Folk legend about Doctor Faust. Dr. Johann Faust - alchemist and chaklun Faust in the imaginative art
Entry
The legend, which was formed on the basis of historical specialness, opposed the image of the German people and made Professor Faust his hero and lover. All the zabobons and retellings about chakluniv groped at the image, middle-class theology and demonology played their role, after which we know Faust as a magician, an astrologer, who sold his soul to the devil, but with whom he was shakhrai and shakhrai.
The actuality of this work in that Faust, being one of the eternal images in world literature, is filled with a mysterious person. Faust "mandruved by the places of the Protestant Nimechchini in the turbulent era of the Reformation and village wars". Kim, however, is true - the doss has not been set.
Meta roboti literary creation about Dr. Faust - folk books. For whom it is necessary to complete a number of tasks: to look at that set of various historical riddles about this person, and also to analyze the first folk book about Dr. Faust as a reflection of folk legends and retellings.
I use impersonal robots, attributed to the history of blaming the image of Faust, as they can be brown when looking at food. One of the greatest achievements that linger on the special features of Faust is Zhirmunsky V.M. You can also know how to complete a lot of articles dedicated to these topics, for example, “Life and anti-life” by Gorbunova A., “ short history Doctor Faust» Kuznetsova P. Ruigbi L., Yak and Zhirmunsky V.M. When looking at the quotes, they can see similar introductory articles to other works about Dr. Faust, for example, comments by Wilmont N. to the tragedy of Goethe I.V. "Faust" or before the novel by M.A. "History about Faust and the borders".
At the first part of the work, historical records were made and notes about such a doctor Faust, who worked unthinkable miracles and could be circled around someone’s finger; in the other part, the legend of the first folk book about Dr. Faust was examined.
The Legend of Faust
Viniknennya legends
Faust is one of the eternal images in world literature. Vіn vinikaє on the basis of folk books about Dr. Faust. It is said that the hero of folk books, Professor Faust, is a historical specialty. Faust is alive in Germany in the 16th century, in the turbulent era of the Reformation and the peasant wars, and he was like a mandriving magician, an astrologer and just a charlatan.
“The dark and deaf coils of the German folk legend about Dr. Faust. The beginning and the date of the first birth is 1480, but Faust was born, no one can say for sure. Yogo's name was Johann, or maybe George, it seems, to name not Faust wine, but Zabel - the Latin Georgy Sabelikus. If the word “faust” is translated from the German language, then it will be “fist”, and if it is from the Latin - “happy”. It is necessary to explain that in the old hour at Nіmechchina, that and not only in Nіmechchina, the latin was my letter of service to God, to that great man, the priest, that city dweller - no one else's sound of the Latin word. Also, in the creation of Faust, the German yushka felt like luck and happiness and at once a clenched fist of the common people.
How to write in the prehistory before his "History about Faust and the Devil" M. Pismovy, who was a famous astrologer, Faust, having learned to compose horoscopes and vibrate the souls of dead people. The texts of Plato and Aristotle were not only gloomy, but repeating the reminder, by which they brought us to the point - not otherwise, like a diabolical tip!
As for the life of Faust, they spoke only a little about his happiness, then after his death, everything began to be written about him, which was only a thought in decline. I didn’t realize that they put their own legends about chacloons on the true history of Faust’s life, and that, in turn, became the cause of blame for the impersonality of folk retellings. Prote, that Dr. Faust has rightly understood, we can change our minds, weaving the deacons of the dzherel, like we are longing for the 16th century, ourselves - the period of Faust's life and a little bit of fate after his death.
Irrespective of those that Faust has overgrown with a majestic bunch of legends and myths, both in the past and in literature, such a person was born in real life.
Can Faust be a chaklun, having sold his soul to the devil, or just a charlatan?
Data about the life of the historical Faust is extremely poor.
Born, perhaps, around 1480 in the town of Knittlingen, a year for the help of Franz von Zikkingen, having taken the place of a teacher in Kreutsnach, ale of turmoil, bіgti zvіdti through the re-examination of his spіvgromadyans. Yak chaklun and astrologer of roz'zhzhav in Europe, seeing himself as a great vchenogo.
Beyond the name of Faust - Georgy Shablikus.
In that case, if you dig into the documents of that period, then you can see the guessed Georgy more than once, until then I’ll renew Faust’s name.
The census in Ingolstadt recorded the presence of "Doctor Jörg (Georg) Faust von Heideleberg", a kind of hanging from the city. The record shows that Dr. Faust made fortunes in front of the hutch, stverdzhuvav, that he was the knight of the Order of St. John and with the head of one of the holders of the Order of Carinthia, the word of the Jansk province of Austria.
In addition, it is based on the evidence of the city dwellers, who spoke out with astrological forecasts and conveyed the people of the prophets. Moreover, in their names, the names of wines specifically - George Faust of Helmstedt, tobto from the town of Helmstedt.
Looking over the records of the Heidelberg University, one can easily find a student who, having taken off the master's degree, arrived at the school from a designated place and wore the same name.
Far away Faust's paths do not perish in the netry of history and do not disappear in the empty hour, as if it were the usual characters of the middle class.
Let's drink wine at Nuremberg.
At the municipal book, with the firm hand of the burgomaster, it is written: "Doctor Faust, Vіdomy Sodomіt and Zvevets Black Magic in the Honorary Diploma of Vіdmovity".
