Phenomenon to totemism: what is it? Totemism, animism, fetishism and magic - the first religions of ancient people Totems of the first people.
Totemism is a phenomenon under which one of the most ancient forms of primary religion is most often found on the earth.
By this term, sound means splitting the tribe into groups, tying the dispute along the human or female lines. moreover, the skin of such groups believes in its sporeness with a totem - more often a creature (blue coyote, blue raven skinny), more tall (blue corn boar), an inanimate object, or inspire a natural being (blue Great Vedic medicine, blue Thunder) - which is respected by the ancestor of cієєє groupie. It is not uncommon for totemic groups to use material emblems that have a sacred meaning (like, for example, churing Australians, stovpi-totems in American Indians). The tribal totem sounds fenced in and live in the hedgehog (and uniquely grow and stick with it), vіn is respected by the mystical patron of the tsієї group, you can add to it for the help of singing magic tricks. In a few ways, the links with the totem are established as a path of yoga ritual mortification and collective sacrifice, in which all members of the group of the group take part the totem of the tribe, so that the totem could be reached, that camel was torn to pieces in some Arab tribes in the pre-Islamic period). The taboo on driving in the totem is swayed at the hour, at the hour of the collective meal, the members of the group reach their sleeping ancestor; at one time, it’s not uncommon to ask for forgiveness from a new one for skoєne vbivstvo (it’s the same way to repair the hour of “wedding holidays” from the Yenisei Ketiv, the Sakhalin Ainiv toshcho). Totemism has its own mythology - this is the manifestation of that myth about the totemic ancestor (ancestors). Sometime with statements about totemic ancestors, the faith turned into a reincarnation - reincarnation, into those that totemic fathers always fall into their heads. Particularly widespread are such practices in the aborigines of Australia; in other peoples, the stench is presented less clearly. Totemistic manifestations also create a close connection between the primary team and its territory.
Totems of Pivnichnoamerican Indians
The term "totem" itself was taken from the vocabulary of the North American Indians (Algonkins) and was previously adopted from the European scientific literature by J. Long for example of the XVIII century. The interest of the scientific enormity of this phenomenon is especially evident in the XIX - early XX centuries. after the work of J. McLennan "About the cult of creatures and roslin" and J. Fraser "Totemism" and "Totemism and exogamy". J.Mc-Lennan saw three warehouses in T.: fetishism, exogamy (become friendly with a group) and matrilineal sporidity (that’s the sign of sporidness on the mother’s line). J. Fraser bachiv the basis of the technique of the possibility of the magical on his totem (what happened, zokrema, in the rites of the "reproduction" of the totem). Look at the greater expansion of darkness - saving in totemistic vіruvannyah elements of industrial magic (having poured into the totem as an object of trade) - those other successors used to hang out. W. Robertson-Smith, having affirmed that the concept is based on the so-called nature, like human beings, is divided into groups of speeches by analogy to blood-arguing groups in human society. Prote sche E.Taylor, having outperformed the problem of piecewise rozdmuhuvannya, t. In addition, I’ve taken into account the fact that exogamy among a number of vipadkivs is without totemism, and, therefore, the manifestations do not perebuvayut at an indistinct link.
There was a particularly great interest in totemism in the 1910-1920s, when an anonymous work appeared, dedicated to these topics, and in the journal "Antropos" starting from 1914. And for 10 coming years, he published the "Problem of totemism", in which the most prominent scientists were published. Іsnuvala impersonal (about 40) versions of the homage to totemism, dedicated to their glance robot view And van Gennep “The current state of the totemic problem”. From the vantage point of the most important, totemism - tse rozpodil mizh second groups of the support of the peasants of the territory with us, that they are alive and growing, tobto. іsnuіє tіsny vyazk totemіzmu іz industrial magic.
