Golovna > The first documents of a child > Yakut and their traditions. Zvicha yakutiv

Yakut and their traditions. Zvicha yakutiv

Before Yakutia, it is impossible to get rid of baidujim. Everything is unique in the Republic of Sakha: climate, nature with її endemіkami and unmarried people who populate this marvelous land. In order to understand the Yakut traditions, to be wild at first glance, it is necessary to learn from the minds of the life of this self-sufficient people.

Mislivski zvichaї ta zaboboni

Yakut winters are the best. Oym'yakonsky district of the Republic of Sakha is known as the pole of cold. Even in the last century, death due to hunger and cold in the Yakut donkeys was a frequent guest. Particularly high is the rate of child mortality. In different permafrost, cultivating the land is not very effective, the basis of the diet was frozen venison, chi riba, and sapwood was eaten on the sapwood.

In the light of luck, the thought lay stale, chi is alive yogo sіm'ya vzimka chi nі. The skins of the hutrovy animal were obtained for the exchange for food products and to pay yasak - a kind of tribute. To that myslivsky zvichas suvoro vikonuvalis. It is not possible to drive in creatures out of fun, only for a living. Mislivtsya, like a vipadkovo driving in the wild game of abo riba, zmushuvali for the vidobutok. It was important that the preparation of amulets, amulets, gods would bring good luck.

The children were hoisted up early. The five-year-old lad instantly drove in that z'isti of a small animal on his own. Grati hammered in fish chi zvіrom suvoro harrowed. After a distant shower, a boulder of the "goduvat" of a domestic god was taken, smearing it on the nasal part, or burning a part of the fat on the vugill.

hocha ancient people having appeared in the Suvory region a long time ago - over ten thousand years ago, the first settlement was founded only in 1632. Ostrog gave the cob to the future Yakutsk. Following the tradition of the Yakut people, it was possible for them to settle together on significant occasions with each other. It was important that in a thin ball of permafrost it was not possible to live as great settlements, the shards of the earth are not cleared by melt waters.

It was necessary to instill a large amount of thinness. Skin family is small chotiri delyanka or surta, in which they lived in stalemate for some reason. After the word "surt" the word "yurta" was vanished, although the people of Pivnochi lived in yarangas, and in wooden booths. It was impossible to live on surts, which were already victorious.

The peoples of Yakutia have added a new light to the visible and invisible, as well as to the Upper, Lower and Middle worlds. Starting with the Yakut epic Olonkho, people were sent from the Upper World to the Middle World to restore that prosperity in a new order. Zavazhayut at whom the evil spirits of the light of the Lower.

The head of the middle world is the master spirit, as if lingering at the sacred tree. Olonkho - all the Yakut traditions of sleepers, which are celebrated by olonkhosuts. The people of Pivnochi inspire everything - rivers, lakes, creatures and birds. It is important that you put objects on the butt - knives, starting to shape your own character.

Hang on, like to come to this region like grass - on the cob of worms, the blessed hour has come. The polar winter is ending, the hour of white nights is beginning. How hot the inhabitants of the pivnoch themselves are, they have nine months of winter - reshta lita. The traditional tradition of the Yakuts is the sun bathing, if it is less likely to appear after the polar winter. The fire and the sun are adored by the people, and it was so enlightening.

Until the end of the worm in Yakutia, Isiah - his own New river, which is celebrated on the day of the summer solstice. Serge is being installed - a prototype of a light tree, the life of the goddess Ayysyt. It is still holy to call holy kumis. Through the drinking of which I will drink, people reach the highest rituals.

As a symbol of unity and mutual assistance, people get into a round dance - osuokhai. Games, kinny haircuts, fistfights - the most common visits of Isiah. Earlier, for people who were hungry and tormented by the cold, it was really very holy.

Every day you can’t do without a shaman. Yogo ob'yazkom є appease the spirits, ask for help through the kamlanya. Shaman to come into contact with the spirits and deafen my will. Call the shaman to the wedding, set up a booth, people of the child.

Until recently, childless Sims could buy a child from poor Sims. It's true, the children's fathers were reluctant to please, the shards thought that they could take part of the luck with them. Among the Yakuts, it is important that a person can be either rich, or rich.

It is impossible to live at this suvorim edge without help. Preservation of family and friendly ties, shanuvannia of ancestors, reverence for nature - the axis of the credo of Yakutivs, and of all peoples.

Entry

Chapter 1. Traditional culture of the peoples of Yakutia.

1.1. culture of the peoples of Yakutia in the XVII-XVIII centuries. and the expansion of Christianity………………………………………………………………2

1.2. Yakut………………………………………………………………………4

Partitioned 2. Viruvannya, culture, butt .

2.1. Viruvannya……………………………………………………………………12

2.2. Holy………………………………………………………………… 17

2.3. Ornaments………………………………………………………………...18

2.4. Conclusion………………………………………………………………..19

2.5. Wikoristan literature……………………………………………...20

Traditional culture of the peoples of Yakutia in XVII - XVIII centuries

The traditional culture of the peoples of Yakutia has a remnant of the 18th century. no changes were made. Looking back at the price in this division is given Zagalna characteristic culture of indigenous peoples in the region XVII - XVIII centuries.

The people of the entire Lensky region are beginning to change the way of life and the type of activity, changing the way of their traditional culture. The main support of this change was the yasak contraction. Most of the indigenous population enter their main areas to occupy and move on to the farm. Yukagіri, eveni and evenki go to the crafty trade, throwing deer. Until the middle of the 17th century, Yasak began to pay Yakuts, until the 80s. of the same century, Eveni began to pay yasak, Evenks and Yukagiri, Chukchi began to pay taxes until the middle of the 18th century.

Changes are being made at the house, huts of the Russian type (hut) are being used for thinness, becoming a well-worn life, buddies of state importance (komori, komori, lazna) are changing clothes of yakutiv, which is preparing earthly cloth from the Russian earth.

Expansion of Christianity.

Before the adoption of Christianity, the Yakuts were pagans;

With the appearance of the Russian Yakuts, they began to step by step into Christianity. The women were the first to go over to the Orthodox faith, as if they were going abroad for the Russians. Cholovіkіv, yakі adopted a new religion, the stench took away a gift of rich captan and on the sprig of the rokіv zvіlnyalis vіd yasak.

In Yakutia, with the adoption of Christianity, the names of the Yakuts are changing, they are so clear as a blood pomsta, weakening the motherland. Yakuts win names and nicknames, literacy is expanding. Churches and monasteries become centers of enlightenment and friendship.

Tilki of the 19th century. the church books of the Yakut my and the first priests of the Yakut are declared. There is a re-investigation of shamans and a persecution of shamanists. The shamans who did not accept Christianity were sent away.

Irpin.

The main occupations of the Yakuts were the breeding of horses and great horned thinness, in the savory areas they were engaged in reindeer breeding. Cattlemen carried out seasonal migration, and for the winter they stored hay for thinness. Great value was saved by fishing that watering. In the whole world, a peculiarly specific statehood was created - the osile bestiality. A new great place was occupied by horse riding. Explanation of the cult of the horse, the Turkic terminology of konyarstvo speak for those that the horses were bred by the ancestors of the Sakha. From the other side, further investigation, conducted by I.P. Gur'evim, showed the high genetic similarity of the Yakut horses to the steppe horses - to the Mongolian and Akhal-Teke breeds, to the Kazakh horse of the Jaba type, often to the Kyrgyz and, especially the cicavo, to the Japanese horses from the island of Cherchzhu.

During the period of mastering the pool of the Middle Deer, the pivdenosibirsk ancestors of the Yakuts especially great the state importance of small horses, as they can build a building "tebenyuvati", dig up snow with hoards, beat them with a pick of ice, fit themselves. Great horned thinness for distant migrations is not attached and it sounds like a period of formalization of a rich (shepherd's) state. Apparently, the Yakuts did not roam, but moved from the winter road to the spring. The Yakut living quarters, the turuorbakh dee, the wooden stationary yurt, gave rise to this.

Behind the letters dzherel XVII-XVIII Art. it seems that the yakuts lived near yurts, “sleepy with earth”, and the yakuts lived near birch bark yurts.

The Tsikavy description was compiled by the Japanese, as if they saw Yakutia as an example of the 18th century: "At the middle of the stele, a great opening was prepared, on which a tovst krizhan doshka was placed, the laces were like a heart of the budinka of Yakutiv, and it was light."

Yakutian settlements were formed from a large number of inhabitants, scattered one by one in a significant period. The wooden yurts of the mayzhe woke up without change until the middle of the 20th century. “I have a Yakut yurt on my insides,” V.L. Seroshevsky wrote at his book “Yakutia,” “especially at night, illuminated by red half-lights of fire, celebrating the trochs of fantastic hostility ... The sides, folded from round standing decks, are dark in the shadow of the shady grooves, and all the way out I lay... with the stumps on the huts, with the mass of the fox, which softly falls from the ground to the ground, it seems like a similar tent. ".

The doors of the Yakut yurts were ruffled from the folded side, naming the sun, where to go. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. the stones (kemuluek ohoh) were not beaten with clay, but smeared with it, and smeared the whole hour. Khotoni were seen only by a low pole partition. Dwellings were built from ancient trees, for they made a tree for sin. The yurt is a little odd number of vicons. Oroni-loungers, which went through the air and back walls of the life, were wide and kicked across to sleep. The stench is small in height. The lower oron moved on the right side, entrusted with the entrance (uηa oron), and the greater one - the ruler, "for the sake of the ruler, the lower the happiness of the guest." Oroni from the rear side, one view of one, were ventilated with soutile partitions, and in front they climbed with stiymya sticks, blocking the opening for small doors, and flickered to nothing in the middle. The partitions between the orons of the pivdennoy side were not strong. In the daytime they sat on them and called oron olokh "sidinnya". At the link with the cim, the first skhіdna nara on the pivdenniy side of the yurt was called for the old hours keηul oloh "vіlne sidіnnya", the other - ortho oloh, "middle seat", the third nara bіla tієї zh pіvdeniї stіni - tupetієr olokh abo oh seat"; the first oron on the western side of the yurt was called kegul oloh, "sacred seat", the other oron - darkhan oloh, "more honorable seat", the third from the pivnіchnoy side of the white of the western wall-kencheeri oloh "children's seat". And the bunks on the pіvnіchnіy side of the yurt were called kuerel oloh, beds for servants or "vihovantsіv".