Quite calmly think of those who are guilty of sodomy, those who are guilty of a black magician. Not with heather that cries of "on bagattya!"
And two years later, new documents about the investigation of the rebellion in Munster are revealed, if the place was slaughtered by sectarians, that they voted the city new Jerusalem and their leader the king of Zion. Mіstsevі princes of the insurgent strangled and recorded the whole process at the right.
Here the ubiquitous Dr. Faust again merges, but without some kind of yoga, a connection with the rebels, or with some kind of sweaty forces.
Usy one phrase - "Philosopher Faust Having drank at Krapka, Oskіlki we have seen Filthy river."
I all.
Obviously, Faust, having really realized, having broken down the building of survival and adhering, the shards of shhora, having survived the shattering and the blow, resurface on the surface. With blissful non-turbulence of wines, handing out the right-handed and left-handed visiting cards of the attacking zmist: "Great Medium, Another Middle Magic, Astrologer and Chiromancer, Tell fortunes on the Vogni, Water that Povitryam."
In 1536 Rotsі Prinyimnі Two famous Klієnti stumbled from the length of interest to Maybutno: Senator from Würzburg by overhanging the Astrolochno Prothetvo Skіnchennya Vіinny Karl V from the French King, and Nіmezzy Shukach, Shaho, having had a chance to play a chance. expeditions.
In the 1540s of a late autumn night, a small hotel near Württemberg was shattered by gurkit of falling furniture and dull legs, which were replaced by unselfish cries. Screams, stogіn, unreasonable sounds lasted for at least two years. Only early in the morning the gentlemen and the servants ventured to get into the room, the stars were all over the place. On the bedrock of the middle of the ulamkiv furniture lay the crouched body of a man. It was bulo open with stingy since, sadnami, one eye was bulo vicolote, and that ribs were broken. It was given, the unlucky one was beaten with a sledgehammer!
The whole body of Professor George's corpse.
The mists stverdzhuvali, that the demon Mephistopheles zlammed the likar, with yakim he made an agreement on the 24th roki. After the end of the term, the demon killed Faust and took his soul.
W Nіmechchini glory Faust became poshiryuvatisya Zi shvidkіstyu lіsovoї Pozhezhi, chastkovo zavdyaki publіkatsії zbіrki dosit primіtivno vikladenih legends pid titles "about Dr. Faust Istoria" (1587 p. To perekazіv Doda takozh kіlka uncomplicated gumoristichnih scenes in yakih mіshennyu for nasmіshok served Prote okremі urivki, I will describe the eternal torments in hell, small the power of the right perekonannya, and the image of Mephistopheles, like a fierce enemy to the human race, and Faust, like a mortally sloppy sinner, bezmilkovo blazed at the public, startling sensitive actions.
Two more new, rewritten books have been announced as the protagonist of the coming century, albeit no less successful.
Tim for an hour did not waste his strength on that old tradition of roses about the wondrous vibrancy of the chaklun. Yogo union from Satan, judging by these rozpovіdey, vyyavlyavsya inspire in everyday life.
So, varto bulo knock Faust on a simple wooden table, and start to beat a fountain of wine, otherwise a fresh sunnitsa appeared at the end of winter. In one legend, a chaklun, who was very hungry, forged a whole horse with a cart and son. If youmu was nabridly smoky in summer, dark forces piled up snow, so that he could take a ride on a sleigh.
They also told me that once at night in a tavern in a drunken rout Faust remembered chotiroh muzhiks, as if they were chanting vicotiti for a good old lady.
“What fools!
The first legend about Dr. Faust in literary creativity victorious English playwright Christopher Marlo. In 1592 p. Vіn having written "The Tragic History of Life and Death of Doctor Faust", de yogo the character of the ideas of a hard-working epic hero, who is overwhelmed by the heat of knowledge and wants to convey light to people. Marlo's drama became less comedy and more serious, and the current British society was greeted with harsh criticism. Marlo's Faust is not just a blast from the devil's znaryaddya - he goes to the aid of Satan, to reach the inter-human dosvidu. Quite often the drama rises to the glittering heights of true poetry, for example, the beautiful deer appear on the stage. And yet the strongest hostility is to celebrate the rows of Marlo, which depicts the marne of Faust's repentance, if you see the inconsistency of pay and the innocence of the land of the land.
The gaze of the Renaissance epoch shuddered, if Faust painted in front of him a picture of eternal suffering, that Yogo was checking:
"Oh, how already my soul is guilty of torment for sins, standing between this inexorable torment!"
Let Faust live in hell for a thousand, for a hundred thousand, but there will be vryatovaniya. Faust himself perished, not having seen the condemnation of the spivgromads, but they did not accept yoga of bold spirits and denounce the knowledge of the world.
The most famous work of the 20th century, dedicated to the legendary character, was the novel by the German writer Thomas Mann "Doctor Faustus". In the name of the novelist, the novelist names the genius composer Adrian Leverkün, who pleases the devil for the sake of creating music, leaving the building behind a prominent trace in national culture.
Did the parable about the link between Faust and Satan come so well to everyone?
Bits about the agreement between the doctor and the devil resemble the head rank of Martin Luther.
If the lively real Georgiy Faust, Luther, having acted out of statements, in some kind of doctor and chaklun, he was deafened by the accomplice of the sweating forces.
