melted bjoline wax, are saved for a long time. It's true, these portraits still look fresh, even though the stench was decaying in another century before our time.
Early Christian and Byzantine painting (R. 300–1300)
The Roman Empire went into decline in the 4th century AD. At that very hour, Christianity was gaining strength. In 313, the Roman Emperor Kostyantyn officially recognized religion and adopted Christianity himself.
Viniknennya Christianity strongly vpliniv mystetstvo. The artists were commissioned to decorate the walls of the church with frescoes and mosaics. The stinks robbed panels at the church chapels, illustrated and embellished church books. Under the influx of the Church, the artists were guilty of being able to speak more clearly about the development of Christianity.
The early Christians and Byzantine artists continued the technique of mosaics, and the Greeks knew about the stench. Small flat patches of colored stone were installed on water cement and plaster. Other hard materials were also victorious, such as pieces of baked clay or shkaralupi. In the Italian mosaic, the colors are especially deep and spovneni. Italian artists robbed the background with pieces of gilded cladding. The stench depicted human positions in rich colors on aphids of shining gold. The flashy effect is flat, decorative and unrealistic.
Mosaics by Byzantine artists were often less realistic and more decorative, less motifs of early Christians. "Vizantiiske" - the name given to the style of art, as it developed before the ancient city of Byzantium (nine Istanbul, Turechchina). Mosaic technique ideally matched the Byzantine taste for decorating churches. The famous mosaics of Theodori and Justinian, prepared close to 547 r. n.e., demonstrate the gusto of wealth. Jewelery fabrics shine on the figures, and colorful cloths of the courtiers vibe on the aphids of glittering gold. Byzantine artists also won gold on frescoes and panels. Gold and other expensive materials were victorious in the Middle Ages, to vindicate spiritual objects from the everyday world.
Middle painting (500–1400 rubles)
The first part of the Middle Ages, approximately from the 6th to the 11th century of our era, is called dark. At the same time, mysticism was taken very importantly by the monasteries. In the 5th century A.D. Varran tribes from Pivnichnoy and Central Europe roamed the continent. Upgrading hundreds of rock stinks dominated Western Europe. Tsі people zrobili mystetstvo, for some head element є vіzerunok. The stench especially choked on the structures of dragons and birds.
The best of Celtic and Saxon art can be found in the manuscripts of the 7th and 8th centuries. Book illustrations, illumination and miniature painting, practiced since the late Roman hour, widened in the Middle Ages. Illumination - tse embellishment of the text, great letters and watering. Gold, silver and jascar colors were victorious. A miniature is a small picture, often a portrait. This term was written on the back for the description of the decorative block on the back of the cob letters in the manuscript.
Charlemagne, who was crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire at the beginning of the 9th century, tried to revive the classical mysticism of the late Roman and early Christian periods. Under the hour of the 19th reign, the artists of miniatures inherited the classical art, but the stench also conveyed through their objects special feelings.
Even a little painting of the walls was saved from the middle. In the churches that were awakened under the hour of the Romanesque period (11-13 centuries), there were some great frescoes, but more of them appeared. The churches of the Gothic period (XII-XVI centuries) had enough space for wall paintings. The book's illustration was the gothic artist's head work.
Among the best illustrative manuscripts were books of anniversaries - collections of calendars, prayers and psalms. The side of the Italian manuscript shows the elaborately designed initials and finely detailed marginal scene of St. George slaying the dragon. The colors are gleaming and similar to an expensive stone, like a stained-glass window, and the gold flickers over the side. Thinner thin sheets and flower designs intermingle with the text. Artists, ymovіrno, vikoristovuvali zbіshuvalne sklo for vykonannya such foldable detailed work.
Italy: Cimabue ta Giotto
Italian artists, like the XIII century, still practiced the Byzantine style. The human posts were made up of flat and decorative ones. Individuals rarely had viraz. The bodies were not vagomimi, they seemed to float, but did not stand on the ground. In Florence, the artist Cimabue (1240-1302) attempted to modernize the deeds from the old Byzantine methods. Angels in the "Madonna on the Throne" are active, lower sound in the pictures of that hour. These gestures and appearances show more than human feelings. Cimabue added to his paintings a new sense of monumentality and writing. However, he continued to follow the rich Byzantine traditions, such as the gold is ashes and the vizerunkove decoration of objects and figures.