Another English ethnologist, W. Robertson Smith, denoting that the blood of the sacrificial creature symbolizes the day of the primary collective with its deity, and the ritual mortification of that sacrificial creature is the prototype of the sacrifice, laying the union of the husband with such a deity. About those, as if vinickled the appearances about the connection of that other primary team with a singing creature, various thoughts were hung, wanting, maybe, the stink of the roots in the psychology of the primary person. The French anthropologist E. Durkheim respected totemism as the primary form of religion. Vіn dіyshov vysnovka, scho the main object of totemic vіruvani is not a specific creature, roslin or an image, but as that anonymous force is without special, yak to be in the middle of them, but not to go with them. Vіn vvazhav tsyu power god - without a special, without a name, without a history, immanent to the world. Totemic creatures and images, in such a rank, are symbols of no special power. At that very hour, the totem is a symbol of the primary clan, it is a god, in a person such a clan is shunned for himself. In other words, totemism was designated by him, often following Robertson Smith and R. Thurnwald, as a form of self-shaming of the primary team.
W. Rivers considered totemism to be a combination of three elements: social (connection of a creature, growing thinly) with a singing (moreover, exogamous) group of people; psychological (depending on the controversy of members of the group and the totem); ritual (shanuvannya creatures, growth, or a material object, which turns into a fence on yoga living, krіm okremih vipadkіv).
Some successors emphasized their respect for the social aspect of the problem (E.Leng, G.Kunov, F.Grebner, V.Schmidt and others.). Others specially framed the religious side (E.Taylor, J.Frezer, V.Rivers, W.Wundt) or the psychological side (B.Ankerman, R.Turnwald) - almost the same day between the singing social group and the totem, as well as on the collectivism of the first what lies at the basis of totemic viruvan
Z. Freud having proponed his own understanding of the problem of totemism. In the book "Totem and Taboo" we can draw an analogy between the attitudes to the creature in the first human being and in the child - resentment does not strengthen oneself in the face of the creaturely world. Blaming the phobia of those other creatures, which is, zgіdno z yogo theory, the intercessor of the father, to some kind of child, ambivalent, almost afraid of that deification, as a result of transferring these feelings to the creature. Later, according to Z. Freud, the totemic creature among the first peoples is the substitute for the image of the father, and totemism itself became a single complex. Totemic sacrifice of wines is explained by ourselves - to the bazhanny blues, kill and save the father (yogo substitute) and occupy the same place.
Ale already in the 1920s. were skeptical about the problem of totemism. Thus, the representatives of the American historical school (A. Goldenweiser, R. Lowe) described totemism as a phenomenon and a particular form of religious beliefs. A.Goldenweiser, zokrema, having recounted the interrelationships of three phenomena, as richly illustrious, they respected the indispensable attributes of totemism: clan organization, attributing creatures and growing emblems to clans and beliefs in clans to that clan totem. R. Lowe did not start up any enthusiasm for the basis of totemism like this.
Nadal_ namіtivsya recession of interest to the problem of totemism. In "Anthropology" by A. Kreber (1923), "Zahalnaya Anthropology", written by F. Boas at once with studies (1938), "Social Structure" by J. Murdoch (1949), he was given little respect. There was also a talk about totemism and exogamy, as in earlier times they often considered the cause, etc.
The head of the cultural and morphological school, Ad. Ensen, recounted totemism as a form of religion and vowed that it was transferring to the first team of more early ideas - "right totemism" (believing in the mythical sings of the ancestors, which are believing in the divine "lord"). A.Elkin, H.Petry and A.Schlezner saw in Australia "cult totemism", which, in my opinion, is the first in terms of "social totemism". The great ethnologist-authorologist A. Elkin did not place any summaries on the basis of totemism, but he “crushed the whole thing, seeing totemism and individuality, stating it too.
The practitioners of functionalism did not dismiss the basis of totemism as a phenomenon, but explained it in a similar way to their own theory. So, B. Malinovsky raise the totemic problem up to three meals. The cult of creatures and roslins in the totemism of wines explains that the stench of necessary people is like a hedgehog and that is why they are naturally placed in the center of interests of the primary group. To be rooted in the controversy of a person with a creature, to this idea, in the similarity of the rich biological functions of a person and a creature, and to instill in a given person about the superiority of such creatures over a person. The ability to control that third type of creature (because it is accessible as an object of watering or without becoming unsafe) to produce, according to B. Malinovsky, until the idea of compliance with the totem creature is blamed, as well as before the installation of a fence to drive in a totem . P. A. Redcliffe-Brown, having looked at totemism as an okremy vipadok, formulating the links between people and natural species in myth and ritual. Vin also recounted that totemism is a universal phenomenon, respecting that it is the impersonal of various phenomena, that it is with various institutions; One, scho їх odnuє - tse association of okremyh segmentіv sspіlstva s be-yakim growing chi creature species.