The writers themselves rushed to the call and walked around.
Why did the great reformer Martin Luther raptly turn his back on the incompetent and everyday charlatan and chaklon?
For Luther, such alchemists and apologists for magic yak fіcіno, pico della marandola, reichlin, Agrippa were peaks, they swung at like wines and looked at it not for a moment, that in the people of those highest stakes there was a thought, there are more to be like people, like to stand on the road.
And then Luther attacks "Little" Faust with the fire of his propagandistic mastery:
"Simon the sorcerer tried to fly to heaven, but Peter's prayer tempted him to fall. Faust, having tried the same at Venice.
It dawned on me that if Faust was not lied and not thrown to the ground, but in the minds of the people the wines were already secured to the aid of the devil.
Namely, "George" zabulosya and was replaced by "Yoghan".
True, those who were kind within the framework of the mystical aftermath under a pseudonym, the first (and the “Faust” itself is translated in this way from the old-fashioned movie) overcome or, moreover, a successful overcome, was not suitable for counterpropaganda.
Here, before the river, it was possible to reveal Yogo as a representative of the first "Ivaniv", which gave a somewhat uglier image of the first dedications, as if they were only assigned to that, which were connected with black forces.
The greatest contribution to the creation of the image of Faust as the great teaching of the devil, having grown fond of the companion of Martin Luther, Philip Melanchthon, is the leading ideologist of the Reformation. Vin wrote a biography of Johann Faust, which gained such popularity that his bestseller was revisited nine times at that hour. It is not surprising that Faust was constantly escorted by the evil spirit Mephistopheles, but not without a body, but with a black-looking dog.
Then what is the reason for the hatred of the new Luther, that yoga sharpness? Why did the great black magician Faust sound and ring out in all mortal sins? Why is the propaganda campaign aimed at a new yak at a typical representative of mystical forces and magical powers of the middle class? Why is the essence of yoga pleasing the devil, as to be judged from the sides?
The reason for the curse is that we do not agree with Satan and do not yearn for power.
In any story about Dr. Faust, including the latest version of Goethe, the main spontaneous motive of the protagonist is the thirst for knowledge. It's the very same thing to put on the new brand "Grіshnik" and the very same reason for the condemnation! And at a glance, the era of rebirth, the era of the transition of mystical civilization to reality, the bazhannya to know, to be in good health, was sinful. It is true that the devil needs, the shards of knowledge in the era of rationalism can not be penetrated by the harmony of the cosmos, but surrounded by a set of symbols to understand what power is propagating.
In this way, the polemical fervor of Martin Luther and his comrade-in-arms of melanchthon is not opposed to the master of Heidelberg University, who lives by the prophecies and prophecies and substantiates with the dark right of black magic.
Dr. Faust's figure is allegorical, before that it was framed in a non-violent way, and in the light of historical context.
Simon the sorcerer, cast by Luther in his first vicarious promo about Faust, had two scholars - Faust and Faust (that is the first and the first. Faust, having healed his teacher, having seen Peter's spell, which he added to the apostle in the magician with Simon.
Well, the positions of that hour became a real threat to the reformation, what should the mundane philosophy of rationality bring with it? From whom did the striking arrows of pamphlets and false biographies fly?
First, ce tritemy, the author of the book "Stenography" at that time, in which the methods of telepathy were examined in a report. Everyone happily forgot about telepathy, but the book all the same lost the main basis of cryptography, as a helper for spying on part of the secret writing, swedish education of foreign language and "A lot of other subjects that are not subject to public discussion." Robots and yogo s magic and alchemy dos have been left unperfected.
The main targets of the Protestants were those who demanded the rationalism of Martin Luther with their practical activity - the peak of mirandola, Agrippa and paracelsus.
The axis against them was straightened out by Luther's sermons and the melanchthon of Dr. Faust's condemnation.
However, perhaps, the help of the devil, that friend of the black dog Mephistopheles, was not so simple, hundreds of stories were written about the life of that fall. I see the satisfaction of Faust, having taken the veil of that, having become the prototype of the immortal creation of Goethe, who, having looked at someone else, is equal to Prometheus. And it’s natural, even he himself sings similar to Faust for equal dedication. Interest in Faust in Goethe's exclamations of yogohlennyam nemetskoy antiquity, but first for everything - the ability to indulge your look at the people, її shukannya, spiritual struggle, pragnennya osagnyat taєmnitsі omnisvіtu.
For the first time, I conceived the drama "Faust" vinik sche 1773, if c. in. Goethe was only 24 years old, and having completed his epochal tver 81 years old, 1830, shortly before his death. Persha part famous creation appeared in 1808, and no other than in 1832.
Creating a new image of the main character, Hete sharply breaks with the old tradition.
In other words, Goethe's Faust is a positive hero.
Having become disillusioned with science and intellectual jokes, he was ready to give his soul to the devil for one minute of such an experience, which would bring him complete satisfaction. "Low" satisfaction is not able to nurture the soul of Faust, the sense of life is known to virnogo kokhannya simple maiden, as if calming down and leaving. The rest of the order, however, was granted to Faust to those who are guilty of creating the best welfare for all mankind.
In such a rank, Goethe, that a person can reach honesty and spiritual greatness, without regard for evil in power. Surely, no one else could create the legend of Faust Tver, which is inspired by such a philosophical depth and psychologism, wanting to richly sighed on the creation of the right masterpieces, which was judged to be a long life.
