Ancient people of the stone century. Pobut that busyness of the first people of the stone century
What is the "kam'yane of the century", everyone knows. All the skins, woods, a toilet near a distant corner of the oven, rock art instead of comics and human destiny: today you become a mammoth, and tomorrow you will be bitten by a shable-toothed tiger with an appetite. Prote our life is made up of nuances, and the dribblings of everyday life will follow our ancestors in the home, we will only be okrem fakhivtsy. Primitivny pobut zovsіm does not mean the sum of life: well, but old-time people never had a chance. To protect himself in the cold, he had to wrap himself around the skin. Today we have been able to turn history upside down, burn it down and walk in the skins of our ancestors.
The last fate of the "World of Fiction" published a few articles about the middle class. We dig deeper into the terra incognita of human history - the period when (behind the names of some fahivtsiv) aliens put genetic successes over the mawps, the giants of Atlantis flew into space, and our forefathers were marveled at everything.
A long time ago, far, far away...
There was never a stone age. Accept without intermediary crying out from the sacred books of most religions. The followers of the Bible agree on the thought that our world was created from 6 to 10 thousand years ago. It so happened that after gastronomic experiments with apples first, people mitteva moved to donkey farming, folded znaryaddya practice and writing, and then began to drive one one into the name of good.
In 1654, the archbishop of Ireland, James Usher, announced that the person was created exactly about the 9th anniversary of the 23rd anniversary of 4004 BC. The Orthodox Church named another date - 5508 BC. Vcheni assert that the formation of a person began approximately 3 million years ago.
It’s a pity that the world’s religion does not avenge the myth about those, like 1 thousand years before our time, the gods buried the skeletons of dinosaurs and silicon arrowheads in the earth, so that later we would laugh at the archaeologists from the soul. Kam'yany vіk has come independently and navіt usuperech vіruvannyam blіardіv people.
Vіn appeared approximately 100,000 years ago and (in some regions of the planet) continued until the New Hour. An active development of civilization emerged from the end of the rest of the ice age period about 10,000 years ago. The rivulet of the sea has risen, the climate has changed, and the people have begun to gravitate to new minds - to create folding znaryaddya pratsi, to lay a post-settlement, to actively roam.
People pіznyoї kam'yanoї doby little chimneyed about us with you. Obsyag brain, budova skull, proportions of the body, feet of the hair and other characteristics were the same from the present. Yakby the child of that hour spent in the present, she could have been vicious, get enlightened and become, for example, the author of the articles "World of Science Fiction".
Until a certain recent hour, most people could, with a full right, rahuvat ... Negroes. The mutation of the "white" gene SLC24F5 started in Europeans more than 12 thousand years ago and ended 6 thousand years ago.
The swarthyness of the shkiri, which was better for everything, varied from region to region. Bulo black hair was the widest color. Blonds and ore began to appear worse - because of the greater number of people, they became ugly and mutated, created, with a difference, different types of identity. It is said that the people of the Stone Age were furnishing their hair with grass juices, sawing flowers and various-colored clays not only from ritual, but also aesthetic mirkuvan.
| You can't compete with genetics |
Vcheni assert that our DNA collection is intertwined with two sleeping ancestors, mentally called "Adam" and "Eva". After investigating the drift of the genes, they established that Eva lived approximately 140,000 years ago, and Adam - 60,000 years ago. Tse zovsim does not mean that we looked like two people. Zahalni ancestors of rich people take a cold until about 1000 BC. In the case of Evi, we took away only mitochondrial DNA (transferred through the maternal line), and in the case of Adam, the Y-chromosome. Offending our great-grandmothers lived in Africa. The presence of common ancestors is played up by Arthur C. Clarke and Steven Baxter in the novel “Light of the Days”, the anime K.R.I.E.G., the book Parasite Eve and works of various motives (film, gray). |
Heaven at the chicken
Mayzhe in all the images, the people of the kam'yanoy dobi are found here in nature (sound in the middle of the boundless steppe) or sit white pits. Such a manifestation is true for the Paleolithic, but does not reflect the realities of the Neolithic (7000 years ago). The people began to build the first budіvlі - great stones that served as a support for the dahu from the mountains - maybe 2 million years ago, and 4.5 thousand years ago there were gigantic pyramids. Since then, until the end of the ice-building period, the architectural knowledge was sufficient for the creation of pre-stroke settlements.
The culture of the early stone age was completely one-man. All over the planet, people, without moving, victoriously played similar instruments and robbed with their help, practically the same speech. 25 thousand years ago, in the village of Dolní-Vestonicy (Czech Republic), there were houses made of clay cauldrons, in Siberia they strove to mark with skins and tusks of mammoths, and if on the right they reached the burial place, our ancestors did not line up majestic stone slabs, laying up mammoth slabs, laying .
In addition, massive stones were shaved on the signs that bordered the territory, “monuments” to the honor of any pods, and in a few vipadkas they turned them into objects of worship.
Great places began to be built about 5 thousand years ago. For example, Mohenjo-Daro (“Hill of the Dead”) in modern Pakistan had a few dozen thousand baggers, and in one Citadel, 5,000 people could be gathered at once. Ale, the main part of the people lived in small settlements, which could be depleted of natural resources from the time.
The typical "village" of Kam'yanoy dobi was like a camp of tourists on the kshtalt. For myslivsky comrades, boules were characteristic of marking zі skins, at earthwork settlements, budins were formed from a stone or an outline. Rice fields were green (cultivated from 9000 BC) or a river flowed (the first fish brushes began to appear at the sites of people more than 50,000 years ago, and before the Stone Age, our ancestors already had good fishing).
The first houses were round, one-room. Unexpectedly, people began to grow up, guessing the present richly furnished cottages, which served at the same time as tombs: the brushes of dead relatives were buried under the cover, covered with skins or with straw. Judging from these excavations, the doors were pierced in the steles - people climbed up to the houses and came out of them in gatherings. Clay served as "trellis", and the walls of the budins could be painted in the middle (for example, the settlement of Chatal-Guyuk near Turechchyna).
Under the blue skyThe most recent of the permanently populated places of the planet is respected by the Israeli Jerichon. Vіn buv mortgages 11 thousand years ago. Behind the worlds of that hour, there was a great place - 40,000 square meters, from 200 to 1000 inhabitants, a stone vezha and a stone wall (in the Bible, the boulder was blasted with the sounds of trumpets and the cries of warriors, but archaeologists ring out in the whole earthworks). The streets were not small enough for planning, the houses were abiyak. Rozmіri kіmnat - approximately 7 by 4 meters. Pіdlogi z pіskovika chi clay. Decorate - the skulls of ancestors with renewed rice, the appearance of clay and eyes of turtles. |
O hour! O sound!
The perfect day of a person of that hour began not long before the sun went down and ended in a bad day after the sun went down. The rhythm of life beyond the present worlds is even more unsettling. The main working places of the robots stayed at the borders of good accessibility. At the significant distance from the village, only thoughts were farther away, which in the region unfriendly signified the trivality of their lives.
The next mother in the Uvaz, that 10,000 years ago, all the people had only about 5 million people, and the population of the “villages” was counted in dozens of inhabitants, most of which were formed one by one in dispute. Wild creatures - not zalyakani, like the current, but angry, hungry and vvazhayut zustrіch z people at the happy hour at an expensive restaurant, - they sat chi not under the skin booth. Europe had tigers and lions. Woolly rhinoceros and mammoths snarled de-ne-de.
Kam'yaniy vіk having fallen to the relish of chanuvalniks of classical rock, like spoofing the motto "live fast, die young". On the right, in that the average trivality of life became 20-30 years old. The dawn of civilization can hardly be called "paradise". Tse buv is a suvoriy and a troubled hour, if the main argument in the case of zustrіchі with a creature of an unknown person was a kam'yana sokir.
The main part of the day was spent on preparing food, replacing old tools with new ones, repairing the dwelling, religious rites, and looking after the children. The rest stood at the direct fallow land due to the low frivolity of life - the child’s life was not great, and the children were given significantly less turboti, lower at the same time, which sensibly added mortality to the child. Deficiency of people stimulating polygamy, so 2-3 squads of 15 years for one "old" 30 years were not rare.
From the quiet reasons themselves, the neolithic suspіlstva dominating matriarchy. The women lived longer for the people, took care of their family's pit and, in fact, gave it up for the accumulation of cultural knowledge. Neolithic was the era of women. On the “vulitsy” the settlements were more rich, fewer people.
On Russian soil, the burial of the “Amazon” tribes was revealed, as they lived close to 3000 years ago.
Dribnitsa of life
Despite such stereotypes, people of the stone age did not walk around with stinking skins on their bodies. The fashion of the Neolithic epoch was quite different, and in certain moods it could compete with the middle one. Sim thousand years ago, our ancestors began to work clothes from the world, about the same time, weaving cloth, woolen yarn appeared, and in the 30th century before ours, the Chinese made the production of a seam.
Add some embellishment here with a polished brush, pir'ya, a colored stone - a man who was born even before the winemaking of writing, zijde for his own in the most modern lands of the third world. Moreover, as a neolithic dandy, wearing bracelets or namistos of turtles, he would put yogo on one shovel from today's Patek Phillipe yearbook. A long time ago, one kind of one settlement practiced barter, but 10,000 years ago, the market economy was already established there. Pennies - turtles or stone - were often worn like embellishment. The whole thing was handy for the vikupu named, the subdivision of the fall and trade with the land tribes.
There is nothing for gourmets at the stone capital. The transition to settled farming meant a decrease in the quality of life, even if it was myslivtsiv and the elector, it would be different. It is not easy for modern people to reveal themselves to the Neolithic diet. No tea chi cavi. The main drink is unboiled water from the nearest water. Breeders of herbs fought only for medical and religious purposes. Milk was given to the children to drink, and alcohol (virnish, fermented sik) got used to richer, lower contagion.
The cookery was in the natal stage, so the sirimi got used to the vegetables. M'yasa and ribi on the tables were done richly (pigs, goats and animals were domesticated 9000 years ago), the understanding of "strength" and "species" in the lexicon of cooks was daily. Legumes and grain crops have been accustomed for an hour without thermal processing - they were rubbed with pasta with water or like porridge. For some reason, for the sake of interest, heat up some sum over the fire. This is how bread appeared, one of the oldest and most important food products of people.
Vcheni admit that, with all the isolation of the settlement, the Europeans of the Kam'yanoi managed to achieve that they could not understand one another well, then they could sing-songly guess about the sense of more phrases. Є thought, that in those hours it was founded as a praіndoevropeyska mov with a single-manit structure and universal roots of words.
Artist - like the word "bad"
Venus from Tan-Tan. |
In the minds of the general illiteracy of the population, the most important of the arts were painting, music and war. The oldest artistic artifact is so called "Venus from Tan-Tan" - a stone figurine found near the site of Tan-Tan near Morocco. Її created 300,000 years ago, so that on the cob of the stone age, human culture was already in full swing.
The Upper Paleolithic era culminated in rock art. Її often take into account the head view of the kam'yanoy doby, although with the same success it is possible to take into account that Mendeliev's bula gorilka was the crowning achievement. To push the material art in the masi began, no matter how marvelous, the old Japanese. It is important that the stench was the first on the planet to open the pottery on the right (earlier, lower silsk state). 11,000 years ago, clay figurines and utensils were pressed into the stench, on the yak, before boiling, various viserunks were applied for the help of wicker bobbins or sticks.
At the fishing village of Lepenski-Vir (7 thousand years before our time, today's Serbia), figurines of rib abo, for a different version, enchanting fishmen, fought from stone. In 5 thousand years before ours, people of the European culture of Vincha virizali on clay virobs, which suspected cuneiform writing. It is said that there was proto-semanticity - it is in the middle between little ones and symbols.
It's a pity, the ancient art of the tієї epoch was saved badly. Then, before us, there were a lot of megaliths, we found some of them and Stonehenge. It is not possible to think that the embellishment of the gravestones with spiral carvings was loved by the right artist at that time. Kam'yanі znaryaddya gave little scope for creativity - navіt embroidered shkіri with stony collars was a problem. Generously decorated with embellishment, armor and armor appeared less at the Bronze Capital.
With music, do it richly better. Vaughn developed from myslivskogo inheritance of sounds of creatures. On the back of the head, the only musical instrument was a human throat. At the stone capital, people began to prepare musical instruments (22 years ago in China they knew a flute with a bunch of chalices for 8000 years), which conveyed the knowledge of old people at least from notes. Stringed instruments appeared as if they were like a stone age.
Imovirno, the creation of a musical play in the stone capital was mechanical, without an abstract system. The first musical notation on clay tablets dates back to 14 centuries BC (Ugarit, modern Syria).
The sky of the Spanish town of Castellón and the skelі de la Mola, on some images of the war, which are marching. The one who engraved at the “Civilization” of Sid Meyer, knows well that the map is still small, but the engraving is rich, the first unit at the first place can be a warrior. The fact that kam'yanі stіni were called up near the city, it's too much to talk about. The very organization of the army and professional war began to appear near the stone capital.
"Armії" - tse, loudly, loudly said. Leaves from El-Amarn (correspondence of Egyptian officials, 1350 BC) testify that the corrals of 20 people terrorized the cities of the city - even in the bronze capital! The Kam'yans of the century were shaken by the grandiose battles of dozens of people. It is true, the deacons of the past are aware that the great settlements on the Chatal-Guyuk quarter could deploy close to hundreds of soldiers. In this way, it is already possible to conduct a language about tactics, maneuvers, delivery and other supplies of the right military.
The conflicts were namingly crooked. Peremozhtsі drove all the people and children, took away the women and robbed the settlements. However, in some regions there could be tribes that lived one with one in the world, practically ignorant of the concept of "driving in" (the current butt can be bushmen from the deserts of the Kalahari).
The most terrible fire of ancient myslivtsiv fire. The stench was picking up the foxes and the grass, lowering the dovkil. The tactics of "burned land" were richly effective for hand-to-hand combat. At close combat, they victorious like myslivskі іnstrumenti - nasampered write-offs, - і clubs.