Tse bov the great Florentine artist Giotto (1267–1337), who actually broke from the Byzantine tradition. The series of frescoes in the Chapel of Areni in Padua overshadows Byzantine art far behind. In these scenes from the life of Mary and Christ, there are right emotions, tension and naturalism. Mustaches of human warmth and sympathy are present. People do not give up absolutely unrealistic or heavenly. Giotto shading the contours of the figures, and placing deep shadows at the folds of the robe, in order to give a sense of roundness and volume.
For his small panels, Giotto created a pure barley tempera, a middle, which was perfected by the Florentines in the 14th century. Clarity and brightness of yogo colors were small strongly stuck on people, like they rang out to the dark colors of Byzantine panels. Paintings with tempera to celebrate the defeat, that soft light falls on the stage. The stench may be flat looking, on the vіdminu vіd gloss oil painting. The egg tempera was overlaid with the head farboi, the docks of the oil mayzhe again did not replace it in the 16th century.
Piznіy srednyovіchny painting on pіvnіch vіd Alps
At the beginning of the 15th century, artists in Pivnichniy Europe practiced in a style similar to the modern style of Italian painting. Pivnіchnі artists reached realism, adding to their paintings indistinct details. All the hair was thinned out, and the skin detail of the drapery, or the underlays, was accurately inserted. Vinahid of olive oil painting was simplified by the detailing of details.
Flemish artist Jan van Eyck (1370-1414) made his great contribution to the development of oil painting. If tempera is victorious, it is necessary to apply colors to the color. The stench cannot shade well one by one, to that the farba is dry dry. With oil, as if it were dry enough, the artist can reach folding effects. Yogo portraits 1466-1530 boules vikonanі at the Flemish oil technіtsі. All the details and mirror images are clear and precise. The color is mimic and may be hard, enamel-like surface. The ground wood panel was prepared in the same way, like Giotto preparing his panels for tempera. Van Eyck created the picture with balls of thin color called glaze. Tempera, imovirno, was victorious in the original plate and for the sounds.
Italian Renaissance
At that hour, if van Eyck worked at Pivnochi, the Italians passed in the gold of the century of art and literature. This period is called the Renaissance, which means rebirth. Italian artists were inspired by the sculpture of ancient Greeks and Romans. The Italians wanted to revive the spirit of classical art, which glorifies human independence and gentry. The mitzvos of the Renaissance epoch continued painting religious scenes. But stinks also supported the life of the earth and the reach of people.
Florence
Giotto's achievement on the cob of the 14th century began the Renaissance. Italian artists of the 17th century continued yoga. Masaccio (1401-1428) was one of the leaders of the first generation of artists in the Age of Renaissance. Vin is alive near Florence, a rich trading place, where the Renaissance epoch began. Until the yogo of death, for example, twenty fates of wines, having created a revolution in painting. At his famous fresco "The Tribute Money" he should put solid sculptural figures in the landscape, which, he says, goes far into the distance. Masaccio, perhaps, learned perspectives from the Florentine architect and sculptor Brunelleschi (1377-1414).
The technique of fresco became more popular in the Renaissance epoch. Vaughn was especially suitable for great paintings, because the colors on the frescoes are dry and perfectly flat. The image can be looked over under the hood, without any bliss, or vodbitkiv. Also, frescoes may be accessible. Call the artists of Mali kіlka pomіchnіv. The robots were beaten in pieces, to which it was necessary to finish them, while the plaster was still wet.
The new "trivi-world" style of Masaccio was typical of the new progressive straight 15th century. The style of Fra Angelico (1400-1455) is a traditional approach, won by artists of the early Renaissance. Vіn buv less turbovaniya prospect that more tsіkavivsya decorative little. Yogo "Coronation of the Mother of God" - tempera butt for the most beautiful vikonan. Cheerful, rich colors on aphids of gold and accented with gold. The picture looks like an enlarged miniature. Dovgі vuzkі figure mаut little sleepy from Masaccio. The composition is organized in wide lines of movement, which rotate around the central figures of Christ and Mary.