Totemism in Ancient Egypt
In the opinion of E. Evans-Pritchard, the totemic link is rooted over the very nature of the totem, and the quiet associations that call out to people's knowledge, tobto. on the living essence, those objects are projected to understand the emotions that are behind them.
The head of the Vidensky school, J. Haeckel, took into account that totemism developed from the development of different gerels, the main among which was the "socialization" of the singing sightings of creatures.
Kl.Levi-Strauss, on the one hand, having respected the problem of totemism far-fetched, as if they do not recognize reality. Vіn pointing out the peculiarity of the illumination of the word "totem" itself, as in such a way it does not appear in the Indian Ojibwe of the Algonquian group and denoting that they did not in any way wield the word "totem", based on the fact that members of the clan were the subject of totem war cult. From the other side, looking at totemism as a way to classify the phenomena of nature, which does not fundamentally differ in the types of classifications, which can be established in the middle class modern science. The logic of totemic classification is based on the idea of similarity. Therefore, the whole system of totemic vіruvan, zgіdno z Kl. Levi-Strauss, - this is a system of codes that establishes a logical equivalence between natural species and social groups.
Representatives of the Radian ethnographic school, in their attempts to explain the phenomenon of totemism, dwelt, as it was inevitable, on the Marxist approach to religion and acted as followers of revolutionary views. S.P. Tolstov, having looked at totemism as a form of connection between members of one collective and its relation to other collectives. On the other hand, the basis of totemism is based on a connection with certain types of creatures aboroslin, the unity of the human group from the territory occupied by it, by the productive forces that are located on this territory. Having vvazhav, that totemism is a phenomenon more old, lower tribal organization. O. Zolotarov affirmed that totemism is the first form of religious fermentation of blood sporeness. A. Anisimov bachiv the central idea of totemism and historically developed ideologically the development of certain features of the blood-argued structure of social groups. С.АТокарьов, вважаючи, що найголовніше і важкозрозуміле в тотемізм - це віра в спорідненість, якийсь містичний зв'язок між первісним кланом і його тотемом, стверджував, що в основі тотемізму як найдавнішої форми релігії лежить перенесення кровноспоріднених відносний на зовнішній світ, відображення стародавніх suspіlstva z prevailing type of blood strife social zv'yazkіv.
It was repeatedly pointed out that the role of the system of totemic manifestations of the creature is far from being remembered - it is possible to grow, the subject is too thin. Deyakі sledniki (F.Grebner, V.Shmidt and others.) tried to explain why those other creatures (gross skinny.) Became a totem for a group of economic reasons - a totem, the creature of chiroslin became the subject of export of this collective. Yu.І.Semenov is aware that the special role of the formation of totemism was played by the specialization of okremih myslivsky groups in the craft of singing creatures, as it has become the totem of the group.
The sense of ritual mortification that is given to the totem, which sounds like taboos, pogay, on the thought of a number of elders, in order to more strongly close the clan with your totem (sometimes the rite is called "God's presence" as a prototype of the ritual meals).
Swerving up to the food about the totemic ancestors, the successors sometimes respected them real people, adoring the aftermath of the death, even though L. Levy-Bruhl meant that there was no trace of the mythological (totemic) and real ancestors of the primary team. But most of all, the successors know that the real founders of those other groups, they are often endowed with fantastic rice and authority, and they are tasked to douse them. Following B.Malinovsky, who explained the connection between myth and ritual and showed that mythology is a kind of true ritual practice, many cited people respect such ancestors of mythological personification as a unity of the group. Totemic ancestors are considered as a religious and mythological sanction from this primary team: the founders of totemic rites and fences. Deyakі vchenі (M. Fortes) vzagalі pov'yazyuyut vyniknennya z cult of ancestors, vvahayuchi, scho vydnosin between people and totemic creatures є symbol vіdnosin between people and ancestors in terms of mystical causality.