Behind the rocky little ones, you can reconstruct the average statistical battle of the stone doby: the fighting "armies" chuckled one against one in the line, the leaders stepped forward and gave the command to open the shooter from the bow (sling). Okremi elementi malyunkіv allow you to admit that the “infantry” at the same time hit the enemy from the flanks.
Professor Lawrence Kelly praised that the conflicts between the tribes were saved for a long time, the deacons fought against them steadily. Excavations of some settlements in Africa have shown that over half of their Meshkans died a violent death. Vіyni kam'yanoї didi buli richly crooked, lower today. How to transfer the cost of military expenses to the realities of today, if a local war would take two billion lives.
From the transition from watering to arable farming, the number of soldiers sharply scurried away. The number of the population was still small, in order to pacify the unpractised warriors. The conflicts were of a small swedish nature, there were no tax charges, and the walls of the city always guaranteed the inconsistency of the place.
* * *
The words "kam'yane stolittya" ring out in a derogatory sense - for the signification of primitiveness, stupidity and savagery. True, the early Neolithic era, if the breaking of skulls was important for richly busy occupations, there was less trade. However, from the transition to arable farming, the light has changed to the point of being unknown.
Pratsya zrobila z mavpi people. Vіn, having turned the bloody maniacs into architects, sculptors, painters and musicians. Kam'yaniy vіk vyyavivsya zovsі not such a filthy hour. healthy image life, good ecology, diet, post-yni physical adventure and calm little forces, gods' faith and enchanting monsters... Isn't it the foundation for any kind of fantasy?
We call history the science about the share of the human race on the earth. It is easy for science to pick up anonymous reports about hours that are closest to ours. The enlightened soul is told about those who have lost their memory of living, to keep records about how people live. And the farther back at the last century, then there is less of such a turbot, and there are fewer records.
For 3000 years before our time, then for 1000 years before R.X. If we want to know something about this hour and about even more ancient times, we need to roam in the earth, raise the sipan of the beast Shari її, on which people lived a thousand years ago. Just before us, the remnants of the inhabitants and the graves, the healer of that zbroї, stuffing, cloth, embellishment, toys of old people, were found, the remains of themselves and quiet creatures and growths, as if they served them. Behind these traces of life, one can show how nature was, how it alienated the people, how they ruled the wine, how they dressed, how they practiced and rejoiced themselves.
* The New Year of Christ, because our era (new era) is a modern system of literal numbers, adopted in the greater part of the world. For the beginning of the moment, the date of the birth of Jesus Christ was adopted, calculated at 525 rubles. ours eri (n. e.) by the Roman chants Dionysius Malim. When tsimu first r_k postla R. X tse first r_k n. e., and the first river to R. X. is the last river to the stars. e.
Science, like weaving surpluses, is called archeology (that is the science of antiquity). She helps history, but we don’t know. Because of the surplus, it’s impossible to judge about richly called people of old: for example, about those who had their family, how stinks they became unions, how they sorted out superchicks, how they prayed, how they repaired holy days.
In order to lay down your own statements about everything, you need to turn around for help to other science, ethnology (ethnology), as if you were poached by the peoples of today’s different parts of the world. It is especially important to find out about attachments and understand them quietly, as if they had grown up at their own development, perebuvayut at the wild chi barbarian camp. It is not important to remember that the remnants of old fashion in Europe are already similar to the objects of the ninth wilds and the natives of Australia, America, Africa; one can think that it would be so self-similar among themselves to be understood, ustriy, sounding quiet and others. It is possible to grow visnovoks, which among the old Europeans had the same orders and vіruvannya, as they do among the Indians of America, among the Australians that іn.
Pecherni people
The most ancient settlements stand in our hour for many dozens of thousands of years. Europe has a warm and warm climate on the back. We don’t know anything about the people of this country, for the time being: in the deep spheres of the earth, we know to buy sharpened stones, similar to harmonics, but we haven’t yet discovered human remains. Piznіshe majestic lords closed over half of Europe for a long time; remnants of ice-floe dosi lie on the high ridges of the Alps.
When the kriga entered the pivnich, it was still cold in our lands for more than a thousand sprats. In Europe, there were great animals, now they have appeared, or they have become more rare: rhinoceros, mammoth, that elephant with thick long-haired wool and strongly curved ikles, bison, majestic ancient beak, wild boar, great (as the titles are now pivnichny) deer that oven witch.
About dikunіv this hour you can put your own understanding. In deep, hoarse caves, their skeletons are excavated, buy ulamkiv, which served as their projectiles, leaves, as you can see, the stinks lived in the hedgehog. The life of these people was sharpened by insecurity; make your own meal was more than meager. The people went out to the field, guarded the beast, killed it and drove it in with a kiosk, a stake, a sharp brush or a stone. The stench rushed at the freshly slaughtered game, saw the brushes and greedily blew warm brains from them. The women were deprived of the life of the inhabitants, they picked berries, wild fruits that were born, they dug up the roots from the earth. The ovens themselves, dehovavsya cholovik in the cold and scoundrels, were unsafe: sometimes you went to live with the beast, but sometimes you yourself were guilty of transgressing the misfortune of the terrible supernik. The caveman did not know the clothes. In the cold of the wines, cloaked in the skin of the creature with a skin; dovge hair yogo majorilo for the wind. Having rubbed his own body with farboi, or pricked little ones on him. There was no stasis in life: having blamed the game in the suddny fox, and throwing the life of the new shukati new. Often vin dovgo starvation; then, if you get a rich vidobotok, having eaten її with wild greed, forgetting to grow a stock. Yogo's sleep is kalamutny and important. Win a little and speak often; celestial beings did not glimpse Yogo. Vіn not distinguishing between good and evil vchinkіv, not thinking about the deity carousing, not setting your own food, the stars look like everything that is seen by the visible light. Vіn umіv іlki brіlki raіdі, іf bv uspіkh, і it's important to stop, if yоgo was stricken with misfortune.
One great perevaga bula at the new one before the creatures. Vіn knowing the fire and having died yogo viroblyat for the help of rubbing the dry bitch. Dosi did not know such a wild poo, in which people would not know about fire. Bagattya, bred in the middle of the oven, took her family after an important watering; bіlya nygo grilled and spent nіch; they cooked zhu on the fire.
Stariy kam'yaniy vіk
Even more filthy and weak ones were a sign, like a mav cholovik: the stench of the bulls was exactly repeated, or the continuation of yoga hands and nig, fingers and curcules. Vіn shukav gostrih and mіtsnih brushes of creatures and fish, taking together the horns of a great deer and teeth of a wild boar, gaining gostrі and thin flint flints.
Step by step, becoming a harmonica: hitting the edge of a stone with another stone, breaking into the first dribnir wrong shmatochki and in such a rite, striking a flint edge or a rib. Marvel at the size of the stone, having taken away the likeness of a sokiri, a knife, a scraper. For the help of these spears, you can make more important blows on the watering, cut the meat, scrape the skin of the creature, pierce the skin of the yogo, take the bark from the tree. Some of those same speeches were tools and weapons for the people. The old sokira was only with a blade without a handle: the man hobbled softly between his fingers and that palm and tried to hit his hands on the brass knuckle.
Another century has passed. At the shattered stone, a person has reached great mastery. For the help of a thin lumber, a drill or a borer from a stone, vіn instantly plan, grind and drill the brushes and horns of creatures. Vіn mav now pіdbіr raznomanіtnykh znaryad. Another marvelous building was revealed by the people of the ancient stone house. On the tassels and horns, yak served him as znaraddy, on the skeletons and the inner walls of the caves, the chairs seemed to be in the wake of the little ones, the images of creatures are important: mammoth, deer, bison, wild horse. The qi of the little ones are already garni; stinks show caution and that kind of eye. Axis two deer threateningly set their horns one on one; the axis of tales buffalo having pulled down wool and wiggling his majestic hunchbacked back. And more: from the brush, from the mammoth's hut, from the stone of the virizan to stand people who are better than a wild horse, who deer landed on the ground. In these little ones, in posts - the cob of human art. It didn’t serve no matter how corny: the dikun was growing, roaming himself, farbuvav chim his tedious life for a moment; Virazy and merciful myslivets imagining those who stood in front of Yogo Ochima.
* Ninі vchenі vvazhayut, that the accusation of the mysticism of the first person is related to the statements about those that, depicting the creature that scene of falling on them, the person will ensure their own luck (myslivska magic). Realistic barvery images of creatures of the early ancient stone chimney (Paleolithic) were found in the caves of Pivdenny France and Pivnichnoy Іspanії (the largest in the Altamira cave in the province of Santander).
The cob of animal husbandry and the cultivation of the land
Thus passed a thousand years. The climate in Europe is changing again. It became a little warmer and warmer. A wealth of breeds of great animals, a mammoth, an oven witch, an ancient great bik, arose, and the creatures that rule in our hour multiplied. People began to live in open places, near the valleys of the rivers, rich in growth, on the outskirts of the forests, on the birches of the sea. The stench did not linger any longer, roaring the mist, dressing like wild game. The stench helped the system of mіtsnіshe and zrobiti stock up for the hungry time of rock. With this method, the people began to kill the animals and birds, as if they were necessary for you, trim them behind the fences, and began to tame the others. The first tamed dog, which he himself has risen to the people and becoming his comrade in the field. Later they tamed sheep, kiz, pigs. Tame creatures on the cob were crady and filthy; їh zdebіlshoy trimali less slaughter. Such a rank of order from the poluvannyam was bestiality.
Collapsed forward so and old-fashioned zhіnoche occupancy - making a dewy hedgehog. Instead of walking and picking up the herbs, the roots, which were growing like wildfires, the women began to replant and breed near the booth of those breeds, which they ate the most: fruits of the tree, especially cereals, barley, millet, wheat. So that the cereals grew better, the earth was fluffed up with a motif *, then with a club from the edge bent back, or from the hook on the edge; plows did not yet know the plow and the creatures did not get used to work. There was no more farming; vernishe call such a city government. They didn’t eat bread on the back of my head. The grain was either smeared or rozm'akshuali on hand-made clay, which was formed from two stones, one above the other, and they cooked it rottenly rozter bobo. As early as before, the cooking was done, the kitchen was divided: the men greased the meat, the women used them to cook boiled vegetables and porridge. If myslivsky swords were placed in the grave of people, її mlyn were buried with a woman.
* Motikoyu.
Palevі budіvlі have a long time ago
Altogether the life of the people changed. Vіn is no longer shukav vipadkovy den in the skeletons and on the trees.
Vіn becoming budinki at the sight of quiet gatherings, as if knowing in nature. Either he built a furnace out of a great stone, or he digged a hole, a dugout, and placed over it a round dakh from a heavily intertwined wood and hmizu. Abo, nareshti, having built a wooden hut on the fires in the middle of the waters of the lakes, it hurts. One kind of budіvel shows how far the people went from the pecherny bags.
At the bottom of the nearby shores, fires were driven in; їх кінці vіsche vodi were hung up with transverse bars and they were covered with a platform of beams; they covered this uneven bed with clay, sand and stone, and on it they put a sprat of hut. Paleve the village was pushed back from the shore by lavi or tesli, but in such a way that it was easy to separate them. A person could also hang out of her life on a single tree, that is, a chute, vidovbanom s chopping off a great trunk. Interference among the waters served as a good shelter for wild animals; Another favor was in the fact that with a glance under the hand it was possible to work a great catch of ribi. On the birches of the lakes against the palm trees lay foxes and herds, in which the inhabitants ate and grazed their thinness, and in the midst of the great thickets the women of their towns and waters were drawn.
Significant lakes do not cross; Yet, however, people settled in such places, when there was no great water, the stench repeated the primary way of everyday life. This is how the palm trees of the village appeared on the earth: they were climbed close to the river, they could flood the shore, or on the fox galyavins, they cut the tree. The village, inspired by the land, was fenced with a rampart; the shaft was robbed obliquely across the dead fingers, earth was heaped on yakі; In the middle, to the nasip, they put more wood bars, the gaps between them were filled with clay and knots of chimney, and the beast was rolled up from the sand and the stone. A chotirikutna fortress came out, furrowed on its sides to the chotirioh edge of the world. The huts on the platforms were small, in the second instance they were two sazhens wide, from straight beams intertwined with knots and hmiz and smeared with gray clay. There were no stoves and pipes; like before, in the middle of the hut they scorched the rich; Dim vіd new vіhodiv vіr vіr, zrobleny zverhu аbo sboku. Zhitlo divided into two halves; in one trimali thinness, in the other lived people; here, in the middle, there was a stone flooring for the bagatt.
* Sadzhen - Russian world dozhini = 2.1336 m.
Siroy and brudnaya would have given us now a pale village. There was water all around; all sorts of leftovers, smittya, were simply thrown down from the platform. From the rest of them they left the grandiose purchases, as if they rose to the very bottom. It was easy for such a small village to burn; same on the old cupola, which churned out of the ashes, they struck new fires and made new settlements.
Novy kam'yaniy vіk
Ale and in order to rule the life so much, it was necessary to have a lot of money. Felling of trees, obtіsuvannya great bruskov vimagali mіtsnіshih i great znaryad. People of pale budіvel with great mysticism obsіkali and sharpened the stone; the stench drilled stone sokiri, to seat in them handles from a brush, horn, wood, twisted hammers into furrows, to push the handles to them with creaturely husk or fibrous grass. Great blades were often smoothly polished. Now you can see the most sophisticated tools and tools: saws, daggers, arrows, write-offs, spindles thinly.
