Sens name "War and Peace" to the novel by L. N
What does the title of the novel "War and Peace" mean?
The novel "War and Peace" was firstly inspired by Tolstoy as a story about the Decembrists. The author of hotіv rozpoіsti about tsikh miraculous people and їхні мім'ї.
Ale, not just tell about those that happened to the breast of 1825 in Russia, but show how the participants of these podias came to them, what led the Decembrists to the rebellion against the tsar. The result of Tolstoy's study of these historical approaches was the novel "War and Peace", which tells about the birth of the Decembrist revolution against the backdrop of the war of 1812.
What is the sense of Tolstoy's "War and Peace"? Just in order to convey to the reader the mood of the conspiracy of people, for which the share of Russia after the war against Napoleon is important? But in that, to show again, that "warfare ... is contrary to the human mind and all human nature"? Or maybe Tolstoy wants to support, that our life is made up of contrasts between war and the world, for goodness and honor, evil and good.
About those for whom the author called his TV so, for whom the sensation called "War and Peace", at once one can no longer guess. Ale, reading and re-reading the TV, once again I change my mind about the fact that all the rhetoric in a new one was inspired by the struggle of overflowings.
Contrast to the novel
In creation, the reader sticks to the opposites of the different to understand, character, share.
What is war? And why will it cause the death of hundreds and thousands of people? Aje buvayut bloodless, quiet, not visible rich, but less significant one specific person. Sometimes you learn that you are a person and you don’t see that there are military activities around.
For example, while P'er was trying to get away, as if behaving with a dying father, there was a war between Prince Vasil and Drubetskaya Hanna Mikhailivna at that booth. Hanna Mikhailovna "fought" on the boats of P'єra less than that, which was wise to himself, but more and more in what zavdyaki їy P'єr, becoming Count Peter Kirilovich Bezukhov.
At this “battle” for the portfolio, the commandment was broken - chi will be unknown, not needed by anyone, thrown overboard the ship of life by a bastard, chi will become a wealthy scumbag, an enviable count. In fact, the very same here and virishuvalos, chi can P'єr Bezukhov become tim, Kim vin becoming like a novel? Perhaps, if you had a chance to survive from bread to water, then life would be a priority in the new one.
Reading the rows, expressively observing how contemptuously Tolstoy puts himself up to the "war days" of Prince Vasil and Ganny Mikhailovna. At the same time, the good-natured irony of P'er, who is absolutely indestructible to life, is observed. What, if not the contrast of “warfare” of meanness and good-natured innocence to the “world”?
What is "light" in Tolstoy's novel? The world is the romantic all-world of young Natasha Rostova, the good nature of P'era, the religiousness and kindness of Princess Mary. Navit the old prince Bolkonsky with yogo intoxicating obshtuvannym pobut and prichіpki to the blue of the donka, to be known on the boats of the "world" of the author.
Aje in Yogo's "world" panows orderliness, honesty, goodness, naturalness - all those qualities that Tolstoy bestows on his beloved heroes. Tse Bolkonsky and Rostov, and P'er Bezukhov, and Maria Dmitrivna, and call Kutuzov from Bagration. Regardless of those who read Kutuzov less on the battlefields, he is definitely a representative of the "world" of goodness, mercy, wisdom and honor.
What do the soldiers protect in the war, if they fight against the invaders? Why are there absolutely illogical situations for an hour, if “one battalion is different strongest per division”, as Prince Andriy said? That is why, by conquering their country, the soldiers are conquering not just “space”. I Kutuzov, I Bolkonsky, I Dolokhov, I Denisov, and all the soldiers, militias, partisans, they fight for that world, with whom their relatives and relatives live, where their children grow up, where they have lost the squads of that father, for their country. The very same calls for that “warmth of patriotism, as it was in all ... people ... and as explained ..., for all these people calmly and lightly prepared themselves to death.”
The contrast that underpins the name of the novel "War and Peace" is manifested in everything. Vіyni: a stranger that is not common to the Russian people people's war 1812 rock.
