Vcheny viner. Norbert Wiener - cybernetics or control and communication with creatures and machines
Entry
2. Cybernetics of Norbert Wiener
Visnovok
Cybernetics is connected with the management of critical systems, and even more so, like a turnaround. A positive turning point is the behavior of the system that strengthens bad weather (for example, an avalanche). The negative link is the behavior of the system, for which the ovnishnі dії will be relaxed. Such a connection stabilizes the processes in the system (refrigerator, thermostat and all modern information devices). Homeostatic link - if the call is made by the system nanivets (Homeostasis - maintaining a constant temperature of the body).
One of the meanings of the Greek word kebernetes, which seems to be the name of science, is kermovy. The people of cybernetics are accepted by the American mathematician Norbert Wiener.
Norbert Wiener in the 50s and 60s. having designated cybernetics as the science of control of communications in machines and biological systems. The behavior of critical systems with a turning point is described as a goal-directed behavior that leads to a change in entropy. Until the 1960s, it was understood that for real systems it is not enough to protect the effective management of the system, but it is necessary to protect the self-organization of the system, so it was necessary to know the link between effective management of the system and the specifics of the development of a real system.
The history of cybernetics is available 19 years, official history, the beginning of which was begun by Norbert Wiener, professor of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, if he published in 1948. his famous book “Cybernetics, otherwise the control of that link is with the creature that machine”. Obviously, this history is small in its pre-history, which was made by the best authors up to Plato himself, but they started talking about cybernetics everywhere after the Vinensky sensation. It was given less than a sensation, cybernetics turned into a great ripple of light science.
Norbert Wiener has already finished his earthly work. This is one of the most boring and paradoxical visions of the capitalistic Sunset, deeply turbulent against the atomic age, which is intensely roaring about the share of people in the era of the unbelievable power of science and technology. "People's Choice of Human Istot" - this is the name of his friend's cybernetic book. Vіn seeing the collapse of the old liberal humanism, but, like before Einstein, I am a number of other representatives of a smart idea, not knowing the way to new values. Zvіdsi yoga pessimism, dressing up in robes of stoicism; I was afraid of the role of Cassandri.
Vіn having lost in his own way the great scientific recession, foldable and super-chliva, rich in what he spirrnu, rich in what tsіkava and stimulating. Tsya spadshchina vmagaє thoughtful, critical, philosophical approach, far from the extremes of the list, that overbilling, as it happened so often. First in this recession, I borrow "Cybernetics" - a book, as the people of the new science voted.
This is the main book of Viner, the pіdsumok yоgo scientіc activity. Viner called it "a description of his scientific baggage". Vaughn is the most important material to characterize this one at once, a monument to the early, romantic era of cybernetics, “the period of storm and onslaught”. Alevon has not lost its scientific significance and may appear inappropriate for a drunken old man and in new minds, if cybernetics, having won a place under the sun, is stormed by the rational organization of the conquered.
1. Norbert Wiener, life and activity
Norbert Wiener was born on the 26th leaf fall, 1894. in Columbia, Missouri, as a Jewish immigrant. Yogo Batko, Leo Viner (1862-1939), a native of Białystok, who once lived in Russia, in his youth he started in Nimechchina, and then moved overseas, to the Happy States. There, after various years, he became a prominent philologist. At Columbia, he was already a professor of modern language at the University of Missouri, and later he was a professor of language and language at Harvard University, the oldest in the United States, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, near Boston. At the same American Cambridge in 1915. vlastuvavsya Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MTI), one of the leading technical schools in the country, in a way pratsyuvav and syn. Leo Viner was a successor of Tolstoy and an English translator. Like teachings, they showed wide interests and did not face risky hypotheses. This quality was reduced by Norbert Wiener, who, perhaps, was more methodical and deep.
Behind his family's order, Vinery resembled the famous Jewish clergyman and theologian Moses Maimonid of Cordovia (1135–1204), a life physician at the court of Sultan Saladin of Egypt. Norbert Wiener proudly commented on this legend, but did not vouch for its authenticity. Maimonides' versatility especially groaned.
The future founder of cybernetics was a child prodigy, a child with zdіbnosti, who slipped early. Tsomu is rich in why, having shrugged off the father, who, having taken care of him for the program. Junius Norbert was reading Darwin and Dante at the age of 11, graduating from high school at 11, Tufts College at 11. Here he took off his first degree - a bachelor of arts.
Then I started at Harvard University as a graduate student and for seventeen years became a master of science, and in 1913, doctor of philosophy for the specialty "mathematical logic". The title of Doctor of Philosophy in this moment is not more than a tradition, but Viner's oscillators are preparing themselves to a philosophical career and more than a year have given the prevagance of mathematics. At Harvard wines, I have embodied the philosophy and kerinatism of J. Santayani and J. Royce (I know some readers in “Cybernetic”). Philosophical enlightenment of Viner was marked by luck in the development of the project of a new science and in books, as if he wrote about it.
Harvard University gave the young doctor a scholarship to travel to Europe. In 1913–1915, the Rokah. Wiener sees the University of Cambridge in England and Goettingen near Germany, and then turns to America and completes his enlightenment on the way to Columbia University in New York. In English Cambridge, Wiener borrowed from the famous B. Russell, who for the beginning of a century was a leading authority in the gallery of mathematical logic, and from J. X. Hardy, a prominent mathematician, specialist in number theory. Zagodom Viner wrote: "Russell instilled in me a more reasonable idea that a person, as he chooses to specialize in mathematical logic and the philosophy of mathematics, could know something about mathematics itself." At Göttingen, Wiener studied with the greatest German mathematician D. Hilbert, listening to the lectures of the philosopher E. Husserl.
In 1915 the service broke out. Viner took the post of assistant at the Department of Philosophy at Harvard, but only on the river. At the jokes of happiness, having changed the low mission, being a journalist, wanting to go to the soldier. Vіm, vin, mabut, buv enough security and not demanding. Nareshti, for the support of mathematician F.V. Osgood, a friend of the father, Wiener took a job at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1919, Viner was appointed vikladach (instructor) of the Department of Mathematics of the Moscow International Technical University and left all his life as an assistant to the institute. In 1926 Wiener made friends with Margarita Engeman, an American of the German campaign.
Rocky 1920-1925 Viner, having taken the fate of his formation in mathematics. Vіn viyavlyaє pragnennya virіshuvati folded physical and technical tasks by methods of modern abstract mathematics. Vіn is engaged in the theory of Brownian movement, trying his hand at the theory of potential, expanding the harmonic analysis of the needs of the theory of communication. The academic career of yoga proceeds properly, but successfully.