Another Florentine, who practiced the traditional style, was Sandro Botticelli (1444-1515). Streaming rhythmic lines are going down the rows of "Spring" by Botticelli. The figure of Spring, which is carried by the cold wind, is carried by the right hand. Three graces dance at the stake, the folds of their cloth, which are growing, and the thinning of the hands of their hands turn the rhythm of the dance.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) started painting at Florence. Vіdomy with his scientific achievements and vineyards, as well as with his paintings. A lot of pictures were saved, often because they often experimented with different ways of making Farbi, and not with a variety of twisted and reliable methods. "The Last Supper" (written between 1495 and 1498) was smashed in oil, but, unfortunately, Leonardo, having written її on the water wall, split through the yaku farba. Ale navit in a filthy camp (before restoration) the picture is small building zbudzhuvat emotions in all those who cheer.
One of the most famous drawings in the style of Leonardo yogo, the method of depicting fires and darks. The Italians called it "sfumato", which means dim parts or foggy. The figures in the "Madonna of the Skel" are veiled in a sfumato atmosphere. Їхні form ta rice softly shaded. Leonardo achieved these effects, vicarious even subtle gradations of light and dark tones.
Rome
The culmination of Renaissance painting took place in the 16th century. At the same time, the center of art and culture moved from Florence to Rome. Under Pope Sixtus IV and his intercessor, Julius II, the place of Rome was glorious and richly embellished by the artists of the Renaissance era. Acts from the most important projects of this period were identified during the hours of the papacy of Julius II. Julius entrusted the great sculptor and painter Michelangelo (1475-1564) with painting the Sistine chapel stele and making a sculpture for the tomb of Papi. Julius also requested the painter Raphael (1483-1520) to help decorate the Vatican. Raphael's assistants painted chotiri of Papi's apartments near the Vatican Palace.
Michelangelo, the Florentine people, having developed the monumental style of painting. Figures in Yogo's paintings are on the floor of the mitzna and volume, which stench looks like a sculpture. The Sistine stele, which took 4 rocks from Michelangelo, is made up of hundreds of human figures from the Old Testament. Schob vykonat tsyu grandiose fresco, Michelangelo had a chance to lie on his back on the painting. Thoughtful guise of Jeremiah among the prophets, like a stele, the deacons of experts respect Michelangelo's self-portrait.
Raphael came to Florence from Urbino as a young man. At Florence wines, having taken the ideas of Leonardo and Michelangelo. At that hour, if Raphael had gone to Rome to work at the Vatican, his style became one of the greatest for the beauty of vikonann. Vin is especially fond of his beautiful portraits of the Madonna of Silence. The stench was created by the thousands, you can drink it everywhere. Yogo "Madonna del Granduca" is successful in its simplicity. That purity is timeless in its peacefulness, it is so very familiar for us, like for the Italians of the era of Raphael.
Venice
Venice was the main Italian pub of the Renaissance epoch. It was seen by artists from Flanders and other regions, as they knew about the Flemish experiments with olive farboa. This stimulated the early development of olive technology in the Italian city. The Venetians learned to paint pictures on a thickly drawn canvas, and not on wooden panels, like the sound of vicorist in Florence.
Giovanni Bellini (1430-1515) was the greatest Venetian artist of the 15th century. Vin is also one of the first Italian artists who won the painting on the canvas. Giorgione (1478-1151) and Titian (1488-1515), who was the most familiar of all the other Venetian artists, was the teacher of Master Bellini.
Master of oil technique Titian painted majestic canvases in warm, rich colors. In his mature paintings, he sacrificed details to create subtle effects, for example, like in Madonna Pesaro. Winning great brushes, to work great strokes. Yogo colori is especially rich, for those who are more tolerant when creating glazes of contrasting colors. Zvichay glazes were applied on a dark brown surface, which gave the picture a single tone.
Another great Venetian artist of the 16th century was Tintoretto (1518–1594). On the view of Titian, the wines were worked without a middle on the canvas without front sketches or outlines. Vіn often spotovoryuvav his form (twisted їх) for the sake of composition and dramatic plot. This technique, which includes broad strokes and dramatic contrasts of light and darkness, is created even today.