The opposition between honest and decent people - Rostov, Bolkonsky, P'er Bezukhov - and "drones", as if they were called Tolstoy - Drubetsky, Kuraginimi, Berg, Zherkovim, is sharply manifested.
To create the middle of a skin stake and its own contrasts: Rostov is marked with Bolkonsky. The family of Rostov is noble, friendly, even if it was ruined, - to the rich, but at the same time to the homeless and homeless, P'er.
Even more clearly a reflection of Kutuzov, calm, wise, natural in his own way of life, an old warrior and a self-dead, decoratively stuffed Napoleon.
The very contrasts, on the basis of some motives, the plot of the novel, hoot and lead the reader with a stretch of the word.
Visnovok
In your work, “Sense name the novel“ War and Peace ”, I wanted to talk about contrasting understanding. About Tolstoy's hostile understanding of Tolstoy's human psychology, it is logical to see the history of the development of rich special features by stretching such a three-fold rise. Lev Mikolayovich tells the history of the Russian state not just like a historian of science, a reader, living life together with the characters. And step by step to know for yourself the evidence for eternal education about the kokhannya and the truth.
Creativity test
The strength of “War to the World” itself lies in the fact that the writer, invisible behind the artistic wonder, presented the socio-moral, psychological history of the era, reflecting the spiritual experiences of different people of that hour, their spiritual aspirations. A. A. Fet, often studying Tolstoy at the rock, writing: “Lev Mikolayovich buv at the fire of the writing “War and Peace”; and I, who knew yoga in the period of uninterrupted creativity, gradually adored him, adored yoga chuynist and indulgence, as I can match with the great and thin cursed ringing that sounds with the least cowardice.
M. M. Strakhov rightly pointed out that from Tolstoy “shopping is not made up of rice, but as a whole - that atmosphere of life, which is different in different styles and in different versions of society”. It is clear and completely revealed in the novel the difference of "atmosphere" - for example, at the mother of the old prince Bolkonsky, the disgraced general of the Suvorov watch, and the Moscow hospitable, who is growing up, Count Rostov; at the bureaucratic, "French-Nimets" Petersburgers and at the "Russian" patriarchal Moscow. Zavzhdi is historically and socially intelligent retail.
The greatest foreigners of Tolstoy's fellow-contemporaries caught the spirit of the hour, which, in the words of P. V. Annenkov, "succumbs to the novel, like an Indian Cherry, easily and freely, an indistinguishable number of times."
The second critic, P. Schebalsky, writing in 1868, if more than half of the novel was left in the world: see us, and tse, daetsya, we dosit clearly expressed by Count Tolstoy. Look around, and you don’t know for yourself or the hussar type, which visions in the person of Denisov, or helpers, who were so good-naturedly disgraced, like Count Rostov . my babble, which represents the sum of French and Nizhny Novgorod.
Tolstoy himself was introduced to the French by the Russian noble society cob XIX century vvazhav characteristic mark hour. In the article “Kіlka svіv z privodu book“ War and Peace ”“ the historical and artistic legitimacy of that which in Russian creation is not only Russian, but also French speak partly Russian, partly French. Apparently, in 1873, including “War and Peace” in Selected Works, Tolstoy creakly replaced the French text with Russian. Replacing it was the head of the original school of the artistic system of the novel, it spared him one of the bright figures that reaffirm the era, and one of Tolstoy's strongest contributions to the social and psychological characteristics of the characters. Later, the novel was reviewed by many editors, with dialogues in French.
The first generation of readers, and the next generation of readers, were opposed by the breadth of the hoarseness of life material, the all-powerful epicness of creation. No wonder Tolstoy said that "I wanted to buy everything." Throwing away at the incomparable historical picture, there were less than three points. I. Z. Turgenev wondered why the entire Decembrist element was omitted; P. V. Annenkov, having revealed that there are no rіznochintsіv, they already declared to themselves at that hour; Radical criticism wondered why the fears of the krіpatstva were not shown. You can be judged fair, and that is often more than a leftover.