Deyaki vcheni vvazhayut numerical mythological stories about the sexual intercourse of people (especially women) with creatures, a handful of totemic manifestations about the reincarnation of totemic ancestors.
There was also a disclaimer, for which totemic ancestors could play the role of the most ancient "cultural heroes". Deyaki vcheni (L.Levi-Bruhl, D.E.Khaytun) to gloom anthropozoomorphic images, and to instill images of people in animal masks of the Paleolithic era as if they were totemic ancestors.
Deyakі doslidniki vvazhayut various kinds of taboo, zoolatry (worship of creatures), worship of zooanthropomorphic deities (mayut risi people and creatures), faith in inversions, statements about metempsychosis (transmigration of souls) just. survivals of totemism. Perhaps, such a look is right, as it is possible to establish a link between similar manifestations of that team (especially if the rest of the creatures wear it). A number of scholars consider the shanuvannia of the singing creature to be a kind of tribe and to inspire a whole people, as having shown a new stage of development of so-called tribal totemism; іnshі zaperechuyut tse. In the midst of totemistic viruvans, the mythological natures of the most manipulative peoples are prospering. ancient Egypt and India).
Literature: Freud Z. Totem and taboo. Pg., b.g.; Zolotarov A. Survivals of totemism among the peoples of Siberia. L., 1934; Khaitun D.Є. Totemism, yogo daytime is that adventure. Dusabba, 1958; Semenov Yu.I. Vinnyknennya human suspіlstva. Krasnoyarsk, 1962; Tokarev S.A. Totemism // Tokarev S.A. Early forms of religion. M., 1990; Fraser J.G. Totemism and Exogamy. V.1.2. L., 1910; Van Gennep A. L'etat actuel du probleme totemique. 1920; Thurnwald R. Die Psychologie des Totomismus // Anthropos. 1917-1918 Bd.XII-XIII; Goldenveiser A. Bd.X-XII; Lowie R. Primitive Society. NY, 1925; Durkheim E. ; Malinowski B. Myth in Primitive Psychology. L., 1926; Makarius R., Makarius L. L'origine de l'exogamie et du totemism. , 1962.
Katie: myth and reality. Rituals, rituals, legends
The treasury of the ketsk mythology is rich in marvelous and beautiful legends that explain the creation of the world and the journey of rich natural phenomena. When the Keti lived at the top of the Yenisei, on the native lands, they did not know their needs, nor sorrows. But once they were attacked by a tribe of ludozherіv. The Keti roused the chants and poured Yenisei in them, handing over their share to the spirit of the river and praying for a ration. Ludozheri could not swim, the stench seized the fire and threw them at the river - so the river rapids appeared. Ale Yenisei breaking the fire with his strong stream and no chinks far away. Near the region of the Turukhansk region, the ludojers ruled the most intense ambush, throwing a sprig of majestic weights into the river, and Yenisei could not break through them in a moment. Todі vіn poured out by the lake, raising its own water and starting to flow into the valley of the Ob. The hard-working shaman Alba, guarding him, what he sees, taking pity on people and with a majestic knife rose the walls. So the Yenisei broke through to the Turukhansk valley, where the Ketiv tribes settled. 
Vedmezhy ritual (Vedmezhy is holy)
In mythology, the witch speaks like a Deity, a guarded spirit, a totemic creature, the ruler of the lower world, that animal twin of a person. Vіn vvazhavsya by the shaman's helper, instilling yoga soul and inverting. The cult of the bear permeates the entire concept of the world, which the Keti seeks. The ritual, which demonstrates the identity of a witch and a person, is called "The Witch is Holy" or "The Witch is Poluvannya." After the witch has been driven in, the shkir is taken from the new one - the first stage of acquiring a creature to human nature. Then we start savoring the witch's meat - so the witch gets angry with the people, and the rest of the feelings between them are erased. This rite was preserved among the Ket tribes. Before the watering, or after the distant її is completed, and also at the hour of the rites of the liturgy of the keti, a ritual dance is performed - at the witch masks and skins, at the escort of the witch songs.