In 1932 Viner is a professor. Vіn zavoyovuіє іm'ya vchenih stakes of America and Europe. Dissertations are written under yoga curiosity. I have seen a number of books and great memoirs of mathematics: “Using Harmonic Analysis”, “Tauberian Theorems”, “Four's Integral and Deyakі Yogo Zastosuvannya” and іn. Compiled by the German mathematician E. Hopf (abo Hopf) about the radiation zeal to introduce the science "Wiener-Hopf equivalence". In the second part of the work, the monograph "Fur's transformation in the complex field" was written by a collaborator with the English mathematician R. Peli. Tsya book blew light behind the tragic surroundings: before the end of English, having perished at the Canadian Skelesty Mountains for an hour of a summer walk. Vіddaє Viner Danina and technical creativity, in the company of the Chinese scientist Yu.V. Lita V. Bush, known as a designer of analog computing machines. In 1935-1936, rock. Viner was Vice President of the American Mathematical Fellowship.
At the 20th and 30th years, Wiener repeatedly visited Europe, made great scientific acquaintances, lived for a long time in Cambridge and Goettingen, took part in international mathematical congresses. M. Fréchet, J. Hadamard, N. Bohr, M. Born, J. Haldane, J. Bernal and others. In 1935-1936 rr. Viner sees China as a "rose professor" (visiting professor) and reads lectures at Beijing Tsinghua University. I will increase the price of that special scientific intelligence Viner, giving great importance to his scientific development.
The time of a trip to China - 1935 - Viner recognized an important milestone in his life, an ear of scientific maturity. Forty years have passed to Yomu, he has gained recognition of that militant camp in science. "My practice began to bear fruit - I was not only able to publish low-significant independent works, but to virobiti a simple concept, as in science it was no longer possible to ignore it." The development of this concept was brought later by Wiener to the main project of cybernetics.
For more than 30 years, Wiener is close to the Mexican scientist Arthur Rosenbluth, a companion of the famous American physiologist W.B. Cannon, and taking part in a great methodological seminar, organized by Rosenbluth and united by representatives of various sciences. This seminar played an important role in the preparation of venerian cybernetics. A reference book begins to tell about the new one. Acquaintance with a Mexican physiologist led Viner to the world of biology and medicine; in my mind, the idea about a wide synthetic approach to the problems of modern science began to rise.
It was lucky to be born not in Russia.
cybernetics b article "sewn" *
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from a decade away
cybernetics in the SRSR was recognized
less than the death of the Genius of all
hours and peoples
TO THE INTERNET
by listing
Geniuses and hardships. Norbert Wiener. Remain guarded (2015)
Who is Norbert Wiener? Great American doctrine, father of cybernetics. However, we are in front of a person who created the world, in which we live: a constellation of intelligent machines, black boxes, computers and missiles that can homing. After the appearance of the book "Cybernetics" after being famous. Some of the most popular ideas began to be introduced into life, and the most important forecasts sounded. At the peak of success, the "father of cybernetics" wanted to turn the clock and know against the best ideas. Why did Norbert Wiener get so upset?
Original title: Geniuses and hardships
Author: Larisa Mikhailova
Director: Leonid Medov
Trivality: 00:26:02
Production: Russia
Rick exit: 2015
VIDEO
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Norbert Wiener
"Vid perekonannya in what is necessary, stink to go to perekonannya, what is possible."
;Norbert Wiener
"Information is information, not matter and not energy."
;Norbert Wiener
“In such a rank, the link is that management of the day of the inner life of a person, not less than the world, lower than a supple life”
;Norbert Wiener
“Already at once, the technology of transmission of renewal allows the expansion of human capacity to accept and infuse up to the scale of the earthly landscape. Vіdmіnіst mіzh remіshchennyam mateіnіnіh ob'ektіv i transmission podomlenі, u theoretical planі, є principіlі chi nebrіbіtіv. However, this topic is touched by the deep nourishment of human individuality and vmagaє the significance of that bar'єru, which brings one person to another, which is the most ancient nourishment, like standing in front of humanity "
;Norbert Wiener
“The ability to collect that information is stretched on the skils, it expands on the stiles, the singing sensation, and the physical presence. Watch out and give orders to the whole world - tse mayzhe those same, scho th buti skrіz.
;Norbert Wiener
“Vcheni zazvichay vіdznyayutsya zavoi sensitiveness, and so very easily zbudzhuyutsya, like artists that sing.”
;Norbert Wiener
"The found model of a cat is the same whale, or rather - wine itself."
;Norbert Wiener
"The light of the future will be the world of Daedal and the great struggle for the adoption of bar'eriv, which surround our mind."
;Norbert Wiener
“Acknowledge, one thing is absolutely clear, the physical individuality of specialness is not related to material wear ... saving records and ways that yoga development, which is being continued, for the assigned program”
;Norbert Wiener
"In this rank, a machine can generate a boost, and a boost can generate a car"
;Norbert Wiener
“We have changed our home so radically that now we can change ourselves to live in our new home.”
;Norbert Wiener
"The brain of a writer is needed, a lower computer."
;Norbert Wiener
“Important achievements are emphasized through those results that are unknown in this region, but have long since become classic in the modern region.”
;Norbert Wiener
“I’m talking here about the car, but not only about the car from the midi and the hall ... there is no particular difference, as if the car was made from flesh and brush”
;Norbert Wiener
“The brain is a kind of organ ... in one Chicago insurance company, it’s an agent, a bright star ... It’s a pity, nudga often called out to me, and, if you’re guilty of homework, no one knows why you’re speeding up in an elevator or vikno tenth on top. The bad government broke him apart with a critical part of the frontal part of the brain ... After that ... the agent from the day of the founding of the partnership did not succeed in equal deeds in the field of insurance ... However, we missed one fact: the lobotomy did not take away the subtlety of the court of justice. If an insurance agent, having become a financier, knows a total collapse, and with it, prosperity. No, I don’t want to bi, to change the scheme of my internal wiring ... "
;Norbert Wiener
“Riznomanіtnіst і іmovіrіnіsna mozhlivіst іvіlіvі і chelovecheskogo priynyattu i є є keys to rozumіnnya іnbіlsh significant іѕ zletіv іt's reach. Raznomanіtnіstі and mozhlivіst appease the very nature of the human organism "
;Norbert Wiener
“It’s not quiet people who speak to me, as if they know their food, but quietly, as they themselves have worked in one of the fields of knowledge.”
