I'll take a look around. The novel "White Guard"
M.A. Bulgakov's dvіchi, in two of his works, guess how the yoga robot started over the novel « Bila guard» (1925). The hero of the theatrical novel Maksudov rozpovidaє: Vіn was born at night, if I slipped after a sleepy sleep. I dreamed next place, snow, winter, Gromadyanskaya war ... As the dream passed before me, a soundless swirl, and then an old piano appeared and beat new people, there are already no such people in the world. The story of the “Secret Friend” has other details: “I pulled as far as possible my barracks lamp to the table and over the її green kovpak put on the kovpak from the horn paper, which made the paper come to life. On it, I wrote the words: “I was judged by the dead for writing in books, apparently to their deeds.” Then, having begun to write, I don’t know better what we’ll see. Remember, I really wanted to pass it on, it’s good, if it’s warm at home, a year-old, that we’ll bashtov fight in the distance, sleepy drowsiness in a bed, books that frost ... ”In such a mood, Bulgakov proceeded to create a new novel .
The novel "Bila Guards", the most important book for Russian literature, Mikhailo Opanasovich Bulgakov started writing in 1922.
In 1922-1924, Bulgakov wrote articles for the newspaper "Forward", regularly publishing in the newspaper "Gudok", where he learned about I. Babel, I. Ilfom, Y. Petrovim, V. Kataevim, Yu. Olesh. According to Bulgakov himself, he conceived the novel "Bila Guards" after 1922. At this hour, there was a few important milestones of a special life: by stretching the first three months of this fate, having taken a note about the share of brothers, who didn’t have any more, and a telegram about the rapt death of a mother from typhoid fever. During this period, the terrible defeat of the Kievan fates took away the additional impulse for inspiration from creativity.
Apparently, to the surprise of the fellows, Bulgakov was planning to create a whole trilogy, and speaking about his favorite book like this: before the thought, being put more seriously. And those that are called “The White Guard” at once, were conceived as the first part of the trilogy, and little by little they called Zhovty Prapor, “Festival Cross” and “White Cross”: “The other part of the lean at the lava of the Chervonoy Army. An example of this plan can be found in the text of the White Guard. Ale Bulgakov did not write a trilogy, having pressed the head of Count A.N. Tolstoy ("Walking in agony"). The first theme of "bіgu", emigration, in the "Bіlіy Gvardії" is less mentioned in the history of Thalberg's publication and in the episode of Bunin's reading of "Pan from San Francisco".
The novel was created in the era of the greatest material needs. The clerk worked at night in an unheated room, worked on his hand and choked up, terribly intoned: “Three years of life. The first third of my life flourished on my desk. The pile of leaves was swollen. I wrote in olive oil and ink.” Over the years, the author repeatedly turned to being in love with the novel, re-experiencing the past. In one of the notes, which should lie until 1923, Bulgakov wrote: “And I will finish the novel, and, I will sing, if there will be such a novel, in which the sky will become hot ...” And in 1925, he wrote: , so I will have mercy and the "Bila Guard" is not strong rіch. On September 31, 1923, Bulgakov reminded Y. Slezkina: “I’ve skimmed the novel, but I haven’t rewritten it yet, I’m lying in a compartment, over which I think richly. I'm fixing it." This is the black version of the text, about which is found in Theatrical Romani: “The novel needs a long reign. It is necessary to re-christen a lot of words, to replace hundreds of words with others. Great, but necessary work! Bulgakov was not satisfied with his work, rewriting dozens of sides, creating new editions and versions. Ale, on the cob of 1924, had already read the phrases of the "Bila Guards" from the writer S. Zayaїtsky and his new friends Lyaminyh, vvazhayuchi the book is finished.
The first mystery about the completion of the work on the novel will lie until June 1924. The novel was published in the 4th and 5th books of the Rosiya magazine for 1925. And the 6th number from the final part of the novel is not viishov. Due to the permission of the contributors, the novel "Bila Guards" was completed after the premiere of "The Days of Turbines" (1926) and the creation of "Biga" (1928). The text of the last third of the novel, corrected by the author, was published in 1929 by the Parisian publisher "Concorde". The latest text of the novel was published in Paris: volume one (1927), volume another (1929).
Because of those in the Soviet Socialist Republic "The Bila Guard" was not finished with publication, and the outrageous works of the 20th century were inaccessible in the fatherland of the writer, Bulgakov's first novel did not receive special respect from the press. Vіdomy critic A. Voronskiy (1884-1937) on the occasion of the 1925 rock “Bіlu Gvardіyu” at once from “ fatal eggs”calling the works of “visible literary quality”. At the same time, the head of the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP) L. Averbakh (1903-1939) appeared in the Rappov organ - the journal "On the Literary Post". In the autumn of 1926, after the staging of The Days of Turbines at the Moscow Art Theater in the fall of 1926, after the motives of the novel "Bila Guards", the staging switched the attention of critics to the whole TV, and they forgot about the novel itself.