Among the Ketіv, the witch is considered the patron saint of civilization, and, moreover, due to his pretentiousness, lie like healthy people, and his own creatures. To that before him, like a shaman zbiravsya likuvat ill, vin for the help of special spells, calling the spirit of the bear. Especially can shamans themselves can transform into these creatures, and at the hour of magical rituals they transform into witches of those other people.
More about Ketsk mythology:
Hosedem is the goddess of evil, as if she lives in one of the gorges near the rock on the birch of the Yenisei and violence against people, succumbing, ailments and inaccuracies. Tomem is the light of the Goddess, how to resist Khosedem and live in the sky under the sun. If she was out as a retinue of Esya, and then she healed you for a month, and I won the vignav її zі svoї volodin.
One of the active participants in the Ket myths is Alba - the first person of the earth, who took a part in the created world. Alba controls the life of people and helps them in times of trouble. Once, having vanquished, let the world go to Khosedem, and having driven її to the pivnіch uzdovzh of Yenisei, aleone turned into a sterlet and appeared near the dark waters of the river. Alba strebbed after her, and then she flew into the sky with a rapt, turning into a bird. Vin rushed after her across the sky in a majestic sleigh, blocking the trail at the sight of the Chumatsky Way. As a result, youma fared away if you didn’t dare Khosedem, then if you wanted to drive him to the pіvnіch, you won’t be alive and dosi.
It’s a pity that the Ketivs have been left far too little - the beginnings of the Europeanization of the territory of Russia are beginning to fade away the old Ket traditions and cultures. Bagatioh mow down hunger and alcoholism. І forecasts of future events - the result of a nation born on the face of the earth. And at the same time from it can not be a rich culture, which was developed by the richness of the century. Tell me about the Kets rites and rituals will be left out of history. Is it possible, Katie, to just go back to the stars, did the stars come? The stench chanted their mission on our planet, and Alba ordered them to turn back. It's a pity that the stench should leave us...
form of religious vіruvan. Vira in the supranatural sporeness between groups of people and the creaturely world. Roslin's totem is a creature, it takes on like an ancestor, in view of the life of a given group of people.
Vіdmіnne vyznachennya
Not exactly appointed ↓
TOTEMISM
vіd totem, my Mon.-Amer. іndіantsіv ojibwe tribe literally - yogo rіd) - a complex of vіruvan, myths, rites and zvichaїv clans. suspіlstva, pov'yazanih z statements about fantastic. overlay. controversy between singing groups of people, on the same side, and so on. totems - types of creatures and roslin (like the manifestations of nature and inanimate objects), and more. The term "T." taken to science mandrivnik J. Long in 1791. Newest T. was taken from the natives of Australia (the skin tribe is divided into canopies, which bear the name of their totem), prote іsnuvat from the Meshkants of the continents. Among some tribes of Australia, the material symbol of the totem was the churingi. Main type of T. є clan and rodovy T.; otherwise see T. - individual (nagualism) or stateevy - rіdkіsnі. Totem - the most common type of creature - the subject of religions. shanuvannya tsієї grupi - ring out the ancestral community, the members of which are afraid to fall on the new one, drive in and live the yogo in the hedgehog; They also defend themselves by making friends with themselves (totemic exogamy). The totem group is not only aware of the ties tied to the totem by the bonds of creed sporidnennosti, wild adventures in the mythical world. ancestor napіvlyudey-napіvtvarin or napіvroslin, ale and bachel at your patron totem, protector and grant of life's blessings. Zvіdsi magic. rites to meditate on the method of reproduction of the totem and include ritually giving the meat of the totem (totemic communion), as in the minds of the greatest minds, the recitation of myths and their manifestations, dances of disguised aboro-farb dancers, which are inherited from the totem. Іsnuє impersonal theories, which in a different way to gloom and explain T. As a result, some successors are ready to bachiti in T. originally. form of religion (for example, the French sociologist Ege. Durkheim), in other words, relig. sens T., yak, for example, modern. French the teachings of K. Levi-Strauss, which vvazha T. with a primitive classification system, suggested by the intellectual aspirations of the first person. The largest collection for the accumulation and publication of factual. data about T. eng. ethnographer J. Fraser, who, however, did not himself zoom in to give this explanation. The most important studies, especially the work of radian scientists (D.K. Zelenin, A.M. Zolotarov, S.P. Tolstov, D.E. the phenomenon is stage-global. Vin is one of the oldest religions. complexes, the key to any trace of shukati is in blood controversy. vodnosinakh and minds of the life of the first electors and myslivtsiv. Traces and remnants of T. are seen in all religions of the world, including Judaism, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and other. Tokarev S. A., Early forms of religion and development, M., 1964; Khaytun D. E., Totemism, yoga day and day, Stalinabad, 1958; Frazer, J., Totemism and exogamy, v. 1-4, L., 1910; L?vi-Strauss C., Le totemisme aujourd'hui, P., 1962. B. I. Sharevska. Moscow.