The preparation of the fortune and everyday life turned away from the important thing to the right occupation, to the craft, as if it meant especially the rightness of that strength; these robots were occupied by people. Mіstsyami vіdkrivuyut now sіdi maisteren, de pratsyuvalo at once a lot of masons, turners and zbroyariv. We will need a large supply of fresh material. Kraschy flint to lie down under the ground; For this purpose, for the production of yoga, deep wells of the mine were drilled. A number of people's crafts have appeared іnshі - women. The women wove koshiki and prepared dishes from clay. They came up with the idea of smearing the batig with viscous clay, so that you can put yogo on fire. Then the miners began to pile up, gleks, bowls, etc., from only clay breasts or balls; They hung them in the sun afterwards. They began to turn the pottery on the potter's wheel and scorch it on the fire. For other times, the craft has brought women to their acquaintance with the Roslins. The stench remembered the fibrous stalks of flax and hemp, learned how to get yarn, pull the threads and twist the skeins, prepare fabrics. At the hut there appeared a strand of hair and a straight verstat, on which the women wove the linen.
The people of the new kam'yanoi dobi no longer went without clothes. The stinks dressed in a long-sleeved shirt, and they changed it; they threw a cloak over the beast; like a man, the women so especially embellished their neck, arms, legs, headband with namists, bracelets, heads and rings made of colored polished fireplaces, teeth, thin shells. started calling nabіk. The caravans of merchants stretched out in the river, with thick stitches and passages; the virobi were carried on their shoulders, carried in wheelbarrows, loaded onto camels and horses, vantage by the cloak. Trade brought the goods far from the master. From their quarters, from afar, they brought beautiful rocks of stone, which served as material for shaping.
The beginning of farming. Bronze and winter vіk
More farther the people rushed down to their work. Remembering that the bread is better for growth, that it’s better to dig the earth more deeply, that you’ve made more money, that you’ve built a small hook and that you’ve pulled your handle: a viyshov plow. The plow needs to be pulled, not zipping through the whole field; deputy short beds viyde dovga furrow. On the back, people themselves pulled the plow. Then they began to harness a strong ox in front, and the man stood behind, to straighten the plow in a straight line and, pushing on the new one, destroying the furrow. The whole way of working with a strong defense and with a working creature is already our farming. It didn't take long to clean up the beak; ale yak yogo healthy cholovik, they began to transport burdens on a bike, harness the creature to the visa. For tієї well, meti, the person zahopila and shvidky kin. The number of robots that joined before the catching of creatures and shepherding, was more important under the strength of women, as if for the old hours lay the cultivation of the earth; but often the cattleman, having respected the labor that crouched down to the ground, was low and imaginative for a free people and sent weak women, pidlitkivs, and old ones to the field.
At the same time, out of farming, animal husbandry was crushing forward. Another new subject їzhi vіdkriv cholovіk. At the wild calf of milk, ice was stuck on the calf; in captivity, from the painted feed, becoming excess milk, which people took themselves. The memory of the price of the innovation was saved for a long time: the milk was deprived of the Christmas Eve, like it was shared with the deity, waving part of it on the ground. New zastosuvannya knew and drіbnіy thinness, vіvtsyam and goats: from the shortest times they began to cut wool and prepare from the creature's hair mitsnі and beautiful fabrics. There was a great change in all people, and she convinced them that the taming of creatures brought a lot of new wealth. At rich places, they began to shake the bika, or else, like God’s strength, showing themselves that the deity dwells in qiu mighty and blessed creature.
Those same people, with creatures, people, far away, roam and with such wild roslins: venerating their breed, transferring them from the forest or from the steppe to their own fence, swaying on the ridges of the weeds, pinching the twigs of the garni bushes to the top. Grapes and olives have become the most important of the wood chips.
In great states, pens for thinness, komori for bread, komori for fruits and vegetables became necessary. Kam'yanі znaryaddja buli nadto drіbnі and lamps for new robots. It was necessary to know more mineral material, to prepare new great mineral wood for plows, important juice and thresh, great step. Metals were such material. Rіdko threw traplyayutsya like nuggets; Ring out the stench of the ore at the mines with other rocks of stone and earth. It will take a lot of thought to cut the ore, melt the metal out of the sum and give it a different shape; for whom it is necessary to win the fire.
Easier is given in melting mid. Vaughn was the first metal, which the people began to get used to. Ale mid over the m'yaka; the middle of the day, otherwise the climb will soon die and become stupid. To that, tin was added to midi for hardness; tsya sumish - bronze. For the preparation of bronze speeches, it was necessary to either make a mold with stone and clay and pour metal into it, or beat hot soft smoky with a hammer and push it at a glance, climb, flowers, gostry sticks thinly.
In the past, people learned how to get and make a lot of money: harmatians became even more precious. Vinikli are great masters of metal warfare: dosi in such places can be seen as traces of old great cousins. The stench of Mali is near the quiet place, where they mined ore. As the people moved to another settlement, forged those livarniks were abandoned in the old town; He had already had occasion to practice on strangers. Like foreign tribesmen forged in some peoples, they were near the Znevaz; Others, on the other hand, swayed them high: they respected other people, to the one that their respect on the right was given at the same hour by cunning and taєmnichoy.
At the same time, a special kind of luxury and wealth appeared from the virobs from the metal. Glitteringly smooth and yellow sounds, white and red speeches and metals were more like people: everyone was greedily chasing after them. Bracelets, namistos, wristbands, heels, earrings, clasps made of bronze, gold and silver were worn with the best color. With metal smugs they began to cover the tops of the houses and the inner walls, the thresholds and the jambs of the doors. The heavenly people were given masks of thin golden leaves on their faces. I would like to boast, showing that there is a lot of metal in the new house.
People from different lands of Europe repeatedly rose to such a level of wealth and mastery. First for everything, the inhabitants of the pivdnya, the Balkan Pivostrov, Italy, Sicily went to bronze; for a thousand years later, the inhabitants of the lower France, and for a hundred more years, the inhabitants of Sweden. The difference was due to the fact that objects of especially fine robotics were brought by sea from the very beginning, from Egypt, Asia Minor, Syria, where people had earlier reached winemaking that improvement. New objects, and with them new priyomi and hiring master robots settled earlier on the pivden edge of Europe and more often penetrated to the middle of the mainland.
Splits of ancient (pecherny) people
Pecherni people lived in rozbrod single families. Only for the great watering for a certain hour the stench climbed in small corrals, for a few dozen people. The people of the new stone age lived in larger partnerships and settlements. The cattlemen built great camps; if the fodder was taken from the neighborhood, the whole tabir was turned over at once. The diggers piled up the bulk and divided among themselves the great galyavin, honed with fox, or part of the river valley; the smells were either a clustered village, next to which lay fields, bows and vigoni, or hamlets, with a leather farm its own field, that city, and yet out of the wild vigons. Cattle breeders, suvori and zaderikuvati, often made welds with vessels, robbed them, to choose zdobich. The diggers were soft in the summer and were afraid of the war, at the hour when the fields of that city were trampled and the labors of the rich rocks perished. One for the attack, the other for the attack, it was necessary to join the union. Those who joined the union, were chosen as a leader for an hour of attack, or defend whether they were people, driven by strength and harmony. Yogo was heard for less than an hour of battle; If then we parted anew in the huts, the colossal leader became a great inhabitant.
Qi unions were already small compared with the powers and navіt areas of our hour. The trade and mandrivka of the artisans brought them closer, honestly, to the people of the different worlds; the stench rang out explaining itself to each other, they had a common language. People of the same language and similar zvichaїv became one tribe, assimilated their closeness one to one. But the tribe of the big one did not follow one order. At the hour of peace, the skin village led its closed life. Yakshcho podnіmavsya mizh suіdami superechka chi one person zavdav іnshhom image, svarilis could rozrakhovuvaty z vlasnі forces; skin defending himself against the false chi supernik, like a moment: picking up his loved ones, taking revenge, slaying shkodi vorogov. But sometimes they fought to the death, but before the trial of the peaceful mediator, like a sensible old man, they respected the others.
Quite often they blamed the brotherhood between people of the same century, especially the young and the strong, approximately from 18 to 30 years old. The union of their stench was creaked as if by a secret rite: for example, they let out the skins from their own sprats of blood and zmishuvali in one yamtsі: after that stench they were vowed by brothers. The older comrades gave support to young youngsters to important trials: they set them up one by one on the unsafe watering, tied them up to a tree and covered them thinly with arrows. Like mid-blows and a hail of gluzuvan, the stinks showed masculinity, they recognized them as fit to enter brotherhood. The names of the brothers of the big one abandoned their own sіm'ї that okremі zhitla and lived with all the fellowship at once, in one great man's house. The main chamber was large, which served as a sleeping bedroom and a refectory, honed with a canopy and often reinforced; he saved and saved. The okremy member of the covenant is guilty of everything for the support of the infamous bazhanny of comrades; often, for example, wines do not dare to make friends and start a family, having lost the docks in brotherhood.
Brotherhood, or squad, mav call your chosen leader. One of the best, obedient otaman, having added a lot of new people to the retinue; after that, in the distance, I got a great booty from my comrades. A voice about the new one was passing through the whole country. Yogo tried to appease: zvіdusіl overpowered Yomu bow and present. In an instant, take the whole tribe behind you, as, for example, the hedgehog was in the environment. To this day, there was a little more awakening: the faceless family with the squads, those children took their time, took their belongings to carry and set off on the road for a mighty leader: the resettlement of the people was in progress.
Vlastuvannya sim'ї in old times
Vіdminnіst vіdmіnіst іn zvichay myslivtsіv, skotarіv і zemlіvіv pomnіt vіdіnі і sіmejnogo zhittya. At the myslivtsy, the people and the women lived for the most part, they were very upset with the busy people and with everything. The man went to the forests, blukav, rozbіynichav, disappearing for days on end; with such sims, a woman can get chivalrous in a booth; won’t order the share of children, the docks of the stench don’t grow up and don’t blow themselves. Protect mothers instantly, or the younger brother її, who was older for others, having left the house, or її father, and the same children її called to uncle chi did more, lower to his father. In these families, controversy was respected only for mothers; for example, the father’s brother came into being as a relative of yoga children.
Relatives were called by the names of such an animal or bird: "deer", "falcons", "wolves". Possibly, they showed from their stench that to resemble these creatures took away their power. Relatives could not make friends with each other. For example, a person "sokіl" did not instantly become friends with a woman of the same name. If a man "deer" took a squad of "falcons", then their children were vowed by "falcons".
Zovsіm іnakshe ruled sіm'ya there, de cholovіk taking from his hands the state of the state. At the cattlemen, the people of the mіtsnіshe sat a white house, and the father took away great power over the children; themselves and the squad, their matir, vin respecting their authority, their employees; to build grown-up blue wines by keeping trimming with you at the order.
A young man who wants to start his own house, stealing a squad, bringing it from a foreign village, taking it from a foreign tribe; otherwise, in order to escape welding, naming, swearing with relatives of the maiden at the cost of її tsіni and kupuvav squad. Adopted a woman in such a sim'ї branka, work: її zmushuvat vykonuvat naivazhcha, the best work. It could be that a person is new її selling chi wines, having gathered his own squads. Women were not highly valued by such families. If the lord of riches, then if the flock grew into a new one, he needed more motherly shepherds and guards, then more blues. The girls, who are popular, bachili, navpaki, often only traction, and traply, that they were killed.
With such sims, arguing was more important than the father. Batko buv here Volodar, sir. Great is the family, which served under the yogic mandate, could, with its strength, finish the whole village; she could take dominion over the wealthy tribnimi families, squash their pratsyuvati wines. Strangers tried to take away the intercession of її and be adopted by the Lord. All those who were related by blood, accepted from the controversy and accepted, became red. The new one saw the head of the family, in the yakіy the power passed from the father to the elder son. Sim'ya was respected by a noble, crying out fear and respect.
Ancient rituals and rites of ancient people
Formerly people used to care for the dead of their middle ones, at the caves and, perhaps, they forgot about them without a hitch. The graves of the new kam'yanoy doby occupy a special place near the booth and graves, especially. The skeleton of the buried often rests in a sitting position with knees bent to the knees; a lot of different speeches have been laid down. It can be seen that the quiet, who hovav, were singing about life behind the string.
The manifestation of death most opposed people. Vono led them to such thoughts. Lyudina, yak spitting death, just recently collapsing, saying, їv, pratsyuvav. Now yogo body is unruly to lie and it is cold. "Vin pishov", saying to his loved one: only a few lives were lost, in which wine is alive. Ale, in the midst of the dead, preserved a similarity to the living. From which they bred that the one who was pishov was the twin of that essence, as now she has lost her unruly body. For life, a twin of the middle of the body; it was warmer in the breath, in the spirit of the new. They thought that it was a twin, that spirit, similar to a couple, like a pair of wind, is easy to see.
At the present death, the spirit of the soul is called to come from the body. But the spirit can also go from the body of Timchasovo. Vіn blukáє pіd an hour to sleep: dreaming - tse those who vіn succumb to their neviryanny, while the body lies unruly on the mіstsі. The spirit comes out the same way, if the person is fierce, divine (we and now we say in such situations: "wine posture yourself").
The spirit can walk with the body, but without the body one cannot live. Having spent your lot of body, joking about something else. From people of wine you can go to the beast, the bird. Bida yoma, as if there is no shack, as if wine is guilty of long-term disobedience. Ale beda to those close to the people who died: we torment them, "strangle" them at night, weep at the hour of the storm, weave the wind over the house, etc.
He needs either to wake up Yogo, to close Yoma back at the budinok, having recognized Yogo with loud cries, or we are cunning with deceit, otherwise it is required about the new podbat, to calm Yogo, to give Yoma a new life in a colossal heat. For whom it is good to bury the body in the earth, or under the crypts of the stone stone. Ale is dead there, you need to give everything that people need for a great life, put there znaryadda, cloth, adorn; it takes an hour every now and then to share with the soul of the deceased even with drink, then either carry them to the grave, lay them down and wiggle there, or on special days, water a part of the home, set the names and guess the dead at the table. To put the dead at the bent position, in which it is not known that it will be born: to that one to believe that I will be born again.