The artist Kyriakos Theotokopoulos (1541-1614) was born as El Greco (“Greetskaya”). Nation on the island of Crete, the occupation of the Venetian army, El Greco was trained by Italian artists. Being a lad, virushiv vchitisya at Venice. The unification of the Byzantine mysticism, like a wine bachelor itself in Crete, that Italian mysticism of the Renaissance epoch, made the work of El Greco the noble one.
In his paintings, he evoked natural forms and victorious, more wondrous, more unearthly colors, lower Tintoretto, like a wine choked. Later, El Greco, having moved to Spain, de gloominess of the Spanish art spilled onto his work. In this dramatic city of Toledo, a storm rages over the deathly stillness of the place. Cold blues, greens and blue-white colors spread the cold over the countryside.
Renaissance in Flanders and Nimechchina
The golden centuries of painting near Flanders (one part of Belgium and French France) were the 15th century, the hour of van Eyck. In the XVI century, a lot of Flemish artists were succeeded by Italian artists of the Renaissance era. The proteges of the Flemings continued the Flemish tradition of realism. That way, genre painting expanded - scenes from everyday life, like some were charming, and some were fantastic. ІєRONім Bosch (1450-1515), who overblown the genre artists, maw supernaturally brightly awake. Vіn vygadav sіlyakih marvelous, grotesque іstot for The Temptation of St. Anthony". Pieter Brueghel the Elder (1525-1569) also practiced the Flemish tradition, adding to his genre scenes the perspective and other characteristics of the Renaissance.
Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543) and Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553) were three of the most important German artists of the 16th century. The stench was blasted a lot to help stifle the gloomy realism of early German painting. Dürer will once again visit Italy, destined to be enthralled by the paintings of Giovanni Bellina and other Italian brewers. Zavdyaki to this knowledge of the wines, having attached to the German painting the knowledge of perspective, the color of that light and the new sensible composition. Holbein acquired even more Italian goods. Yogo, a sensitive little baby, that building, choose only the most important details, made Yogo a master-portrait painter.
baroque painting
The 17th century saw art as a period of the Baroque. In Italy, the artists Caravaggio (1571-1610) and Anibale Carracci (1560-1609) represented two contrasting points of view. Caravaggio (referring to Michelangelo Merisi) always draw inspiration from the realities of life. One of the most important problems was to copy nature more precisely, without glorifying the rank. Carracci, from the other side, following the ideal of the beauty of the Renaissance era. Vin vivchav ancient sculpture that work of Michelangelo, Raphael and Titiana. Caravaggio's style choked a lot of artists, especially the Spanish Riber and the young Velasquez. Carracci inhaled Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665), the famous French artist of the 17th century.
Spain
Diego Velasquez (1599-1660), court painter of the Spanish King Philip IV, was one of the greatest of all Spanish artists. Being a dancer of Titian's robit, he was the master of the rich, harmonic color victoria. Joden the artist was able to create the illusion of rich fabrics and shkiri people more beautifully. The portrait of the little prince Pilip Prosper shows his mastery.
Flanders
Paintings by the Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) are inspired by the new color baroque style. The stench is bursting with energy, with color and light. Rubens broke from the Flemish tradition of painting small paintings. Yogo canvases are majestic, spovneni human figures. Vіn otrimuvav more zamovlen at the great picture, nizh mіg bi vikonati. Therefore, the wine is often painted over a small color sketch. Then the helpers transferred the sketch on a large canvas and finished the picture under Rubens's ceramics.
Holland
The achievements of the Dutch painter Rembrandt (1606-1669) are among the most important in history. Vіn mav a miraculous gift - just spiymati and convey human emotions. Yak and Titian, having worked for a long time over the compositions of the rich-ball paintings. Earthy colors - yellow ocher, brown and brown-red - were yogo favorites. Yogo pictures are vikonanі, more importantly, in dark colors. The important meaning of the dark, richly spherical parts is to shatter this extraordinary technique. The accent is transferred to the lightening of some bright houses.
Jan Vermeier (1632-1675) was one of the group of Dutch artists who painted modest scenes of everyday life. Vіn buv majstrom at the painting of any textures - satin, persian kilimіv, bread scoring, metal. Zagalne vrazhennya vіd іnter'єru Vermeєra - tse sony, zhittєradisna kіmnata, replete with iconic rubbish objects.