Totemistic vіruvannya, chi totemіzm - vіra among those who see creatures, roslin, deyakі material objects, and instill natural phenomena - ancestors, ancestors, patrons of specific tribal collectives.
Totemism (“vіd-оtem” in my native American Indians means “yogo rіd”) is a system of religious manifestations about the dispute between a group of people (sound by clan) and a totem - a mythical ancestor, most often like a creature or a plant. Before the totem, they were put up like a good and dbaylivy ancestor and patron, who protected people - their relatives - from hunger, cold, sickness and death. On the back of the head, only the right creature, the bird, the comaha and the aboroslin were respected with a totem. Then let's finish the bulk of a larger less realistic image, and later the totem will instantly be designated as a symbol, a word or a sound.
Deyakі show totemism we can learn from the peoples of Melanesia: tribal groups wear totemic names, totemic fences are taken by missions, faith in the links of totems with the ancestors of the clan is too thin. Among the tribes of the islands of Samoa, among the peoples of America, the presence of totems is common in coats of arms, family signs on odia, on donkeys. Seemingly another religion, as a species, saved the faith in the circulation of the peoples of America.
The choice of totems is often associated with the physical and geographical nature of the mystic. So, for example, among the rich tribes of Australia, kangaroos, ostriches, possums, wild dogs, lizards, ravens, and cazhans appear like totems here. At the same time, in deserted or desert regions of the continent, where natural minds and creaturely light are wretched, different comahi and growths become totems, which do not grow anywhere else.
Totemism is the religion of the early-ancestral suspіlstva, de-blood-arguing links, which are the most important for people. Similar sounds of a person vbachaє and in a superfluous world, they endow the whole nature with sporidnye stosunki. Creatures and growths, which form the basis of the life of thought and choice, become the subject of yoga religious feelings.
In the world of historical development, most peoples have spent totemic manifestations. Prote podekudi totemіzm showing suprawichy survivability, for example, among the Australian aborigines. In the rites of the Australian tribes, sacred objects - churings - play an important role. There are stone or wooden plates with small little ones applied to them, which signify that other totem.
The faith in the absolute connection between the churinga and the share of the people on the floor is strong, that in times of ruin, people often became ill, and sometimes died. This whole thing served as a new confirmation of the magic of the invisible.
Follow that remnants of totemism are manifested by a different world in modern religions and have been preserved as elements in the ethnic cultures of rich peoples.
Animism.
Step by step, a new form of religion developed - the cult of nature. Zabobonni fear of a person in front of a terrible and mighty nature called out a bajan as if to propitiate її. The whole nature of the human being has been peopled with spirits in her mind. This form of religious manifestations is called animism (from the Latin words - "animus" - spirit). Vidpovidno to the animistic vіruvan, the spirits of the populations the whole world, and the skin people, the creature or the growth, maє their own soul, a bodyless twin.