;Norbert Wiener
“Looking at the indistinct link with the past... to lie not only in the knowledge of literary history... pragn to the glorious future, trace the memory of the past, and thus understand the regions of the region, on a majestic map, then there can be nothing worse, both for ourselves and for our souls ... "
;Norbert Wiener
“The discipline of a scientist is for those who devote themselves to the search for truth. This discipline gives rise to the desire to make sacrifices - whether they are material sacrifices, how to instill a victim in an extreme mood with power security.
;Norbert Wiener
"Absolutely the freedom to work everything you want and how you want, - in essence, freedom is not to work anything."
;Norbert Wiener
“Individuality is half a moon, not a stone; form, but chi is not materially inspired. This form may be transmitted by the channels to the link, changed or copied"
;Norbert Wiener
“The imovirnist world no longer has more vodnosin with magnitudes and judgments, which lie down to the singing real omniscience as a whole, and the power is put in power, you can know in the admitted majestic number of similar svіtiv”
;Norbert Wiener
“Those who still can’t telegraph a person’s scheme from one month to another, are tied up with a lot of technical difficulties ...”
;Norbert Wiener
“It’s necessary for the mother to believe in her reconciliation, otherwise naytsіkavishe, which could save you a thought, take away the nose of your nose, more in spirit, and the smut - the whole thing, for the sake of which the varto is rightly practiced.”
Quote - http://tsitaty.com
Samin D.K. 100 great scientists. - M: Viche, 2000)
Norbert Wiener - biography
Norbert Wiener (1894-1964), American mathematician. In his fundamental practice "Cybernetics" (1948) formulated the main provisions. Viner is the author of mathematical analysis, the theory of incompatibilities, electrical measurements and computational techniques. Yogo child, cybernetics - the science of control and communication in machines and living organisms, was born from the fusion of mathematics, biology, sociology and economics.
Under the hour of the Other Light War], while occupied with work in the gallery of the anti-fighting defenses, Norbert got stuck with automatic fireworks and the theory of the turning bell. By the time M. Wiener formulated the main provisions of the new science - cybernetics, the subject of which was the management, communication and processing of information from technology, living organisms and human life.
More about Norbert Wiener:
Norbert Wiener was born on November 26, 1894 in Columbia, Missouri, in the Jewish homeland. Yogo's father, Leo Wiener, was born earlier than Bilostok, started in Nimechi, then moved to the USA, becoming a philologist, heading the Department of Languages and Literature at Harvard University in Cambridge.
At his autobiographical book, M. Viner sang that he remembers himself from two fates. I have learned to read in several years, and I have already read Charles Darwin and Dante's Alien. Postiyna zaynyatіst that zahoplennya science vіddalali yogo vіd odnіtkіv. The camp was haunted by the state of short-sightedness and innate ungrabness.
At nine years of age, having entered the middle school, children of 15-16 years of age began to study, having completed the eighth grade in front. Here the bar'єr between him and his comrades in training became even more familiar. Norbert Wiener is a neuro-innovative child prodigy. I graduated from high school when I was 11 years old. Once again, the future genius entered the highest initial mortgage of Tufts College, and after graduating from 18 years of school, having taken the steps of a bachelor of science. Then I studied at Harvard and Cornell Universities, at 17 years at Harvard I became a master of science, at 18 - a doctor of philosophy for the specialty "mathematical logic"
Harvard University awarded Viner a scholarship to study at Cambridge (England) and Goettingen (Nimechchina) universities. At Cambridge Wiener, having listened to the lectures of the English philosopher, logician, mathematician of that hromdskogo dyach Bertrand Russell, taking part in yoga seminars, following the recommended lectures of the mathematician Godfrey Harold Hardy. Following the course of B. Russell, Wiener changed his mind that it is not possible to study the philosophy of mathematics without knowing deeply the principles of science.
Before the first light war, in the spring of 1914, Wiener moved to Göttingen, where he studied at the university with E. Landau, that great German mathematician David Hilbert.
On the cob of war Norbert Wiener turned to the USA. At Columbia University, I began to study topology, but did not finish it until the end. In 1915-1916, the chief clerk Viner at the assistant's estate gave a lecture in mathematics at Harvard University.
The next head of the university is Winner Provіv for hiring at the University of Maine. After the United States entered the war, Wiener worked at the General Electric plant, the links went to the editors of the American Encyclopedia in Albany. Then Norbert for an hour, taking his fate from the stacked tables of artillery shooting at the firing range, de yogo zarahuli to the army, but not without reason through short-term vision they called. Then we were interrupted by articles in the newspapers, having written two papers in algebra, for the publication of which we took the recommendation of the professor of mathematics V.F. Osgood and in 1919, he became an assistant at the Department of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MTI). Thus began my service at this institute, as if it was shaping my whole life.
Here Norbert Wiener got to know the zmist of statistical mechanics of the American theoretical physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs. Iomu was able to show the basic principles of Lebesgue's integration of Brownian movement and write a few articles. Such a phenomenon itself can be seen in the presence of a shotgun effect in connection with the passage of an electric jet by wires or through electron lamps.
In the autumn of 1920, the International Mathematical Congress was held near Strasbourg. Vіner virіshiv come to Europe earlier, to get to know and improve with other mathematicians. Vipadok zmusiv yogo zatrimatisya near France: the steamboat, on which the wine was poured, having run into the stern on the skeleton and having taken a great hole. The team moored in the distance in Gavr.
In France, Norbert Wiener worked with the French mathematician Maurice Rene Fréchet, and after some roses from him, he began to focus on the encirclement of vector spaces. Fréchet did not appreciate the result, otrimany young scientists, but after a few months, having read in the Polish mathematical journal the publication of the Polish mathematician Stefan Banach on the same topic, changing his mind. The actual hour of such expanses was called the expanses of Banach-Viner.
Turning to the United States, Viner is able to do science. In 1920-1925, the fates of the world went beyond physical and technical tasks for the help of abstract mathematics and to know new regularities in the theory of Brownian movement, theory of potential, harmonic analysis. If Wiener was occupied with the theory of potential, the “Advances” of the French Academy of Sciences had other similar materials of the French mathematician Henri Lebesgue and the teachings of J.L. Buligan. Viner wrote to the robot and praised Lebesgue for direction to Dopovidey. Buligan also completed this article. Offensive notes appeared in one issue of the magazine from Lebesgue's editorial. Bulіgan found out about the work of Vener's robot and requested yogo to himself. This was a friend won by Viner zmagannya; first of all, having outperformed two doctoral students of Harvard University professor O.D. Kellogg at reach potential.