Spirits and deities in ancient times
As soon as a strong man died, for example, Vladika the Great Family, or the leader, then his spirit after death took away a special shana. Now they were afraid of Yogo even more, lower if they were: vіn a moment now invisibly fly; everyone famously attributed yoga to anger. Faith tsya dosi was saved from understanding about the restless "boudinka", as if you live in a pipe or under the threshold of a boudinka.
They also thought that the spirit could be captured and planted at a high stone stovp, placed on the graves of the cross. For mighty perfumes, there were a lot of stone buds: the stench is due to life richer, lower living people, now, it needs more life for me.
From the majestic stone, attached schіlno, stіymo one to one, they piled up a great kіmnata, more richly for the living hut: one of the stone kіnnat, built in our hour in Spain, 12 sazhens, 3 sazhens wide. Dakh was placed on top from an important stone; to the doors of the old century, warehouses of smaller stones, which could only be climbed by climb. Such great stone graves are often covered with earth, which rises above them like a mound. The bottom of the hillock is lined with stones. There are also regular stakes from the majestic sacred stone and the fields, lined with rows and alleys of stone steps and bril.
People believed that rich spirits were flying around them. Tsi perfumes have come out more than 3 people. All the while, the person showed herself similar to her. Spirits live with creatures, especially in quiet ones, as people are made to be secretive, for example, among snakes. Ale, spirits also live near trees, strings, rivers, and wind near stones. These spirits are either kind, or evil to the people, or help him to know, for example, wild game, what to follow, a stitch in the fox, a word; then they respect you, for example, beat him out of the way, throw an arrow at the beast, pull the people at the whirlpool, if there is a tone, and so on.
Between the spirits and the strongest deities. By the grace of a deity, people prayed to come, as if they had been relieved, or with flour, for example, with a vіdmovoi vіd savіshoї їzhі і navіt povymi zrechennya vіd їzhi for a few days, or inflicted collected wounds. Yoma was given as a sacrifice, so that on the day, the best, sho mali, the mіtsnogo bik of the abbot, which was only born. The blood of the slaughtered creature, heaved on the ground, the spirits were seen. They thought that it was the spirit of warm blood, that in which I was alive earlier, I revived again, taking away the strength to speak and speak to living people. If people were attacked by a great fear, they were ready to see the spirit of human blood, to kill for a new fight, or to bring in a close relative, for example, having beaten their child.
Soothsayers and doctors at the primary suspіlstvі
Do not mind the mind to create spirits and to bend them in the middle, to vilify yogo. If it was dashing famously, for example, starting to fall thinness and making a person sick, they called the sorcerer, the healer: they shook the ailing one, to shake the spirit, giving him a special drink, using terrible and cryptic words, which the spirit is afraid of, but yak, navpaki, you are like. If it was dry, the vischun was called "strengthen the woods", lure the spirit that lives in darkness.
If you can’t see the bulo, where to sit the spirit, but it didn’t make sense, what you need, the healer started guessing: throwing stones and sticks and marveling at how the stench is kicking; roaring the creature and marveling at її insides, - all the signs for the new one were signs, like vin he himself had stumbled. Abo the sorcerer himself called to his spirit: deafening himself with a ringing and a trill of a tambourine, galloping wildly, spinning to the point of confusion, falling ill and screaming unconsciously; Yogo cries were respected by the speech of the promo spirit. In such a way, one could recognize, as if one had to make a sacrifice, to please the spirit, one could recognize one’s secret enemy, or that villain, who took the horse, and so on.
The healer-sorcerer often himself became an ill person: sometimes he was divine, but he was sick for falling. Ale qiu ailment was respected for perebuvannya with a new wise spirit. A sorcerer could also become a smarter or a gifted person: a creator of a song, a knower of herbs and flowers; this special mind was suddenly taken for inspiring the spirit. A person could show the way, die in battle; Vіn іnodi yshov vatazhkom.
Often having conjured the head of the house himself, father: he called the house spirit chi spirit, neighbor for the mass. They believed that the fire was burning, that the skin booth was burning, the patron spirit of this booth lives. Therefore, the pit was a holy mass. In order not to waste the spirit, the man tried to save the inextinguishable fire on the fire.
saying first people
The heavenly manifestations also screwed up the respect of the people. Yogo was opposed by the change of day and night. Fearing the darkness, the silence of the night and glad of the glare of the sun and life that was passing behind him. I tried to find out the explanation of this change of light and darkness and thinking that the reason is alive for her: then two fight strong spirit, Light, kind to people, and dark, evil. The light hero is guarded by his foes, driven in or stolen, and yet I am resurrected, or resurrected and b'є їx with glittering arrows, so that we exchange our roses of nothing. In a thunderstorm, it seemed, the struggle itself was repeated: the black evil spirit of the gloom does not see the healing waters, like the earth is pragmatic, until the bright god is pinker in the gloom with his list-brightness.
From these explanations “there were lively explanations, more and more, with the end we are happy and summed up. The stench hung out understanding about good and evil; the stench was the first attempt to know the sense and the link of the speeches of the world, which is a part of the people.
KAM'YANIY STOLITTYA (ZAGAL CHARACTERISTIC)
Kam'yany vіk - the most recent and most important period in the history of humankind, is characterized by victorious stone as the main material for the preparation of work.
For the preparation of various works of art and other necessary materials, a person won not only a stone, but also other hard materials: volcanic stone, brush, wood, shkiri and shkir of creatures, splint fibers. In the final period of the stone doby, in the Neolithic, the first piece material, the creations of people, was widely expanded - ceramics. At the stone vіtsi, there is a molding of people of the modern type. Until this period of history, the most important reach of mankind lies, like the appearance of the first social institutions and the first economic structures.
The chronological framework of the kam'yanoy dobi is even wider - the wines start about 2.6 million years ago and to the cob of human metal. On the territory of the Ancient Gathering, one sees at VII-VI yew. BC, in Europe - in IV - III yew. BC
In archeological science, stone age is traditionally divided into three main stages:
- Paleolithic or ancient stone century (2.6 million years BC - 10 thousand years BC);
- Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age (X/IX thousand - VII thousand years BC);
- Neolithic and New Stone Age (VI/V tys. - III tys. roki BC)
Archaeological periodization of the stone age is connected with changes in the stone industry: the leather period is characterized by its own methods of stone processing as heritage, by a simple set of different types of stone signs.
Kam'yaniy vіk spіvvіdnositsya z geological periods:
- the Pleistocene (which is also called: Ice Age, Quaternary or Anthropogenic) - dated from 2.5-2 million years to 10 thousand years. rokіv BC
- Holocene - which rose up at 10 yew. rokіv BC and continue dosі.
The natural minds of these periods played an important role in the formation and development of ancient human skills.
PALEOLITE (2.6 million years ago - 10 thousand years ago)
The Paleolithic is divided into three main periods:
- Early Paleolithic (2.6 million - 150/100 thousand years ago), which divides into the Olduvian (2.6 - 700 thousand years ago) and Asheulian (700 - 150/100 thousand years ago) epochs;
- Middle Paleolithic or Mousterian era (150/100 - 35/30 thousand years ago);
- late Paleolithic (35/30 - 10 thousand years ago).
At Krim, monuments of more than the middle and late Paleolithic have been recorded. With this, on the farm they repeatedly knew flint znaryaddy, the technique of preparing them is similar to the Acheulean ones. Prote all these knowledges are vipadkovі, and do not come to be a Paleolithic reminder. This situation does not give the ability to carry them up to the Acheulian era.
Mousterian era (150/100 - 35/30 thousand years ago)
The cob of the epoch was born at the end of the rice-Wurm intermediary, as it is characterized by a remarkably warm climate, close to daily. The main part of the period was covered by the Valdai ice, which is characterized by a strong drop in temperature.
It is important to note that Crimea was an island during the inter-war period. On that same day, the ice season of the Black Sea significantly decreased, at the period of maximum ice age it was like a lake.
Close to 150 - 100 thousand. That is why Neanderthals show up at Krim. These camps were roztashovulysya in the grottoes and under the overhangs of the skel. The stench lived in groups of 20-30 individuals. The main genus is to take bulo zagіnne polyuvannya, it is possible to be engaged in picking. On the islands, stinks woke up to the late Paleolithic, and about 30 thousand years ago. the fates of that stench arose.
For the concentration of Mousterian monuments from Crimea, not a lot of places on Earth can be equal. Named more beautifully for other villages: Zaskalna I - IX, Ak-Kaya I - V, Chervona Balka, Prolom, Kiik-Koba, Vovchiy Grotto, Chokurcha, Kabazi, Shaitan-Koba, Kholodna Balka, Starosillya, Adji-Koba, Bakhchisaraiskaya , Sari Kaya. In the parking lots, you can find remnants of pits, brushes of creatures, creamy znaryaddya and the products of their forging. In the Mousterian epoch, Neanderthals begin sporadic primitive life. The stench was round in plan, on a kshtalt chumiv. Sporudzhuvali їh s brushes, stones and skins of creatures. Krim's life is still not fixed. In front of the entrance to the parking lot Vovchiy Grotto, it is possible to cover the wind screen. Vіn buv shaft z kamenіv, fortifications vertically built into the new head. At the Kiik-Koba station, the main part of the cultural sphere was surrounded by a small square-shaped maidan, measuring 7X8 m. Obviously, in the middle of the grotto, it was crushed like a spore.
The most wide-ranging types of krem'yanikh znaryad of the Mustier era were Gostrokintsev and scrapers. Qi znaryadya representing 
and they are clearly flat flint studs, during the processing of which they were smeared with a knitted shape. One side of the scraper was shattered, as if it were a robot worker. At the gostrokintseviks, two edges were trimmed, making the most of the peak. Gostrokintseviks and scrapers zastosovuly during the processing of carcasses of creatures and skins. The Mousterian epoch has primitive creamy tips of lists. Krim is characterized by krem'yanі "knives" and "chokurchin trikutniks". Crimson flint was beaten with a brush for piercings (small brushes of creatures were sharpened from one point) and wedges (they were stabbed for retouching flint flares).
The basis for future znarads was the so-called cores - pieces of flint gave a rounded shape. In the form of cores, long and thin wood chips were cut, as if they were blanks for the future projectiles. Farther, the edges of the wood chips were trimmed with the help of the technique of vitrifying retouching. It seemed to be in such a way - from the vіdshchepa for the help of the brush-wiper, they cut small pieces of flint, making it hot on the edge and giving it a good shape. Okrіm vіdzhimnikіv, for retouching vikorostal stone vydbіyniki.
Neanderthals are the first, who, having begun to bury their dead near the ground. Krim had such a funeral at the Kiyik-Koba station. For pohovannya vikoristali vіmku near the stone bed of the grotto. They buried a woman at her. Only the brushes of the left homil and both feet were saved. Behind their camp they marked that she was buried on her right side with her legs bent at the knees. Such a posture is characteristic of all Neanderthal graves. The instructions from the grave were revealed by the brushes of the child, which they nastily saved, 5 - 7 years. Crimea Kiik-Kobi, remains of Neanderthals were found at the Zaskalna VI site. There, unseen skeletons of children were revealed, like those of cultural balls.
Late Paleolithic (35/30 - 10 thousand years ago)
The late Paleolithic, having fallen on the other half of the Wurm glaciation. This period is more than cold, extreme weather minds. On the cob period, a person of the daily type is formed - Homo sapiens (Cro-Magnon). Until what hour is the molding of the three great races - the European, the Negroid and the Mongoloid. People populate the whole earth, for a little bit of the territory occupied by the ice-maker. Cro-Magnons everywhere start vicoristing piece dwellings. The brushes are widened with a wide width, now it’s not enough to slacken more than a little work, and embellish.
The Cro-Magnons have formed a new, truly human way of organizing suspense - ancestral. The main genus to occupy, as in the case of Neanderthals, was zagіnne polyuvannya.
Krimu has about 35 thousand cro-magnons. rokіv that, at tsimu close 5 yew. rokіv svіvіsnuyut іz Neanderthals. Є pripuschennya, scho on pіvostrіv stench penetrate two whistles: from the sunset, from the region of the Danube basin; and immediately - from the territory of the Russian region.
Crimean pipaleolithic sites: Syuren I, Kachinsky Navіs, Adzhi-Koba, Buran-Kaya III, lower balls of the mesolitic sites Shan-Koba, Fatma-Koba, Syuren II.
In the late Paleolithic, an absolutely new industry of cream flasks was formed. Nucleusi begin robiti prismatic forms. Krim vіdshepіv, pochinayut robiti plates - dougі blanks with parallel edges.
Znaryaddy was prepared like in wood chips, and on plates. For the late Paleolithic, the most characteristic are scrapers. At the cuts, the short edges of the plate were retouched. Scrapers robbed two types: kіntsі de retouching the narrow edge of the plate; bichnі - detouched the other edges of the plate. Scrapers and rіztsі vikoristovuvali for skins, tassels and wood. At the site of Suren I, there were found a lot of small, narrow, tapered cream-coloured beads (“winds”) and shawls with sharpened retouched edges. The stench could be spearheads. It is significant that at the lower balls of the Paleolithic sites one knows the sign of the Mousterian era (Gostrokintseviki, scrapers and other). At the upper balls of the sites of Suren I and Buran-Kaya III, microliths are serrated - trapezium-like creme plates, with 2-3 retouched edges (the color is typical for the Mesolithic).
Krym did not know much about the ball from the brush. Tse spearheads, awl, hairpins and podviski. At the site of Suren I, mollusk shells were found with openings, like vicory, as a decoration.
MESOLITH (10 - 8 thousand years ago / VIII - VI thousand years BC)
Like the Paleolithic, there are global climate changes. Warming up to the tanning of the ice-growers. The rivers of the world ocean move, the rivers become fresh water, there are a lot of new lakes. The Crimean Pivostrіv nabuvaє contours, close to the present. At the link with rising temperatures and moisture, the cold steppes are occupied by foxes. The fauna is changing. Great savts are characteristic for the ice age period (for example, mammoths) to go pivnich and gradually die. The number of herd creatures is changing. At the link with the cym, it is like an individual to change the collective corral, when a member of the tribe is able to grow independently. It seems to me that, when polled by a great animal, for example, the same mammoth, the whole team would need zusilla. I was true to myself, to that, as a result of the success of the tribe, I took away a significant number of people. This very method of getting drunk in new minds is not productive. It would not have been sensible for the whole tribe to kill one deer, it would have been worth the waste of zusil and would have brought the team to death.