Tsey hero mav his prototypes. How to tell the "Historical Lexicon", entries in the German church books, rows of leaves, notes of mandriving people to say that in 1490, in the city of Knitlingen (principality of Württemberg), Johann Faust was born.
Name Johann Faust, bachelor of theology, appears on the lists of Heidelberg University for 1509 years. Sometimes wines are like Faust from Zimmerna, sometimes they are like a migrant from the small town of Kundling, who learned magic near Krakow, and at that hour they made a cry. It seems that Faust was engaged in magic tricks, witchcraft, alchemy, adding up horoscopes. It dawned on me that the respectable hulks of this lauder did not call out. Faust was flown from Nornberg and Ingolstadt. Vіn vіv desolate way of life and unstoppable, nіbi ghost, appearing here and there, bewildering that bewildering public. Those who know about Faust, speak about the great hostile pride of this people. Vin loves to call himself a "philosopher of philosophers."
Even for the life of this marvelous specialty, legends began to take shape, in which old stories about magicians, anecdotes about wandering scholars, motives of early Christian lives and middle demonological literature were intertwined. Moreover, in the middle of the people, before Faust, it was not everything, but more, with regret and slander:
"Vykhav Faust, trembling at the sides, From Auerbakh's lyokha, Sitting on top of the barrels of wine, I stumbled all around. Having touched the black magic of wines, And the devil for the price of rewards."
The church was erected before Faust suvorishe. In 1507, the roci abat Slo: Johann Trithemius of the Heim monastery, writing to the court astrologer the mathematician of the Elector of Palatinate: Georgy Sabellikus Faust the Younger, a necromatist, an astrologer, a prosperous magician, a palmist, an aeromaniac, a pyromancer and a prominent hydromancer. all of today's philosophy was completely forgotten, then o) by memory, re-inventing them and inspiring them to a more sophisticated look. no, that wine itself is taken at some hour and more than once all those who (the Savior is here). True, Faust's boasts were devoid of boasts - there was nothing visible in the wines' minds.
They said that Faust was defending himself with the intercession of the rebellious imperial person Franz von Zikkengen and the Prince-Bishop of Bamberg and that he had supprovodzhuvav “pis, pіd masoy whom the devil wanted”. On the outskirts of the Vittenbergado dosi, the ruins of the castle were preserved, as they call it "Faust's house". There are many more fates after the death of Faust were practiced by alchemists, among whom was Christopher seen? Wagner, who called himself Faust. Wittenberg alchemist" zokrema - mysterious "black mirrors".
The real Faust died in 1536 or 1539 near the town of Staufer (Breisgau). And in the other third of the 16th century, people’s reports about the doctor of the middle faceless translations, rewriting and translations of these books that flooded Europe, fakhіvtsі see the books of the French doctor of theology Victor Kayє (1598), the Nurember doctor Nicholas Pfitzerov rose (167) kokhannya Fau "beautiful, albeit servitors", and an anonymous book "The Faithful Christian" (1725).
Ale, the greatest success of the check was for the drama of the English Christopher Marlowe "The Tragic History of Doctor Faust", which I saw in 1604. Marlowe himself affirmed that the basis of yoga drama was an old manuscript, which he found in one of the Scottish castles, but it seems that Marlowe was smart to the point of mystification and, moreover, that history at that time was already well known in Europe. Ale true to the immortal name of Faust, having grown, well, Goethe. Under his pen, the image of Faust became a symbol of the current modern civilization, which, under the influx of gnostic navchans, was inspired by God and burned on the technocratic path of development in the world, in which I know the wealth of knowledge. The price of this turn of the house is the sight of immortality. І kіnets tshogo way so vodomiy:
"There is no Faust. Yogo's stingy throw Do not let us all be tempted to perekonatis, Like a merciful mind, we will overcome, If the heavens break the law",
From the depths of the century, a retelling came to us about a person, like for the help of Satan - an angel thrown into the hell through the pride and the bazhanya zvnyatsya at the power of the Creator - likewise, throwing a cry to God, having sunk the taєmnitsі light and the power of the share. Vіn did not hesitate to inspire his immortal souls for the sake of whom, obіtsianoї lords with inferno in payment for the whole union. This is one of the "eternal images" of light literature. In the epoch of the Renaissance, I knew my own intuition in the person of Dr. Faust - the hero of the German middle-class legend, a scientist, who stole the union from the devil for the sake of knowledge, wealth and worldly wealth.
Tsey hero mav his prototypes. How to tell the "Historical Lexicon", entries in the German church books, rows of leaves, notes of mandrivniks to say that in 1490, Johann Faust was born in the town of Knitlin-geni (principality of Württemberg).
Im'ya Johann Faust, Bachelor of Theology, appears in the lists of the Heidelberg University for 1509 Sometimes he thinks like Faust from Simmerna, and sometimes he comes out of the town of Kundling, who learned magic in Krakow, at that time made a contribution. It seems that Faust was engaged in magic tricks, witchcraft, alchemy, adding up horoscopes. It dawned on me that the respectable hulks of this lauder did not call out. Faust was flown from Nornberg and Ingolstadt. Vіn vіv desolate way of life and unstoppable, nіbi ghost, appearing here and there, bewildering that bewildering public. Those who know about Faust, speak about the great hostile pride of this people. Vin loves to call himself a "philosopher of philosophers."