Painting of the 18th century
In the 18th century, Venice gave birth to a few fine artists. Naivedomishim Buv Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1696-1770). Vіn having embellished the interiors of the palaces and other budіvels with grandiose frescoes to create scenes of wealth. Francesco Guardi (1712-1793) more than a major penzle, less than a few flakes of color, he could instantly call out the idea of a critical post among the chovni. The visual images of Antonio Canaletto (1697-1768) commemorated the past glory of Venice.
France: Rococo style
France has a taste for pastel flowers and cunning decoration on the cob of the 18th century, calling for the development of the Rococo style. Jean Antoine Watteau (1684-1721), court painter of King Louis XV, and later Francois Boucher (1703-1770) and Jean Honore Fragonard (1732-1806) were in line with Rococo trends. Watteau wrote mriylivy bachennya, life, for whom everything is fun. The style is based on picnics in parks, fox evenings, gentlemen's fun and elegant ladies in nature.
Other artists of the 18th century depicted scenes from the extraordinary life of the middle class. Yak and Dutch Vermeier, Jean-Baptiste Simeon Chardin (1699-1779) assessing simple domestic scenes and still lifes. Yoga colors are hard and calm in the por_vnyann from Watteau.
England
In the eighteenth century, the English first developed a school of painting. The core was formed, most importantly, of portrait painters, among whom the artists of the Venetian Renaissance poured in. Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) and Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788) are the most popular. Reynolds, who raised the price of Italy, following the ideals of Renaissance painting. Yogo portraits, prioblivі and zvorushlivі, not duzhe tsіkavі for color or texture. Gainsborough, from the other side, maw talent to shine. The surface of the paintings shines with a radiant color.
Painting of the 19th century
The 19th century is sometimes viewed as a period, during which the modern mysticism began to take shape. One of the important reasons for the so-called revolution in art at the same time was the wine of the chamber, as it tempted the artists to look at the meta of painting.
The most important podієyu was the wide choice of backyards for the preparation of farb. Until the 19th century, most of the artists and their assistants worked on the vlasny farby way to refine the pigment. Early commercial farbs were sacrificed to manual farbs. For example, artists of the 19th century showed that the dark blue and brown tones of early paintings became black or gray over the years. The stench began anew to create pure colors in order to save their work, and to those who tried more precisely to bring out the sleepy light in the street scenes.
Spain: Goya
Francisco Goya (1746-1828) was the first great Spanish artist to emerge from the 17th century. Like a love, the artist of the Spanish court of wines has created rich portraits of the royal family. Royal characters equipped elegant dress and beautiful koshtovnosti, but on the deaky їhnіh guise everything that appears, cemarnoslavlstvo and greed. Crimean portraits, Goya painted dramatic scenes, like the Third May of 1808. In this picture, a group of Spanish rebels is captured by French soldiers. Smiling contrasts of light and dark and gloomy colors, pierced by red breezes, call out the gloomy look of the species.
While France was a great center of art in the 1800s, the English landscape painters John Constable (1776-1837) and Joseph Melord William Turner (1775-1851) added value to 19th century painting. Offended by the painting, light and air, two aspects of nature, like artists of the 19th century, lived through. The constable won the method, vodomiy podіl, or evil color. Vіn vikoristovuvav contrasting colors over the main color of the body. Vіn often vykoristovuvav nizh for palette, schob schіlno apply color. The painting "Hay Wain" made him famous after being shown in Paris in 1824. It's just a strong scene of a movie. Hmari drift over the bows, covered with the rays of the sleepy light. Turner's paintings are dramatic, lower by Constable, like writing great reminders of nature - storms, sea landscapes, burning sun, high mountains. Often the golden serpentine often attracts objects in yoga paintings, zmushyuyuchi їх zdavatis floating in the endless expanse.
France
The period of Napoleon's rule and the French Revolution marked the emergence of two opposite trends in French art - classicism and romanticism. Jacques Louis David (1748-1825) and Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres (1780-1867) were inspired by the ancient Greek and Roman mysticism and the Renaissance era. They added details and victorious colors for the creation of solid forms. As an artist of the revolutionary order, David often wrote historical works of that period. In his portraits, such as Madame Recam's, they have gone beyond the reach of classical simplicity.