For the winter dwelling, they chose the lower unfamiliar place, here on the days of the alas (elani) it was either knotted, it was more likely to be protected from the cold winds. Such were the pivnіchnі and zahіdnі vіtri, that they put a yurt on the pivnіchnіy chi zahіdnіy part of the galyavini.

Zagalom, next to signify that when choosing a place for a living, they tried to know a calm, happy place. They did not settle among the old mighty trees, for the rest already took happiness, the strength of the earth. Like in Chinese geomancy, the choice of place for a living was given a vignette meaning. For this reason, the cattlemen in the vipadkah often fought for the help of the shaman. They also turned to the witch, for example, to the witch with a koumiss spoon.

In the XVII-XVIII centuries. the great patriarchal sim'ї (Kergen as a Roman "calling") were hosted in a few budinkas: urun dє, "bіliy dіm" were borrowed by the rulers, from the attackers lived friendly blue and in the hara deiє "black, thin dіm" the servants of ta slaves were hosted.

Such a large family of families lived near a stationary (not separated) birch bark forest with a cone-like shape. Vaughn koshtuvala more expensively, that small meaning of rozmіri. More in the XVIII century. the majority of summer bundins at the local families were formed from such birch bark yurts. They called them "Us kurduulaah mogul urasa" (with three belts of great Mongolian urasa).

They were wider urasi and with smaller diameters. Thus, a medium-sized urasa was called dalla urasa, which is low and wide behind its shape; khanas urasa, temple of urasa, ale with a small diameter. Among them, the largest is small, 10 m of the crown and 8 m behind the diameter.

At the XVII century. Yakuts were a post-tribal nationality, tobto. narodnistst was named for the minds of the early-class supremacy with the strengthening of the essential remnants of the tribal organization of the state that was taking shape. In the social and economic plan, the won was developed from the improvement of patriarchal-feudal vodnosyns. Yakutian society was formed, on the one hand, from the innumerable nobility and economically independent ordinary community members, on the other - from the patriarchal slaves and the indentured fallow (enslaved) people.

In the XVII - XVIII centuries. they founded two forms of family - small monogamous, scho z batkiv and more importantly of minor children, and great patriarchal family, a union of blood-striving families, standing on the choli as a patriarch-father. With this, the first variety of this species prevailed. S.A. Tokarev knew the presence of great sim's in Toyonsk states. Її became, the cream of the toyon, yogo brothers, blues, nephews, vygodovuvachi, serfs (rabies) from the squads of those children. Such a sim was called aga-Kergen, moreover, the word aga in the literal translation "senior behind the century." In this plan, aga-uusa, patriarchal kin, the hand of the moment could mean a great patriarchal family.

The patriarchal vіdnosiny appointed a hat made of viplata kalіma (Sulu) as a head wash for laying the hat. Ale rarely practiced hats from the exchange of names. Having made the sound of levirate, after the death of the elder brother, his team with children passed into the family of the young brother.

At the hour when it is twisted, the Susid form of the mass was founded by the Sakha dyono, as if it were ringing for the epoch of the arrangement of the primary mode. Vaughn was the union of families on the principle of territorial-susidic ties, often from the collective power of the coshtom of virobnitstv (pasovishcha, sinozhatі, promislovі ugіddya). S.V. Bakhrushin and S.A. Tokarev appointed that the blue braids of the Yakuts in the XVII century. they were hired, transferred from the recesses, sold. Folded the object of private authority that part of the fishing grounds. A dekilka of rural communities laid down the so-called. "Will", which is small perceptibly post_ynu number of states. In 1640, judging by Russian documents, 35 Yakut volosts were established. S.A. Tokarev determined the districts of the volost as a tribal grouping, and A. A. Borisov propagated the early Yakut ulus to look like a territorial association that develops from clans or as an ethnic-geographical province. The largest of them were the boules of Bologursk, Meginsk, Namsk, Borogonsk, Betyunsk, which accounted for 500 to 900 mature people. Inhaled population in the skin їх was pricked in 2 to 5 yew. man. Ale among them zustrichalis and so, de zagalna the population did not exceed 100 people.

The indeterminacy, incompleteness of the Yakut community was dictated by the specifics of the farm type of states, settlements in the great territory. The presence of community management bodies was compensated for by the presence of childbirth institutions. Such were the patriarchal rіd-aga-uusa "batkіvskiy rіd". Within the framework of the association of families, the line of the father-patriarch, the founder of the family, was established. At the borders of the XVII century. I founded a small form of aga-uus, which develops from fraternal families up to the 9th colony. Nadali, the great segmented form of the patriarchal family was overwhelmed.

Aga-uusa was formed not only from okremi monogamous (small) families, but also from families that are rooted in polygamy (rich women). The wealthy scotar, having settled his great dominion on two-chotirioh and kremikh alas-elans. In this rank, the state was scattered across the kіlkoh alasakh, de thinness was relieved by okremi squads with servants. І through tse covers from one father, ale from different squads (understates), nadal razgaluzhuvalis, becoming the category of relatives of families under the name of Iye-uusa "Rid mother". Prior to the segmentation of a single Batkiv state, it was a polygamous family with a family (daughter) structure. Nadal blues acquired their own families and became okrems of the maternal lineage from one father-ancestor. To that rich aha-uusiv in the XVIII century. formed a group of okremih ії-uusa. Otzhe, iie-uusa is not a relic of matriarchy, but a product of an outspoken patriarchal suspіlstva with elements of feudalism.

The structural aspect of the Yakutian silsk community was formed from irregular families and rich bais, Toyonsk aristocratic families.

Zamozhny Prosharok of the Yakut Suspіlstvo on Russian Documents of the 17th Century. was signified by the term "lyutchi people". The main mass of uninterrupted virobniks became the category of “ulus muzhiks”. The most exploited prosharok of the community members were people who live “bіlya”, “bіlya” of the Toyon and Bai states.

The Yakut middle-class herself rapped the slaves more importantly. Ale, an insignificant part became Tungus, Lamuti. A number of slaves succumbed to military hoardings, involuntarily derelict community members, self-enslaved through slavery, giving slaves like a golovshchina on the blood avenue. The stench became a part of the uninterrupted virobniks in the states of possible families and toyonivs. For example, for tribute V.M. Ivanov, specially dealing with this problem, from Prince Bukei Nikina in 1697. 28 kholopіv are guessing, paying yasak for some wines. Toyon of the Boturuska volost Molton

At the XVII century. the process of class creation hastened to the beginning of the introduction of the yasak regime, but it did not end until the end of the hour, which is being fought. One of the reasons for the singing stagnation of the social organization of the Yakut society was the state foundation - the unproductive nature of the strong state, which could provide shvidky rist population. And in the face of the dense population of the significant plan, the diversity of social and economic resources lay.

At the XVII century. kozhen ulus ("parish") mali of their own vatazhkivs. Such boules are among the Borogontsiv - Lθgθy Toyon (in Russian documents - Logui Amikaev), among the Malzhegartsiv - Sokhkhor Duurai (Durei Ichikaev), among the Boturists - Kurekai, among the Megіntsiv - Borukhay (Toyon Burukhay) thinly.

Zagalom, in the XVII century. (especially in the first half) of the Yakut population was formed from the union of the Susid communities. For the social essence of the stench, they represented, in the first place, a transitional form of the rural community from the primary to the class, but also to the amorphous administrative structure. In spite of everything, elements were guarded in the suspіlnyh vіdnosinah, from one side of the era of the Viysk democracy (Kyrgyz uyet - a century of wars or Tigin uyet - the epoch of Tigin), from the other side - feudalism. The administrative term "ulus", maybe, was introduced by the Yakutian intelligence of the Russian government. Vіn is already written in the yasachniy knizi І. Galkina in 1631/32 pp., later after the 1630s. n. the term viyshov іz uzhitku, vitіsneniya with the word “parish”. Znovu vin spliv in the 1720s. In this rank, in the XVII century. great uluses were formed, perhaps, from mentally united rural communities, to the stock of which included patriarchal canopies (patronims - clans).

The nourishment of the Yakut system of jealousy and power is insufficiently clear and independent, following the report on the terminology of jealousy. It is taken into account that the terminology of controversy is included in the most archaic layers of the vocabulary of any language. That is why the wealthy peoples are prone to inconsistency between the system of native vodnosin, which was saved from ancient hours, terminology of controversy and the essential form of this. This is a manifestation of the Taman and Turkic peoples, especially the Yakuts. It can be seen from the lower terms of the Yakutsk controversy on the blood and the plume.

Viruvannya .

Vіdpovіdno until the appearance of Sakha at that hour the All-world is composed of three worlds: Upper, Middle, Lower. The upper light is subdivided into sprats (up to nine) tiers. The sky is round and round; when rubbing the stench, one sees noise and creaking.

The upper light of the population with good spirits - ayy, like intercede for people on earth. Your patriarchal way of life reflects the earthly way of life. Ayi live in heaven on different tiers. The biggest borrower is Yuryung Aiyi Toion (the Great Creator), the creator of all the world. Tse supreme deity, Mabut, Bulo isolate the sun. Other spirits live on the upper tiers of the sky: Dyilga khaan - the identity of the valley, which was called Genghis khaan by some - the name of the intoxicating deity hour, fate, winter coldness; Syunke khan Syuge is the deity of thunder. Behind the povіr'yami of the Yakuts, the wine clears the sky from evil spirits. Ayyhyt, the goddess of childbearing and the patroness of births, lives here, Ієхіхіт - the patroness of people and creatures and other deities.

Bestiality, the main type of the state's activity of the Sakha, has stuck in the image of the good Aii, who stand up for horse-drawing and bestiality. Givers and patrons of horses Kieng Kiel-Baali toyon ta Diegegei live in the fourth heaven. Diegey is at the sight of a thick buffalo light stallion. The giver and patron of horned thinness Inakhsit-Khotun is alive under the similar sky of the earth.

Mіzhrodovі vіyni wіdbіtі in the images of warriors pіvbogіv-napіvdemonіv Uluu Toion and the gods of war, driving in that bloodshed - Іlbіs kiyha and Ohol uola. Uluu Toion of visions in the epic as the supreme judge of that creator of fire, the souls of people, that shaman.