Such a faith in that other form is powerful whether it is a religion, from the most primitive to the most guilty. Truthfully, the degree of animistic belief is not the same in different forms of religion, different stages of development.
The term "animism" covers a variety of different categories of religious manifestations, different in appearance, in terms of ideological change, and most of all, in terms of pohodzhennyam. Animistically depict the essence of isolation, but the human fantasy of the building is special to be-scho.
The words “spirit” and “soul” among the first people were connected with the spirits of nature. Step by step, religious statements about the spirits of the earth, sun, thunder, glitter, growth were developed. Pіznіshe on tsemu soil vinik myth about gods who die and resurrect.
Magical vіruvannya, but magic is faith in the possibility for additional singing tricks, zmov, rites to pour on objects that phenomena of nature, on the end of a supple life, and later on in the world of supernatural forces. At the Montespan stove, opened in 1923 near the Pyrenees, it was revealed to a wilting of clay to post a bear without a head. The figure is engraved with round dirks. Imovirno, follow the darts. For a long time, barefoot human feet were saved on the clay footing. A similar znahidka was crushed and in the oven Tyuk d "Auduber. Old-timers believed that the creature itself was enchanted to allow itself to be killed.
TOTEMISM - eng. totemism; new. totemismus. 1. The complex of vіruvanіv sverhprirodnіnі sporіdnіnіst between groups of people (rіd, tribe) аnd singing totems (creatures, roslins, nature's manifestations, inanimate objects)... Sociological dictionary
To the thought of rich psychologists, the need for the world in the supranatural and spiritual alone, the shards of the faith itself help people to know the sense of life and to get into life's difficulties. Religion was an invisible part of the social life of human society even in quiet hours, if the first people only began to live in bulk, and in the period of the foundation of the first communal harmony, the first religions were formed. Numbers of religions proto-religions , soaring on uvazi pіd cim understand the primitive primary vіruvannya, which became the basis for the molding of the pіznіsh vіruvan, and navіt -.
Chotirma by the main proto-religions, according to the idea of religious scholars and historians, є animism, totemism, fetishism and magic . The very forms of vіruvan yak were the most ancient religions, and they served as the basis for the formation of dogma of all religions, to recognize the manifestation of greater forces. Yaka Znotorligiy Zaiyasi, Istoriks Nevіdomo, Okilki VSI Jerla Znann about the long -standing viruvannya - Tsklni malyunki, zeroids of archaeologists ib legends old people, one -to -chimsmi the magic appeared at about one o'clock, and in some ancient vіruvannya there were many proto-religions.
Signs of animism can be known from the skin virus of ancient peoples, shards of faith from the spirits of nature, the spirits of ancestors, and to inspire different powers of the peoples who live on our continents. The funeral cult and the cult of ancestors, which were practical in all ancient religions, were one of the manifestations of animism, shards of insult and cult to witness about the virus in the posthumous life that non-material world.
The first form of animism, as if the bula was attached to the primary suspense, was the faith of the spirits of the elements and living and inanimate nature. It was impossible for ancient people to explain the reason for the appearance of such natural processes, like thunder, a thunderstorm, a hurricane, change of fate and others, the stench inspired the forces of nature. The very religion of animism became the basis for the formation of polytheistic beliefs, even if the spirits, in which the first people believed, began to accept them like a sensible daily life, like a bazhanya of people and scatter them. Therefore, it is natural that the pantheons of the gods of the ancient peoples, for example, the Greeks, Vikings, too. Mayzhe all the gods are associated either with natural or with social phenomena, moreover, the supreme gods were most respected by the essences that make the elements special.