The Decembrist rush was not a moment of evidence, the shards of evidence were surrounded by the historical framework of 1805-1812, if there was no rush yet. Fast forward to 1820, Tolstoy briefly, but to make it clear to speak about P'er's accountability to the Decembrist organization (mabut, to the Union of Welfare), conveys political superchicks for that hour, and to the poetic dream of Mikolsnka Bolkonsky give no recollection of the 14th of the chest. That very suspіlny rukh, which has blown over the Decembristism in our country and is actually characteristic for the beginning of the 19th century, - Freemasonry - is shown in the “Vіyny ta svіtі” to report.
Characteristically, the nobility culture of that hour is represented in the novels by the rozumovim moral jokes"Illuminated Minshiny". The inner world of the people of that hour was created with an inconspicuously greater detail, the lower culture of the nobility, and not only in a part of the aristocratic salons and clubs, but also to instill the sweet heart of the author of the noble sadib. Theatrical life, literary salons glimpse briefly, even though the memoirs of contemporary writers (for example, “Notes” by S. Zhikharov) provided rich material of this kind. Z. Glinka, M. Karamzin and the authors of the "Russian Bulletin" Z. Glinka, M. Karamzin with his "Bidnaya Liza" and authors of patriotic odes. In tsіy uvazi itself to the pre-Decembrist theme, signs were given all the same penetrating novel folk thought.
The novel "War and Peace" permeates with a thought about the great significance of the nobility in the shares of the nation, the history of Russia. Vodnochas for the author of Sevastopol opovіdan, "The rank of the helper", "Kozakіv" criteria for the truth of noble culture, moral ambushes were put before the people, the steps of viability for the sleep of life.
Kuptsov and seminarians, writing polemically in one of the drawings before Tolstoy's novel, not wanting to show, stinks of stench to you cikavi. However, Tim, scho (episodic, though, but still) testimony and the merchant Ferapontov, who burned his shop at Smolensk, and the merchant’s collections at the Slobidsky Palace, and the “seminarist from the seminarists” Speransky.
Sim'ї Rostov and Bolkonsky Tolstoy portrays with great sympathy, more: stink participants in historical podiums, patriots; їх not privablyuє kar'єrizm ta vigoda; the stench is close to the Russian people. Characteristics of rice Rostov Bolkonsky 1. Older generation.
"Because of the deep knowledge of the secret changes of the psychological life, that uninterrupted purity of moral sense, which now gives a special physiognomy to the works of Count Tolstoy, will always be filled with the essence of yogo talent" (N.G. Chernishevsky).
1867 rec. L. M. Tolstoy finished work on the epic novel of his work “War and Peace”. The author has stated that “Love the thought of the people” in “Vіyni ta svitі”, poetizing the simplicity, kindness and morality of the Russian people. Qiu "folk thought" L. Tolstoy...
The story of L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” begins at the end of 1805 in the salon of Anni Pavlivna Scherer. This stage is to know us as representatives of the court aristocracy: Princess Elizaveta Bolkonskaya, Prince Vasil Kuragin, and his soulless children...
On April 26, 1856, on the day of his coronation, Alexander II saw the Naive Manifesto, which delivered an amnesty to all Decembrists. In addition, roci, maybe, under the enemy in the face of tsієї under ії Leo Tolstoy is planning to write a novel about the Decembrist, who turns from strength. Zdiisnyuvati conceived wines, however, are accepted not at once, but only through chotiri rocks, 1860.
About the cob of work, Tolstoy recalls those who saw the rich notes of the Decembrists to Oleksandr Herzen in a list from Brussels on 14 March 1861:
« ...you can’t tell, how many people say all the reports about the Decembrists at the Polar Star. I started a month for this novel, the hero of which is the Decembrist, who turns around. I want to talk to you about it, but I didn’t get it l".
For this list of wines, a description of the main character is given:
“The Decembrist may be an enthusiast, a mystic, a Christian, who turns in the 56th rotation to Russia with a retinue, a son and a daughter and reconciles his strict and cheaply ideal look to new Russia. <…>Turgenev, who read the cob, was honored with the first chapter.