The middle world of Yakut mythology is the whole earth, which seems to be flat and round, scarlet intertwined with high mountains and pierced by rich-water rivers. The tree Aal Luuk Mas is sacred to the poetic nourishment of the unchanging growth of the earth and the majestic majesty. In one olonkho taka, a tree is found on the land of a skin hero progenitor. The middle world of human populations: Sakha, Tungus and other peoples.

Under the Middle Light is the Lower Light. This is a dark country with flawed sun and moon, we will gloomy sky, swampy surface, thorny trees and grass. The lower world is inhabited by one-eyed and one-armed evil abaasi. If the abaasi sneak into the Middle World, then they give a lot of shkod to people, the fight against them is the main plot of Olonkho.

A lot of mythological creatures were greeted with great shanuvans; in some Olonkho one can almost feel about the fantastic two or three-headed bird eksekus with flood feasts and fiery breaths; the rich often transform into such birds and follow such a majestic sight. Of the real creatures, the eagle that witch was especially staggering. If a long time ago people shook God on im'ya Kis

Tangara (Sable god), which, unfortunately, is oblivious at once. One doslidnik assigns the totemistic manifestation of Sakha to the cob of the XVIII century: “Kozhen rіd maє i trimaє like a sacred special creature, like a swan, a gander, a crow that іn. can yoga їsti.

Zmіst olonkho, so it’s the same as the zmіst of ritual songs, which accompanied the skin significa- with Turkic mythology. and Mongolian peoples who stood at a similar stage of social development. Acts of retelling and explanation reflect the real historical background, from the appointed month at that hour real people. There were legends that retellings about the pershopredkіv Elley and Omogoї, who arrived from pivdnya to the middle of Olen; rozpovidi about the Pivnochi tribes, about the mutual Yakuts with the Tungus until the next day when

the course of the Russians.

In other situations, the participants of the party spoke about inter-tribal wars, about the warlike Kangalassian ancestor Tigin and the strongman Bert Hara from Borogon, about the Baturus ancestor Omoloon, the Borogonian Lege, the Tatta Keerekeyen, and about the bay. The people of that hour were told a little and told about the far outskirts, about the abundance of wild animals and wild animals there, about the wide accessories for horse riding and animal husbandry open spaces in quiet lands. Nashchadki of the first inhabitants around were laying the retellings of their ancestors, who migrated from central Yakutia.

Approximately at this hour, a retelling about the arrival of Russian Cossacks and the foundation of the city of Yakutsk was formed. It seems that once two fair-haired and black-eyed people arrived to the land of Tigin. Tigin zrobiv їх pracіvniki. For a sprat of rock, the stench arose. People sipped, as if the stench was poured on the chovnі up the mountain Olenaya. Three years later, on the great rafts, faceless people rushed in, similar to silence, which flowed into the Tigin. Those who arrived, asked Tigin for lands to be bought in one ox skin. Having taken it off, the stench cut the skin into thin threads and circled it great expanse, pulling the threads on kіlochki. In this city, a whole fortress was built without a hitch. Shameenuvsya Tigin, who, having made a pardon, wanted to build a fortress at once with his son Challaai, she did not succeed. This is how Yakutsk was founded. The Yakuts tried to attack the fort, but to no avail. Because of this stench, the Russian tsar was greeted.

Versh olonkho alteration. Rozmir vіrsha vіlniy, the number of warehouses in a row kolivaєєєєєєєєєєєє to 18. Style and figurative system close to the epos of the Altaians, Khakassivs, Tuvans, Buryat Ulgerіv. Olonkho is widely used among the Yakut people, the names and images of the beloved heroes have become nominal.

For the science of Yakut olonkho, Academician A.F.Middendorf made his hour more expensive in Siberia in 1844. Waking up in the middle of the night with a rich sound from a Yakut hut thrown nearby, immediately demonstrating that your sleep is even more disturbing in the light of what you had a little earlier, For example, in the form of shamanic rituals. At the same time, the first recording of the Yakut olonkho (“Eriedel Bergen”) was crushed. Having handed over the results of his warnings to the Sanskritologist O. N. Bertling, who, in order to test his linguistic concept, needed a small non-European language to test his own linguistic concept. So one more record of the Yakut olonkho (Er Sogotokh), records from Bertling's informant V.Ya.

In the other half of the 19th century, professional religious folklorists and political scientists began to take up the recording of olonkho. Khudyakov and E.K. Pekarsky, the rest becoming a connection to the work of the Yakut intelligentsia.

This is how the monumental "Eyes" folk literature Yakutiv” in three volumes (1907-1918), de bulo, mid-twenty, 10 olonkhos were published in a new record. After the revolution, the olonkho was recorded by the majzhe, including the Yakutsk vcheni, and the children of the association “Sakha Keskile” (“Yakutsk turning”), and from 1935. spіvrobіtniki “Institute of Movement and Culture at the RNC of the Yakut ARSR. The peak of interest in Olonkho is to sit on the ear of the 1940s, if you have an idea that you can create a text

Yakut epic

As a result, over 200 independent plots of the same type were recorded. In that same era, the Yakut Lenrot - Platon Oleksiyovich Oyunsky (1893–1939) appeared, having created a version of the olonkho about Nyurgun Booture - “Nyurgun Bootur is strimky”.

Already a great place everyday life sakha having taken the cult of fire - Wat ichchite (the spirit of the sacred fire). At the sight of the people, the sky is like a dream, having entered as the son of Yuryung Ayii toyon, the deity of the sun. In the center, where if the fire descended from heaven - this is a sanctuary. Prayers and sacrifices of people to deities were carried out through the fire.

The All-world "with great fiery exchanges of light" was associated with the image of a beautiful mighty stallion, "aigir silik". Cultivating the image of a horse is clearly manifested in Yogo's connection not only with the sky (sky-kin), but with the sun: the first day of descents to the earth by Yuryung Ayi Taon himself.

In the religious glances of the Yakuts, one of the main places was occupied by manifestations about the soul. The won was composed of three elements - salgin kut (povіtrya-soul), іye-kut (mother-soul), buor kut (earth-soul). Syur, the spirit of the people, the yogo psychic mood of these manifestations, having taken a significant place. At the time of the people's children, the soul of that sur sank the goddess Ayisit. Behind the same manifestations, iye-kut is alive with a heart (maє white color), buor kut is known in the vahah of a person (maє brown color). And Salgin kut - bezbarvny.

holy .

It’s sacred to the smut - the spring-summer kumis is holy (Isiah), which was accompanied by twisting kumis from great wooden goblets (choroon), games, sports magic and that іn. Shamanism is a confession. Shaman tambourines (Dyunpor) are close to Evenki ones. Traditional musical instruments- jew's harp (khomus), violin (kiriimpa), drums. From dances to a wider round dance - osuokhai, playful dances and іn.

Folklore. In folklore, there is a heroic epic (olonkho), which was recitative with special tales (olonkhosut) at the great gathering of the people; historical retellings, fairy tales, especially fairy tales about creatures, sayings, songs. The olonkho is composed of rich sayings close to the plot and stylistic one; the total of their verses is 10-15, which sometimes over thousands of rows of rows, interspersed with rhythmic prose and prose inserts.

Vinikli in the old days of opovіdі olonkho vіdobrazhayut risi of patriarchal-tribal harmony, inter-tribal and inter-tribal ones of Yakuts. The skin proverb is called by the name of the main hero-bogatyr: “Nyurgun Bootur”, “Kulun Kullustuur” and in.

At the heart of the plot is the struggle of the bogatyrs from the Ayii Aimaga tribe with the evil one-armed or one-legged monsters abaasi chi adaray, the defender of justice that peaceful life. The olonkho is characterized by fantasy and hyperbole in the images of the rich and in the realistic descriptions of the same, numerical myths of the most recent adventure.

Ornaments.

Yakut folk art is a significant manifestation of the culture of the peoples of Siberia. Yogo samobutnіst in various forms of buttuvannya is zagaloviznana. Ornament is the basis of decorative and uzhitkovy art, be it for the people, for that Yakut people, the art of folk art appears before us more importantly as more ornamental. Yakut ornament, tied to the traditional way of life of the people, an invisible part of its material and spiritual culture. You play a significant role, both in everyday life and in ritual and ritual situations. The development of the process of formation and development of the Yakut ornamentation, the problems of its classification and analysis of the work of the Yakut folk maestros of the 19th century.

The problem of classifying the ornament of the flooring is ambiguous and debatable, as it is the basis for the identification of the specifics of the ornamental art. The historians of that ethnography, who saw the main groups in the ornamental creativity of the peoples of our country, were busy doing this richly.

Visnovok

Yakutia has a lot of people living in it, and the culture, the way of life is similar, the way of life, the way of life, which has changed over time, begins to change from the entrances of Yakutia to the warehouse of the Russian state. The Russians are provoking legal norms, legal rules, paying yasak, a new religion. To bring the expansion of Christianity to a change in the way of life of the natives of Yakutia, to understand the controversy, blood vengeance.

In the Chukchi, reindeer and sea fishing are the main occupations. That culture will not make cardinal changes, but they will appear additional employment like it becomes step by step overwhelmed - cunning promisel.

In the evenings, the main type of activity is deer hunting, fishing and fishing, as it becomes different for importance. The evens change their clothes, the yak adopts the Russian style.

Yukagiri. The main occupations are reindeer, breeding dogs. The way of life is drunk. The Yukagirs have two types of dwellings:

1. winter hut (dugout)

2. chickens - summer living.

There were no cardinal changes in animals and cultures.

Step by step, among the peoples of the Lensky Territory, they are being established as a hutryan, and financial trade.

Wikoristan literature:

1. Aleksiev A.M. Persh Russian settlements of the XVII-XVIII centuries. at the Pivnichny Descent of Yakutia. - Novosibirsk, 1996.

2. Argunov I.A. Social development of the Yakut people. - Novosibirsk, 1985

3. Bakhrushin S.V. Historical shares of the peoples of Yakutia: Collection of articles "Yakutia".-L., 1927.

4. Basharin G.P. History of farming in Yakutia (XVII century-1917). T.1. - Yakutsk, 1989; T.2. 1990.

It's easy to send your harn to the robot to the basics. Vikoristovy form, raztastovanu below

Students, graduate students, young adults, like a victorious base of knowledge in their trained robots, will be your best friend.