K. Stanislavsky, turbulent about passing through the censorship of "Dnіv Turbіnikh", a bunch of titles, like a novel, "Bila Guards", stubbornly radiating Bulgakov's attention to the epithet "bіla", a kind of rich zdavavsya fortune-telling. Ale, the writer cherished the word itself. Vin is suitable for both the “cross”, and the “breast”, and the “blizzard” the deputy “guard”, but the praise of the “bila” did not want to give up, bachachi in a new sign of the special moral purity of the beloved heroes, their belonging to the Russian intelligence as a part of the shortest sphere of the country.
"Bila Guard" is a richly autobiographical novel, based on the writer's special feelings about Kiev in 1918 - the beginning of 1919. The members of the Sim'ї Turbіnh were identified characteristic rice relatives of Bulgakov. Turbines - girl's ghost Grandma Bulgakov at her mother's side. Manuscripts of the novel were not spared. The prototypes of the heroes of the novel were Kiev friends and acquaintances of Bulgakov. Lieutenant Viktor Viktorovich Mishlaevsky was written off from a friend of the childhood of Mikoli Mikolayovich Singaevsky.
The prototype of lieutenant Shervinsky was served by one friend of Bulgakov’s youth - Yuri Leonidovich Gladirevsky, an amateur spivak (this character passed to the character), who served in the hetman Pavel Petrovich Skoropadsky (1873-1945), but not an adjutant. Potim vіn emіgruvav. Bulgakov's sister, Varvara Opanasivna, served as the prototype for Deer Talberg (Turbina). Captain Talberg, її man, may well sleepy rice from the man Varvara Opanasivna Bulgakov, Leonid Sergiyovich Karum (1888-1968), a German for campaigning, a personnel officer, who served as a spokesman for Skoropadsky, and then for the bіshoviks.
Zrazkom Mikolka Turbina became one of the brothers of M.A. Bulgakov. Lyubov Yevgenivna Bilozerska-Bulgakov, another squad of the writer, wrote at the book “Spogadi”: “One of the brothers Mikhailo Panasovich (Mikola) was also a doctor. The axis is on the specimen of the young brother, Mikoli, I want to zupinitis. My heart is born to my dear gentry and quiet man Nikolka Turbin (especially for the novel "Bila Guard". In my life, Mikoli Opanasovich Bulgakov did not get away with it. Tse is a young representative of the profession loved by Bulgakov's family - a doctor of medicine, a bacteriologist, a scholar of science, who died near Paris in 1966. I started at the University of Zagreb and left there at the department of bacteriology.”
The novel is created by folding for the edge of the hour. Young Radyansk Russia, as a small regular army, seemed to be drawn into the mass war. The dream of the Hetman-Zradnik Mazepi, whose name is not fortuitously guessed in Bulgakov's novels, was born. At the heart of the “Bila Guards” lie under the influence, connected with the legacy of the Brest Treaty, apparently until such time Ukraine was recognized as an independent power, the “Ukrainian State” was created on the basis of Hetman Skoropadsky, and “for the cordon” rushed the refugees from Russia. Bulgakov clearly described their social status in the novel.
The philosopher Sergiy Bulgakov, the great uncle of the writer, in the book “On the Bench of the Gods” described the death of the fatherland with an offensive rite: angry. In the middle of the sixth part of the world, a stinking, roaring dira appeared ... ”Mikhailo Panasovich is rich in what he is good for with his uncle. І not vipadkovo, this is a terrible picture seen in the article by M.A. Bulgakov "Hot prospects" (1919). Studzinsky at the p'єсі "The Days of Turbines" should talk about it: "Bula Russia is a great power with us ..." So for Bulgakov, an optimist and a talented satirist, rozpach that grief became the right points in the creation of the book of nadії. The very same designation, more precisely, reflects the zmist of the novel "Bila Guard". At the book “On the Bank of the Gods”, the writer of the nearest one thought another thought: “Because of this, how the intelligentsia will self-identify, lie rich in what, what will Russia become.” The heroes of Bulgakov jokingly joke about the food.
At the "Bіlіy Gvardії" Bulgakov started to show the people and the intelligentsia at the half of the Gromadyansk war in Ukraine. head hero, Oleksiy Turbin, although clearly autobiographical, but, as a writer, is not a zemstvo doctor, who only formally entered the military service, but a right military doctor, who had richly talked and survived the fates of the Holy War. It is richly close to the author with his hero, and calm masculinity, and faith in old Russia, and smut - a dream about a peaceful life.