In 1922, 1924 and 1925, Norbert Wiener visited Europe with his friends and relatives. In 1925, the rozі vіn spoke at Goettingenі z about his work with a more generalized harmonic analysis, which zatsіkavili Hilbert, Richard Courant and Max Born. In the course of time, Wiener understood what the results of the song world were tied to the quantum theory that was developing at that hour.
Then Viner got to know one of the designers of calculating machines - Vannevar Bush (American scholar, creator of the differential analyzer, the first differential analog computer) and having once thought the idea of a new harmonic analyzer in his head. Bush instilled in life.
Norbert Wiener got to know Margaret Endeman from the German homeland and became friends with her. The spring of 1926, before the trip of Wiener to Göttingen. Friendship zdіysnilo dearer to Europe, pіd an hour ї viner zustrichavsya z mathematicians. At Düsseldorf wines, having gained additional knowledge on the z'їzdі Nіmetskoi ї lіgi spriyannya naukі, after having known R. Schmidt, who conducted investigations in the gallery of Tauberian theorems. Schmidt turned his attention to zastosuvannya zagalnoy Tauberian theorem to the task of resolving prime numbers. Viner also took the significant results from this galusi. Under an hour of rebuking at Copenhagen, I got to know the Danish mathematician Harald Bohr (brother of the physicist Niels Bohr). On the way to the USA, they visited London as friends, de Wiener spent time in Hardy.
In 1926, D.Ya. Stroykh. After turning from Europe, Wiener at once took up the ideas of differential geometry up to differential equations, Schrödinger's system of equations. The work was successful.
Norbert Wiener, after all, that Rozumov’s work “wears a person to the limit,” that can be curbed of physical recompense. Vіn zavzhdy koristuvavsya every possibility of zdіysnyuvati promenades, swimming, engraving at rіznі іgry, іz satisfaction with non-mathematicians.
A friend bought a house from a rural locality, in 1927 their elder daughter, Barbara, was born, and the turbot was finished.
The promotion of Norbert Wiener in the service went well. I tried to get a decent place in other lands, but it didn’t work. Ale, the hour has come, come, and spring. At the meeting of the American Mathematical Fellowship Viner zustrіvsya from Ya.D. Tamarkinim, Hettingen know, yakі zavzhd highly thought about yoga robots. He gave the same encouragement to you Hardy, who repeatedly came to the USA. I got stuck on the position of Viner - Zavdyaki Tamarkin and Hardy Vin becoming a home in America.
Great Depression, which swelled, plunged into the camp of science in the country. A lot of vchenih more clucked to the stock exchange, lower with their helpless rights. Viner, who had already had two children at that time, firmly believed that he was recognized “to engage in science himself and get gifted scientists to independent scientific work.” Under yoga, doctoral dissertations were stifled. Especially the wines of the Chinese Yuk Ving Li and the Japanese Shikao Ikehara. Li spivpratsyuvav іz Bush at the galuzі elektrotehnіkі and becoming zdіysnyuvati in practice the idea of a new fixture for electric lances that came to Vinera. The prilad was created in the distance and patented by the year. From that hour, Li trivaly hour spivpratsyuvav іz Vener. Іkehara in full knowledge of Wiener's knowledge of the methods of the theory of prime numbers. Just like Norbert Wiener, talking with Bush and discussing the important devices of this machine, he formulated the main ideas of digital counting machines, which caused a significant change. Bush, having thought of seeing a book on electric power, consulted with Vener on some power, and asked him to write about the Fur'e method.
Particularly meaningful vyvyalnoy was spilled by the viner, he had come to the Harvardian UNIVITET E. Hopf, as a result, the “Rivnyannya-Hopfa” was in the science, and the Radiaziyni zirok, and the same way, and the same with a cordon.
In 1929, in the Swedish journal "Akta Mathematica" and the American "Annals of Mathematics" two great subbags of Wiener's papers were published for an important harmonic analysis
Since 1932 Norbert Wiener - Professor of MTI. At Harvard wines, I got to know the physiologist A. Rosenbluth and became a leading methodological seminar, which brought together representatives of various sciences. This seminar played an important role in shaping the ideas of cybernetics at Viner. After Rosenbluth's trip to Mexico City, the seminar sessions were held sometimes at Mexico City, sometimes at MTI.
Also, N. Viner was asked to take part in the activities of the National Academy of Sciences. Having become acquainted with the orders that they fought there, they flourished with intrigue, having left wine. The Mathematical Society of Wines, like and earlier, actively worked, in 1935-1936, was awarded the prestigious comradeship prize for work in analysis.
In 1934, Norbert Wiener received a request from Tsinghua University (in Beijing) to give a course of lectures on mathematics and electrical engineering. The initiator of this letter was Li, who worked at the university. Viner traveled from his homeland through Japan to China; at Tokyo Yogo Zustrichav Ikehara. One hour in pratsyuvav z Li schodo thoroughly analogue calculation machine Bush. When turned, it was decided to spend at the International Mathematical Congress in Oslo. Under the hour of trivalo, the oceans and the seas are dearer to Viner, having succumbed to the temptations of doswells, writing the novel "Spokusnik" about the share of one vineyard (published in 1959). R_k vіdv_duvannya China vіn vvazhav rock new formation like vchenogo.
Under the hour of the war, Viner may again dedicate his creativity to the Viysk rights. Vіn doslіdzhuє zavdannya rohu lіtak pіd hour of anti-aircraft shelling. Obmirkovuvannya and experimentation overthrew Norbert Wiener in that the anti-aircraft artillery fire control system can be a system with a turning signal, which plays a vital role in the human body. Dedalі a greater role to begin the prognostic processes, zdіysnyuyuchi yakі can not rely only on human knowledge.
We based on that hour the number of cars required by the necessary code was not small. That was why Viner was embarrassed to formulate a low power to such machines. As a matter of fact, they were used for passing roads, with which electronic-calculating equipment was used. The number of attachments, on the other hand, is due to the addition of electric lamps, and not to gears or electromechanical relays. It is necessary to ensure that I get enough swede for the day.