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Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation

Federal state budgetary lighting installation

Higher professional education

NATIONAL LAST

IRKUTSK STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Institute of Architecture and Life

Department of Miske life and statehood

ESSAY

Yakut: tradiation, bit, beforeulura

Vikonav: student group EUNbz-12 P.M. Sveshnikov

Accepted: vikladach V.G. Zhitiv

Norm control V.G. Zhitiv

Irkutsk 2014

Entry

1.3 Culture

a) religion

b) art

1.4 Traditions

a) crafts

b) living

c) clothes

d) National cuisine

Visnovok

List of references

Entry

About tse treba remembrance. At three o'clock, the entrance of Yakutia to the warehouse of the Russian state took more than a hundred years. All the passage of the hour by the Yakuts and other pivnіchnym peoples of the paths, those historical podії and phenomena that have become in that history period, the traditional friendship of the Yakut and Russian peoples is indisputably witnessed by the fact that the entrance of Yakutia to the warehouse of Russia was a great success.

Yakut people, whose traditions and culture are little known to other peoples. That's why I'm stuck with this topic.

Friendship of peoples, goodness that peace among peoples - even tends to be that delicate river. Therefore, in our hour, the national food is staunchly fast, international conflicts are often blamed. Some peoples respect themselves for their importance and allow themselves to belittle and underestimate other peoples.

Tsіlі: Learn about the peculiarities of the Yakuts, like the people, learn about their traditions, culture, pobut, language, clothes, national cuisine and faith.

For the sake of reaching me, I worked with literature in the libraries of the locality of the school, victorious in the encyclopedia: Great Encyclopedia Cyril and Methodius, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Russia, theoretical materials of the 8th and 9th classes of the geography of Russia (

I respect that my work can be scored in the lessons of geography, history, in advanced work and in elective courses.

I. Yakut. Tradition. Pobut. culture

1.1 Zagalny characteristic of Yakutia

Self-name Sakha sahaurianghai. Yakuts forge their autonomy, the Republic of Yakutia (Sakha). YAKUTIA (Republic of Sakha), a republic in the Russian Federation. The area is 3103.2 thousand km2 (including the Novosibirsk Islands). Population 973.8 thousand. osib (2001), mise 66%; Yakuts, Russians, Ukrainians, Evenks, Evens, Chukchis. 33 districts, 13 districts The capital is Yakutsk. Yakutia (Republic of Sakha) freely spread out on the pivnіchny descent of the region. The most important Russian republics: її area to become close to 3 million km2, tobto. five parts of the entire territory of the Russian Federation. About those who are far away from Yakutia in the European part of Russia, one can judge already by the fact that the month of six years is in Moscow.

Yakutia was planted on the pivnochi of the Khidny Siberia, including the Novosibirsk Islands. Over 1/3 of the territory is located behind the Pivnichny polar stake. The greater part is occupied by great mountain systems, nagir'ya and flat-heaven. At the entrance - the Middle Siberian Flat Mountains, bordered immediately by the Central Yakut Lowland. At the descent - the ridges of Verkhoyansky, Chersky (height up to 3147 m) and the ridges between them Yano-Oym'yakonske nagir'ya. On the pіvdnі - Aldansk Nagіr'ya and the near-cordon Stanoviy Ridge. At the pіvnіchnіy part - Pivnіchno-Sibіrsk, Yano-Іndigіrsk and Kolimska lowlands. At the pivnіchny gathering - Yukagіrsk flat mountain.

Washed by the Laptev and Skhidno-Siberian seas. Great rivers - Lena (with tributaries Olekma, Aldan and Vilyuy), Anabar, Olenyok, Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya, Kolima. Vilyuisk reservoir. Ponad 700 lakes: Mogotoyev, Nerpiche, Nedzhelі and іn.

Most of the territory of Yakutia is spread out in the zone of the middle taiga, and on the peninsula it is changed by the zones of forest-tundra and tundra. The soils are predominantly permafrost-taiga, soddy-forest, alluvial-meadow, girnicho-forest and tundra-gley.

Yakutia is a plateau, flat mountains and mountains. At the pivnіchny descent, the Verkhoyansky ridge zigzag like a gigantic arc. The tops of yoga flew up to a height of over two kilometers. Lantsyugi gіr, which separate the pools of the river Yana, Indigirka and Kolima, are more important than the lilac and the lilac-zahіdny direction. Breaking through to the ocean, the deaky rivers settle at the mountain ridges in the narrow valleys. The largest yaskravy butt - this is the name of the Lenskaya pipe with a width of 2 - 4 km. The lowlands - Pivnіchno-Sibіrsk, Yano-Іndigіrsk, Kolimsk - compete with the extreme pivnoch. The largest high point on the edge is Mount Peremoga (3147 m) near the Ulakhan-Chistai ridge. Behind the geological century, Yakutia is an old land, which, for a lot of millions of years, has accumulated indefinite wealth from its surpluses and has experienced various fortunes. On її territorії it is known to strike a trace of the impact of a majestic meteorite body - the so-called crater Popgaisky. Only at the 20th century began to v_dkrivate the treasures of the edge; їх rozvіdka i rozrobka yearned for majestic material vitrates, and for us before masculinity, that vіdvagi pershoprokhіdtsіv.

The greater plains and plateaus are covered with forests, in which the Daurian modrina (in Yakut "tit-mas") prevails. The wide breadth of this tree is explained by its attachment to the minds of the minds. Pine forests grow on the terraces of the great rivers - Deer, Aldana, Vilyuy, Olekmi. The summer landscape near the Yakutian taizy is even more garnied: the sleepy birds lie on the kilim from moss and lingonberry. Podlіska mayzhe nemaє - only young growth of modrina with lower needles. Autumn foxes become golden; at the gloomy spring days of the wines of the sky hang in the middle. The dawn of calm weather, the taiga stands at the golden dress until the snow falls.

Quite often charani - dіlyanki grow up, on which growth grows together with bare soils. From trees on such foxes birches grow, from grasses - kovila and other representatives of the steppes. The paradox is that the protea of the pivdennі roslini is even closer to the polar stake. The reason lies in the peculiarities of the climate (inflow of wines in Yakutia is similar to the steppes), as well as in the nature of the soil, which is good for the tanning of the upper permafrost ball.

As a result, ice melts into alasi - shallow (up to 6 - 10 m) decrease in various areas (from hundreds to tens of thousands) square meters). The bottom of the alas is flat, in the center of it one can sometimes see a lake, which is overgrown. Ring the alasi without leaves, it’s less likely to grow birches with them - one by one in groups, and the grass is thicker. The soil of the Yakutian alasses is highly saline, often salty and the water in non-previous lakes. To that, first, brew tea - in Yakut thick, - mandrivnikova varto taste the lake water for relish. Alasya tie up the elk, deer, roe, as they come to sap the sap of succulent grass and silly that came out.

On the heights of the taiga step by step, go over to the thin forests; then swamps with bushes and chagars of lokhina appear. The belt of the chagarnik or the cedar stlanika is even stronger, changing the way you walk on the trampoline: the chicks spring and lift the plantain uphill. Naive peaks are bald mountains, covered with kurums, movs of "stone rivers", which descend into the forest zone. Under the heaps of stone, on the depths of a second meter, you can shake ice; in such natural freezers myslivtsi save meat in reserve.

On the nights of Yakutia, the taiga is replaced by lichen tundra, and on the shores of the Ice-Cold Ocean, a wide swath of lichen tundra stretches. To bring smuga of the arctic tundra (on the pivnіchny entry). On the flat swampy areas, cryonic birch trees grow to creep. The ground was frozen with cracks, which would fill up with water. In the valleys of the great rivers, the edge of the view appears: bows and low-growing modrins appear, bent by the winds. Maybe, if you choose the symbol of the Republic of Sakha, then the modrina would be the most important.

Natural minds determine the nature of the created world. In the past, sable has become the main wealth of Yakutia. A century of hizhatsky guilt was brought to the point that the animals are less likely to be seen in inaccessible areas. Now the main trades of creatures are squirrel, arctic fox, hare, fox, ermine, Siberian weasel.

A small fluffy chipmunk often trawls. As if, having studied with him, linger for a day's hour and die, the wines of obov'yazkovo can be better looked at without knowing. The tundra is alive and the animal is the leming. Vіn pokritiy thick hutra, as if ryatuє in the cold. Yakuts know: a lot of lemingiv - the main foxes - the miserable season will be far away.

From the great hoardings of the tayzi there is an elk, deer, musk deer, roe deer grow. In the past, they spit on a wild deer, but now the creature is rare; having occupied the same place with a domestic deer, like a vicorist like a draft animal.

Under the protection, the great snow ram, which is near the mountains, is rebuking. You can see the Ussuri tiger from the Ussuri forests in the northern-skhidni regions of Yakutia. Near the museum of Yakutsk there is a opal of a tiger killed in 1905. bele of the settlement of Ust-Maya on Aldan. A hizhak todi caught a herd of herd horses and showed majestic footprints.

From midnight onwards, the territory of Yakutia is overflowing with numerous water arteries. Lena, Anabar, Olenyok, Yana, Indigirka, Kolima and other rivers carry their own waters at Pivnichniy Liodovitiy ocean. The greatest heat from the river “warms up” the bottoms of the valleys, as a result, there are groves of soil in frozen rocks. Olena (over 4400 km) to enter the first dozen of the largest rivers in the world. Zagalom Yakutia has over 700 yew. river and river and about half a century of lakes. For food about the number of lakes near the edge of the moons, the inhabitants say that their feet are well, the skils are in the sky.

The main transport highway of Yakutia is the Lena River. From the beginning of grass - an ear of chervn along them, in an uninterrupted stream, ships are crashing down with possessions, fire, products of those other vantages. Navigation is a hot time; Only a couple of months in the center of the republic and two or three at the pivnoch vіdpuskі to ferry everything you need by the found waterway. Great ships, which carry two or three thousand tons aboard, go uphill and down the Lena, Aldan and Vilyui, as well as great tributaries. Navit "sailors" - marine vessels with a water tonnage of 5 thousand. tons - with great water to go for the vestages for all Yakutia to the port of Osetrov.