“Your heroes need to be loved; if you don’t have anything, don’t take up a pen for anyone - you will take the greatest inacceptability, so you know, ”says the Theatrical Romani, and the main law of Bulgakov’s creativity. In the novel "Bila Guards" we can talk about the white officers and the intelligentsia as about the great people, revealing their youthful light of the soul, enchantment, intelligence and strength, showing the enemies of living people.
The literary bulk was inspired to find out the worth of the novel. From Mayzhe three hundred vidgukiv Bulgakov scored only three positive ones, and decided to go up to the category of "Vorozhevo-laylivy". Brutal remarks sounded at the address of the writer. In one of the articles, Bulgakov was called "new-bourgeois breeches, who are breezy with a waste, but a powerless slough on the robotic class, on yoga communist ideals."
“Class untruth”, “cynical attempt to idealize the White Guard”, “try to reconcile the reader with the monarchical, black-hundred officers”, “counter-revolutionary is attached” - the axis is far from the latest retelling of the characteristics that the “Bila Guard” was given by those who, having respected, are the leading ones in literature є the political position of the writer, yogo setting to "bіlih" and "dark".
One of the main motives of the "White Guard" is faith in life, I will overcome strength. That is why this book, like a fenced ten years old, knew its reader, knew a friend of life with all the wealth and glare of Bulgakov's living word. Having quite rightly respected the writer-Kyanin Viktor Nekrasov, who read the “Bila Guards” at the age of 60: “Nothing, it appears, it has not faded, nothing has become old. Why didn’t these forty fates happen ... in our eyes it became clearly a wonder that it is rare and far from common in literature, it became a friend of the people. The life of the heroes of the novel continues today, but in a different direction.
The novel by M. Bulgakov "Bila Guard" was written in 1923-1925. That same writer, having respected this book as the head of his share, saying that “the sky will become stingy” with this novel. Through the rocks of the wines, calling Yogo "near". Possibly, the writer is maw on uvazi, scho ty epic on kshtalt L.N. Tolstoy, as if he wanted to create wine, did not come.
Bulgakov was a record of revolutionary approaches in Ukraine. Your own look at the experiences of the viklava at the roses of the “Red Crown” (1922), “The Doctor’s Necessary Help” (1922), “Chinese History” (1923), “Nalіt” (1923). Bulgakov's first novel with a bold name "Bila Guards" became, perhaps, the only work of that hour, the experience of people in the minds of a turbulent world, if the foundation of the order of the world collapses, in the writer's mind.
One of the most important motives of M. Bulgakov's creativity is the value of a house, likeness, of simple human beings. The heroes of the White Guard spend the warmth of their homes, wanting to try hard to save yoga. At the prayer of the Theotokos Olena seems to say: “I’m sorry for the rich grief, mother intercessor. So for one rіk i kіnchaєsh sіm'yu. For what? .. Mother took in us, I can’t and won’t be a person, I’ll understand. Now my mind is already clear. And now you are taking the elder. Why?.. How can we be together with Mikola? -then?"
The novel begins with the words: “Great is the river and the terrible river after the Feast of Christ 1918, the beginning of the revolution is different.” Tim himself proponuyutsya two systems according to the hour, literal numbers, two systems of values: traditional and new, revolutionary.
Guess, like on the cob of the XX century A.I. Kuprin, having depicted the Russian army in the novel "Duel" - that it was roaring, rotten. In 1918, on the battlefields of the Gromadyansk war, the same people, who had built the pre-revolutionary army, started Russian society. But on the sides of Bulgakov's novel, we have before us not Kuprin's heroes, but rather Chekhov's. The intellectuals, before the revolution, summed up the world, what they understood, what needed to be changed, stumbled in the epicenter of the Gromadyansk war. Look, like the author, not politicized, live your life. The first axis has now stooped at the world, de there is no place for neutral people. Turbines and friends of the same kind seize those who are dear to them, sing “God save the Tsar”, open the fabric, which brings the portrait of Oleksandr I. Like Chekhov’s uncle Vanya, don’t stink. Ale, yak and wine, the stench of the curse. Only Chekhov's intellectuals were doomed to life, and Bulgakov's intellectuals - to astonishment.
Bulgakov deserves a quiet Turbine apartment, but for the writer, the values are not by themselves. Pobut at the "Biliy Guard" - a symbol of the priesthood of the butt. Bulgakov does not leave the reader with the illusion of the future homeland of Turbin. The inscriptions from the coughing stove are being drawn, the cups are being beaten, on the sly, but the inviolability is irrevocably ruined, and, then, buttya. Turbinok's booth behind creamy curtains - a fortress, a porch in the wind, khurtovini, which are viruu's calls, but it's still impossible to get away from it.