The attack was important in the fact that in the counting outbuildings “there can be more economical doubles, and not dozens of numbers”. The machine, having entered Norbert Wiener, can make its own creations by itself, it needs to be built up to self-starting. For this purpose, it is necessary to provide a memory block, which would include signals to control, as well as those information, like the machine takes off in the process of work. If earlier the car was less of a vikonavchy organ, which could lie entirely at the will of the people, then it became a mischief and sang a part of self-sufficiency.
In 1943, the article was published by Wiener, Rosenbluth, Byglow "Behavior, purposefulness and teleology", which drew a cybernetic method.
In his own ways, Wiener wrote that in 1946 he sent requests to France in Nancy for a mathematical conference. On the way to Nancy, you will travel to London and get to know the achievements of your colleagues. At the head of Yogo, a thought has long been ripened to write a book and expand on it about the fullness of the laws that develop in the automatic regulation room, the organization of vibrations and in the human nervous system. Vіn navіt having moved the Parisian seer Feiman to see this future book. That long-term hesitation, ale virishiv risky.
After turning back from the conference, Norbert Wiener went to Mexico and close to the fate of the Rosenbluts, he worked on the book. I immediately blamed the problem I’ll call it, it’s already unintelligible boulo zmist. It was necessary to know the word, related to management, regulation. It came to the thought of the Greek, similar to "kermovy", that the English sound like "cybernetics". So Viner yogo and drenched.
The book "Cybernetics" was published in 1948 in the New York publishing house "John Wylli and Suns" and the Parisian "Hermanet Zi" Wiener is no longer young. Vіn suffering from cataracts, clouding of the eye crystal, and filthy bachiv. It was a small operation, as at that hour she dared to do it with a folding one. Sounds of numerical pardons and other drukarian pardons in the text of the publication “The book appeared in a neohaynous look,” said Wiener, “shards of proofreading took place at that hour, if inaccuracies from the eyes made it possible for me to read, and young assistants, as if they helped me, were put in obov'yazkіv is not enough. good."
With the appearance of "Cybernetics" Norbert Wiener, as it seems, "turned famous." “The appearance of the book, - writing wine, - mittevo turned me into a great worker, who is worthy of a singing authority in his special field, to the status of a suspiliously significant one. It was acceptable, but not enough of its negative side.
Cybernetics immediately gained a lot of popularity. Vaughn has become a fashion. Navit deyakі artists, schob not vydstati vіd zhiznі, organized shchos kshtalt "kіberneticheskogo" directly art. Fiction writers have done a particularly good job. Such apocalyptic zhahiv stench did not paint!
Wiener himself was the founder of modern control theory, respecting the English physicist, the creator of classical electrodynamics, James Clerk Maxwell, and it is entirely fair. The theory of automatic regulation was mainly formulated by J. Maxwell, Ivan Oleksiyovich Vishnegradsky, mathematician Oleksiy Andriyovich Lyapunov and heat engineer Aureliy Stodoloy. What is the merit of M. Vener? Perhaps, this book is simply a compilation of information, picking together information, ale different material?
The merit of Norbert Wiener is to whom, for the first time, he understood the importance of information in management processes. Speaking about control and communication in living organisms and machines, it’s not just in the words “control” and “connection”, but in their words, it’s just that, as in the theory of visibility, it’s not the very fact of switching between speeds that is important, but according to this fact, with the understanding of one-hour podіy, like at different points of space. Cybernetics is the science of information management, and Wiener can be considered the creator of science with full right.
All the years after the release of Cybernetics Viner propagating її ideї. In 1950, the roci had a continuation - "Human variance of human istots", in 1958 roci - "Non-linear tasks in the theory of vipadical processes", in 1961 roci - another kind of "Cybernetics", in 1963 roci - its own science of cybernetic
AT stay rocky Norbert Wiener's dope mind penetrated biology, neurology, electroencephalography, genetics
Viner - one of the poorest vchenih, as they reportedly wrote to themselves. Vin published two wonderful books about his life and work - "A lot of child prodigy" (1951) and "I am a mathematician" (1956). In these books, the author wrote also look at the development of people, the role of science, the value of the knowledge of science.
Norbert Wiener died on February 18, 1964 in Stockholm (Samin D.K. 100 great scientists. - M .: Viche, 2000)
Anatoly Ushakov, D.Sc., prof. kav. management systems and informatics, ITMO University - [email protected]
Historical evidence of the development of a scientific thought shows that the work of a scientific robot has been destroyed by a scientific robot, then for a year it becomes a natural system analyst, which calls to bring up to the best scientific results. One of the examples of this in the XX century. cybernetics appeared, because the science of control and communication in machines and living organisms is the basis of the materialistic cybernetic philosophy created by the American scientist with Russian roots Norbert Wiener.
Rice. 1. Norbert Wiener
According to biographers, Norbert Wiener is the classic butt of a child prodigy. Born in Colombia (Missouri, USA) on the 26th leaf fall, 1894. Yogo fathers emigrated to the USA in the XIX century. Batko was a native of the city of Bialystok of the Grodno province of the Russian Empire, having become a professor and head of the Department of Languages and Literature at the oldest Harvard University in the USA.
Rice. 2. Norbert Wiener in his youth
Boy ris u rich sіm'ї de father svіdomo preparing yogo to a scientific career. As a result, Norbert entered middle school at nine years of age, and graduated from college at age 14, then continued education at Harvard and Cornell Universities and became a Doctor of Philosophy for the specialty "mathematical logic". Independently discovering five foreign languages, including Chinese, and headlong into Rozum’s activity, moving away from their own one-liners, which is supported by the acute short-term and natural beauty (Fig. 2). To that, having been accepted by comrades in training as a neurological child prodigy, it didn’t lead him to become a good-natured and warm-hearted person.
Rice. 3. Vener in the MTI auditorium with a model of a tricycle
Norbert continued his education in the European universities of Cambridge and Göttingen, taking lectures and seminars by Bertrand Russell, Godfrey Hardy, Edmund Landau and David Hilbert. From the ear of the First World War, I turned to the USA, worked at several universities, at the editorial offices of newspapers and at the military factory, and from insurance to the army, the stars through the short-term were not a barrage of messages. Without ceasing to engage in science and, Nareshti, in 1919. having been accepted as assistant to the Department of Mathematics (de later becoming a professor) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MTI), for some reason, everything was taken away from life (Fig. 3). In his book "I am a mathematician" Viner wrote that the goiter is "...MTI can practice and rozmirkovuvati about everything that I need to talk about."