Until 1861, three divisions were written, in some fictitious visions, the Decembrist Petro Ivanovich Labazov, who turned together with the retinue Natalia Mikolaivna, daughter Sonya and son Sergiev from the Siberian deportation to Moscow. In the meantime, without regard for the acceptance of Turgenev’s assessment, we gave the novel “Decembrists” for chapters without breaking through.
Whatever they gave, then more in Tolstoy there is an opportunity to write a large-scale canvas. " Epichny rіd me staє one natural”, - assigning a vin to a student on September 3, 1863. Step by step the idea of the "Decembrists" is expanding and fading away. Tolstoy comes to the conclusion that it is not right to start a new novel from 1856 - it is necessary to include in the analysis the very river of the Decembrist rebellion. In one of the black drawings, forward to "War and Peace" and write: "Mizh mimvolі vіd right I passed until 1825 rock, get pardon and misfortune of my hero." The creative work of this “transition to 1825 rock” didn’t hang out in any way, accepting in Tolstoy’s papers there’s nothing that stands in the way of the stage of work. Maybe, the writer was really not long occupied with his thoughts and went back to the year 1812, about which he wrote in your own editor:
“Ale and in 1825, my role hero was already a mature family person. In order to comprehend yoga, I needed to be transported to the era of youth, and my youth fell into the glorious era of 1812 for Russia. I’ve thrown more often and started writing at the hour of 1812, what a smell and sound a little more dear to us, but now the flooring is far away from us, so we can think about it calmly.
In the middle of 1863, Tolstoy's jokes veer into the idea of the novel "Three Pori" - in other words, the creation "from the hour of the 1810s and 20s". The writer can guide his hero through successively Vitchiznyanu war, stand on the Senate Square and show your return from the Siberian message. Over the course of the year, the cob conceived changed more and more. For example, at the end of the day for the rachunk, the handwriting (all in all it was fifteen) the hour is due until 1805, although the year 1811 should have been thought of early. Tolstoy reads:
“It was shameful for me to write about our urochism in the fight against Bonaparte France, without describing our failures and our litter.<…>If the reason for our triumph was vipadkova, but lay essentially in the nature of the Russian people and the war, then the whole character of the maw hangs richly and richly in the era of failures and shock. Henceforth, since 1856, having turned to 1805, at this hour I may want to lead not just one, but many of my heroines and heroes through the historical years of 1805, 1807, 1812, 1825 and 1856.
On the other hand, this ambitious idea can be easily looked at: in the twelfth variant of the cob of the clock frame, it is clear that it is squeezed up to nine years - from 1805 to 1814. Tolstoy is no longer planning to describe the fate of one Decembrist, this idea has entered a different plane, and the first one has gone, in the words of the writer himself, “and young and old people, and men and women of that hour”, so that the same one was formed “ folk thought».
However, it would be wrong to say that the idea of "War on the World" could not be more than anything with the "Decembrists". The same twelfth variant of the cob has the following description of P'yera:
“Tim, who knew Prince Peter Kirilovich B. on the cob of Tsar Alexander II, in the 1850s, if Petro Kirilovich turned out of Siberia, he was like a harrier old, it would be important to show himself without a turbo, dumb and navigable young man, like a wine on the cob of the reign of Alexander I, without delay after the arrival of his s-for-cordon, de vin for the bazhannyam, the father finished his vihovennia.
This rhyme is about the uninterrupted offensive between the novel and rozpochatym in 1860 about the Decembrist. In addition, in the new it is clearly indicated that the Decembrist was the same P'yer Bezukhiv. I want Tolstoy to this hour to think about the idea of bringing the novel to 1856, but a direct link from the cob conceived to save the world.