Even for the life of this marvelous specialty, legends began to take shape, in which old-fashioned stories about magicians, anecdotes about wandering scholars, motives of early Christian lives and middle-class demonological literature were intertwined. Moreover, in the middle of the people before Faust, not everything was put, but shvidshe, with regret and slander:
“Vykhav Faust, trembling at the sides, From Auerbakhivsky lyokha, Sitting on the tops of barrels of wine, I tse bachili all the dovkola. Having touched the black magic of wines, And the devil for the price of rewards.
The church was erected before Faust suvorishe. In 1507, Johann Trithemius, the roci abat of the Shpon-geim monastery, wrote to the court astrologer and mathematician of the Elector of Palatinate: “People, you write about me… you can call yourself the head of necromancers - a vagabond, a wasteland and shakhrai. So, foreseeing oneself appropriately, at a glance, the title of "Master Georgy Sabellikus Faust the Younger, a necromancer, an astrologer, a prosperous magician, a palmist, an aeromancer, a pyromancer and a prominent hydromancer." The priests spoke less, that they boasted of such knowledge of all sciences and such a memory that, like all the practices of Plato and Aristotle, and all of their philosophy were completely forgotten, then, from memory, they were inspired to look at the greater vitonche. And when he appeared at Würzburg, he said no less self-singingly at the great gatherings that there is nothing good in the miracles of Christ, he himself takes it at any hour and how many times to work all those who have raised the Savior. True, Faust's boasts were devoid of boasts - there was nothing visible in the wines' minds.
They said that Faust was the intercession of the rebellious imperial person Franz von Zikkengen and the prince-bishop of Bamberg and that he had supprovodzhuv “a dog, under the mask of which the devil was hovering.” On the outskirts of the city of Wittenberg, the ruins of the castle were preserved, as they call it "Faust's house". Here, after the death of Faust, the alchemists practiced a lot of fates, among them Christopher Wagner, who called himself Faust, was seen. Wittenberg alchemists prepared various magical objects, zokrema - enigmatic “black mirrors”. Right there, the navchannya of different vіdchaydushnі people passed, yakі pragnuli doluchitis to magic.
The real Faust died in 1536-1539 near the town of Staufer (Brai-Sgau). And in the other third of the 16th century, people's reports about Dr. Faust were recorded, and on their basis in 1587, the Frankfort seer I. Shps published the book "A story about Doctor Faust, the famous enchanter and chaklun". She spoke about those who believed in the name of Faust, having made an agreement with the devil, otherwise they could not figure out what the world is falling on and on what the whole world is; as if at the imperial court of wines, they called out the images of ancient heroes and philosophers, as if showing students the life of Olena Spartanska, through the yak, the Troyan war flared up and with such luck the enchanter himself joined at the love tie; as before his death he repented of his sins, but Faust did not lie against the azure devil, who ate the soul of the chaklun into hell.
Among the impersonal translations, rewritings and translations of the tsієї books that reminded Europe, fakhіvtsі see the books of the French doctor of theology Victor Kaiє (1598), the Nurember doctor Nikolaus Pfіtzer (1674), who in the past spoke about Faust's love "beautifully" . the book The Faithful Christian (1725).
Ale, the greatest success was a check on the drama of the English Christopher Mar-lo “The Tragic History of Doctor Faust”, which I saw in 1604. Marlowe himself affirmed that the basis of yoga drama was an old manuscript, which he found in one of the Scottish castles, but it seems that Marlowe was smart to the point of mystification and, moreover, that history at that time was already well known in Europe. Ale true to the immortal name of Faust, zrobiv, zvichano, Goethe. Under this pen, the image of Faust, becoming a symbol of the current modern civilization, under the influx of gnostic vchen, inspired by God and burned on the technocratic path, the development of the world, in the wealth of knowledge, the wealth of the world. The price of this turn of the house is the sight of immortality. І kіnets tshogo way so vodomiy:
“There is no Faust Yogo rush of stingy Let us be tempted to perekonatisya, Like a merciful mind, we will overcome, If heaven breaks the law.”
Faust - the hero of the German middle-class legend, vcheniy, scho stole the union with the devil Mephistopheles for the sake of knowledge, wealth and worldly pleasures. One іz "vіchnih obrazіv" svіtovoї culture that nayznamenitіshy character Epoch Reformatsії that Prosvіtnitstva, nayzagadkovіshy i superechlivіshy character at єvropeyskіy tsivіlіzatsії: symbol of daring lyudskogo Rozum - i uosoblennya sumnіvіv in neobhіdnostі tsogo daring, pam'yatnik nevgamovnomu pragnennyu to nezvіdanogo - i postіyne "" about between this exercise, about the borders of “permissible” when people invade the life of Nature and the Cosmos.