Theodor Geriko (1791-1824) and the romantic Eugène Delacroix (1798-1863) stood up against David's style. For Delacroix, color is the most important element in painting and patience for imitating classical statues. Natomist wines choked with Ruben and the Venetians. Vіn having chosen barvy, exotic themes for his paintings, as if they radiate light and calmness.
The artists of Barbizon were also part of the wild romantic movement that took place approximately from 1820 to 1850. The stench worked near the village of Barbizon on the edge of the forest of Fontainebleau. The stinks drew inspiration from nature and finished the paintings at their studios.
Other artists experimented with everyday and extraordinary objects. The landscapes of Jean Baptiste Camil Corot (1796-1875) inspire love to nature, and these studies of the human body show their own kind of balance of calm. Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) calling himself a realist, to the one who portrayed the world as such, like a bachelor of yoga - to instill yoga suvory, an unacceptable bik. Vin has surrounded his palette with less than a few gloomy kvіts. Edouard Manet (1832-1883) also took the basis of his plots from the world of science. People were hostile to yoga with barvy contrasts and inconspicuous tricks. On the surfaces of yoga paintings, there is often a flat texture of brush strokes. Manet's methods of applying the effects of light to the form were poured onto young artists, especially impressionists.
Pratsyuyuchi in the 1870s and 1880s, a group of artists, like impressionists, wanted to depict nature itself in such a way that it was out of the blue. The stench went far away, lower Constable, Turner and Manet at the brightest effects of light at the color. The deyakі їх developed the scientific theory of color. Claude Monet (1840-1926) often wrote the same view at a different hour to finish, to show how wine changes in different minds of light. Yakim bi not buv ob'єkt, yogo pictures are made up of hundreds of critical strokes, hand-stitched hands one by one, often in contrasting colors. From the wind, the strokes move, to create the destruction of solid forms. Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) was a champion of the methods of impressionism, in order to make a holy Parisian life. At the Yogo “Dance at the Moulin de la Galette”, people in a brightly dressed robe were jubilant and dancing merrily. Renoir painted the whole picture with sharp strokes. Dots and strokes of farby create a texture on the surface of the picture, which seems to make it look special. Natovpi people, zdaєtsya, differ in a sleepy light and a deadly color.
Painting of the 20th century
A number of artists suddenly became dissatisfied with impressionism. Artists such as Paul Cezanne (1839-1906) realized that impressionism does not signify the immensity of forms in nature. Cezanne was fond of painting still lifes, the fact that the stench allowed him to focus on the shape of fruits or other objects of that kind of rosemary. Objects of yoga still lifes look strange, to the fact that they are brought up to simple geometric forms. The same technique of placement of farby flames and short strokes of rich color plea-o-plea shows what you have learned from the impressionists.
Vincent van Gogh (1853-90) and Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) reacted to the realism of the impressionists. At the sight of the impressionists, as they said, that they objectively look at nature, Van Gogh said little about accuracy. Vіn often spotovoryuvav ob'єkti, schob vyslovit their thoughts creatively. Vіn vikoristovuvav іmpresіonіstski principles pіnіshchennya contrasting kolorіv entrusted to each s one. Sometimes, squeezing the farba from the tubes directly onto the canvas, like at the “Field of yellow corn”.
Gauguin did not add about the plucky colors of the impressionists. Vіn smoothly zastosovuvav kolіr at the great flat areas, like vіn vіdokremlyuvav one in one line or dark edges. The Barvy tropical peoples provided the greater part of this story.
Cezanne's method of creating space for the help of simple geometric forms of the letter of repentance by Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), Georges Shlyub (1882-1963) and others. Їхній style becoming a vіdomy yak Kubіzm. The cubes painted objects in such a way that none of them could be swayed from a few cuts at once, none of them were picked and picked on a flat canvas. Often the objects were not similar to those that exist in nature. In some cubes, figures were made from fabric, cardboard, tapestries or other materials and pasted on the canvas to create a collage. The textures were also varied, adding to the farby the sound of chi іnshі speech.
The newest tendencies were in order to give less respect to those. Composition and image technique began to make a greater emphasis.
- Acrylic painting: history, technique, advantages of acrylic