There is a miraculous monument near the town of Aldan - an old vantage was placed on a pedestal. Such cars delivered vestages from the village of Never, through the yak to pass the Trans-Siberian Railway, on the Aldanian gold mines. After that, the Trans-Siberian was extended to Yakutsk, signifi- cantly painting the link with rich settlements. Roadways were laid from the port of Lensk to the place Mirniy (the center of the diamond and shoe industry).

The Baikal-Amur Mainline crossed the Chulmanivsk genera of the coking coal with industrial centers. In the future, it is possible to continue the rails of BAM to the towns of Aldan and Tommot, and in the 21st century, perhaps, to reach Yakutsk.

Letaki appeared in Yakutia on the cob of the 1930s. and immediately won popularity, oskolki povyazali in the distance kutochki іz the center. The population of Yakutia is "naylitnish" in Russia, and maybe even in the world. In the airport of a small village, you can meet a Yakut woman, as soon as you hurry to fly, to see your granddaughter, who lives 500 km away.

The economy of the region is most importantly based on the natural richness of the Yakutian overflows. The republic has over 40 thousand. genera of brown copalins. For an hour, the basis of the garnicho-bouvial craftsmanship of Yakutia, but only 1.5 yews of gold were produced. tons. The region gave the country a lot of millions of tons of stone wool, millions of cubic meters of natural gas. However, at the thought of riches, smut riches still check for cash. The edge, it is possible, to declare about them in a right way in the 21st century.

Near rivers and lakes there are up to 40 species of ribeye: among them are taimen, broad whitefish, perch, pike, omul, nelma, muksun, vendace, peled, crucian carp. At the Oleni to catch Siberian tsar-riba - sturgeon-khatis. In the rivers of the mountains, the red grayling is alive. Ribi could have been much bigger, yakbi won’t die through marriage and lack sourness in waterways that freeze through.

Similar circulatory system, the rivers of Yakutia carry life in all distant parts of the region. Other great rivers - Olenyok, Yana, Indigirka, Kolima - without intermediary do not see Olena and one with one, prote all of them are united Pivnichny Ice-free ocean, where the stench falls. Most of its waters, the Olen and its tributaries, are taken for a day from Yakutia, in the mountains of Pivdenny Siberia. The basin of the river is rather large behind the square, which explains its water supply.

For a long time, the rivers were ways, through which the resettlement of peoples took place. The wind-breaker was carried on the chants, the uzimka - on the ice. Zhytlo tezh were on the banks.

The current name of the republic was adopted from the ethnic names of the indigenous population: Sakha - self-name and Yakut - Russian name, introduced in the 17th century. at the evens. Yakutsk, founded in 1632, started to develop as an administrative and shopping center of Skhidny Sibir. The 19th century wines gained a lot of popularity as a place of political mischief.

On the cob of the 20th century in the city there was about 6 thousand. residents A row of huts were streaked with yurts; 16 primary foundations, a spiritual seminary, a museum, a nursery, and two libraries were worked on.

The image of Yakutsk began to change suddenly at the hands of the Radyansky ruler. On the mission of the master and small enterprises of Vinikla Bagatogaluzev promislovist. Pratsyuzhny ship-repair plant, a kind of production of the coal of the girnik of the Kangalasskogo vugіlny rozrіzu, the development of modern power plants - DRESS and TEC. The population of Yakutsk has overtaken 200 yew. Cholovik. The capital of the Republic of Sakha is bagatonic; Significant part of the inhabitants to become Yakut.

The city has a university and a rural university, three theatres, dozens of museums; Science Center of the Siberian Branch Russian Academy sciences are close to 30 previous centers. There is a sculpture of a mammoth at the entrance to the only Institute of Permafrost in Russia. Sherginsk mine - a well with a depth of 116.6 m, built in the middle of the 19th century, - dosі vykoristovuyut for permafrost.

1.2 Features of the Yakut language

Yakut language, one of the Turkic language; Utryoryu Yakutsku PIDGRUPU Uyguro-Oghuzko (for the classifice N.A. Baskakova) Groups is abstained until the “Pivnisky-Skhid” cereals in the responding Sakha (Yakutia), de-rye (I, zgi, tagging. my Sakha - for the self-name of the Yakuts), near the Taimir (Dovgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okruzі and other regions of the Northern Siberia and the Far Skhod. The number of roses is close to 390 thousand. osіb, moreover, to speak Yakut not only ethnic Yakuts, but also representatives of low peoples. Previously, the Yakut language celebrated the role of the regional movement of international cooperation at the Pivnichniy Skhod in Siberia. Volodymyr Russian 65% of Yakuts; expanded also Russian-Yakutsk-Evensk, Russian-Yakutsk-Evenkiysk, Russian-Yakutsk-Yukaghirsk and deyakі іnshі vidi batomovnіstі.

There are three groups of dialects: zahіdna (the left bank of the Oleni: vіluyskі and pіvnіchno-zahіdnі govirki), skhіdna (the right bank of the Oleni: central and pivnіchno-skhіdnі govirki) and the Dolgan dialect (Taymir and Anabarsky district of the Republic of Sakha), sometimes they look like I’m going to talk.

Like the Chuvash language, the Yakut people are located on the geographical periphery of the Turkic world and strongly (beyond the worlds of the Turkic family) are quarreled with other languages that enter before it. The phonetics of the Yakut language is characterized by the preservation of the first old vowels and diphthongs, which appeared in most Turkic languages; in grammar - invariable special borrowers of 1 and 2 individuals, a rich system of vіdminkіv (due to the presence of the deep Turkic tribal and mіstsevoy - the unique feature of the Yakut movi), different ways of expressing direct addition and deyakі іnshі special features. The syntax is typical Turkic. The specificity of the Yakut language in the vocabulary of vocabulary is also significant, which is connected with the numerical value of the post-Mongolian, Evenki and Russian language; especially great inflow from the side of the Evenkiysky, having recognized the Dolgansky dialect. In the active vocabulary of the Yakut language, there are about 2.5 thousand. slіv Mongolian campaign; the Rosiyskiyi zerosyskiy, then the same in the pre -revolutionary perіoda, was on the bi -more 3 tex., I would prickly in the arrangements of the zberers, Shi Vishihi in the Samiye Rosiykiy Movybi " . The move's press of the pet vaga rosiyskih zapozichen sagaє 42%.

Literary language of Yakutia was formed under the influence of the language of folklore, for example 19 - on the cob 20 st. on the basis of central words; perekladna missionary literature was published from the 19th century. (the first book was seen in 1812). A copy of the writing systems (all based on the Cyrillic alphabet) was victorious: missionary, de published mainly in the literature of the church community; betlingivska, which included scientific publications and the first periodical publications; and writing to the Russian civil alphabet. In 1922, the alphabet of S.A.Novgorodov, creations with the improvement of international phonetic transcription, was introduced; in 1930-1940s, it was based on writing on a Latin basis, from 1940 on the basis of Russian graphics with some additional letters. The Yakutian language conducts bibliography, among other schools (Yakut and Turkic philology and culture), one sees periodicals, various literature, and radio telecasting is conducted.

Yakut language is one of the most well-established Turkic language.

Yakutia culture pobut traditions

1.3 Culture

The stage of molding the culture of Yakutivs with the Baikal kurikans, at the warehouses of which there is a Turkic base, and Mongolian, and Tunguska components. The very middle Kurikan sees the integration of various and ethnic cultural traditions, laid the foundation for the Yakut semi-sedentary pastoralism, low elements of material culture, anthropological features of the Yakuts. At X-XI Art. Kurikans recognized the strong influx of Mongol-Mongolian susіdіv, which is inadvertently common in the lexicon of the Yakut language. The Mongols pushed in and the onset of the resettlement of the ancestors of the Yakuts down the Lena. Until what time is the entrance to the warehouse of the Yakut ancestors of the Kypchak component (ethnonymy, language, ritual), which allows you to see two Turkic cultural-chronological balls in the Yakut culture; old-Turkic, which can be seen in the cultures of Sagaits, Beltirs, Tuvans and Kipchaks - okremi groups of Zahidno-Siberian Tatars, Pivnichny Altai, Kachintsiv and Kiziltsiv.

Olonkho is the name of the works of the Yakut heroic epic. Create an epos named after their heroes (Nyurgunt Bootur, Ebekhtey Bergen, Myuldew the Strong, etc.). All create olonkho more or less similar to the style, and th to the composition; They are also brought together by the traditional for all Olonkho images (heroes-heroes, heroines, ancestors, sage Seerkeen, Sesen, slave Simehsin, ludozhery “abasasi!, evil diege-baaba, etc.). The main character of the epic is the period of the laying of an ordinary man among the Yakuts, inter-tribal and inter-tribal blues. Rozieri Olonkho reach 10-15 thousand. and more lined rows. The plots of Olonkho are based on the struggle of the rich tribe “ayi aymanga” with the mythical monsters of the tribe “abaasi”, like they drive people in, destroy the country, steal women. The heroes of Olonkho protect the miraculously peacefully happy life of their tribe and sound like they can overcome. At the same time, someone else's zagarbnitsky cili. The affirmation of a peaceful life with just people's opinions and the main idea of Olonkho. The style of Olonkho is characterized by the use of kazkovo fantasy, contrast and hyperbole of images, folding epithets and similarity. In the great descriptions, like in the epic, they speak in detail about the nature of the country, the dwellings, the odes, the znaryaddya practice. These descriptions, often repeating themselves, take up at least half of the epic. Olonkho-tsinnishiy monument of culture of the Yakut people.