In the Mesolithic, a whole complex of new signs is being established. Individualization of watering led to the winemaking of cibules and arrows. There are brushes and harpoons for catching ribeye. Primitive chines begin to work, they were cut from tree trunks. The microliths expand widely. With their help, they robbed warehouses. The base of the armor was beaten from brushes of abo wood, grooves were cut in it, in yak, for additional resin, microliths were crimped (dried creme slabs, made from plates, more like wood chips, which served as inserts for storage shells and tips of arrows). These hostri edges served as a working surface armor.
Prodovzhuyut koristuvatisya creamy znaryaddyami. There were scrapers and rіztsі. Silicon was also used for microliths of segment-like, trapezoid-like and tri-cut shapes. The shape of the cores changes, the stinks become cone-like and prismatic. Znaryadda was pounding on the plates more importantly, more richly on the chips.
From the brushes they made the tips of darts, awls, needles, tacks, harpoons and embellishments. From the shoulder blades of the great creatures, knives and daggers were cut. The stink of a small smoothed surface and sharpened edges.
In the Mesolithic, people tamed the dog, which became the first domestic animal in history.
Near Krimu there are less than 30 Mesolithic sites. Among them, such as Shan-Koba, Fatma-Koba and Murzak-Koba are considered to be classical Mesolithic. Qi parking z'appeared in the late Paleolithic. Roztashovani stench at the grottoes. In the wind, they were protected by barriers from the woods, strengthened by stones. The pits were buried in the ground and surrounded by stones. At the sites, cultural stratification was revealed, represented by flint shards, the entrances of their weeds, brushes of creatures, birds and ribs, and shells of natural ravics. 
At the sites of Fatma-Koba and Murzak-Koba, there are mesolistic burials. A man was buried at Fatmi-Kobe. Buried in a small hole on the right leg, the hands were placed under the head, the legs were strongly kicked. Murzak-Kobi has said goodbye to the guy. The consecration of a man and a woman in a well-trodden position on his back. The man's right hand went under the woman's left hand. The woman had two remaining phalanges of both little fingers. Tse pov'yazuyut from the rite of initiation. It is noteworthy that the burial was done over the grave. The dead just sizzled to the stones.
Behind the social structure, the Mesolithic Suspension was tribal. It was the foundation of the social organization, for which the skin member of the society saw his position before that of a different kind. Lovers zdіysnyuvalis only between members of the different canopies. Use the vinical family of the state specialization. The women were engaged in picking, the men in fishing and fishing. Obviously, the rite of initiation is the rite of transferring a member of a household from one state-age group to another (transferring children to a group of grown-ups). Dedications having recognized important trials: new private isolation, starvation, scourging, wound care, etc.
NEOLITH (VI - V millennium BC)
In the Neolithic epoch, there was a transition from attracting types of statehood (polyuvannya and selection) to vodtvoryuvalnyh - farming and animal husbandry. People learned how to grow grain crops and breed things and see creatures. In science, a crazy breakthrough in the history of mankind has taken away the name of the “neolithic revolution”.
The earliest achievements of the Neolithic period were the appearance of that wide-width ceramics - a vessel made of scorched clay. The first ceramic judges were beaten with a jug method. Out of the clay, sprats of jgutiv roamed and sank them between themselves, giving the shape of the judge. The seams between the husbands were ironed with a bunch of grass. Dali vessel was scorched in bagatti. The dishes looked thick-walled, not entirely symmetrical, with an uneven surface and slightly singed. The bottom was round and pointed. Sometimes the judges were ornamented. For help, they robbed a farbi, gostro sticks, a wooden stamp, a hank, which they wrapped around a miner and scorched yogo at the stove. Ornament on the ships incorporating the symbols of the singing tribe chi groups of tribes.
In the Neolithic period, new stonework was found: grinding, sharpening, and drilling. Grinding that sharpened projectile worked on a flat stone to add wet sand. Sverdlіnnya was used for an additional tubular brush, as it was necessary to wrap it with a singing swidkіst (for example, a pulling tsibuli). In the wake of winemaking, the drilling is made of stone sokiri. The stench was small in wedge-shaped form, in the middle they robbed an opening, into which a wooden handle was inserted.
Neolithic sites found throughout the territory of Crimea. People settled in grottoes and under skelnym sheds (Tash-Air, Zamil-Koba II, Alimivskiy navіs) and on yayla (At-Bash, Beshtekne, Balin-Kosh, Dzhailyau-Bash). Near the steppe, sites of the same type were revealed (Frontove, Lugovo, Martinivka). There you can find creamy znaryaddy, especially rich microliths like segments and trapeziums. Ceramics are being sharpened, wanting Krim to know neolithic ceramics. Vinyatkom is the site of Tash-Air, over 300 fragments were revealed on it. The miners have small walls, rounded bottom. The upper part of the vessel was sometimes ornamented with notches, furrows, pits or stamps. At the Tash-Air station, a motif from a deer horn and a tassel base sickle were found. A horn moth was also found at the site of Zamil-Koba II. Zalishkiv dwelling in Krim was not revealed.
On the territory of the pivostrov, there was a single burial ground of the Neolithic hour of the village. Dolinka. 50 people were buried near the great deep pit near the chotiri tier. The mustaches lay at the well-trodden position on the back. Sometimes the brushes were destroyed before they were buried, so that the place of a new burial could be created. The dead were sipped with red ocher, following the rite of burial. At the burial place, there were found krem'yanі znaryaddya, richly perforated teeth of creatures and brush namist. Similar funeral sporudi from the Naddniprianshchyna and the Sea of Azov.
The neolithic population of the Crimea can be divided into two groups: 1) the grounds of the local Mesolithic population that inhabited the mountains; 2) the population that came from the Naddniprianshchina and the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, which settled the steppe.
Zagal "Neolithic revolution" in Crimea did not end. The number of wild creatures in the camps is more rich than that of domestic ones. Zemledrobski znaryaddya zustrichayutsya rarely. It is worth mentioning that people who lived on the farm in that hour, like earlier, like in the earlier eras, gave priority to choosing and choosing. Farming and picking were taken from the primordial form.
Kam'yaniy vіk
The stone age is the most recent period in the history of humankind, if the main signs of practice were prepared with armor, the head rank, from stone, but also a tree and a brush were used. On the surface of the stone dobi, the vikoristanya of clay (dishes, earthenware, sculpture) has expanded.
Periodization of stone dobi:
- Paleolithic:
- Lower Paleolithic - the period of the appearance of the most ancient species of people and expansion Homo erectus.
- The Middle Paleolithic is the period of erectus erection in evolutionarily more advanced types of people, including modern people. In Europe, the Neanderthals are panting through the Middle Paleolithic.
- The Upper Paleolithic is the period of the panuvannya of the daily sight of people throughout the earth's backwaters in the era of the remaining glaciation.
- Mesolithic and Epipaleolithic; The terminology to fall in depends on the extent to which the entire region has bumped into the megafauna after the ice drift. The period is characterized by the development of the technique of making stone znaryads and the sacred culture of the people. Ceramics daily.
Neolithic - the era of the emergence of a strong state. Znaryaddya pratsі that zbroya, like and earlier, kam'yanі, prote їх virobnizstvo be brought to perfection, ceramics is widely expanded.
Kam'yaniy vіk is divided into:
● Paleolithic (old stone) - from 2 million years to 10 thousand. rokiv BC e.
● Mesolithic (middle stone) – 10 ths. up to 6 thousand rockiv to zv. e.
● Neolithic (new stones) – vіd 6 yew. up to 2 thousand rokiv BC e.
At another thousand years before the new era, they threw a stone and laid the edge of the stone century.
Zagalna characteristic stone vіku
The first period of the Stone Age is the Paleolithic, at the borders of which one can see the early, middle and late periods.
Early Paleolithic ( up to the turn of 100 thousand. rockiv to zv. e.) - the epoch of archanthropes. The material culture developed even more regularly. Over a million rocks were needed for those that, from rough-hewn pebbles, to go to axes, at which the edges are evenly trimmed on both sides. Approximately 700 thousand. The fate of this process is roaring with fire: people pіdtremuyut fire, otrimany natural way (after hitting bliskavki, pozhezh). Golovnі vidi diyalnostі - poluvannya that sbirannya, the main type of zbroї - kiyok, write-off. Archanthropes master natural shelters (furnaces), they will make huts from vines, with which stone boulders are twisted (French day, 400 thousand years).
Middle Paleolithic- Okhoplyuє period vіd 100 yew. up to 40 thousand rokiv BC e. Tse era of the paleoanthrope-Neanderthal. Suvori hour. The golden significant part of Europe, Pivnіchnoi America and Asia. Vimerlo is full of heat-loving creatures. Problems stimulated cultural progress. Get better at that priyomi poluvannya (polovne poluvannya, drive). Differently crafted axes are created, as well as chipped from the core and chipped thin plates - scrapers. For additional scrapers, the people began to prepare warm clothes from the skins of animals. Having learned to make fire with a drilling path. Until the end of the epoch one can see the promise of a funeral. Often a dead man was treated like a sleeper: his hands were folded in his hands, in disguise, his legs were folded up. At the graves there are items to be found. And it means that there were statements about life after death.
Late (Upper) Paleolithic- Okhoplyuє period vіd 40 yew. up to 10 thousand rokiv BC e. Tse epoch of Cro-Magnons. The Cro-Magnons lived in great groups. The technique of stone processing has grown: stone plates are sawn and drilled. The brush tips are widely vikoristovuyutsya. A scrap metal appeared - a board with a hook, a dart was put on the yak. Found a lot of brush heads for shitty clothes. Budinki are filled with dugouts with a frame made of chicks and navit with tassels of creatures. It has become the norm to bury the dead, to put a supply of zhі, clothes and znaryaddya pracі, which spoke about the obvious manifestation of potoybichcha. In the period of the late Paleolithic, they blame mysticism and religion- two important forms of life, tightly tied together.
Mesolithic, Middle stone century (10th - 6th yew. BC. E ..). The Mesolithic had a bow and arrows, microlithic znaradda, a dog was tamed. The periodization of the mesolithic is wise, but in different regions of the world, the process of development goes from a different swidkist. So, at the Close Skhodі already s 8 yew. the transition to farming and animal husbandry begins, which becomes the essence of a new stage - the Neolithic.
Neolithic, New Kamyan of the century (6th–2nd millennium BC). There is a transition from statehood, which attracts (selection, watering) to virobley (arable farming, bestiality). In the Neolithic era, stones were polished, drilled, earthenware, spinning, weaving appeared. In 4–3 thousand years, in the lower regions of the world, the first civilizations are blamed.
7. Neolithic culture
Neolithic - the era of the appearance of farming and animal husbandry. Neolithic monuments to the Russian Far Skhod. The stench is seen until the period of 8000-4000 years ago. Znaryaddya pratsі that zbroya, as і earlier, kam'yanі, prote їх virobnitstvo brought to perfection. For the Neolithic period, a great set of stone stones is characteristic. Bula expanded ceramics (ware made of scorched clay). The Neolithic inhabitants of Primorye learned how to prepare polished stone stones and decorate pottery.
Archaeological culture of the Neolithic period in Primor'ї - Boysmanskaya and Rudninskaya. Representatives of these cultures lived in colorful huts of the frame type and exploited most of the available resources of the natural environment: they were engaged in watering, fishing, picking. The population of the Boysman culture, which lingered on the shores in small villages (1-3 dwellings), were engaged in fishing at the seaside and fished up to 18 species of ribs, including such great ones as there was a shark and a stingray. In that same period, the selection of mollusks was practiced (90% was oyster). The autumns were occupied with picking up the roslins, and the wintering of the spring watering for deer, roe deer, wild boars, sea lions, seals, dolphins, and some other whales.
On land, it prevailed, ymovirno, individually watered, and on the sea - collectively. People and women were engaged in fishing, prote women and children caught fish with a hook, and people with a spear and a harpoon. Mislivtsі-warriors had a high social status and were buried with special honors. Mushli were saved on rich settlements.
Due to the sharp cooling of the climate 5–4.5 yew. For that reason, that sharp fall of the sea level, the Middle Neolithic cultural traditions are known to be transformed in the Zaisan cultural tradition (5 - 3 thousand years ago), the population is not very wide a specialized system zhittєzabezpechennya, yak on the continental monuments already included farming. Tse allowed people to live like at the coast, and at the depths of the continent.
People who belonged to the Zaysaniv cultural tradition settled in a wider area, lower than their predecessors. At the continental part, the stench settled behind the middle streams, which are favorable for farming, which flow into the sea, and on the coast - in all potentially productive and convenient places, vicorist and all available ecological niches. Representatives of the Zaysaniv culture, insanely, achieved greater adaptive success, lower than their predecessors. The number of their settlements is signifi- cantly growing, the stench may be richer in area and the number of inhabitants, the number of which has also become larger.
The beginnings of arable farming in the Neolithic were recorded in Primorye, and in the Amur Region, and the most recent process of development of the state of Neolithic cultures was recorded near the basin of the Middle Amur.
The most recent Mist culture, called Novopetrovsky, dates back to the early Neolithic and is dated to the V-IV millennium BC. e. Similar changes have been made in the state population of Primorye.
The vindication of arable farming for the Far Skhod was dazzled by the appearance of the state's specialization between the excavators of Primor'ya and the Middle Amur and the other lands of the Lower Amur (those other pivnіchnyh territories), which were deprived of the traditional appropriation of the state.