In the residual version of Tolstoy's "War on the World" it is shown that there are ideas and all the tensions on the future of P'era are resolutely masquerading. Tsikavo, which itself became the drive for the accomplices to tell the writer of the inaccurate historical picture. Zokrema, Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev, it’s so good that the whole Decembrist element is missing from the novel. These claims are not entirely fair. First, in 1805-1812, the Decembrist rush did not exist yet, and then, it could not be depicted in the novel. Ale, with whom, it was reportedly told about the Masonic revolution, to which, as it seems, there lay a lot of future Decembrists. In the epilosis, which happened in the 1820s, the writer began to give direct remarks on the future share of his heroes: in short, but to make it clear to speak about P'єra's affiliation to the Decembrist organization (mabut, to the Union of Welfare), but in a poetic dream No one can guess rise 14th chest.
Having completed "War and Peace", Tolstoy did not abandon the idea of writing a novel about the Decembrists, about people everything is on the pіdbіr - with a magnet they ran along the upper ball". Vin turns to those ten years later, in 1877, after the publication of "Anna Karenina", and conceives to write a novel about the Decembrists, who knows about the peasant life. The next generation of Tolstoy's fates are actively chiming in with the uninterrupted participants of the year 1825, their relatives, read for help, leaves, and those students. Such a large-scale diyalnistvo inverts respect: the viewers of “Russian antiquity”, “Vistnik Evropi”, “New Hour”, “Words” are turning up to Tolstoy and propagating others have been distributed among them. Tsіkavo, that the forthcoming novel "Decembrists" is not only a rich story after "War and Peace", but it was thought that it was an uninterrupted continuation of the epic. For example, Mikhailo Stasyulevich writes:
“... I, at once from the mouth, on the basis of the truth, a bit, having cleared up the mother’s great displeasure, read your new novel, which, as they said, will serve as a continuation of “War and Light”.”
However, for the first time a novel, regardless of the majestic vikonan doslidnitsku work, Being left unfinished. Why? The reasons for the kіlka. The first, zovnishnya, which can be called a drive, believed that Tolstoy was not allowed to know the right thing about the Decembrists. Tse, maybe, greatly cooled Yogo's interest. The friend, the inner, for the knowledge of the writer himself, squealed from the one who did not know the fault of this topic "of the deep people's interest": "All history is not small under itself root." The formula is more vague. Find out about it to help you with information, which you can find from Countess Oleksandri Andriivna Tolstaya and Sophia Andriivna Tolstoy.
Persha wondered why she was asked, why Lev Mikolayovich did not continue the novel, saying: “ Because I have shown that all the Decembrists may be French". About this write and Sophia Andriivna Tovsta:
“Ale raptom, Lev Mikolayovich was enchanted by this epic. Vіn stverdzhuvav, that the breast rebellion was the result of the influx of the French aristocracy, most of which emigrated to Russia after the French Revolution. Vaughn vihovatala then the entire Russian aristocracy as tutors. This explains why the Catholics were so rich in the Decembrists. Even though everything was splintered and not created on the basis of the Russian soil, Lev Mikolayovich could not speak a single word.
That very thought slips through the leaves of Volodymyr Stasov, who in 1879 asked the fate of Tolstoy:
“Here we had a hundred stupid bits, nibi you threw the “Decembrists”, to the one, speaking, that you raptomed, that everyone Russian society Bulo is not Russian, but French?!
So what else, but the theme of Decembrism will be forgotten by the writer for 25 years.
Tolstoy once again stumbles back to the history of the Decembrists in 1903–1904, in 1903–1904, he got in touch with the idea of writing a novel about Mykola I.
The novel “War and Peace” is a bunch of thoughts, like a novel about a Decembrist, who turned from strength, looked at his own look, judged the past and became a preacher of moral self-perfection. On the creation of the epic novel, they added a tribute to that hour (the 60s of the 19th century) - the failure of Russia at the Crimean War, the claim of strong law and її nasledki.