Olonkhust-storyteller, vikonovets of the Yakut heroic epos-Olonkho. Vikonanny Olonkho is not accompanied by a musical accompanist. Promote the heroes and other characters olonkho sing, reshta - apologia - a part is indicated by recitative. The names of prominent Olonkhusts are popular among the people. Tse (D.M. Govorov, T.V. Zakharov and others)

Farther away, the molding of the Yakut culture, the basis of which was made by the high-latitude cattle-breeding, was found near the pool of the Middle Deer. Here the ancestors of the Yakuts are called for example ХІІІ - on the cob of the ХІV century. The archeology of this region illustrates the further evolution of the Yakut culture right up to the 17th-18th centuries. livestock, for the preservation of the rich substratum features of the common Turkic cultural tradition (light gazer, folklore, ornament, language).

a) religion

Orthodoxy expanded in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Christian cult has come down with faith in good and evil spirits, the spirits of dead shamans, the spirits-masters and others. The elements of totemism have been preserved: the birth of the creature-patron, which was harrowed to be driven in, called by name and name. Yuryung ayi toyon, lower - Ala buurai toyon ta in. The cult of the female deity of kinship Ayysyt is important. Horses were sacrificed to the spirits near the upper world, cows were sacrificed to the lower world. It’s sacred to the wild - spring-summer kumisne is holy (Isiah), which was accompanied by twisting kumis from great wooden goblets (choroon), games, sports magic and other. Shamanism is a confession. Shaman tambourines (dungur) are close to Evenki ones.

b) art

In folklore, there is a heroic epic (olonkho), which was recitative with special tales (olonkhosut) at the great gathering of the people; historical retellings, fairy tales, especially fairy tales about creatures, sayings, songs. Traditional musical instruments - jew's harp (khomus), violin (kiriimpa), drums. Three dances widened round dance osuokhai, playful dances and ing.

1.4 Traditions

a) crafts

The main traditional occupations are horse riding (in Russian documents of the 17th century, Yakuts were called "cat people") and the breeding of great horned thinness. People watched over the stones, horned thinness- Women. Deer were bred at the pivnoch. The thinness was trimmed on the daily feed, the collection at the khlivs (hotons). Sinokosinnya was in the house before the arrival of the Russians. The Yakut breeds of thinness were resurrected by vitrivality, but they were unproductive.

Bulo rozvinene also fishing. They caught fish in the main stream, but also in the opolonci; In the autumn, a collective neіdba ruled over the distribution of vidobutka among the participants. Fishing was the main occupation for the poor, who didn’t have a little thinness (in the documents of the 17th century, the term “fishing” - balixite - gets used to the meaning of “bіdnyak”), the deyak tribes also specialized in it - so called "pishi Yakuti" - osekuї, ontuli, kokuї, kirikіytsі, kirgidaytsі, orgoti and others.

The hunting was especially widened in the pivnochi, the camps here mostly ate food (pisets, hares, deer, elk, birds). Before the arrival of the Russians, the taizi had seen it like a m'yasne, and hutrove watering (weed, elk, squirrel, fox, hare, birds and others.), Nada, through a decrease in the number of animals, the value fell. Characteristic specific methods of watering: with a beak (hopefully sneak up to a vidobutka, hovayuchis for a beak), a streak of a beast following, sometimes with dogs.

It was necessary to select - the selection of pine and modrin sapwood (inner ball of measles), which was harvested for the winter in dried look, root (saran, chased that іn), greenery (wild cibula, horseradish, sorrel), raspberries were not planted in jagіd, which were impure .

The bula was made of wood trimming (artistic carving, decorated with wild vines), birch bark, hutra, shkiri; zі shkіri robbed utensils, from kinsk and cowhide skins, sewn in shah's order - kilimki, from hare hutra - kovdri and іn; Cords were tapped from the kinsky hair with their hands, weaved, embroidered. Spinning, weaving, and felting continued throughout the day. The production of stucco ceramics was preserved, as the Yakuts saw among the other peoples of Siberia. The smelting and forging of the hall, which had a small commodity value, were smelted and carved, srіbla, midi and іn., from the 19th century - rіzblennya according to mammoth brushes. The tops were carried over importantly, the vestages were transported in bulk. Bulls in the house lie, pіdbitі kіnsky kamus, sleigh (silіs siarga, pіznіshe - sleigh like Russian firewood), harnessed sound at bikіv, on pіvnochі - reindeer straight-sleds; types of chovn_v zagalni with evenki - birch bark (ti) or flat-bottomed with boards.

b) living

Winter settlements (kіstik) were scattered near the Kosoviks, formed from 1-3 yurts, in summer - for pastures, there were up to 10 yurts. The winter yurt (booth, dіє) is small with shabby walls made of standing thin decks on a straight-cut slab frame and a low double-walled frame. The walls were smeared with tombs of clay with pus, and on top of the flooring, which had been crushed from logs, they were covered with bark and earth. The budinok was placed on the sides of the light, the entrance was on the opposite side, the windows - at the pivdenniy and the zahіdnіy, they were oriented from the pivnіchі to pivdnі. Right-handed at the entrance, in the pivnіchno-skhіdny kutku, the fire (dry) was vlashtovuvalos - a pipe with poles, smeared with clay, which went out through the names. Uzdovzh walls were bolstered by plank nari (oron). We will most honor the pivdenno-zahіdny kut. The white of the windy wall was a housey place. Nari levoruch at the entrance were assigned to young people, pracіvnikіv, right-handed, white bellies - for women. A stіl (ostuol) and stools were placed at the front kutka. From the pivnіchny side to the yurt, there was a shed, often under one dash with a life, the doors to the new yurt were behind the fire. In front of the entrance to the yurt, a blue hovering hung. The yurt was honed with a low nasip, often with parkanchik. There was a horseshoe on the booth, often embellished with ornaments. Summer yurts were little shaken in winter. Instead of a hoton, a shed for calves (titic) was set up, hung that іn. The end of the spore was covered with poles, covered with birch bark (urasa), on pivnoch - with turf (kaliman, holuman). From the end of the 18th century in the house of richly shaped zrubn yurts with a pyramidal palace. In the other half of the 18th century, Russian huts expanded.

c) clothes

Traditional person woman's clothes- short shkiryan pants-natazniki, cunning shawl, shkiryan leggings, single-breasted kaptan (sleep), vzimka - cunning, vlitka - from kіnsk or cow's cows' shkіri outwardly in the middle, for bagatih - from fabric. Lately, fabric shirts with a folding cloak (irbahi) appeared. The men were worn with a shkiryan belt with a knife and flint, at the rich - with silver and copper plaques. Characteristic female spring hutryan dovgy kaptan (sangiyakh), embroidered with chervonim and green cloth and gold lace; a shaggy woman’s hat from an expensive farm, which goes down to her back and shoulders, with a high cloth, oxamite or brocade top, sewn on a new silver plaque (tuosakhta) and other embellishments. Wider women's silver and gold embellishment. Zuttya - winter high boots made of reindeer or women's skins of a common name (eterbes), summer boots with soft coats (saari) with a freebie covered with cloth, for women - with appliqué, dovgі khutryany panchokhi.

d) National cuisine

The main hedgehog is dairy, especially inflow: from mare's milk - koumis, from cow's milk - sour milk (suorat, smittya), tops (kuercheh), oliya; they drank butter with melted abo with koumiss; suorat was prepared for the winter in a frozen viglyadі (tar) with additional yagіd, root and іn; from new water, boroshna, root, pine sapwood and other. Yushka (butugas) was being prepared. Ribna yezha grala main role for bіdnyakіv th in pivnіchnyh districts, de bouve leanness, meat got accustomed more importantly rich. Horse meat was especially valued. At the 19th century, it was not difficult to enter barley at the vzhivvannya: fresh cakes, pancakes, yushka-salamat were made from it. Vegetables were grown in the Olekminsky district.

Visnovok

On the example of the Yakut people, I want to bring what is appropriately put to other peoples, and I am convinced that it went well. Leather people have their pluses and minuses of their way of life, based on traditions. The Yakut people formed on the Oleny after being buried by the pivden Turkic migrants of the Mist tribes. At the state material culture Yakut people revere rice similar to the culture of the cattle of Central Asia, ale and taiga elements. The main occupations of the Yakuts at the time of entry to the Russian state (17th century) until the middle of the 19th century. Bulo nap_vkochovo bestiality. They bred horned thinness and horses. In the 17th century, the state of the Yakut government began to move to farming, but the mass transition began in the 2nd half of the 19th century. Behind the grapes of the surrounding districts, fishing and fishery played an important role, prote for the poor, fishing was an important galuzz of the state. From crafts to the development of nabulo smithery. The Yakuts were able to melt from the ore of the lake. Like a lot of people in Russia, yakuts dream a lot of folk art: the heroic epos of olonkho. The carving on brush and wood has been expanded, as well as traditional embroidery on baggies, mittens, and turtles.

I respect what other peoples, including the Russian ones, what the Yakuts like. It is necessary to write to them that such people, like Yakuts, enter our country. It is necessary to protect those that Yakutia occupies the great territories of Russia. The Yakut people make their own unique rice in their own way, traditions and culture. At our time, there are a lot of interethnic conflicts, and I am sure that people will come to their senses, and there will be no such thing. The Russian people need to keep in mind that Russia is a rich-national land, which has our strength, richness of ideas and spirituality.

List of references

1. Aleksiev A.I. ta іn Geography of Russia: State and geographic regions: Navch. for 8-9th grades.

2. The Great Russian Encyclopedia / Head of scientific - ed. please Yu.S. Osipiv. Відп. ed. S.L. Kravets. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004. - S. 420-451.

3. Great Radianska Encyclopedia / Goal. ed. Vvedensky B.A. T. 49.- M: Great Radianska Encyclopedia.-З 49-60

4. Encyclopedia for children. The Land of the People of Civilization / Chapter. ed. M.D. Aksionova - M.: Avanta +, 2001 .. - З 457-466

Placed on Allbest.ru

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Areal of roses every day

Settlement of the Yakuts on the territory of the republic in the region is uneven. Nearly nine of them are located near the central regions - near the large Yakutsk and Vilyuisk districts. These are the two main groups of the Yakut people: the first three are more in number, the other is lower. "Yakutsk" (or Amginsky-Lensky) Yakuts occupy the chotirikutnik between Olenaya, the lower Aldan and Amgoya, the taiga flatland, and also lie down on the left bank of the Deer. "Viluisky" Yakuts occupy the Vilyui basin. In these indigenous Yakut regions, there is the most typical, Yakut pobut; here we are at the same hour, especially on the Amginsko-Linskomu plateau, the best vines. The third significantly smaller group of Yakuts is settled in the Olekminsk region. The Yakuts of the tsієї group became more Russified, for their pobut (but not from the movie) they became closer to the Russians. І, nareshti, ostannya, neimensha, ale, a group of Yakuts is widely settled - the entire population of the pіvnіchnyh districts of Yakutia, i.e., the pools of the river. Kolimi, Indigirka, Yani, Olenek, Anabar.