The rest period of the stone dobi - the Neolithic - is characterized by a complex of signs, which are not obov'yazkovim. The beginning of the trend that took shape in the Mesolithic continues to develop.
The Neolithic period is characterized by improved technology for the preparation of stone stones, especially their residual processing - grinding, polishing. Mastered the technique of drilling and sawing stone. Neolithic embellishment with a colored stone (especially wide bracelets), chiselled with a stone disc, and then polished and polished, may have an unreasonably regular shape.
For forest territories, grinding is typical for wood processing - sokiri, chisels, adzes. Jade, jade, carnelian, jasper, slate stone and other minerals are repaired with flint. At the same time, the flint continues to be re-deployed, the booth is expanding, and the first underground mines (mines, adits) are being announced. The marks on the plates, the insertion of microlithic equipment are saved, especially the numerical signs of such marks in the earth-growing areas. There are zvichayny inserts of zhnivarnі knives and sickles, that of macroliths - sokiri, stone motiki and grain harvesters: grain graters, steps, weavers. In the areas of overexposure of watering and fishing, there is a great diversity of fishing equipment: harpoons, which were vicorated for the species of ribeye and terrestrial creatures, arrowheads of various forms, tacks for remetіv, simple and warehouses, (in Siberia, stench was vicorated for catching birds), various types of pasta for the average and dry animal. Often shepherds were robbed on the basis of cibules. At Siberia, the bow was improved with overlays from the brush - it was more springy and far-reaching. Merezhi, bait, stone flares of various forms and rosemaries were widely used in fishing. In the Neolithic period, the processing of stone, brush, wood, and then ceramic objects reached such perfection that it became possible to aesthetically add an armchair to the present master, embellishing the river with an ornament or giving it a special shape. The aesthetic value of speech is as strong as it can be utilitarian value (for example, Australian aborigines respect that they don’t add embellishments with a boomerang ornament to drive in more, lower embellishments). These two tendencies - improving the function of speech and embellishment - lead to the development of applied art in the Neolithic period.
The Neolithic had wider ceramic bowls (even though a number of tribes had stench in their houses). The stench is represented by zoomorphic and anthropomorphic figures and dishes. Early ceramic judges were built on the basis, woven from vines. After the fall, I got drunk with a whip of a whip. Later, they began to put in place a jig and a stick technique: laying a jig of clay with a diameter 3-4 see the shape in a spiral. Sob the clay didn’t crack when hanging, emaciated people added to it - straw for a ruban, forged shells, sand. Old-time judges were rounded or hospitable bottom - they point to those who put them on fire. The dishes of the masters of the tribes have a flat bottom, they are stuck to the table and the hearth of the oven. Ceramic dishes, embellished with painting or embossed ornaments, became richer and richer with the development of the craft, but they kept the main traditional elements and embellished them. For this very reason, ceramics began to be victorious for seeing territorial cultures and for the periodization of the Neolithic. The largest widths of embellishment are - crowned (on wet clay) ornament, applied embellishment, finger or finger pinching, pitting of the vizerunok, combing parts (with a custom stamp in the shape of a comb), little stampings with a stamp "indentation of shovels"
The enemy is the guilt of the neolithic people.
melts on a fire in a clay bowl. The main material, which melts at such a low temperature and at the same time is an accessory for the removal of glaze. Pottery utensils often struggled so masterfully that the comradeship of the wall, according to the size of the judge, became the very same, that the comradeship of skaralupi eggs to the yogi oblige. K.Levi-Strauss is aware that the guilt of the first person is fundamentally different, lower in the modern person. Vin calls yoga by the term "bricolage" - a literal translation - "gra vіdskokom". If a modern engineer sets up and fails the task, judging everything from the side, then the bricoleur collects and acquires all the information, he is guilty, but we prepare it to the point of any situation, and as a rule, we will turn out the solution according to the vipadkovy method.
Spinning and weaving were found in the early Neolithic. The fiber of wild sprinkling, lyon, and the face of trees were victorious. About those that people have mastered the spinning, to celebrate the spindle whorl - stone or ceramic nozzles, which wrap around the spindle and sprinkle more smooth yoga wrap. The fabric was trimmed with a braided line, without a verst.
The organization of the population of the Neolithic clan and, while arranging farming, the head of the clan is a woman - matriarchy. With the cob of rilli of farming, and out of the way, with the appearance of draft thinness, and the full-fledged znarad of the cultivation of the soil, the patriarchy will be established. In the middle of the family, people live with their families, or in communal canopy houses, or in small houses, or else lie down in the village.
The state Neolithic age presented as a viable technology, and appropriated the forms. The territories of the viroblyayuschy state expand in the Mesolithic era, but in the greater part of the ecumene, or the state is taken up, which attracts, otherwise it may have a complex character, - it appropriates, with the elements of change. Creatures were included before such complexes. Nomadic arable farming, which victoriously developed primitive furrowed horns and did not know growth, could develop only on territories with soft soil and natural deposits - near the floods of the river and the front and middle rivers. Such minds formed in 8-7 thousand years BC. e. on three territories that became the early centers of agricultural cultures: Jordanian-Palestinian, Asia Minor and Mesopotamian. From these territories, farming expanded throughout Europe, near Transcaucasia and Turkmenistan (the settlement of Dzheytun near Ashgabat is entered by the cordon of the farming community). The first autochthonous pits of arable farming near Pivnichniy and Khidniy part of Asia were formed only up to the third millennium BC. e. in the basins of the middle and lower Amur. IN Western Europe in 6-5 thousand years, three neolithic cultures developed: Danube, Nordic and Zahidno-European. The main agricultural subdar crops that grew in the Western Asian and Central Asian hollows are wheat, barley, bud, peas, and millet on the Far Skhodі. In Western Europe - oats, rye, millet were added to barley and wheat. Until the third thousand years before the stars. e. Switzerland already had carrots, cumin, poppy, lyon, apples, and Greece and Macedonia - apples, figs, pears, grapes. The leaders of the diversity of the specializations of the state and the great consumption in stone for the sign of the Neolithic began an intensive intertribal exchange.
The number of Neolithic population increased sharply, for Europe for the previous 8 thousand. rokiv - mayzhe 100 times; population density grew from 0.04 individuals to 1 individual per square kilometer. But mortality was high, especially for a child. Remember that no more than 40-45% of people experienced the thirteenth century. In the Neolithic period, a mitzna of osilist, nasampered, began to be established on the basis of farming. In the forest areas right away and in the spring of Eurasia - along the shores of the great rivers, lakes, the sea, in the places favorable for the fishery, the animal strength is formed on the basis of fishing and watering.
Neolithic buddіvlі raznomanіtnі, zalezhno vіd іd klіmatа i іѕtsevyh minds kaіnіvelny mateіlіvіl vykorovuvalis kaіnі, і tree, clay. In the zemleborskie zones, budinki were built with mud, smeared with clay or lilac clay, sometimes on a stone foundation. The shape of the house is round, oval, straight, one or a kіlka kіmnat, є courtyard fenced with adobe parkan. Quite often the walls were embellished with painting. The late Neolithic is blamed for great, perhaps, cult houses. Forgotten were areas ranging from 2 to 12 and more than 20 hectares, such settlements were sometimes united in a place, for example, Chatal-Hyuyuk (7-6 thousand years BC, Turechchina) consisting of twenty villages, the central one occupied 13 hectares. Zabudova bula was spontaneous, the streets were about 2 m. The place continued to be on this hill for a thousand years, which indicates the high rіven of a strong state, which ensured such a trival of power.
Near Europe, from Holland to the Danube, there were communal boudins with bagatma in the middle and boudins of a one-room structure with an area of 9.5 x 5 m. Budinkas of the dugout type, widely widened in the long epoch, also chirp, especially on the pivnochi and in the forest zone, but, as a rule, the stench is supplemented with logs from logs.
Buried in the Neolithic, both alone, and in groups, often at the crouched position on the side, under the light booth, between the booths, or on the flower bed, brought to the border of the village. At the funeral inventory, embellish it with armor. Siberia is characterized by the presence of streaks in men, and in women's rites.
G.V.Child, propagating the term "neolithic revolution", looming on the verge of deep social destruction (the crisis of the attracting state and the transition to the virobable, the increase in the number of the population and the accumulation of rational knowledge) and the formation of the fundamentally important galuses of the state - arable farming In fact, the changes were not rapt, but for a long time from the ear of the Mesolithic to the era of paleometal and in different periods in different territories. Therefore, the periodization of the Neolithic is exactly different among different
natural zones.
Let's put it as an example of the periodization of the Neolithic period in the most well-groomed territories of Greece and Cyprus (according to A.L. Mongait, 1973). The Early Neolithic of Greece is represented by stone projectiles (from some specific large plates and scrapers), brushes, often polished (dumps, spatulas), ceramics - female figurines and utensils. The early women's images are realistic, the pictures are stylized. The vessels are monochrome (dark grey, brown or red), on the round ones - kiltsevy hardening on the bottom. Zhitla napivzemlyankovі, chotirikutnі, on wooden stovpakh or with walls made of mud, smeared with clay. Buried individually, in simple pits, in a bent position on the boots.
The Middle Neolithic of Greece (behind the excavations in the Peloponnese, Attice, Euboea, Thessaly and other places) is characterized by a dwelling made of lilac cinder on a stone foundation with one - three rooms. Characteristic for the type of megaron: square internal accommodation with the middle in the middle, protruding ends of the two walls make up the entrance portico, opening the spacious courtyard with stovpas. Near Thessaly (the site of Sesklo) there were unfortified agricultural settlements that tell tell. The ceramics are thin, singed, with glaze, richly studded vessels. Grinding ceramic dishes: polishing gray, black, tricolor and matte painting. A lot of made-up clay figurines.
The late Neolithic of Greece (4-3 thousand years BC) is characterized by the appearance of fortified settlements (the settlement of Demini near Thessaly) with the "leader's dwelling" in the center of the acropolis with a size of 6.5 x 5.5 m (the largest near the village).
In Neolithic Cyprus, one can see rice inflow of cultures of the Near Skhod. Early period dated 5800-4500 rr. to the sound e. It is characterized by a round-ovoid shape of adobe buds with a diameter of up to 10 m. Residents were engaged in farming and trimming pigs, sheep, kіz. They hovered under the bed in booths, they put a stone on the head of the dead. For example, typical for the Neolithic: sickles, grain grinders, sokiri, motiki, arrows, a number of them are knives and bowls made of obsidian and stylized figurines of people and creatures made of andesite. Ceramics of the most primitive forms (until the end of the 4th millennium, ceramics with comb ornaments were established). People of the early Neolithic in Cyprus artificially changed the shape of the skull.
In another period, from 3500 to 3150 years before stars. i.e. a series of rounded spores are some of the rounded spores. Ceramics with a comb ornament becomes splendid. Tsvintari to blame for the boundaries of the settlements. Period from 3000 to 2300 BC i.e. on the peninsula of Cyprus it is known to the Eneolithic, the mid-stone age, the period, transitional to the Bronze Age: the order of the most important stone projectiles are the first mid-range virobi - embellishments, needles, hairpins, drills, small knives, chisels. Copper was found in Asia Minor at 8-7 thousand BC. e. Knowledge of the world's best practices in Cyprus, perhaps, is the result of an exchange. With the appearance of a metal bullet, the stench of the Daedals more visibly removes less effective stones, the zones of domination expand, and the social differentiation of the population begins. The most characteristic of this period is ceramics - white-red with geometric and stylized ornamental ornaments.
The coming historical and cultural periods are characterized by the development of the ancestral harmony, the formation of our early class succession and ancient lands, which become the subject of the development of written history.
8. Mystery of the oldest population of the Far East
9 Mova, science, enlightenment in the state of BOHAI
Education, science and literature. Near the capital of the Bohai state Sanguena(modern Dongjingchen, PRC) was created the initial foundation, in which mathematics, the foundations of Confucianism and Chinese classical literature were laid. A lot of wealthy aristocratic families continued their enlightenment in China; It is worth mentioning the wide expansion of the Confucian system and Chinese literature. The education of the Bohai students from the Tang Empire adopted Buddhism and Confucianism from the Bohai middle class. They won enlightenment in China, the Bohais worked their brilliant career in the fatherland: Ko Wongo and Pro Kwanchkhan became famous in the state service, they spent a lot of years in Tang China.
The PRC has found tombs of two Bohai princesses - Chong He * and Chong He (737 - 777 pp.), on the gravestones of some kind of hangings of old Chinese mow; the stench is not only a literary reminder, but a gleaming eye of calligraphic art. Names of many Bohai writers who worked in Chinese language, Tse Yanthesa*, Wanherem (? - 815 pp.), Yingchon*, Chongso*, and their deacons visited Japan. Create Yanthes Chumatsky way is so clean», « Night sound of whiteness» ta « A moon shines on the frosty sky» Despite the dogged literary style, and the stench is highly valued in modern Japan.
About the high level of the development of Bohai science, we are the head of astronomy and mechanics, to confirm the fact that in 859 r. teachings from Bohai O Hesin * seeing Japan, she gave one of the rulers an astronomical calendar. sonmenok»/“The Star of the Heavenly Bosoms”, having taught the mystical colleagues the methods of courting him. This calendar zastosovuvavsya in Japan remains of the XVII century.
The cultural and ethnic controversy has ensured the intercourse between Bohai and the United Forces, and the Bohai have little active contacts with Japan as well. From the cob of the VIII and to the X century. In Japan, there were 35 Bohai embassies: the first Bulo was sent to the islands in 727 rubles, and the rest lies up to 919 rubles. Bohai villages brought hutras, faces, fabrics from them, and they brought handicrafts and fabrics of Japanese masters to the mainland. Reliable information about 14 Japanese embassies near Bohai. In the world of the weakened Japanese-Silanese connections, the island power began to direct its embassies to China through Bohai territory. Japanese historians have made a connection with the use of close links between Bohai and t. zv. "Okhotsk culture" on a similar coast of the island of Hokkaido.