The term "totemism" became the language of the Pivnichno-American Indians, in which the word "ottem" means "kind of yoga". Totemism - a religion founded on the belief in the presence of a mystical connection between a human being, a tribe or a tribe, I am a creature or a growth, I the very creature of chiroslin i was called a totem. Appearance of totemism, according to the thought of historians, connected with the way of life of ancient people. The first people were engaged in watering and picking, for them the growth and creatures were dzherelom eating, it is natural that people began to love the most important species of flora or fauna for yoga life. Nybilsh Yaskravo Relagia Totemism of the Bula is represented in the tribes of Pivniki America, the central Africa of that Australia, so the yak Zhitty Old Divine, and the cichs of the regions, the boule of the Navkolishnoye, the nizhi of the people of the people, and the people of the people, and
Totemism used to believe in the mystical link from the creature's number, as if it were a totem, and instill faith in the intercession of the totem. In the wake of the tribes, like to believe at the basis of the totemic link in their own way, rituals and cults were formed, created for the fertilization of the totem. Such rites were impersonal: for example, in the presence of a national child, rituals were performed, created behind, so that the totem would give intercession to a new member of the tribe; then virіs the child is small herself ask for the mercy of the totem; in front of important podіyami near the life of the masses, at the folding hour (before the wars with other tribes, with posusі, non-stachі їzhі іn.), and also at the holy place people brought the totem to give that they hung their prohannya to you.
The taboo system became an invisible part of the religion of totemism. Taboo - the fence is low, often tied with a totem, which all members of the tribe can reach. The most widened taboos, which were present in the beliefs of practically all tribes, which are accompanied by totemism, were:
A fence for driving in a totemic creature;
Fencing to the totem (crime of rituals);
Fencing demonstrating a link with a totem in front of representatives of other tribes;
The fence is driven in by the same tribesmen, the shards can form a totem creature and others.
Fetishism
Fetishism - faith in those that be-any material object is the bearer of a mysterious mystical power
, moreover, such an object could be like a stone of an unimaginable shape, a tree, and man-made objects, so the sun, the month is thin. Fetishism is faster not to modern religious beliefs, but to one of the warehouses of ancient religious cults. The most pure form of fetishism is present in African tribes, and to this day in some African aborigines there has been the worship of fetishes - like statuettes of gods, so objects, like, on the thought of those who believe, have magic power.
At first people, as a rule, there is more than one fetish, to the fact that the stench was respected by the magicians, practically everything is unimaginable, or having screwed up respect. Viyshovshi on the field, an old-timer on his way could know a few objects (stones, brushes of creatures, nezvichnyh roslins and so on.), Like wines in a moment, get taemnichimi and grow with their fetishes. With the development of a communal way among the skin tribe, vinik has its own fetish (or a sprat of fetishes), which is standing on a prominent place in the settlement. People asked the fetish for help, yoked to youma for good luck and brought you a gift to the saint, there was no fetish for a carefree fetish - if, in the thought of the first people, a magical object didn’t help them, they rolled the stench of yoga, sob to dії.
For more, that and the way of life for the greater of our co-workers, there is room for fetishism. Deyakі rіgієnavtsi converge on duma, scho images of saints, sacred relics, speeches, scho belong to the apostles and prophets, - tse own kind of fetish for adherents of religions. So, to the end of fetishism, you can see the faith of people through amulets, amulets and other objects tied to this other cult.
Magic and shamanism
Magic - the fourth of proto-religions, moreover, it is most common to take revenge on your own elements of totemism, fetishism and animism. In general, magic is a faith in the presence of supernatural forces, and it is also possible, for the help of singing rituals and rites, to come into contact with these forces, and for their help, to get into a person, a socially natural being. Magic touched practically all spheres of life of ancient people, and in the course of time the skin tribe (community) saw their own castes of magicians - people, who were exclusively engaged in chaklunism and earned their living by performing rituals.
Religion shamanism often ottozhnyuyut іz magієyu, prote tse not zovsіm correctly. Undoubtedly, shamanism has a lot of magic, the basis of this ancient religion is faith in gods, spirits and the ability of a shaman to contact them. Shaman in religion shamanism is the key figure, the shards of these people live at the same time in two worlds - in the material world and the world of spirits. The magic and rituals of the shaman are directed to the link with the spirits, and it is important that shamans can ask for supernatural forces to infuse people with that material world. Shamans adepts of shamanism are respected by spirits, and it can be said that shamans in this religion are priests of their own kind, as if for the help of magical rituals they are connected with spirits and spirits in the material world.