Bulgakov's novel has the symbol of khurtovini as a sign of the hour. The author of "The White Guard" has a curl - a symbol not of the transformation of the world, not of the destruction of all vigilant, but of evil on the cob, violence. “Well, let’s stop, the axis will stop, those lives will grow old, about how it’s written in chocolate books, but it doesn’t just stop, but it’s getting scarier and scarier. On the night of the night and the night the wind is blowing, and here under the feet it rumbles deafly, the earth’s womb grumbles. Blizzard is the power of the ruined life of this Turbine, the life of Mist. Bulgakov's white snow does not become a symbol of purification.
“The novelty of Bulgakov’s novel was evident in the fact that five years after the end of the Gromadyansk war, if you didn’t smell more and the heat of mutual hatred, having ventured to show the officers of the White Guard and have mercy, wise ones people, showing them in the middle, and the best in each middle - with obvious words. What is it like for these stepchildren of history, who played their bey, Bulgakov? I to Oleksiya, and to Malishev, and to Nai-Tursy, and to Mikoltsy, the greatest value is given to a man’s directness, integrity of honor, ”respected literary scholar V.Ya. Lakshin. Understanding about honor - that point of reference, how Bulgakov's appointment to his heroes and how can be taken as a basis for a review of the system of images.
Ale, with all the sympathy of the author of "The White Guard" to his heroes, the task of yoga is not to blame, who is maє ration, but who is guilty. Navit Petlyura and his followers, in my opinion, are not guilty of zhahivs that they are. Tse spawned by the elements of rebellion, doomed to shvidka zniknennya from the historical arena. Kozir, like a filthy school teacher, without ever becoming a bicat and not knowing about himself that it was war, that war did not begin. Already a lot of vchinkіv heroes viklikanі until the life of Gromadyanskaya war. "Vіyna - mothers are dear" for Kozir, Bolbotun and other Petliurists, like driving in defenseless people to bring satisfaction. Zhah vyyni at tsomu, scho create a situation of permissiveness, destroy the foundations of life.
For Bulgakov, it doesn’t matter what the heroes are on. Ovі dream of Oleksiya Turbіna The Lord seems to Zhilin: “One to believe, the other not to believe, but you have all the same things: one at a time for one gourd, and if there are barracks, Zhilin, then it’s so necessary to understand, I have everything, Zhilin, however - at the floor likes are beaten. Tse, Zhilin, need to be wise, and not skin wise. And it seems that his glance is even closer to a writer.
V. Lakshin, stating: “Artistic star, warehouse of creative mind, always embrace a wider spiritual reality, lower you can see the records of a simple class interest. I am preempted, I can prove my rightness is a class truth. Ale є zagalnolyudska, classless morality and humanism, melting with the dosvidom of people. M. Bulgakov stood on the positions of the primordial humanism.
Described under the Gromadyansk war, for example, 1918; dіya vіdbuvaєtsya in Ukraine.
The novel tells about the family of Russian intellectuals and their friends, who are experiencing the social cataclysm of the mass war. The novel is rich in why it is autobiographical, all the characters may think of prototypes - relatives, friends and acquaintances of Bulgakov's. The scenery of the novel was the streets of Kiev and Budinok, where the family of Bulgakov lived in 1918. Although the manuscripts of the novel were not spared, the Bulgakov scholars sifted through a portion of the rich prototypes of the characters and brought the documentary accuracy and reality of the characters and characters described by the author.
Tvіr was conceived by the author as a large-scale trilogy, which embraces the period of the hromada war. Part of the novel was first published in the magazine "Rosiya" in 1925. I will renew the novel before the publications in France in 1927-1929. Criticism of the novel was ambiguous, - the Radianian side criticized the writer's heroization of class enemies, the emigrant side criticized Bulgakov's loyalty to the Radianian government.
Tvir became a dzherel for the p'esi "Days of Turbines" and the next few screenings.
Plot
1918 is the fate of the novel, when the Germans come from the Mista, they paid off Ukraine, and Petlyura’s wife will cry for him. The author describes the folding, rich-faceted world of Russian intellectuals and friends. This world is breaking under the pressure of a social cataclysm and will never happen again.