From the cob of the VIII Art. Buddhism is widely spread in Bohai, where the life of temples and monasteries is alive, the foundations of some spores have been preserved until our time on the territory of Pivnichno-Skhidnoy China and the Primorsky Territory. The state drew close to itself the Buddhist clergy, the social status of the clergy was steadily moving up in the spiritual sphere, and in the middle class. The deyakі їх became important sovereign officials, so the Buddhist chentsi Inchon and Chongso, became famous as talented singers, straightened their time to Japan with important diplomatic missions.
At the Russian Primorye, settlements and remnants of Buddhist temples are actively growing, which lie down to the Bohai period. They found bronze and gold arrowheads and spears, ornamented objects made of stone, Buddhist statues and many other speech records of the Bohai high culture.
For the folding of official documents in Bohaytsy, as it was accepted in the rich lands of Northern Asia at that time, they were written in Chinese hieroglyphic writing. Bula they had in the past and the ancient Turkic runic, that is, letter, writing.
10 Religious declarations of Bohais
Shamanism is the most wide-spread kind of religious sight of the Bohai people. Among the Bohai nobility, that bureaucracy is expanding Buddhism. At Primor'ї, the remnants of five Buddhist shrines of the Bohai hour were already revealed - on the Kraskinsky settlement in the Khasansky district, as well as Kopitinsky, Abrikosivsky, Borisivsky and Korsakivsky in the Ussuriysky region. During the process of excavation of these idols, a few or fragmented statuettes of Buddha and bodyguards made of gilded bronze, stone and scorched clay were found. Other items of Buddhist worship were also found there.
11. Material culture of the Jurchens
Jurcheni-udige, which formed the basis of the Jin empire, led a powerful way of life, which was in the character of the dwelling, as it was a ground-based wooden frame-stand-type spore with kanami for heating. The canaries sporadzhuvalis at the looking later vzdovzh walls (one or three canals) dimokhodіv, like an animal, they were curled up with pebbles, they were smeared with clay with flagstone.
Use the middle house of the mayzhe zavzhdi є kam'yana stupa with a wooden weaver. Rarely, ale, a wooden mortar and a wooden pestle are chiselled. Vіdomі in deyaky budinki smelting furnace, kam'yanі pіdniki potter's table.
Zhitlovy budinok at once from the low hospitable budіvel becoming a garden of one sim'ї. Here sporadzhuvali summer palm komori, de vletka often lived with family.
At XII - on the cob XIII Art. the Jurchens had a rich-galuze statehood: farming, animal husbandry, fishing * fishing.
The arable farming was provided with kindred lands and various manpower workers. Kavun, cibula, rice, hemp, barley, millet, wheat, bean, leek, watermelon, and chasnik grow near the letter dzherela. So, field cultivation and city dwelling were widely seen. Flax and hemp grew everywhere. Linen was made from flax for clothing, from gooseberry - sackcloth for various technological weaving (tiles of zokrema). The scale of weaving weaving was large, henceforth, and earthen areas for industrial crops were introduced at great regions (History of the Far Descent of the SRSR, p. 270-275).
Ale, the basis of arable farming was the production of grain crops: soft wheat, barley, chumizi, kaoliang, buckwheat, peas, soybeans, kvassoli, vines, rice. The cultivation of the land is rilli. Ornі znaryadda - rala and plows - drafts. Ale, the orange of the earth wiggled the trellis, which vibrated with motos, shovels, pishnya, pitchforks. For the selection of grain crops, various sickles were used. Tsіkavі znakhіdki nakhіdki іv sіnomorіzok, sо to tell about the high rіvіn іvlіvlі kormіv, thаt thіѕ wаs not only grass (síno), but th straw. The grain-growing state of the Churchens is rich with znaryaddy for deboning, forging and pomelo of cereals: wooden and stone steps, scabbards of cereals; at the letter documents, water croupers are guessing; and in order with them are scabbards. Numerous manual mlin, and on the Shaigin settlement, mlin was found, which is brought into work by draft thinness.
Creature bulo is also important to the galuzz of the state of the Jurchens. They bred the great horned thinness, horses, pigs and dogs. The horns of the thinness of the Jurchens are good at home rich in perevagami: mіtsnіst, productivity (і m'yasna, i milky).
Horsemanship became, perhaps, the most important bogey of creatures. The Jurchens bred three breeds of horses: drіbnі, middle and more drіbnі for the height, and all the more tied up to the height of the taiga. About the rіven konjarstva to note the rozvinene vyrobnitstvom kіnsk harness. It is possible to grow visnovok in the epoch, which in the era of the Jin empire near Primorye was famous for the state-owned and cultural type of rich arable farming with the development of arable farming and animal husbandry, at that time highly productive, classical types of feudal partnerships of the agrarian type.
The Chzhurchzhenskaya economy was supplemented by a highly distinguished craftsmanship, from which the place was occupied by the hall (girsky type of ore and smelting of the hall), forging, teslar and pottery, where the main was the manufacture of tiles. Remisnicha on the right was supplemented with jewelry, zbroya, shkiryan and bagatma with other types to occupy. The zbroyov on the right reached a particularly high level of development: the production of bows with arrows, spears, daggers, swords, as well as zahisnyh types of zbroy.
12. Spiritual culture of the Jurchens
Spiritual life, the thought of the Jurchens-udige represented an organically angry system of religious manifestations of archaic supremacy and low new Buddhist components. Take archaic and new at the svetoglyady powerful supplits warehouse class structure and sovereignty. The new religion, Buddhism, was followed importantly by the new aristocracy: sovereign and Russian
top.
The traditional virtuosity of the Jurchens-udige included in their complex a rich set of elements: animism, magic, totemism; anthropomorphized ancestor stumps are step by step. Many of these elements lead to shamanism. Anthropomorphic figurines, which reflect the ideas of the cult of ancestors, are genetically related to the stone statues of the Eurasian steppes, as well as to the cult of patron spirits and the cult of fire. Cult fire maw wide
wider. Vіn іnodi suprovodzhuvsya i human sacrifices. Zrozumilo, sacrifices of another type (creatures, wheat and other products) were widely used. One of the most important elements of the cult of fire was the sun, which was known by a number of archaeological monuments.
Historians repeatedly supported the significant impact on the culture of the Jurchens of the Amur Region and the Primorye of the Turkic cultures. Moreover, sometimes it is not only about the introduction of such elements of the spiritual life of the Turks into the midst of the Jurchens, but also about the deep ethnogenetic roots of such links. Tse allows bachiti among the culture of the Jurchens, a similar region of a single and even more powerful world of nomadic steppes, which has naturally taken shape for the minds of the seaside and the Amur forest.
13. Letters of the Jurchens
Writing --- Jurchen sheet (Jur.: Jurchen script in Jurchen script.JPG dʒu ʃə bitxə) - writing, which was written for recording Jurchen movie in the XII-XIII centuries. It was created by Wanyan Xin on the basis of the Kidan leaf, which, in its own way, was made from Chinese, deciphered in part. Log in to the Chinese sim'ї letters
Jurchen writing had about 720 signs, among them logograms (meaning less meaning, not looming before sounding) and phonograms. The Jurchen leaf also has a system of keys similar to the Chinese one; the signs were sorted after the keys and kіlkіstyu rice.
A bunch of jurchens was made with a Kidan leaf, ale in 1119 p. Wanyan Siyn, having created Jurchen writing, as if later on, took away the name “great leaf”, the shards included about three thousand characters. In 1138 p. a "maly leaf" was created, which cost hundreds of signs. Until the end of the XII century. a small sheet turned large. The Chzhurchzhensky leaf is undecipherable, although we can only read about 700 characters from both leaves.
The creation of Jurchen writing is an important podia in life and culture. It demonstrated the maturity of the Jurchen culture, made it possible to turn the Jurchen language into a sovereign language empire, create original literature and a system of images. Chzhurchzhensky writing was saved badly, it is important that the stones were made of stone, and handwritten and handwritten. Manuscript books were saved very little, but in other books, there was little to do with them. Actively victorious with Jurchens and Chinese language, creating such a chimalo was saved.
The available material allows us to speak about the self-sufficiency of the movie. In the 12th-13th centuries, language reached a high level of development. After the defeat of the Golden Empire, the language fell into silence, but did not rise. The deyakі words were held back by other peoples, zokrema by the Mongols, which they drank from the Russian language. These are the same words as "shaman", "bridle", "woody", "hurrah". Jurchen battle cry "Hurrah!" means ass. As soon as the enemy turned around and started moving from the battlefield, the front warriors shouted “Hurrah!”
Lighting ---In on the cob of the foundation of the Golden Empire, enlightenment was still of great sovereign significance. In the course of the war with the Khitans, the Jurchens fought in whatever way they could, in order to take away the Khitan and Chinese readers. The Chinese educator Hong Hao, who spent 19 years with the crowd, was a guardian and teacher in the noble Jurchen homeland near P'yatigrad. The need for literate officials forced the order to take care of the food of the sanctuary. Poetry developed on bureaucratic experiences. All bazhayuchchi people (navit blue slaves), krіm slaves, imperial artisans, actors and musicians were allowed to drink. To increase the number of Jurchens in the administrations, the Jurchens folded less folds of sleep, less Chinese.
At 1151 p. Bulo was announced by the State University. Two professors worked here, two vikladachi and chotiri assistants, later the university was enlarged. The other principal mortgages began to work out fine for the Chinese and the Jurchens. At 1164 p. they began to create the Sovereign Institute for the Jurchens, funding for three thousand students. Already 1169 p. the first hundred students were graduated. Until 1173, the institute began to work on all the tightness. At 1166 p. It was founded as an institute for Chinese, which had 400 students. Teaching at the university and institutes is a little humanist. The main respect was attached to the development of history, philosophy and literature.
On the eve of the reign of Ulu, schools began to open in the regional places, from 1173 r. - Jurchen, total 16, and from 1176 p. - Chinese. In the school, they took after the order of the іspitіv for recommendations. The students lingered on full security. At the skin school, it started in the middle 120 osib. There was such a school near Suipin. Small schools were opened near the centers of the districts, they started 20-30 degrees.
Krіm vishchogo (university, institute) and middle (school) іsnuvalo pochatkovu osvіtu, about yaku vіdomo little. Under the rule of Ulu and Madaga, local and rural schools were developed.
Great number podruchnikiv drukuvav university. Vіdomy navit posіbnik, which served as cribs.
The system for recruiting students was a step and a step. Noble children were recruited for the first time, then lesser nobles, etc., as if they were missing a place, they could recruit children of commoners.
From the 60s of the XII century. sanctify the most important turbot of the state. If it was 1216, the hour of the war with the Mongols, the officials propagandized to take students out of prosperity, the emperor zhorstly opined this idea. After the wars, schools were inspired by us.
Definitely, it is possible to prove that the Jurchen nobility was literate. The inscriptions on ceramic utensils make it possible to say that literacy was widened among the common people.
22. Religious declarations of the Far East
The basis of the belief of the Nanaits, Udegeis, Orcs and part of the Tazys was universally revealed about those who are all natural, the whole world of life, filled with souls and spirits. Religious manifestations of the Tazіv were recognized in other tims, that they had a great vіdsotok infusion of Buddhism, the Chinese ancestor cult and other elements of Chinese culture.
The Udegeytsy, the Nanaytsy and the Orochi represented the earth as a cob at the sight of a mythical creature: an elk, a ribeye, a dragon. Then step by step the anthropomorphic image changed. I nareshti, symbolize the earth, taiga, sea, rocks became numerically and mighty spirits-lords of the mystic. Irrespective of the fundamental basis, the belief in the spiritual culture of the Nanais, the Udegeans and the Orochs can be significant and special moments. So, the Udegeians respected that the master of the mountain and the forest spirit of Onka, the helper of which was the less powerful spirits-lords of the okremy villagers of the myst, as well as the deuce creatures - a tiger, a witch, an elk, a vidra, a killer whale. Among the Orochs and Nanaits, the supreme ruler of all three worlds - the underground, the earthly and the heavenly ones, is the spirit of Enduri from the spiritual culture of the Manchus. Spirits-masters of the sea, fire, rib, etc. were ordered to Yomu. The spirit of the ruler of the taiga and all the animals, the Crimean Vedmediev, the mythical tiger Dusya. The greatest chances and in our hour for all the indigenous peoples of the Primorsky Territory is the spirit-lord of the fire Pudzya, which, no doubt, is due to the old times and the wide extensions of its cult. Fire is like a giver of warmth, life, life for the indigenous peoples to the sacred understandings, and a doss of fences, rituals and vіruvan are tied with it. However, for different peoples in the region, and for different territorial groups of one ethnos, a healthy image of the same spirit would be different for state, century, anthropological and zoomorphic signs. Spirits played a great role in life traditional suspіlstva indigenous peoples of the region. Almost all the life of an aboriginal was earlier filled with rituals that either appease good spirits, or protect evil spirits. The head of the rest of the letter is the mighty and ubiquitous evil spirit Amba.
The rituals of the life cycle of the indigenous peoples of Primorsky Krai were based on the rituals. The fathers protected the life of a child from evil spirits, who had not yet been born, and a year before the moment, if the person herself could, for the help of a shaman, take care of herself. Sounded to the shaman only once, if the person herself already victorious unsuccessfully all rational and magical ways. The life of a mature person was also surrounded by numerical taboos, rituals and ceremonies. Funeral rites were directed to those who would maximally secure the peace of the soul of the deceased in the sweat world. For whom it is necessary to take care of all the elements of the funeral ritual and to provide the deceased with the necessary supplies of work, dressing aids, a good supply of products, which is not enough for the soul to be dear in the sweaty world. All the speeches that are left behind with the dead were utterly chanted in order to help their souls and in order to make everything new for the deceased. Zgidno with the manifestations of Nanaitsiv, Udegeytsiv and Orcs, the soul of a person is immortal and after a deaky hour, she turned into a proliferant place, turns in a native village and moves into a new people. The manifestations of the basins are devastatingly and behind them, a person may not have two or three souls, but ninety-nine, as if they were dying for the hell of it. Type of burial among the indigenous peoples of the Primorsky Territory lying in the wake of the death of a person, її century, status, social camp. So, the funeral rite and the decoration of the graves of twins and shamans were inspired by the burial of wonderful people.