The theme of the creation is formed by three main sources: the problems of the people, the nobility of the community, and the special life of the people, which are determined by ethical norms. The main artistic device, like a writer, is the antithesis. We will take and shear the whole novel: cited in the novels and two wars (1805-1807 years and 1812 years), and two battles (Austerlitz and Borodino), and military leaders (Kutuzov and Napoleon), and cities (Petersburg and Moscow), and individuals. This reference is already laid down in the very name of the novel: “War and Light”.
Tsya called my profound philosophical sense. On the right, in the fact that in the word "svіt" before the revolution there was another literal sign for the sound "i" - i ten, i the word was written "mir" - so the meaning of "suspіlstvo, people, people" is small. Themes, destroyed in the novel, show the important sides of the people's life, look, the ideals, they will be poked and called by the different versions of the suspіlstva.
Ale y todі, th now naming the novel is interpreted, with the most varied meaning, the ways in which they understand. So, as “war” does not mean one wary army, but I will fight the fortunes of people in a peaceful life, divided by social and moral barriers, understand the “light” figure and grow in epo-pei in their denominations. Light is the life of the people who do not stop at the war camp. The world is a village gathering that started a rebellion at Bogucharov. World - ce everyday interests, like, on the vіdmіnu vіd perishable life, so they respect Mikoli Rostova as a “beautiful person” and so they bother you, if you come to the entrance and do not understand anything in your “glutless world”. Light is the closest sharpened person, as if you had entrusted him with it, you didn’t know de b vіn: in war, or in a peaceful life.
Ale light - the whole world, all the world. About new to speak P'єr, bringing to Prince Andriy the foundation of the "kingdom of truth." The world is a brotherhood of people, independent of national and class authorities, healthy, I will vote for Mikola Rostov with the Austrians. Light is life. Svіt - tse svetoglyad, a number of ideas of heroes.
Epicne cob in the novel with invisible threads poov'yazuє in a single picture of war and the world. The world and the war go on a mission, intertwine, interpenetrate and confuse one by one. In the global conception of the novel, the world has blocked the war, to that which the light and the need of the world are free - work and happiness, free and natural, and to that radiant manifestation of specialness. And zmіst i necessities of war - roz'єdnannya, vіdchuzhennya that іsolovanіnіst, hatred і vorozhії people, yak іdstoyuyut their sly okremi _interesi, tse self-affirmation of his mystical "I", yak bringing others ruin, grief, death. Wishing for the death of hundreds of people on rowing at an hour before the entrance of the Russian army, after Austerlitz, they are more hostile, that Tol-stіy porivnyuє all the whole zhah with a look at you and rowing at this hour, if there are “styles sitting for a long time, for an hour with that wood , having rolled up the sleeves of the shirt, sorting out three ribs from the silver ribs.
The terrible premonition of the Battle of Borodino is depicted in the coming picture: “A few dozen thousand people lay dead in different positions on the fields and bows, on some hundreds of rocks the villagers of the village of Borodina, Gorok, Kovardina and Sechenivsky were taken at once and grazed their thinness.” Here the feeling of being beaten in the battlefield will make Rostov aware, if the wines are to be “little denounced by the enemy with a hand on the boarder and by the black eyes”.
Tell the truth about the war, rob Tolstoy's whiskers, it's important. This innovation was not only shown to them, that they showed the people in the war, but with the head rank of them, that, having opened the pardon, the guilt of the first, showed the hero of the war, presenting the war like everyday life on the right and at once, like testing all the spiritual forces of the person. I inevitably trapilos so that simple, modest people appeared as bearers of right heroism, like Captain Tushin abo Timokhin, forgotten history; the “criminal” Natasha, who had seen the transport for the Russian wounded; General Dokhturov and Kutuzov, who in no way spoke about his exploits. The very stench, like forgetting about yourself and rryatyuyut Russia.
The very same “war and light” has already become accustomed to Russian literature, zokrema, in the tragedy of A. S. Pushkin “Boris Godunov”:
Describe, not wisely slyly,
mustache then, why certificates in life you will:
Viynu і world, council sovereigns,
Ugodnikov holy wonders.
Tolstoy, like Pushkin, victorist's "war and light" as a universal category.