Heroes - Oleksiy Turbin, Olena Turbina-Talberg and Mikolka - were educated to circles of military and political podias. The place, in which it is easy to guess Kiev, was occupied by the German army. As a result, the signing of the Brest world of wines does not consume the power of the Belarusians and becomes the backbone of the impersonal Russian intellectuals and the British, as they flow from the Belarusian Russia. At the city, officer battle organizations are being created under the intercession of Hetman Skoropadsky, an ally of the Nazis, the recent enemies of Russia. Petlyura's army is on Misto. For an hour after the novel, the Companion's truce has been laid down, and the Germans are getting ready to leave the city. In fact, there are only volunteers to defend Petlyura Yogo. Razumіyuchi foldedness of their camp, Turbіni calm themselves sensitively about the proximity of the French troops, as if they were landing in Odessa (apparently, to the minds of the truce, they stink the right to occupy the territory of Russia until the Wesley at the entrance). Oleksiy and Mikolka Turbini, as and other residents of the city, volunteer to go to the pens of the defenders, and Olena guards the houses, which becomes the back of many officers in the Russian army. It is impossible to defend the city with powerful forces; Volunteers - Russian officers and junkers unsuccessfully defend Misto without command against the overwhelmed enemy forces (the author created a brilliant heroic image of Colonel Nai-Tours). Part of the commanders, rozumіyuchi stupidity support, let their soldiers go home, otherwise actively organize opіr and die together from the supporters. Petlyura occupies the city, the vlashtou picnic parade, but for a sprat of months of turmoil, build it for the bilshoviks.
The main hero - Oleksiy Turbіn - is on the vіrniy obov'yazku, he tries to come to his own part (not knowing that it is dissolved), enters the battle with the petliurists, takes away the injury and willfully falls in love in the person of the woman, like a ryatuє vіd vіd vіd
The social cataclysm reveals its characters - one should live, one should see the victory of death in battle. The people took over the new power (Petliura) in a rage, and after they arrived, they demonstrated fortune-telling to the officers.
Characters
- Oleksiy Vasilovich Turbin– likar, 28 years.
- Olena Turbina-Talberg- Sister Oleksiya, 24 years old.
- Mikolka- Non-commissioned officer of the First Infantry Squad, brother Oleksiy and Deer, 17 years old.
- Viktor Viktorovich Mishlaevskiy- lieutenant, friend of the Turbins, comrade Oleksiya from the Oleksandrivska gymnasium.
- Leonid Yuriyovich Shervinsky- many of the Life Guards of the Ulansky regiment, lieutenant, adjutant at the headquarters of General Belorukov, friend of Turbinikh, comrade Oleksiya from the Oleksandrivska gymnasium, old shanuvalnik Oleni.
- Fedir Mikolayovich Stepanov(“Karas”) - second lieutenant artilleryman, friend of the Turbins, comrade Oleksiya from the Oleksandrivska gymnasium.
- Sergiy Ivanovich Talberg- Captain of the General Staff of Hetman Skoropadsky, man Deer, conformist.
- father Oleksandr- Priest of the Church of Mykoli the Good.
- Vasil Ivanovich Lisovich(“Vasilisa”) - the master of the house, in which Turbіni was taken by another on top.
- Larion Larionovich Surzhansky("Lariosik") - Talberg's nephew from Zhytomyr.
History of writing
Bulgakov began to write the novel "Bila Guards" after the death of his mother (1 February 1922) and wrote until 1924.
Typist I. S. Raaben, who rewrote the novel, affirmed that the whole story was intended by Bulgakov as a trilogy. The other part of the novel is small enough to slander the fate of 1919, and the third part - the 1920 fate, the war and war against the Poles. At the third part of the Mishlaevskiy transition to the bіk bіlshovikiv and serving at the Chervonіy Army.
The novel had other names - so, Bulgakov chose between "Pivnichniy Khrest" and "Biliy Khrest". One of the early editions of the novel in early 1922 was published in the Berlin newspaper Naperedodni under the title “At nothing on the 3rd day” with the subtitle “From the novel “Chervony Mach””. I will call the first part of the novel the first time the writing was written, Zhovty Prapor.
In 1923, Bulgakov wrote about his work: “And I’ll finish the novel, and, I’ll sing it, if there will be such a novel, it will become hot in the sky ...” In his autobiography of 1924, Bulgakov wrote: I love this novel more than all my other speeches.
It is important to note that Bulgakov worked on the novel "Bila Guards" in 1923-1924, prote tse, perhaps, I know for sure. At every time, it’s obvious that in 1922 Bulgakov’s fate was written deeds of advocacy, as if later the novel was introduced to the changed person. In the birch of 1923, in the eighth issue of the magazine "Rosiya" there was an announcement: "Mikhailo Bulgakov is finishing the novel "The Bila Guards", which commemorates the era of fighting against the whites in the pivdni (1919-1920)".
T. M. Lappa confided to M. O. Chudakovskaya: “... Writing “Bila Guard” at night and loving, so I sat there, sewing. His hands and feet were cold, and they showed me: “Sweeter, hotter than hot water”; I heated the water on the gas, dipping my hands into a basin of hot water…”
Spring 1923 Bulgakov wrote at the leaf of his sister Nadiya: “... I will finish the 1st part of the novel in terms; It's called "Zhovty Prapor". The novel begins with the entry to Kiev of the Petliurivsky Viysk. Another part of the attack, perhaps, was small to tell about the coming of the Misto Bolsheviks, then about their attacks under the blows of denikintsiv and, nareshti, about the fighting in the Caucasus. Such is the first idea of a writer. And after thinking about the possibility of publishing a novel similar to the novel in Radyansk Russia, Bulgakov decided to change the hour for more early period and turn it on, tied up with the Bolsheviks.