The shamans played a great role in the life of the traditional life of the aborigines in the region. Fallen, in view of their mastery, the shamans divided into the weak and the strong. Vidpovidno to the stench of small shamanistic costumes and numerical attributes: bubo, kalatushka, mirrors, clubs, swords, ritual sculpture, ritual spores. Shamans were deeply believers in the spirits of people, who made it their goal to serve and help their relatives for free. A charlatan became a shaman, a charlatan, a person who, like a distant leg, wanted to take away from the shamanic mysticism, be it good. Before the shamanic rites, there were rituals for the rejoicing of the ill, whispering in a well-known speech, taking away the handicraft vidobutka, seeing off the soul of the dead in sweat. In honor of their guardian spirits and guardian spirits, as well as to reinforce their strength, strong shamans ruled their authority before their relatives every two or three years, a rite, which was similar in its basis to the Udegeis, Orochs and Nanaits. The shaman with his retinue and his mustaches, having declared his “volodinnya”, de going into the skin of the donkey, yakuvav good spirits for help and chasing the evil ones. The rite often sang the meaning of the people's hromada saint and ended with a rich banquet on which the shaman could instantly flirt with little more than small pieces from the ear, nose, tail and liver of the sacrificial pig and pivnya.
To another important saint, Nanaitsiv, Udegeytsiv, and the Orcs were sacred, like the best element of the cult of the bear. Behind the manifestations of these peoples, the witch was a sacred relative, the first ancestor. Zavdyaks its own similarity with the human being, as well as natural intelligence and cunning, powers of witches from the most recent hours of equating to a deity. In order, once again, to mark the motherland with such a mighty cost, and also to increase the number of vedmediev from the vocational people of the family and ruled sacredly. It was sacredly held in two variants - a banquet after driving a bear into tayzi and holy vlastovuєtsya after a trinity raising a bear at a special pit in the herd. The remaining variant among the peoples of Primorye, having been used only by the Orochs and the Nanaits. Numerous guests were requested from the dry and distant camps. On the holy dorimuvavsya a number of statues of fences with a hedge of sacred meat. Singing parts of the witch's carcass were taken from a special comor. As soon as the benguet buried the skull and the bear's brushes, it was necessary for the possible rebirth of the animal, and, henceforth, the continuation of good stature from a supernatural relative. Like relatives, the tiger and killer whale were also respected. Before these creatures were placed in a special way, they worshiped them and did not spit on them. After the vipadkovy driving in of the tiger, youmu was given a funeral rite for the sake of the human, and then the monastics came before the funeral and asked for good luck.
A great role was played by the rituals of tribute to the honor of good spirits before the administration for trade and without intermediary at the place of watering or fishing. Myslivtsі and fishermen treated good spirits with little things їzhі, tyutyun, sirnikami, kіlkom with drops of blood of alcohol and asked for help, so that the necessary animal would be smart, so that the pasta did not break the list, so that the pasta did not break the leg in the windbreak, hustle with the tiger. Nanai, Udegei, and Orochi myslivtsy sporudzhuvali small spores for such ritual purposes, and also brought chastuvannya for perfumes, especially selected tree abo on the girsky pass. Tazi vikoristovuvali z qієyu method kumirnі Chinese type. However, having poured in the dry Chinese culture, they also observed on themselves the same people and natives.
23. Mythology of the indigenous non-numbered peoples of the Far East
The most important gazer of the first peoples, their manifestations of the world are seen in different rites, zabobons, forms of cult, but more importantly in myths. Mythology is the main source of knowledge of the inner world, psychology of the first person, and religious views.
Primitive people in the known world set their own boundaries. Everything that the first person knows, she knows that it is based on the facts of the day. All "primitive" people behind their animists, behind their manifestations, everything in nature has a soul: both people and stones. To that very fact, they have spirits as rulers of the human and laws of nature.
The most ancient vcheniyut myths about creatures, about heavenly beings and luminaries (sun, moon, star), about the flood, myths about the journey of the universe (cosmogonic) and the people (anthropogononic).
Creatures - living individuals mayzhe of all primary myths, in which they seem to think, mate with each other with one and the same people, shy away. They act either as the ancestors of the people, or as the creators of the earth, gіr, rіk.
Behind the manifestations of the ancient inhabitants of the Far Descent, the Earth in ancient times looked so small, as it is now: it was covered with water. Until now, myths have gone, like a tit, pitching a loon, they remove a small piece of earth from the bottom of the ocean. Land is laid on water, it grows and people settle on it.
The myths of the peoples of the Amur tell about the fate of the swan and the eagle among the created world.
A mammoth appears in far-reaching mythology with a mighty essence that transforms the image of the Earth. Yogo was represented as a great (like five or six moose) creatures, who cry out fear, having struck and shattered. Sometimes in myths, mammoths and giant snakes come together. Mammoth distancing from the bottom of the ocean
land, sob її hit on all people. The serpent helps him to level the earth. In the footsteps of the ancient body, which are ringing, rivers flowed, and there, where the earth was left without a torn one, the fires made themselves up, where the foot stepped, or the body of a mammoth lay - there were no deep depressions. So long ago people tried to explain the peculiarities of the earth's relief. It was important that the mammoth is afraid of the sony prominence, that you live under the earth, and sometimes at the bottom of the river and lakes. Behind him was the collapse of the banks near the rivers, the crackling of ice during ice drifts, the wind of earthquakes. One of the widest images in distant mythology is the image of an elk (deer). It made sense. Elk is the largest and strongest creature of the taiga. Poluvannya on nyogo served as one of the main dzherel іsnuvannya ancient myslivsky tribes. This terrible and mighty animal, another (after the bear) master of the taiga. Behind the manifestations of the ancients, the All-World itself was a living essence and identified with the images of creatures.
The Evenks, for example, have a myth about the cosmic salmon that lives in the sky. Vibіgayuchi from the heavenly taiga, elk soak up the sun, chіplyає yogo on the horns and take it into the hut. On earth, people have an eternal night. Stink nalyakani, do not know what to work. Ale, one merciful hero, having dressed the winged lizhi, starts following the beast, chasing him and fighting with an arrow. Bagatir turns the sun to people, but he himself becomes the guardian of the world in heaven. From quiet fir nibi ide on earth the change of day and night. The shovechora elk takes away the sun, and the wise man takes yoga and turns the day to people. In the image of an elk, the suzir of the Great Vedic Medicine is called, and the Chumatsky Way is respected by the winged lizh of thought. Zvyazok the image of an elk with the sun - one of the most recent residents of a distant gathering about space. Svidchennyam tsgogo є naskleni izobrazhenya Sіkochi-Alyan.
The inhabitants of the distant taiga called the horned matir-moose deer (deer) to the rank of the creator of all living things. Perebuvayuchi under the earth, beating the root of a light tree, there are people living with that people. For the inhabitants of the coastal regions, the primogenitor stalked the walrus mother, and that woman at one time.
The old-timer people did not rehabilitate themselves in the light of the world. The Roslins, the creatures, the birds, were for him such very іstotami, like wine himself. Not vipadkovo, the first people respected them with their ancestors and relatives.
In the lives of the aborigines, a great place was occupied by the people's decorative art. The new one seemed to have a self-sufficient aesthetic gazer of the peoples, and the social one pobuted, riven the development of the state and intertribal, inter-tribal ties. The traditional decorative art of peoples may be deeply rooted in the land of their ancestors.
As a reminder of this, there is a monument of the oldest culture - petroglyphs (little writings) on the skeletons of Sikachi-Alyan. The art of the Tungus-Manchurians and the Nivkhivs evoked such a medium, striving, creative fantasy of myslivtsiv, fishermen, picking herbs, that root. The spontaneous mysticism of the peoples of the Amur and Sakhalin always groaned silently, who clung to it ahead of time. Russian scientist L.I. Shrenk was even more struck by the thought of nivkhiv (gilyakiv) to prepare vorobs from various metals, embellish their armor with figures from midi, brass, srіbla.
Cult sculpture occupied great space among the Tungus-Manchurian and Nivkhist arts, the material for which was wood, sunflowers, sreblo, grass, straw at the bottom with beads, namists, strings, and crafts. Historians say that only the peoples of the Amur and Sakhalin were able to work at random beautiful appliqués on ribbed skins, paint birch bark, and wood. The Chukchi, Eskimos, Koryaks, Itelmens, and Aleuts have their own way of life: the thoughtful, the sea sturgeon, the tundra reindeer. With the help of riches, the stench reached perfection in carving on walrus brushes, carving on brush plates from images of inhabitants, chovniv, creatures, scenes of falling on a sea animal. Academician S.P. Krasheninnikov, the famous Russian patriarch of Kamchatka, groaning at the maisternist of ancient peoples, writing: ... Vaughn was formed from a ring, smooth to similar to chiselled ones, and from one tooth it was crushed; the upper calves were larger in it, the lower ones were smaller, and the top was troch less than the brewery. I can boldly say that, for the purity of the work and art, no one would have respected us for the labors of the wild Chukchi, and for the stone tool.
Kam'yaniy vіk trivav pod two milyoni rokіv i tse most part of our history. The name of the historical period was given to ancient people who used to work with stone and flint. People lived in small groups of relatives. The stench took the roslin and poked, dobyuchi sobі їzhu.
Cro-Magnons - Persh modern people, who lingered in Europe 40 thousand. the fate of that.A person from a stone life of a bedstead dwelling, less than a timchasovo parking lot. The need for eating zmushuval shukati shukati new myslivski ugіddya. It will take a long time for a person to learn how to cultivate the land and trim thinness, so that one can stay in one place.
Kam'yaniy vіk is the first period of human history. Tse umovne oznachennya hour frames, if a person beaten a stone, flint, wood, splint fibers for fastening, a brush. Some of these materials did not get into our hands before us through those that simply rotted and roared, but archaeologists around the world continue to fix these days.
The successors of victors have two main methods of developing the pre-literate history of people: for the help of archaeological knowledge and for the help of modern primitive tribes.
Woolly mammoth appeared on the continents of Europe and Asia 150 ths. Rokiv to that. The grown man reached 4 m and weighed 8 tons. Vrakhovuyuchi trivalіst kam'yany vіku, _historians podіlyajut yogo on kіlka periods, sho dilyatsya zaleno vіd znaryаіv znaryad pratsі, scho vikoristovuyutsya prima lyudina.
- The ancient stones of the century () - over 2 million years ago.
- Middle stone of the century () - 10 yew. rokіv BC The appearance of a cybuli, strіl. Poluvannya on deer, wild boars.
- Novy kam'yaniy vіk (Neolithic) - 8 yew. rokiv BC The beginning of farming.
Tse umovny podіl on the period, oskіlki in the skin of the region okremu progress zayavlyavsya zavzhdi overnight. The end of the stone doby vvazhayut period, if people have mastered the metal.
First people
Lyudina did not start to be such as we are today. Stretching the thriving hour of Budov human body changed. The scientific name of the people and її closest ancestors is hominid. The first hominids were divided into 2 main groups:
- Australopithecus;
- Homo.
First birth
Viroshchuvannya їzhi first appeared 8 yew. rokiv BC bіla Close Descent. Part of the wild cereals was left in reserve for offensive fate. The people guarded and bachila, as if they were sinking into the ground, then they would grow again. Vіn becoming navmisno rozsajuvati nasіnnya. Visadzhuyuchi small houses, it was possible to burn more people.
To control that visage, I would need to be left on my feet, which made the person less migruvat. Now it’s far away not just to pick up and take away what nature gives here and at once, but to work it out. So arable farming was born, read about it.
The first cultivated roslins were wheat and barley. Rice cultivated on the territory of China and India 5 thousand. rokiv BC
Step by step, they learned to grind the grain into borosno, so that from the new one they already make porridge and shortbread. The grain was milled on a great flat stone and, with the help of a grindstone, it was ground into powder. The piss and other houses were rudely smeared, and the process of step by step becoming thinner, but bountifully clean.
Bestiality viniklo overnight іz arable farming. Lyudina used to make thinness in small paddocks, but she struggled for goodness for an hour of watering. Domestication began 8.5 thousand. rokiv BC Goats and vines were the first to go. The stench sounded loudly to the proximity of the people. Remembering that great individuals give more offspring, less wild, people learned to pick only the best. So thinness became more and more fleshy for wildness.
Stone processing
The stone age is a period in the history of mankind, when the stone was victorious and the abundance of life was completed. Knives, arrowheads, arrows, cutters, scrapers… – due to the needful gaudiness of that form, the stone was turned into a tool for cutting.
Appearance of crafts
Odyag
The first robe was used for protection in the cold, and the skins of creatures served as it. The skins were twisted, vishkrіbali and creaked. Dirks in skins could be slaughtered for the help of a sharp awl from flint.
Later, splint fibers served as the basis for weaving threads and nadals, for weaving fabrics. Decorative fabrics were furbished for help with roslin, leafing, measles.
embellish
The first embellishments were shells, teeth of creatures, tassels, shelled peas. The vipadkovy whispers of the expensive stone made it possible to rob usisto, the threads or the shkirs were creased by the husbands.
First mysticism
The first person unleashed her creativity, vicorist the same stone and wall of the cave. Admittedly, the little ones themselves have survived in safety to this day (). In the whole world dosі know virіzanі z stone and tassels figurines of creatures and people.
Kіnets kam'yanoї dobi
The stone age ended at the moment when the first places appeared. The change of the climate, the mastery of the way of life, the development of farming and animal husbandry led to the fact that the tribal groups began to unite among the tribes, and the tribes grew by the year at the great settlement.
The scale of the settlement and the development of metal brought the people into a new era.