Pivnіchnі yakuts are in vіdznyayutsya tsіl іn their own cultural way of life: sоo а new stench is more similar to myslivsko-ribalskі small peoples Pіvnochi, to tungusіv, yukagіrіv, nizh to their pіvdennyh tribesmen. Tsikh pіvnіchnyh yakutіv podekudi navіt call “tungus” (for example, near the upper yahs of Olenek and Anabari), wanting for my stench yakuts and call themselves sakha.

History and journey

With an extended hypothesis, the ancestors of the modern Yakuts were the nomadic tribe of Kurikans, who lived until the XIV century in Transbaikalia. The Kurikani came from their own land to the region of Lake Baikal through the Yenisei River.

More vchenih vvazha, scho in the XII-XIV centuries stars. e., the Yakuts migrated in hvili from the region of Lake Baikal to the Oleni basin, Aldan and Vilyuya, the girls often assimilated, and often hovered the Evenkiv (Tungusiv) and Yukagiriv (oduliv) who lived here earlier. The Yakuts were traditionally engaged in cattle breeding (Yakutian cow), otrimavshi unique dosvіd breeding great horned thinness in the minds of a sharply continental climate in pivnіchnyh latitudes, horse riding (Yakut kіn), fishing, fishing, developing trade, koval'ska and viyskovo.

According to the Yakut legends, the ancestors of the Yakuts floated down the Lena on rafts with thinness, home belongings and people, the docks did not reveal the Tuymaada valley - an appendage for the breeding of the great horned thinness. Ninі on tsomu mіstsі know the present Yakutsk. Zgіdno with these legends, the great-bats of the Yakuts were enchanted by two gangs of Elley Bootur and Omogoy Baai.

For archeological and ethnographic tributes, the Yakuts were formed in the aftermath of the ancient Turkic migrants of the Mist tribes of the middle flow of the Deer. It is assumed that the rest of the wind of the ancient ancestors of the Yakuts penetrated the Middle Lena in the XIV-XV centuries. In the racial relation of the Yakuts, they belong to the Central Asian anthropological type of the pivnichno-Asiatic race. Paired with the other Turkic peoples of Siberia, they are characterized by the strongest manifestation of the Mongoloid complex, the residual form of which was seen in the middle of another thousand years of our yeri already on Olen.

It is reported that the deacons of the Yakut group, for example, the reindeer of the pivnichny sunset, have recently been split up as a result of the squabbling of the Evenk groups with the Yakuts, who came from the central regions of Yakutia. During the process of resettlement to Siberia, the Yakuts mastered the pools of the avian rivers of Anabar, Olenok, Yani, Indigirka and Kolimi. The Yakuts modified the Tungus reindeer, created the Tungus-Yakut type of draft reindeer.

The inclusion of the Yakuts to the warehouse of the Russian state in the 1620s–1630s accelerated their social, economic and cultural development. In the 17th-19th centuries, the main occupations of the Yakuts were cattle breeding (breeding of horned thinness and horses), in the other half of the 19th century, a significant part began to engage in farming; fishing and fishing played a subservient role. The main type of dwelling was crushed from decks of booths, summer - crushed from the poles of the uras. Clothes were sewn from the skins of that farm. In the other half of the 18th century, most of the Yakuts were turned into Christianity, they saved and traditional religion.

Under the Russian influx of the Yakut people, the Christian onomastics expanded, possibly vindicating the pre-Christian Yakut names. In this hour, the Yakuts wear the names of the Greek and Latin pohodzhennya (Christian), so are the Yakut names.

Yakuts and Russians

Precise historical records about the Yakuts, only starting at the hour of the first strike with the Russians, tobto from the 1620s.., and coming to the Russian state. The Yakuts did not become one single political entity, but were divided into a group of tribes independent of each other. Ale genus-tribal blues were already laid out, and it was possible to achieve a sharp class rose. The tsar's governors and servicemen victoriously cast the intertribal vorozhnech, sob to win against part of the Yakut population; the stench also victorious class super-echoes in the middle, having introduced a policy of systematic encouragement of the panivny aristocratic ball - princes (Toyon), which stinks were converted to their agents from the administration of the Yakutsk region. At this hour, the class protirichcha among the Yakutians began to get all overwhelmed.

The camp of the masses of the Yakut population was important. The Yakuts wept yasak with sable and fox huts, carried low duties, attacking the side of the tsar's servants, Russian merchants and their toyons. After recent attempts to rebel (1634, 1636–1637, 1639–1640, 1642), after the transition of toyoniv to the bik vojvod, the Yakut mass could react to the ducks with less divided, isolated samples of support and flow from the root ulusivs. Until the end of the 18th century, as a result of the hizhatsky sovereignty of the tsar's power, the riches of the Yakutsk region emerged from the riches of that chastkovo desolation. Suddenly, the Yakut population, which, for various reasons, migrated from the Lensko-Vilyuysky region, appeared on the outskirts of Yakutia, but there was no earlier: on Kolimi, Indіgіrka, Olentsі, Anabar, right up to the Lower Tunguska basin.

And yet, in the first ten years of strife with the Russian people, the Yakut people had a friendly impact on the economy and culture. The Russians brought with them a new culture; already from the middle of the 17th century. on the Deer, an agricultural state is established; Russian type of life, Russian clothes made of fabrics, new types of crafts, new furnishings, and gradually began to penetrate the middle of the Yakut population.

It was very important for those who, from the established Russian power in Yakutia, intertribal wars and predatory raids of toyonivs, which earlier became very famously for the Yakut population, clung to them. Bulo pinned and svavіllya rosіyskih servitors people, yakі more than once cursed among themselves and dragged the Yakuts from their own. Having established already in the 1640s near the Yakutsk land, order would be reduced for the colossal camp of chronic anarchy and post-war strife.

In the 18th century, at the link with the far-flung Russians on their way (the arrival of Kamchatka, Chukotka, the Aleutian Islands, Alaska), Yakutia played the role of a transit route and a base for new campaigns and the development of distant "lands". The tide of the Russian rural population (especially along the valley of the Oleni River, at the link with the state post road in 1773) created the minds for the cultural interplay of the Russian and Yakut elements. For example, XVII and XVIII centuries. In the midst of the Yakuts, arable farming is beginning, even if it is more than enough, and farming is expanding, Russian-type bunkinas are appearing. The number of Russian settlers was left behind in the 19th century. oddly small. Order of rural colonization in the XIX century. great significance is small in sending foreigners to Yakutia. Together with criminal mischief, which caused a negative impact on the Yakuts, the other half of the 19th century. in Yakutia appeared political envoys, populists, and in the 1890s, Marxists, who played a great role in the cultural and political development of the Yakut masses.

At the beginning of the XX century. in the economic development of Yakutia, which belonged to the central її districts (Yakutsk, Vilyuysk, Olekminsk districts), there were great successes. Bulo created internal market. The growth of economic contacts has slacked off the development of national self-confidence.

Under the hour of the bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 the movement of the Yakut masses for its zvilnennya flared up more and more widely. Vono's heartbeat (especially near Yakutsk) under the overriding ceremonial of the bіshoviks. Later, in the summer of 1917, the majority of political migrants from Russia in Yakutia took a mountain of counter-revolutionary forces of Toyonism, which entered into an alliance with the Eserovsko-bourgeois part of the Russian population. The fight for Radian power in Yakutia lasted three hours. Tilki 30 chervnya 1918 vlada rad was first voted in Yakutsk, and only in the chest in 1919, after the liquidation of Kolchakivshchyna throughout Siberia, in Yakutia the radyanskaya vlada was residually established.

Religion

Pobut їх pov'yazanі z shamanism. The building of the house, the people of children and other aspects of life cannot pass without the participation of a shaman. On the other hand, a significant part of the pivmillion population of Yakuts is spreading Orthodox Christianity, but it is necessary to adopt agnostic perekonan.

Whose people have their own tradition, before entering the state of Russia, the stench sang “Aar Ayii”. This religion transfers faith to those who are the Yakuts - the children of Tanara - God and Relatives of the Twelve Bilih Aya. Even from the conception of a child, the spirits have honed it, or I call them the Yakuts - “Ichchi”, and also the celestials, like the same child, as if they were born. Religion is documented under the administration of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation of the Republic of Yakutia. In the 18th century, Yakutia recognized the infamous Christianity, but the people were put up to the top of the most important religions of the state of Russia.

Zhytlo

Yakuts conduct clans among nomadic tribes. Also live in yurts. However, on the vіdmіnu vіd mongolіskih povstyanikh yurts, round life yakutіv vozditsya zі stovburіv small trees with cone-like linen covering. At the walls, there are faceless vicons, under which sunbeds are laid out at different heights. Partitions are installed between them, which make rooms like this, and in the center a daubed fire is built. In summer, the timchas birch bark of the yurt - urasi can sporadzhuvatsya. And since the 20th century, the deacons of the Yakuts have settled at the huts.

Winter settlements (kіstik) were scattered near the Kosoviks, formed from 1-3 yurts, in summer - for pastures, there were up to 10 yurts. The winter yurt (booth, dіє) is small with shabby walls made of standing thin decks on a straight-cut slab frame and a low double-walled frame. The walls were smeared with tombs of clay with pus, and on top of the flooring, which had been crushed from logs, they were covered with bark and earth. Budinok was placed on the sides of the world, the entrance was on the opposite side, the windows - at the pivdenniy and zahіdnіy, dah buv orientations from the pіvnіchі to pivdnі. Right-handed at the entrance, in the pivnіchno-shіdny hut, there was a hole (dry) - a pipe with poles, smeared with clay, which went out through the names. Uzdovzh walls were bolstered by plank nari (oron). We will most honor the pivdenno-zahіdny kut. The white of the windy wall was a housey place. Nari levoruch at the entrance were assigned to young people, pracivniki, right-handed, white vognishcha - for women. A stіl (ostuol) and stools were placed at the front kutka. From the pivnіchny side to the yurt, there was a shed, often under one dash with a life, the doors to the new yurt were behind the fire. In front of the entrance to the yurt, a blue hovering hung. The yurt was honed with a low nasip, often with parkanchik. There was a horseshoe on the booth, often embellished with ornaments. Summer yurts were little shaken in winter. Instead of a hoton, a shed for calves (titic) was set up, hung that іn. The end of the spore was covered with poles, covered with birch bark (urasa), on pivnoch - with turf (kaliman, holuman). From the end of the 18th century in the house of richly shaped zrubn yurts with a pyramidal palace. In the other half of the 18th century, Russian huts expanded.