Whose hero, who had become so wise before our revelation about the image of Goethe's Faust, had his own literary championsі real prototypes. From the depths of the earth, I’m going to say a retelling about a person, like for the help of Satan (an angel thrown into hell through his pride - a head biblical sin! - and a bazhanya is jealous of the might of the Creator) also sang a viklik to the Lord, shattering the mysteries of the world and the power of the share. Vіn did not hesitate for the price of navigating his immortal soul, obіtsyanoy in gratification to the lord, she baked: an apocrypha about Simon the Magician, a saying about Theophilus (Theophilus), an old Russian story about Sava Grudtsin. Historical data were also saved: records in German church books, rows of leaves, notes of mandrowners to say that in the town of Knitlingen (County of Württemberg) they were born in 1480, and in the town of Staufer (Breisgau) they died in 1536. who was engaged in magic tricks, witchcraft, teaching, adding up horoscopes. Vіn vіv a joyless way of life, rushing from Nuremberg and Ingolstadt, and vik Luther, Hutten and Paracelsus are unstoppable, no ghost, appearing here and there, hooting or bewildering the German public.
Even in life, legends began to swarm, in which ancient retellings about magicians, anecdotes about wandering schoolchildren and charlatans, motifs of early Christian life, middle-class demonological literature and church life were found. The people's sensitivity, with complacency, spoke about yoga windings, for example, such:
Vikhav Faust, trembling at the sides,
From Auerbakhivsky lyokha,
Sitting tops on barrels of wine,
I tse bachili all dovkola.
Having touched the black magic of wines,
I the devil for the price of rewards.
Suvorishe were set to new clerics. In 1507, after telling the court astrologer and mathematician of the electorate of the Palatinate, Johann Tritemiy, the glorious abbot of the Shponheim monastery, in 1507: “People, you write about me... love to the dead) - a vagabond, empty and shakhrai ... So, having invented his own, appropriately, at a glance, the title “Master Georgy Sabellikus, Faust the Younger, a necromancer, an astrologer, a prosperous magician, a palmist ( fortune teller), aeromanti, pіromanti i vidatny hydromant...” the priests spoke less, scho... vіn boasting of such knowledge of all sciences and such a memory that yakby all the practices of Plato and Aristotle and all of their philosophy were completely forgotten, then vin . .. by memory, having recollected the bi їх i to inspire a more sophisticated look", and, having appeared at Würzburg, vіn" no less self-singingly speaking at the great gatherings, that there is nothing guiding in the miracles of Christ, whether it be an hour and skilki in good time to fix all those that the Savior has caused.”
The name of Johann Faust, bachelor of theology, appears on the lists of the Heidelberg University for 1509: sometimes people think like Faust, who learned magic in Krakow, and at that hour they made a speech. The ruins of the castle on the edge of Wittenberg were also spared, so they call Faust's house. They said that he had called himself “a philosopher of philosophers”, and that he had sprung up “a dog, under the mask of which the devil was hovering”.
In the other third of the 16th century, tsі opіdannya were recorded, and in 1587 the Frankfurt book seer I. Spis released the first part of the series of "folk books" on this topic - "The story of Dr. Faust, the famous enchanter and chaklun." He talked about those, as if he had made an agreement on the name of Faust, having made an agreement with the devil, otherwise he could not know what the world is crumbling and on what the whole world is crashing; that at the imperial court, he called out the images of ancient times, showing the students to Olena Spartanska, through the yak the Troyan war broke out, and with some luck, the sorcerer himself entered into a love ring, that before his death, he repented of the wines, but Fausta did not hide the devil go to hell.
The legend about Faust - the double-minded shrew and the most soulful experimenter, the epicurean and the atheist, the adventurer and the fool of knowledge in the 16th - 17th centuries, if in the minds of people and in suspіlnogo life a particularly hot struggle flared up between the dictates of dogma and the principle of freedom for a joke, attracted the whole of Europe like the relish of a harvested fruit.
The greatest success of the check on "The Tragic History of Doctor Faust" by Christopher Marlo - a prominent English playwright and poet of the 16th century, a member of the London group of philosophers, astronomers, mathematicians and geographers, which friends called the "little Academy", and the enemy - the "school of sounding", atheist the worst calls. And wanting the death throes of Faust, repenting, Marlowe was so greedy, and the payment was so provocatively described that the hero could not help but sing, the author’s widowhood of the author was sensible:
No Faust. Yogo horses zhahlivy
Don't let us try to tempt us to change,
Like a merciful rozum, you will overcome.
If the heavens break the law.
Qiu p'su, which has become popular in England, was played all over the country by vagrant actors' corpses. And since, as a result of the theatrical reform of the zealous champion of clarity and plausibility in the classicist Johann Christoph Gottsched, the appearance of such characters on the “great” German stages became impossible, the tragedy about Faust became the “flower” of the repertoire of lyalk theatres. The very same lyalkova song in early rock "sounded in every way and rang in me," guessing Goethe's year.
In his youth, he began to work on his famous tragedy "Faust". Її the first part was suggested to you and another sign, a certificate that was Goethe; a condemnation on the stratum of Susanna Margaret Brandt, an independent servant, as she drove her new-born child with fear of suspenseful znevago, and it was accompanied in those zhorstok hours with a nasty public ritual. Bіdolashna zhіnka well respected before her death, that she, having fallen into sin according to the teaching of the devil, truly became a witch.
The vіdchaydushne camp of such unfortunates became the theme of the low p'єs "Storm and Onslaught". The praise of Faust also could not help but praise the “boisterous geniuses” with their cult of unique singularity, which is seen from the kaydaniv of the infamously accepted: “The Life and Death of Professor Faust” by F. Müller. “Infernal Judgment” by J.M.R. Klinger. In the rest of the novel, having fought for a long time through the “rebellious spirit”, vipadi against the churches that blackness, Faust is identified with one of the first leaders, Johann Faust (Fust), assistant and supernik of I. Gutenberg. And the book - the greatest gift of Enlightenment - is interpreted in a new way, not only as a tool for discovering the truth, but as a sign of the creation of the greed of the korist and marnoslavism - "devilish" in people.