The main works of Wiener in twenty years are related to statistical mechanics, vector spaces (Banach-Wiener space), differential geometry, tasks about subdivision of prime numbers, potential theory, harmonic analysis and additions to problems of electrical engineering and quantum theory. At the same time, Norbert Wiener has named the Venerian process in such a way. A few years later, having started cooperation with one of the designers of analog computing machines, Vannevar Bush, which helped him a year in robots on digital machines. Viner, propagating the idea of a new harmonic analyzer, like Bush, succumbed to life.
Rice. 4. Viner with a squad in India (1955)
In 1926 Wiener made friends with Margaret Endeman (Margaret Engemann) with German sіm'ї, and the stench broke the spring more expensive than Europe, de Wiener got to know a lot of prominent European mathematicians. Norbert Wiener, after all, that Rozumov’s work “wears a person to the limit,” that can be curbed of physical recompense. Vіn zavzhdy koristuvavsya be-such a possibility to take walks, swimming, engraving at raznі іgry, iz satisfied with not mathematicians, taking care of your two children (Fig. 4).
With the cob of the Great Depression in the United States, Wiener, without succumbing to scientific work, shifting scientists, among the most famous were the Chinese Yuk-Wing Lee and the Japanese Shikao Ikehara (Shikao Ikehara). . ).
Rice. 5. Viner with his own teaching Yu. V. Li (levoruch) and colleague from MTIS A. G. Bose
The pioneers of G. Hardy, who emigrated from the USSR, the prominent mathematician Yakov Davidovich Tamarkin, and Viner's robots became a good friend in America. Vіn buv obrany as vice-president of the American Mathematical Fellowship. In front of the war, the joint work with the German mathematician Eberhard Hopf (Wiener-Hopf's Riving) was especially significant, it is important for the task of forecasting; stats for a more detailed harmonic analysis; participated in the seminar of the physiologist Arturo Rosenblueth, who played an important role in shaping the ideas of cybernetics at Norbert Wiener, reading lectures at Beijing Tsinghua University.
Under the hour of another light war Norbert Wiener works in the radiation laboratory of the MTI, the first anti-aircraft radar systems were created. Він досліджує завдання руху літака при зенітному обстрілі та займається розробкою проблем автоматичного управління вогнем зенітної артилерії з урахуванням прогнозування, що переконало Вінера у важливій ролі зворотного зв'язку (яка відіграє істотну роль і в людському організмі), а також у необхідності проектування обчислювальної машини, what you manage. On one thought, such machines are built from electronic lamps, and not from gears or electromechanical relays. It’s necessary to make sure you finish the shvidka diyu. ” In addition, they “may have more economical doubles, and not dozens of numbers”. The car, having brought in Norbert Wiener, needs to be given a singing independence for correcting one’s own activities and that self-direction, there can be “thinking”.
At the head of Viner, the thought has long been ripened to write a book and rozpovesti in it about the completeness of the laws that are developing in the automatic regulation chamber, the organization of the development and the human nervous system. The article of 1943 became the first outline of the cybernetic method, and from 1946 he began to work on a book. I immediately blamed the problem I’ll call it, it’s already unintelligible boulo zmist. It was necessary to know the word, related to management, regulation. It came to the thought of a wreath, similar to the "kermo" of a ship, which sounds English like "cybernetics". So Norbert Wiener did yoga.
The book of Wiener Viyshla 1948 is famous. in New York, and then in the French language. At this hour of wine, already suffering from cataracts, clouding the crystal of the eye, and filthy bachiv. See the numerical pardons and other pardons in the text of the edition. With the exit of the light of the book, Norbert Wiener, as it seems, "having thrown himself famous." The book was immediately re-arranged with a lot of movs, which shriveled up the throat of intense insights from the problems formulated by this practitioner.
My Russian book was published in the SRSR only 1958. and bula zustrіnuta dosit ambiguously. So, at the book, Professor M. A. Bikhovsky guessed that in 1952 one of the great scientists from the Russian Academy of Sciences wrote: “Viner and others, emerging from the old, superficial analogy and speculating on the fuzziness and ambiguity of such terms and understanding, trying to transfer the laws of radio communication to biological gaps, speaking здатність» людського мозку і т. д. Природно, всі ці спроби надати кібернетиці наукоподібного характеру за допомогою запозичених з інших областей термінів і понять аж ніяк не роблять кібернетику наукою, вона залишається лжетеорією створеної реакціонерами від науки і філософськими невігласами, що перебувають у полоні ідеалізму that metaphysics ... ".
At his own hour, at the same time, one of the Radianskie authors, who had written the best books on the theory of automatic regulation, wrote at the front desk before his own Chergovskaya practice: “The attempt of bourgeois scholars to ward off the people and the machine of nothing, the crim is clouded, can’t speak in the hearts of Radian people” . Prote the main part of the right radyansk scientists all understood, continued to conduct scientific work, checking for short hours. The stench came after the launch of the first Radian satellite of the Earth in 1957. and offensive release of the Russian version of the book by Norbert Wiener. The word “cybernetics” sounded in the institute auditoriums, the initial plans for the training of engineers for specialties related to automation and telemechanics, the disciplines “Fundamentals of Cybernetics”, “Technical Cybernetics” just appeared. Faculties and departments were organized with “cybernetic” names, the Academy of Sciences of the SRSR began to see the “Cybernetic Collection”, a Rada of Cybernetics was organized for its presidium, and public discussions “Who can think machine?” were held on television.
Rice. 6. Viner with A. A. Lyapunov (levoruch) and G. M. Frank near Moscow (1960).)
More than that, the contribution of the radian scientists A. N. Kolmogorov, V. A. Kotelnikov, V. I. Siforov, R. L. Stratonovich, A. Ya. M. Letova, A. I. Lur'є, M. V. Meєrova, B. N. Petrova, Y. P. Popov, A. A. Pervozvansky, L. S. Pontryagin, A. A. Feldbaum, Ya. Z. Tsipkin, V. A. Yakubovich in the development of the theory of control of the world of scientific knowledge, occupied with the problems of cybernetics. The First Congress of the International Federation for Automatic Control (IFAC) was held in Moscow itself, in 1960, by its own president, then A. M. Letov. At the whole congress, there were requests from Norbert Wiener, whom the radyansk vcheni and the hromada dyachs heard about. Yogo was requested with lectures, supplementary reports, articles were published, and voiced on yogo's merits (Fig. 6).