Odyag

The traditional man’s and woman’s robes are short shkiryans-pants, cunning shawl, shkiryan legs, single-breasted kaptan (sleep), vzimka - cunning, vltka - from kinsk or cow's skins outwardly in the middle, for bagatih - from fabric. Lately, fabric shirts with a folding cloak (irbahi) appeared. The men were worn with a shkiryan belt with a knife and an armchair, among the rich - with silver and medium plaques. Characteristic female spring hutryan dovgy kaptan (sangiyakh), embroidered with chervonim and green cloth and gold lace; a shaggy woman’s hat from an expensive farm, which goes down to her back and shoulders, with a high cloth, oxamite or brocade top, sewn on a new silver plaque (tuosakhta) and other embellishments. Wider women's silver and gold embellishment. Zuttya - winter high boots made of reindeer or women's skins of a common name (eterbes), summer boots with soft coats (saari) with a freebie covered with cloth, for women - with appliqué, dovgі khutryany panchokhi.

zha

The main hedgehog is dairy, especially the influx: from mare's milk - kumis, from cow's milk - sour milk (suorat, smittya), tops (kuercheh), oliya; they drank butter with melted abo with koumiss; suorat was prepared for the winter in a frozen viglyadі (tar) with additional yagіd, root and іn; from new water, boroshna, root, pine sapwood and other. Yushka (butugas) was being prepared. Ribna їzha played a leading role for the bіdnyakіv th near the prіvnіchnyh districts, de bouve thinness, the meat got accustomed to the rich richness. Horse meat was especially valued. At the 19th century, it was not difficult to enter barley at the vzhivvannya: fresh cakes, pancakes, yushka-salamat were made from it. Vegetables were grown in the Olekminsky district.

Promisli

The main traditional occupations are horse riding (in Russian documents of the 17th century, Yakuts were called “kinny people”) and the breeding of great horned thinness. The men watched over the stones, the women watched over the horned thinness. Deer were bred at the pivnoch. The thinness was trimmed on the daily feed, the collection at the khlivs (hotons). Sinokosinnya was in the house before the arrival of the Russians. The Yakut breeds of thinness were resurrected by vitrivality, but they were unproductive.

Bulo rozvinene also fishing. They caught fish in the main stream, but also in the opolonci; In the autumn, a collective neіdba ruled over the distribution of vidobutka among the participants. For bіdnyakіv, yakі mali thinness, fishing was the main occupation (in the documents of the 17th century the term "fishing" - balixite - gets used to the meaning "bіdnyak"), the deak tribes also specialized in it - the so-called "pishi Yakuti" - osekuї, ontuli, koku , Kirikians, Kirghidians, Orgoti and others.

It was necessary to select - the selection of pine and modrin sapwood (internal ball of measles), which was harvested for the winter in dried look, root (saran, chased that іn), greenery (wild cibula, horseradish, sorrel), raspberries were not used for yagid, which were impure .

Farming (barley, lesser wheat) was more advanced among the Russians in the 17th century, until the middle of the 19th century it was even weaker; yogo wide (especially in the Olekminsky district) was taken by Russian migrants.

The bula was made of wood trimming (artistic carving, decorated with wild vines), birch bark, hutra, shkiri; zі shkіri robbed utensils, from kinsk and cow's skins, sewn in shah's order - kilimki, from hare hutra - kovdri and іn .; Cords were tapped from the kinsky hair with their hands, weaved, embroidered. Spinning, weaving, and felting continued throughout the day. The production of stucco ceramics was preserved, as the Yakuts saw among the other peoples of Siberia. There was a smelting and forge of the hall, which had a small commodity value, and a smelting and carbovannya srіbla, midi and іn., from the 19th century - a smelting for a mammoth brush.

Yakut cuisine

Vaughn may dream of cooking with the cuisine of the Buryats, Mongols, Pivnichny peoples (Evenkiv, Eveniv, Chukchi), as well as Russians. Ways of preparing herbs in the Yakut cuisine are not numerous: either by cooking (m'yaso, riba), or by fermentation (kumis, suorat), or by freezing (m'yaso, riba).

Horse meat, yalovichin, venison, game feathers are traditionally used for meat, and to induce rot and blood. Widely wide grasses from Siberian ribeye (sturgeon, whitefish, omul, muksun, peled, nelma, taimen, grayling).

The original rice of the Yakut cuisine is the maximum of all the components of the product. Even a typical butt is a recipe for cooking karasiv in Yakut. Before cooking, the lusk is cleaned, the head is not cut and not thrown out, the rib is practically not gutted, a small beetle is cut through, through which the zhovchny mikhur is neatly seen, a part of the intestine is pierced and the swimming mikhur is pierced. In such a look, the riba is boiled and lubricated. Analogous pіdkhіd vykoristovuєtsya and according to vіdnoshennia practically to all other products: yalovichi, konini and іn. Mayzhe all by-products are actively vicorated. Zokrema, soups with giblets (іz mііne), blood delіkеsі (khaan) are very popular. Obviously, such a thrifty focus on products is the result of people's knowledge of life in the suvori polar minds.

Kinsk chi yalovichi ribs in Yakutia are called oyogos. Frozen meat and ribi fight struganina, as you get used to the hedgehog with hot seasoning from kolby (ramson), spoon (similar to chron) and saranka (cibuleva roslina). From yalovicho chi kіnskoi blood come khaan - Yakut krov'yana cowbas.

The national drink is kumis, which is popular among the wealthy of similar peoples, as well as koonnyoruu kimis(otherwise koiuurgen). Suorat (curdled milk), kuerchekh (churned tops), kober (butter, beat with milk until thick cream), chokhoon (abo chehon- oliya, beaten with milk and berries), ijedegey (sir), suumeh (sir). From boroshna and dairy products of Yakut to cook thick masa salamat.

Tsіkavі traditsії i zvichaї to the people of Yakutia

The rites of the Yakuts are closely connected with folk rituals. They should inspire a lot of Orthodox agnostics. The structure of vіruvan is already similar to syntoism - the skin manifesting nature can svogo spirit, and shamans interact with them. Mortgage of the yurt and the people of the children, laying the ship and the burial can not do without kamlan. It is noteworthy that until recently the Yakut families were polygamous, the skin squad of one person was small in the power of the state that lived. Perhaps under the influx of assimilation with the Russian Yakuts, they nevertheless switched to monogamous middle-class suspres.

An important place in the life of the skin yakut is sacred to the kumis Ysyakh. Different rites of calling to appease the gods. Mislivtsі glorify Bai-Bayan, women - Ayisit. Vіnchaє piously zagalny dance of the son - osouhay. Mustache participants join hands and power the majestic round dance. Fire can be sacral power in any time of fate. To this, a skin meal in a Yakut booth starts with frequent fire - throwing in a bagattya and yogo milk. Anniversary of fire is one of the key moments, whether it be holy, do it.

The most characteristic cultural phenomenon is the olonkho vіrshovani povіsti, which can have up to 36,000 rows of rims. The epic is passed down from generation to generation between maisters-viconauts, and not long ago, these confirmations were added to the list of non-material. cultural recession UNESCO. Good memory and high trivality of life are one of fresh rice Yakutiv. At the link with tsієyu especially vinik sound summer man call to yourself someone from young generation and tell you about all your social connections - friends, enemies. Yakuts are excited by social activity, navit unconcerned with those who are settled in yurts, planted in a significant country. The main social renowns are celebrated under the hour of the great saints, the main ones are performing holy kumis - Ysyakh.

The traditional culture is mostly represented by the Amgian-Lena and Vilyui Yakuts. Pivnіchnі Yakuts are close in culture to Evenks and Yukagirams, Olekmіnskі is strongly acculturated by Russians.

12 facts about the Yakuts

It's not so cold in Yakutia, as you might think. Mayzha on the entire territory of Yakutia has a minimum temperature in the average of -40-45 degrees, which is not so terrible, because it seems to be dryer. -20 degrees near St. Petersburg will be terrible, lower -50 near Yakutsk.
Yakuts eat sire meat - a horse with a frozen look, lashed with shavings or torn with bars. The meat of grown horses can also be eaten, but it’s not tastier on the pavement. M'yaso tse supernaturally savory and brown, rich in vitamins and other brown speech, zokrema - antioxidants.
In Yakutia, they also eat struganina - lashed with shavings of meat from river ribi, mainly whitefish and omul, the most valued struganina from sturgeon and nelmy (all ribi, for sturgeon - from the homeland of whitefish). You can live in all this writing, machuchi shavings in a bowl with pepper. Deyakі so robylyat different sauces.
In broader thought, in Yakutia, the majority of the population never slaughtered deer. Deer are found mainly in the Extreme Pivnochi of Yakutia and, not surprisingly, near Pivdenniy Yakutia.
The legend about lomi, which melts loudly like a slope in severe frost, is true. Even at a temperature below 50-55 degrees, hit a solid object with a chavunny bruht - the scrap will scatter into pieces.
In Yakutia, all the grains, vegetables and fruits grow miraculously for the summer. For example, not far from Yakutsk, beautiful, savory, red, licorice kavuni grow.
The Yakut language belongs to the Turkic group of language. The Yakut language has a lot of words that originate from the letter “I”.
In Yakutia, children have a 40-degree frost and it's freezing right on the streets.
If you eat a witch's meat, you see the sound “Hook” before the hedgehog, or you inherit the cry of a raven, by the same token you disguise yourself in the spirit of a bear - it’s not your m’yaso, but crows.
Yakut horses are an old breed. The stench of the whole river grazes with powerful forces without any sight.
Yakuti are already robotic. Well, you can easily spend 18 years on the bed a day without interruption for lunch and then have another drink in the evening good and after 2 years I sleep again for work. They can work for 24 years and then yell for kerm 300 km and there more than 10 years.
Yakuts do not like, if they are called Yakuts and they are respected for better being called "Sakha".

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