...Persha part Goethe's Faust, published again in 1808, so well we see the tragedy of the death of the calm Margaret, - this is the "Sturmer's" viklik without krillost christened background, goosebumps, instilled by what became the teachings of Wagner; tse throwing away from oneself, pragnenní to the radiance of all butt, old clothes of old age, apathy, hibnyh traditions, fences and zaboboniv, cabinet office (“Theory, my friend, sirka. The evergreen tree of life”). Skidannya is so fun, yaskrave, more cheerful and young forces - for nothing for the help of Mephistopheles, what kind of companion is not here, skilky bazhan, comrade for windings, helper in the suburbs... who can become a victim of our bazhan, the eternal problem of natural cordonies, putting the conscience before the innocence of our pragnen ...
The bag of the first part: the soul of the trusting Gretchen was "vryatovaned" by heaven, which she inadvertently sinned in a blow, a reckless, neobachny kokhannya - and humiliation by an inexhaustible tractor, blame Faust experimenting with life. Ale, forgive yourself, qi the torments of kayatta through evil, like a fault for others, and not troubles about the power of the lot, and those are fundamentally important, that invigorate Goethe's Faust and the fearless, skeptical-mocking Mephistopheles, and the long series of folklore and literary heroes of the hero (including Faust Marlo).
However, the author of the great tragedy does not put here the point of Faust's inevitable turning point, which, having repented, I will become calm, to humility, which interrupts the watering of human pragnen. Sin of the century of Enlightenment, wine, like and before Lessing in his dramatic fragments on the Faustian theme, it is impossible to recognize as wicked, malicious and "opposite to God" the whispering of the soul and mind, these people - the sight of God. All on the right, maybe, for the purposes of these jokes. Well, well, you explain to Prolose in heaven that you are ahead of the tragedy. There, the Lord, not without condescending good-naturedness, listened to Mephistopheles’s “shakhrai and merry” thought about those who are guilty, the Creator, calling out for nothing to a person from the darkness of a nebuttya and bestowing on her a divine spark - a rose, the cause of spirituality, because of it, a messenger of hell, to inspire the best of people “thinness with thinness of life”, succumbing to his inexhaustible hisstical instinct, preparing for the earthly pleasure to be moved and in the form of eternal rush “forward and uphill”, and in the form of immortality of the soul in heaven, turning to the “good” one will become - “animal” hell.
The Lord, for whom (like for Goethe) the diavolsky is also an unmanageable warehouse part of the light, sends Mephistopheles (“a part of the strength of Tієї, to do good without a number, so much evil”) “rozburhati” everything that spit and rozcharovannogo vchenny Faust (“ from nights "people fall into a hibernation, go, they broke її zastіy") and similarly to educators, singing at the good essence of the creature inspired by him, stverzhuє, scho, unapologetically in all devilish peace, people "itself, by the power of kuta "negіdnoy іsnuvannya.
At the other part(Yaka wrote, for a few episodes, in 1826-1831) mature Faust continues blathering in the whispers of the greater satisfaction of the butts, if you want to gurgle: , you are beautiful!" - and by the same token, following your agreement with Mephistopheles, give the soul of Satan and perish physically and spiritually. it was hellish for you to see a happily lived life).
The first axis is already the Getevsky Faust of visions from the mіsk walls, vchenih kabіnetіv, comradeship of the bourgeoisie and the burghers in the serenity of human history, in the vastness of that space, in the change of era and civilization. In the first part of the world, with її consanguineous folklore images, juicy folk verse, rude anecdotes, weaved with the belligerent melodrama of the philistine novel, free to sing monologues, strings of street replicas, with її pungent odors, pungent relish. a place that fuses together the modest burgher everyday life, imperceptible faith and fantastic zaboboni.
Ale Zate mystery, de arena dії - the whole world, and rushіy - not the onslaught of impatience, but the spiritual spirit of a person, de panic a metaphor, an allegory, a symbol. It is important to order the different parts of the other part, the skin scenes like an independent drama of a single plot line. Faust's novel with the Beautiful Deer, chanted from the depths of centuries, the nation and the symbolic death of his son Euphorion ... Faust plays the role of Plutos - the god of wealth, who spreads paper pennies - replace gold, a sign of wasting the natural powers of the subject, now ... Hatini's bedroom FILEMON І Bavka, Scho walked Budinevel plans of the Faust, - Metaphor Zinc, Patroshalnaya іdilіny, Sviti Pіd Natius Tsivіlіzatsії ... Sottsky, Prospective - Tse І Bagato Іншей, ZaPeplen Genіm Goethe in Friend "Fausta" і імуский ивиски толовиску торостична тумку Сипіва єVROPEYSKOiї Bodyuri.
And the head bag of tragedy is in the hands of the Lord, who, having buried the soul of Faust like the devil, if that, it would have been given, having already betrayed Mephistopheles his faith. For the greater satisfaction of guilt, you experience over the whilina of a special glory for the solo, but at the sight of the “people of the free land of the free”, happy on the doubled, Faust, the expanse of the sea. However, Turbota already blinded the elder Faust, and for the creative noise of the wakeners, she accepted the clatter of the shovels of her burial grounds (which gives a hint of fading about utopia, or the miraculousness of the dream of Goethe's hero). Ale, all one yogo vision is hvilyuyuche-beautiful, it signifies the high end of the metaphor of the buttya of a person, like love to the neighbor, that service to you. It is not uncommon for that richly who, zokrema suchasnі sledniki, interpret "Faust" as a "Christian" tragedy.
In the first part of "Faust" the emphasis is on "living life" ("dії"), and not bookish wisdom ("word"). In the other part, it is brought to light that the altruistic-gentry is still a smut in the “double” human nature, created by God (“light”, “spirit”), and the devil (“temristyu”, “mother”), and the mouth of the Lord of the earth the value of blessings is to be famous for self-sufficient poshuk (“What life has passed for the pragnenny, that we can vryatuvaty”).
The light of Getev's Faust lies on all the heroes of the rich-toned faustian of the XJX-XX century, where they wrote rows of novels, short stories, descriptions, dramas, verses, and middle bags and bags A.Shamisso and G.Haremaupt Lorca, F.Garema Lorca , G. Hesse and our Pushkin, who, having spoken to the soul of rebellious romanticism, had the “Byronic” dissatisfaction with the monotony of tedious philistine days in his “Scenes from Faust” at the heart of rebellious romanticism. The same hero - in his boisterous predilections, jokes or kayatti - reflections and in hundreds of works of artists and musicians (Charles Gounod's opera "Faust", Alfred Schnittke's cantata "History of Doctor Johann Faust" - yaskra butt), pіdmostkіv, vіn z'yavivsya on the screen of cinema and television, yоgo voice does not move at radio programs.
However, the 20th century, which in its entirety showed the power of the human mind and the exercise to the point of divinity, made one hesitate and doubt its insane value. A brown brown mutant appears in the 30th fate - Faust in the Nazi interpretation - a "superhuman", a "truly German" hero, carrying the idea of a group hisism. Out of protest against this offensive-zhorstkoy aggression, the Wishukan hero of the unfinished dramatic poem by Paul Valery ("the remaining classic of French literature", as the lovers of the thinned yoga called it) "My Faust" (publ. 1941), buttya in the "group of intellect" and "purely mystical". However, Thomas Mann's famous novel "Doctor Faustus" (1947) turned before the theme of the boundless individualism of the “interrogative”, “pre-Hegevian” Faust, on the butt of his main character - the composer, ready to sacrifice all the rich colors and the warmth of the butt and the damp soul in his volodinnya superhuman creative mitzsu, - showing the collapse of such a “free will” the way is not to the world, but to the world.
Kohli and y drugіy polovinі XX stolіttya on hvilі nebuvalih dosyagnen NAUKOVO-tehnіchnogo Progreso, scho tsіlkom viyaviv his ruynіvnu force in єvropeyskіy that amerikanskіy lіteraturah narodzhuєtsya Faust zrechennya, Faust vіdmovivsya od smіlivogo proniknennya in taєmnitsі nature, in kulturologії all viraznіshe pochinayut sleepwalk napoleglivі votes . for example, "faustian eri", eri the enlightenment of the people to the point of being a mystery buttya.
And in the meantime, "Russian" faustism ", just an hour later, the Goethean hero I.S. Turgenev (the story "Faust"), who is suffering from a haunted-Hamletian complex of sumnivities and the torments of conscience, pofarbovaniya mriyami vtchiznyanyh symbolists at the turn of the century about the future scribbled. "leader" and "masu" in the drama-utopia of A.V. Lunacharsky's "Faust and Misto" (1916), de Faust the Budіvelnik banishes Mephistopheles and fights for the government of the people, yet in the 30th fates the prophet is ready to enter the arena of the light culture of the new Faust, which collapses not by Rozum, but by the Heart.
There is a hero to M.A. Bulgakov’s novel “Maister and Margarita” (1929-1940, publ. 1965), having long been called Faust herself in the author’s blacks, as the present incarnation of Christ, to believe sacredly in the good Word, in the “manuscript, like not to burn” , - and dії, what to be afraid of, zavzhd someone squeezes and suborders, zavzhd someone surrounds. Even more so, who is afraid of the flooring, who will replace the new and for the new yoga, Margarita, and the Meister himself is meritorious in heaven (in the light of Goethe's Faust) is not "light", but only "calm". However, the transformation of Bulgakov's hero to the invariably altruistic moral imperative of a human being is significant for our pragmatic century, and, perhaps, the very beginning of taking your cob of a new division of the infinitely more expensive worldly history of the eternal education of the senses, the doctor of human life?
I.-V. Goethe "Faust"
1. New in the tragedy, the "Theatrical Entry" is needed? Comment on the poet's monologue
Go, another slave!
Ale, your power is weak over the poet ...
2. How is it related to the tragedy "Theatrical entry" and "Prologue in the sky"?
3. Why doesn't Mephistopheles let Faust get away with Margarita?
Follow me, or I'll go.
Aje is on the right side, you know.
Condemned to torment!
Follow me!
4. Why the Spirit on the words of Faust
O dial genius buttya,
My prototype!
I confirm:
Oh no, similar to you
Less the spirit that you yourself know,
5. What is the superbness of the finale of "Faust" by Goethe?