The history of the creation of Bulgakov's novel "Bila Guard"The novel "Bila Guard" was the first to be published (not again) in Russia, in 1924. Povnistyu - near Paris: the first volume - 1927 rіk, the other one - 1929 rіk. "Bila Guard" is a richly autobiographical novel, based on the writer's special feelings about Kiev in 1918 - the beginning of 1919.
The birthplace of the Turbins is the most important world of Bulgakov's family. Turbines are a girl's name for Bulgakov's grandmother at her mother's side. “The White Guard” was painted in 1922, after the death of the mother of the writer. Manuscripts of the novel were not spared. According to the words of the typist Raaben, who overruled the novel, “Bila Guard” was thought of as a trilogy. How can you name the novels in the forerunner trilogy, such as "Pivnichniy Khrest" and "Biliy Khrest". The prototypes of the heroes of the novel were Kiev friends and acquaintances of Bulgakov.
So, lieutenant Viktor Viktorovich Mishlaevsky wrote off from a friend of the childhood of Mikoli Mikolayovich Sigaevsky. The prototype of lieutenant Shervinsky was one friend of Bulgakov's youth - Yuriy Leonidovich Gladirevsky, a spivak-amator. At the "Biliy Guard" Bulgakov would not show the people and the intelligentsia in half a gromadyanskoy war in Ukraine. The main hero, Oleksiy Turbin, although clearly autobiographical, but, as a writer, is not a zemstvo doctor, who was only formally registered in the military service, but a right military doctor, who had richly talked and survived the fates of the holy war. The novel has two groups of officers - those who "hate the bіshovikіv hatred hot and straight, tієї, yak can destroy in a beat" and "turning from the war in the habit of z ієyu dumka, like Oleksiy Turbzin, not vіdpochivati but zvichayne human life.
Bulgakov sociologically accurately shows the mass developments of the era. VIN Demonstrate the Hatter of the villagers to the Poikhchikov I OFITERSIV, I puppy vnicil, Ale not Mensh Gliboka Hatred to "perch. All of the rebel, the opponent of Getman Skoropadsky, Lider of the Ukrainian National Rukhi. , like the best ball in the cheeky country.
Zokrem, the image of the intellectual-noble family, by the will of the historical share thrown at the fate of the great war at the tabir of the White Guard, at the traditions of “War on the World”. “Bila Guards” is a Marxist criticism of the 20th century: “Thus, Bulgakov’s talent was deep on its own, like a glittering one, and his talent was great ... Still, Bulgakov’s work is not popular. The stench is nothing, that the people were hanging around in a rage. NATO is mysterious and zhorstoky”. Bulgakov's talent is not taken over by interest in the people, until his life, his joy, it is impossible to recognize Bulgakov.
M.A. Bulgakov's dvіchi, in two of his own creations, guess how they started their work on the novel "Bila Guard" (1925). The hero of the theatrical novel Maksudov rozpovidaє: Vіn was born at night, if I slipped after a sleepy sleep. I dreamed about this place, snow, winter, Gromadyansk war... More and more, a soundless swirl passed before me, and then an old piano appeared and beat new people, there are already no such people in the world. The story of the “Secret Friend” has other details: “I pulled as far as possible my barracks lamp to the table and over the її green kovpak put on the kovpak from the horn paper, which made the paper come to life. On it, I wrote the words: “I was judged by the dead for writing in books, apparently to their deeds.” Then, having begun to write, I don’t know better what we’ll see. Remember, I really wanted to pass it on, it’s good, if it’s warm at home, a year-old, that we’ll bashtov fight in the distance, sleepy drowsiness in a bed, books that frost ... ”In such a mood, Bulgakov proceeded to create a new novel .
The novel "Bila Guards", the most important book for Russian literature, was written by Mikhailo Opanasovich Bulgakov in 1822.
In 1922-1924, Bulgakov wrote articles for the newspaper "Forward", regularly publishing in the newspaper "Gudok", where he learned about I. Babel, I. Ilfom, Y. Petrovim, V. Kataevim, Yu. Olesh. According to Bulgakov himself, he conceived the novel "Bila Guard" after 1922. At this hour, there was a few important milestones of a special life: by stretching the first three months of this fate, having taken a note about the share of brothers, who didn’t have any more, and a telegram about the rapt death of a mother from typhoid fever. During this period, the terrible defeat of the Kievan fates took away the additional impulse for inspiration from creativity.
Apparently, to the surprise of the fellows, Bulgakov was planning to create a whole trilogy, and speaking about his favorite book like this: before the thought, being put more seriously. And those that are called “The White Guard” at once, were conceived as the first part of the trilogy, and little by little they called Zhovty Prapor, “Festival Cross” and “White Cross”: “The other part of the lean at the lava of the Chervonoy Army. You can find an example of this idea in the text of "The White Guard". Ale Bulgakov did not write a trilogy, having pressed the head of Count A.N. Tolstoy ("Walking in agony"). The first theme of “bіgu”, emigration, in the “Biliy Guard” is no longer mentioned in the history of Thalberg's release and in the episode of Bunin's reading of “Pan from San Francisco”.
The novel was created in the era of the greatest material needs. The clerk worked at night in an unheated room, worked on his hand and choked up, terribly intoned: “Three years of life. The first third of my life flourished on my desk. The pile of leaves was swollen. I wrote in olive oil and ink.” Over the years, the author repeatedly turned to being in love with the novel, re-experiencing the past. In one of the notes, which should lie until 1923, Bulgakov wrote: “And I will finish the novel, and, I will sing, if there will be such a novel, in which the sky will become hot ...” And in 1925, he wrote: , so I will have mercy and the "Bila Guard" is not strong rіch. On September 31, 1923, Bulgakov reminded Y. Slezkina: “I’ve skimmed the novel, but I haven’t rewritten it yet, I’m lying in a compartment, over which I think richly. I'm fixing it." This is the black version of the text, about which is found in Theatrical Romani: “The novel needs a long reign. It is necessary to re-christen a lot of words, to replace hundreds of words with others. Great, but necessary work! Bulgakov was not satisfied with his work, rewriting dozens of sides, creating new editions and versions. Ale, on the cob of 1924, had already read the verses of "The White Guard" from the writer S. Zayaїtsky and from his new friends Lyaminykh, vvazhayuchi the book was finished.
The first mystery about the completion of the work on the novel will lie until June 1924. The novel was published in the 4th and 5th books of the Rosiya magazine for 1925. And the 6th number from the final part of the novel is not viishov. Due to the permission of the contributors, the novel "The Bila Guard" was completed after the premiere of "The Days of Turbine" (1926) and the creation of "Biga" (1928). The text of the last third of the novel, corrected by the author, was published in 1929 by the Parisian publisher "Concorde". The latest text of the novel was published in Paris: volume one (1927), volume another (1929).
Because of those that in the USSR "The Bila Guard" was not finished with publication, and the outlandish works of the 20th century were inaccessible in the fatherland of the writer, Bulgakov's first novel did not receive special respect from the press. Vіdomy critic A. Voronsky (1884-1937) for example 1925 rock "Bіlu Gvardіyu" together with "Fatal Eggs" calling the creations of "visible literary quality". At the same time, the head of the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP) L. Averbakh (1903-1939) appeared in the Rappov organ - the journal "On the Literary Post". In the autumn of 1926, after the staging of The Days of the Turbines after the motives of the novel "Bila Guards" at the Moscow Art Theater, the attention of critics was switched over to the whole TV, and the novel itself was forgotten.
K. Stanislavsky, turbulent about passing through the censorship of "The Days of Turbines", a bunch of titles, like a novel, "Bila Guards", arrogantly greeted Bulgakov with the epithet "bila", a kind of rich zdavavsya fortune-telling. Ale, the writer cherished the word itself. Vin is suitable for both the “cross”, and the “breast”, and the “blizzard” the deputy “guard”, but the praise of the “bila” did not want to give up, bachachi in a new sign of the special moral purity of the beloved heroes, their belonging to the Russian intelligence as a part of the shortest sphere of the country.
"Bila Guards" is a richly autobiographical novel, based on the writer's special feelings about Kiev in 1918 - early 1919. Sim'ї Turbіnh had characteristic drawings of Bulgakov's relatives. Turbines are a girl's name for Bulgakov's grandmother at her mother's side. Manuscripts of the novel were not spared. The prototypes of the heroes of the novel were Kiev friends and acquaintances of Bulgakov. Lieutenant Viktor Viktorovich Mishlaevsky was written off from a friend of the childhood of Mikoli Mikolayovich Singaevsky.
The prototype of lieutenant Shervinsky was served by one friend of Bulgakov’s youth - Yuri Leonidovich Gladirevsky, an amateur spivak (this character passed to the character), who served in the hetman Pavel Petrovich Skoropadsky (1873-1945), but not an adjutant. Potim vіn emіgruvav. Bulgakov's sister, Varvara Opanasivna, served as the prototype for Deer Talberg (Turbina). Captain Talberg, її man, may well sleepy rice from the man Varvara Opanasivna Bulgakov, Leonid Sergiyovich Karum (1888-1968), a German for campaigning, a personnel officer, who served as a spokesman for Skoropadsky, and then for the bіshoviks.
Zrazkom Mikolka Turbina became one of the brothers of M.A. Bulgakov. Lyubov Yevgenivna Bilozerska-Bulgakov, another squad of the writer, wrote at the book “Spogadi”: “One of the brothers Mikhailo Panasovich (Mikola) was also a doctor. The axis is on the specimen of the young brother, Mikoli, I want to zupinitis. My heart is wound up by the dear noble and calm little man Nikolka Turbin (especially after the novel "Bila Guard". In my life, Mikoli Opanasovich Bulgakov did not get away with it. Tse is a young representative of the profession loved by Bulgakov's family - a doctor of medicine, a bacteriologist, a scholar of science, who died near Paris in 1966. I started at the University of Zagreb and left there at the department of bacteriology.”
The novel is created by folding for the edge of the hour. Young Radyansk Russia, as a small regular army, seemed to be drawn into the mass war. The dream of the Hetman-Zradnik Mazepi, whose name is not fortuitously guessed in Bulgakov's novels, was born. At the heart of the "Bila Guards" lie under the footsteps of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, apparently until such time Ukraine was recognized as an independent power, the "Ukrainian State" was created on the basis of Hetman Skoropadsky, and "for the cordon" rushed the women of Russia. Bulgakov clearly described their social status in the novel.
The philosopher Sergiy Bulgakov, the great uncle of the writer, in the book “On the Bench of the Gods” described the death of the fatherland with an offensive rite: angry. In the middle of the sixth part of the world, a stinking, roaring dira appeared ... ”Mikhailo Panasovich is rich in what he is good for with his uncle. І not vipadkovo, this is a terrible picture seen in the article by M.A. Bulgakov "Hot prospects" (1919). Studzinsky at the p'єсі "The Days of Turbines" should talk about it: "Bula Russia is a great power with us ..." So for Bulgakov, an optimist and a talented satirist, rozpach that grief became the right points in the creation of the book of nadії. The very same designation and more exactness in the light of the novel "White Guards". At the book “On the Bank of the Gods”, the writer of the nearest one thought another thought: “Because of this, how the intelligentsia will self-identify, lie rich in what, what will Russia become.” The heroes of Bulgakov jokingly joke about the food.
At the "Bіlіy Gvardії" Bulgakov started to show the people and the intelligentsia in half the Gromadyan war in Ukraine. The main hero, Oleksiy Turbin, although clearly autobiographical, but, as a writer, is not a zemstvo doctor, who was only formally listed in the military service, but a right military doctor, who had richly talked and survived the fates of the Holy War. It is richly close to the author with his hero, and calm masculinity, and faith in old Russia, and smut - a dream about a peaceful life.
“Your heroes need to be loved; if you don’t have anything, don’t take up a pen for anyone - you will take the greatest inacceptability, so you know, ”says the Theatrical Romani, and the main law of Bulgakov’s creativity. In the novel "Bila Guard" we can talk about the white officers and the intelligentsia as about the great people, revealing their youthful light of the soul, enchantment, intelligence and strength, showing the enemies of living people.
The literary bulk was inspired to find out the worth of the novel. From Mayzhe three hundred vidgukiv Bulgakov scored only three positive ones, and decided to go up to the category of "Vorozhevo-laylivy". Brutal remarks sounded at the address of the writer. In one of the articles, Bulgakov was called "new-bourgeois breeches, who are breezy with a waste, but a powerless slough on the robotic class, on yoga communist ideals."
"Class untruth", "cynical attempt to idealize the White Guard", "try to reconcile the chitach with the monarchical, Black Hundred officers", "counter-revolutionary is attached" - the axis is far from being the latest retelling of the characteristics that the "Bila Guard" was given by those who respected that the leader of literature є the political position of the writer, yogo setting to "bіlih" and "dark".
One of the main motives of the "White Guard" is faith in life, I will overcome strength. That is why this book, like a fenced ten years old, knew its reader, knew a friend of life with all the wealth and glare of Bulgakov's living word. Having quite rightly respected the writer-Kyanin Viktor Nekrasov, who read the "Bila Guards" in 60 years: “Nothing, it appears, it has not faded, nothing has become old. Why didn’t these forty fates happen ... in our eyes it became clearly a wonder that it is rare and far from common in literature, it became a friend of the people. The life of the heroes of the novel continues today, but in a different direction.
http://www.litra.ru/composition/get/coid/00023601184864125638/wo
http://www.licey.net/lit/guard/history
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