Looking back at that already distant war hour, did you involuntarily ask, how did the factors mark the appearance of the “revolutionary book”?
The first factor is the hour. The bloody Friend ended light war. Її the participants closed the wounds. Scientific thought entered the peacefully creative channel. Vcheni world, as if they were engaged in theory and practice of management and communication, they were ready to break through.
Другим фактором була поява в науковому співтоваристві індивідуальності, що мала унікальні знання, незвичайну працездатність, широту наукових поглядів та інтересів, досвід застосування своїх знань у таких сферах, як теорія стохастичних процесів, теорія прогнозування, спектральний аналіз, теорія зв'язку, теорія обчислювальних систем practice of managing artillery strikes for rukhomih goals, neurophysiology. Such an individuality buv Norbert Wiener.
At that time, the third official was able to develop the theory and practice of automatic control. The founders of the modern theory of control of the world and Norbert Wiener himself were the English physicist, the creator of classical electrodynamics D.K. Maxwell, and the Russian scientists I. A. Vishnegradsky and A. M. Lyapunov, heat engineer A. B. Stodola (AB Stodola), mathematician E. D. Routh (EJ Routh) and A. Hurwitz (A. Hurwitz), fakhіvtsі v z elektrichnyh lanceugіv G. V. Bode ( HW Bode) and H. T. Nykvist (HT Nyqvist). The book of American engineers H. M. James, N. B. Nikols and R. S. Phillips became an important entry in the instrumental theory of management.
The fourth official at that time reached the development of the stochastic theory of communication, the theory of information and the theory of transmission. There is a great contribution to be made by Norbert Wiener himself and Claude Shannon, who published in 1948. fundamental work on the theory of information and transmission.
The fifth factor was the successful solution at that time of the problem of optimal linear filtering and stochastic forecasting, solved independently by A. N. Kolmogorov and Norbert Wiener. Speaking of the systemic factor, the ethical side of the scientific process is touched upon, which positively characterizes the creator of cybernetics. I recognized from my book Viner: “If I wrote my first work on the theory of forecasting, I did not admit that the main mathematical ideas of the article had already been published before me.<…>Kolmogorov is not the only one to sort out all the basic nutrition in my galusia, and first of all, having published his results.
The main merit of Norbert Wiener, as the author of the famous book, is that he combined information and the process of management into a single change module. There can be no good results of management when victorious in this organization of inaccurate information, the memory of the skin is to blame, who had the share of managing machines, living organisms and social structures.
Skin talanovite specialty sound talanovite richly faceted. Prices are worthy and Norbert Wiener. Krim naukovykh prats, yogo pen lie down create art. The list of yoga fiction is available for about a dozen works, and stench with a good cybernetic subtext, stink of great respect for a reader for an hour of reading.
In 1964, Norbert Wiener was awarded the National Science Medal of the United States for the United States. The current President of the United States, Lyndon Johnson, handing over to the city, saying: "Your contribution to science is completely universal, Your look is absolutely original, You are a dazzling symbiosis of a pure mathematician and an applied scientist." However, Norbert Wiener did not feel what the president said at his address. On the 18th of June Norbert Wiener died a trifle short of his sіmdesatirіchchya.
Name Norbert Wiener forever be remembered by scientific spivtovaristvo, ale wine will be remembered and forgive the bulk of the people with the word "cybernetics", more skin once, if you need to characterize whether it be a new anthropogenic development, її the authors pragtimute to ascribe to the "cyber part" ".
In contact with
Literature
- Viner N. I am a mathematician. M: Science.
- Rosenbluelh A., Wiener N., Bigelow J. Behavior, Purpose and Teleology //Philosophy of Science. Baltimore, 1943, vol. 10, no 1.
- Wiener N. Cybernetics: abo control and communication in animal and machine. Paris: Hermann & Cie & Camb. Mass.: MIT Press. 1948.
- Viner N. Cybernetics, or the control of that connection with the creature and the machine. M: Radyansk radio. 1958.
- Bikhovsky M. A. Pioneers of the information age. History of the development of the link. M: Technosphere. 2006.
- Theory of Servomechanisms/ed. H. M. James, N. B. Nichols, R. S. Phillips. New York, Toronto, London: McGrow-Hill. 1947.
- Shannon C. E. Mathematical Theory of Communication // Bell System Technical Journal. 1948.vol. 27.
In this hour, the words "internet" or "computer" do not irritate anyone. However, the appearance of smart machines, like with a majestic swidkistyu, can destroy a great mathematical tool, or make contact from any point on the planet, connected with the science of cybernetics. And for a knowledgeable person, "Norbert Wiener", "cybernetics" - these are two interchangeable words. Suspіlstvo rightly calls the same people the “father” of science.
short biography
A lot of scholars-biographers on the question: “Who is Norbert Wiener?” Without hesitation, they will give evidence that wine is the most beautiful butt of a child prodigy. The future father of cybernetics was born in America in the town of Columbia, in the state of Missouri, in 1894. Batko Yogo was a veteran of the Russian Empire. Vіn buv a human being illumined and well-read. Contributed to the literature and the history of the words of the Yan language. Trochs having taken off the seat of the head of the department with a year.
From the early childhood, the father prepared the lad to become a learned man. Maybe, from the age of three years, Norbert Wiener has already discovered his scientific way. A short biography in the greater world starts from the very beginning. Todі lad vzhe vmіv to read, write and navіt having helped the father to translate L.N. Tolstoy. At the eightfold century, the works of Dante and Darwin's works are already readable. Write your first scientific practice of vins at that vіtsі, if it’s not enough to start spinning baptismal sticks and gachkіv.
Not really considering the employment at the secondary school (the deacies of the dzherel are stverdzhuyut, they ignored the blame), the boy enters a prestigious college, which ends with a badge. earlier line. At the age of eighteen, she defended her dissertation at Harvard, and for a few years she became a professor at a few of the most senior pledges.
His autobiography asks: “Who is Norbert Wiener?” Vcheniy vіdpovidaє, scho vіn mathematician. Already from the early years, mathematical science was given to you more beautifully, even if you didn’t forget the humanities moments in the world.
Robot
It’s rich, it’s a quiet professor at the round eyepieces, who sits at his office and works on some kind of project. Who is Norbert Viner, Kim Vin Boov? Tsya lyudina immediately looked like a "standard" officer in the office. In his life, short-sighted and trochs of ungrabable teachings, he managed to improve both in everyday life, and in the military factory, and in the newspaper. Even if you want to go to the army, ale bov zvіdti rehabilitated through problems out of the blue.
Devoting most of the life of wine to the light of both his own and others. Vіn practice at the same time at over ten universities, at various departments. She lectures on mathematics, logic, natural science, literature, social sciences. One hour independently play foreign language, discover Chinese and Japanese.
Theorist
Who is Norbert Wiener: a person-practitioner or a theoretician? He himself called himself a theoretician, encouraging him to think more and create scientific theories, leading them up with facts. Together with Claude Shannon, we develop the modern theory of computer science.
Literally, the skin knows the understanding of "bіt". So the axis of the same person was spiked and guessed yoga, so that it would be easier to describe the digital code. Already a lot of practice of teachings dedicating the enumeration of technology, the theory of imovirnosti and electromagnetic measures.
Cybernetics
Ale, not by thought, the creation of a counting machine is visible to the whole world of people. If we see Norbert Wiener, then we appreciate that Vinayshov is so understanding, like cybernetics. Having begun to develop science itself, the postulates of which allow the creation of a piece mind. Vcheniy representing cybernetics as the possibility of transforming in time that new creatures, creating "primary programs" for technology.
Viner, having invented the word, posed yoga from the practice of ancient Greek scientists. The same meant "management of the ship", but Wiener converted cybernetics into "management of intelligent machines". Winning a person with a machine, with an annual mechanism, which recycles energy.
The book under the title "Cybernetics" was published in 1948 in America. At that time, 54 years were already vipovnilos to the scientist. Prote pratsia ozumila not skin. In order to read this book and understand about what to find in it, it is necessary for the mother to gain deep knowledge in the gallery of mathematics, philosophy, technology and neurophysiology.
Lyudina "on his own"
Without a doubt, whether it be an actor, who should play the role of a sloppy and suffocating vchenny, he could instantly take on the image of Wiener. A typical botanist, in eyepieces and with a borid wedge, uncrowded and uncivilized, roaming at the intersection with otochyuchimi and povnistyu clays with his inner light and theories.
Eyewitnesses guessed that Viner often, zanureniya at the thought, forgetting where to go and what you want to work. Once, huddled with him on the alley, the student talked to the lecturer, and then we asked him: “Don’t you remember where I am: how far away from her?”.
American scholar, eminent mathematician and philosopher, founder of cybernetics and the theory of piece intelligence
short biography
Norbert Wiener(Eng. Norbert Wiener; Fall 26, 1894, Columbia, Missouri, USA - February 18, 1964, Stockholm, Sweden) - American scholar, eminent mathematician and philosopher, founder of cybernetics and the theory of piece intelligence.
Norbert Wiener was born to a Jewish family. Vіn bv the first child of Leo Viner and Bertie Kahn. Father Light, Leo Viner (1862-1939), Others Maimonis, born with the MISTIK Rosiyskoi izhoi, was in Minskiy, and Potim Warsawsky Gimnazi, entering the Berlinsky Patesm, Pizlya of the other course of the Jacket of the Yar, the other course of the Jacket at the Department of Words and Languages and Literature at Harvard University. Mother's fathers Berty Kahn were gone from Nimechchini.
At the age of 4, Viner already had admissions to the Batkiv library, and at the age of 7 he wrote his first scientific treatise on Darwinism. Norbert didn't really get into middle school. Then, 11 years later, he entered the prestigious Tufts College, which he graduated with a degree in three years, having taken the bachelor's degree in mystics.
At the age of 18, Norbert Wiener took off the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mathematical Logic at Cornell and Harvard Universities. The nineteenth grade of Dr. Wiener was asked to join the Department of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
In 1913, a group of young Wieners made their own dear to Europe, listening to lectures by B. Russell and G. Hardy in Cambridge and D. Hilbert in Göttingen. After the cob of wine, wine turns to America. Just before the hour of training in Europe, the future “cybernetic father” had a chance to try his hand as a journalist at the university newspaper, try himself in the pedagogical field, serve a few months as an engineer at the factory.
In 1915, roci vin tried to go to the front, but did not pass the medical board through the filthy zir.
In 1919, Viner became a lecturer in the Department of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
In the 1920-1930s, the fates of the wines are reborn in Europe. Theoretically, the radiation equalization of the stars is called Wiener-Hopf's equal. Vin reads a course of lectures at Beijing Tsinghua University. Among others known - N. Bor, M. Born, J. Hadamard and others.
In 1926 the roci became friends with Margaret Yengerman.
Перед другою світовою війною Вінер став професором Гарвардського, Корнеллського, Колумбійського, Браунівського, Геттінгенського університетів, отримав у власне безроздільне володіння кафедру в Массачусетському інституті, написав сотні статей з теорії ймовірностей та статистики, по рядах та інтегралах Фур'є, з теорії потенціалу та по advanced harmonic analysis...
On the eve of another light war, the professor, after calling on us to call, works on a mathematical apparatus for anti-aircraft fire guidance systems (determining and stochastic models for organizing the organization of American anti-aircraft defense forces). Vin has developed a new developmental model for managing the forces of the PPO.
“Cybernetics” by Viner helped the world of 1948. The new title of the head book of Wiener looks like this: “Cybernetics, otherwise the control of that link is with the creature and the machine.”
A few months before his death, Norbert Wiener was awarded the US National Science Medal, the most honorable honor for a man of science in America. At the tracts dedicated to my sons, President Johnson said: “Your contribution to science is a miracle of universality, your look is absolutely original, and you are blindly inspired by the symbiosis of pure mathematician and applied science.”
Norbert Wiener died on 18 February 1964 near Stockholm. Burial at Vittum Hill, New Hampshire.
Nagorodi
Having obtained six scientific awards and honorary doctor of philosophy degrees from three universities.
Awards: Guggenheim Fellowship (1926-27), Bocher Prize (1933), Gibbs Lecture (1949), US National Medal of Science (1963), National Book Award (1965)
Postage stamp of Moldova, 2000 r_k
Memory
In honor of Norbert Wiener in 1970 names the crater on the back of the Moon.
N. Wiener about the social implications of automation
We can see that the other revolution is over. Even the average person from the average and even the smallest things cannot be promoted for the sale of anything, for which the varto pay pennies. There is only one - to inspire suspense, founded on human values, guiding the purchase and sale. For the life of such a society, great preparation and great struggle will be needed, as for friendly environments can be carried out in the ideal flat, and in a different fall - who knows?Categories: Tags:
