Information about the life of the left tovstoy. Tolstoy Lev Mikolayovich
In 1828, on May 26, Yasna Polyana, the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy was born. Sim'ya bula rodovita - the ancestor of Yogo Buv, a noble nobleman, who took the title of count for service to Tsar Peter. Mother bula from the ancient noble family of the Volkonskys. Belonging to the privileged sphere of suspension poured into the mind of the writer all his life. short biography Tolstoy Lev Mikolayovich is not revealed by the whole world to the history of the ancient family of this kind.
Turbine-free life near Yasniya Polyana
The childishness of the writer was generally prosperous, not respecting those who had spent their matir early. Zavdyaks to family explanations of wines took a bright image in their memory. A short biography of Leo Tolstoy Mikolayovich to show that the father had instilled beauty for the writer. Vіn having pinched the love of the boys to the dog's watering, as in the details of the year it was described in the novel "War and Peace".
Close stosunki became the elder brother of Nikolenka - they taught the little Levushka to the spring games and rozpovіd yoma cіkavі іstorії. Tolstoy's first story - "Childhood" - to avenge his own rich autobiographical stories about the children of the writer himself.
Yunist
The non-turbulent radiance of rebuking in Yasniy Polyana was interrupted through the death of the father. In 1837, roci sіm'ya pіd opіku tіtki. In this place, as the short biography of Leo Tolstoy, the youth of a writer has passed. Here I joined in 1844 as a university student - first to the philosophical, and then to the law faculty. Well, the truth is, yoga didn’t make much sense, the student was more successful in revelry and revelry.
At the same time, the biography of Tolstoy Lev Mikolayovich characterizes him as a person who was disrespectfully placed before people of a lower, non-aristocratic status. Vіn rehashing history as science - in his eyes there is little practical merit. The sharpness of his judgement, the writer took a long life.
Playing the role of assistant
In 1847, without graduating from the university, Tolstoy turned to Yasna Polyana and try the authorities to beat their krіpaks. Reality diverged sharply from the writer's statements. The villagers did not understand the name of the pan, and a short biography of Leo Tolstoy Mikolayovich describes the success of his master as a nevdal (the writer shared it with his confession “The Ranok of the Helper”), after which the wines were left behind.
Way of becoming a writer
Dekіlka of upcoming fates, held at St. Petersburg and Moscow, did not pass for nothing for the future great prose writer. From 1847 to 1852, the fates were carried out by schoolchildren, in whom Lev Mikolayovich Tolstoy resolutely lied all his thoughts and thought. A short biography reveals that for an hour of service in the Caucasus, at the same time, work is being done on the story "Childhood", as if three times later, I will be instructed in the journal "Suchasnik". Tse zapochatkuvala distant creative path of the great Russian writer.
In front of the writer, the creation of his great works "War and the World" is "Anna Karenina", but for the time being, you are learning your own style, making friends with the "Suchasnik" and bathing in the whimsical whims of the critics.
Piznі rocky creativity
In 1855, Tolstoy came to St. Petersburg for a short time, but literally after a couple of months he left it and settled in Yasniy Polyana, where he opened a school for village children. In 1862, the company becomes friends with Sophia Bers, and in the first years they are happy.
In 1863-1869, the novel "War and Peace" was written and reshaped, which little guessed the classic version. There are no traditional key elements of that hour. Vernishe, the stench is present, but not the key ones.
1877 - Tolstoy completed the novel "Hanna Karenina", in which it is repeatedly scored by the reception of an internal monologue.
Starting from the other half of the 1860s, Tolstoy is going through a journey of a total rethinking of his life. Todi blame Tolstoy - his squad categorically did not accept his new glances. The ideas of the late Tolstoy are similar to those of the socialist creeds, from those retailers, who were the opponents of the revolution.
In 1896-1904, Tolstoy ended the story that was published after his death, which happened at the leaf fall of 1910 at the Astapovo station of the Ryazan-Ural road.
Tolstoy Lev Mikolayovich was born on 08/28/1828 (or 09/09/1828 according to the old style). Died - 11/07/1910 (11/20/1910).
Russian writer, philosopher. Born near Yasniya Polyana, Tulsk province, among rich aristocratic families. Having entered the Kazan University, and then we lost yoga. At the 23-rd river, virushay on war with Chechnya and Dagestan. Here he began to write the trilogy "Childhood", "Adolescence", "Youth".
In the Caucasus
In the Caucasus, he took a part in military actions, being an artillery officer. Under the hour of the Crimean war, breaking up to Sevastopol, de continuing to fight. After the end of the war, he went to St. Petersburg and in the journal "Suchasnik" published "Sevastopol's opinions", in which his prominent writing talent was clearly recognized. In 1857 p. Tolstoy, having become dearer to Europe, seemed to be disappointed by Yogo.
From 1853 to 1863 Having written the story "Cossacks", after which he had broken the literary work and become a landowner, engaged in educational work in the countryside. With this method, having gone to Yasnaya Polyana, de opening a school for rural children, having created a powerful system of pedagogy.
In 1863-1869 pp. Having written his fundamental tvir "War and Peace". In 1873-1877 pp. Having created the novel "Hanna Karenina". In the circles, the writer's light-gazer was fully formed, I call it "Tolstoyism", the essence of which is visible in the creations: "Speak", "Who has my faith?", "The Kreutzer Sonata".
The vchennya was written at the philosophical and religious practices “The Follow-up of Dogmatic Theology”, “The Spolka and Translation of Chotiryokh Gospels”, de heady voice to fight for the morally perfect people, vikritti evil, unresisting evil by violence.
The light of the dilogy continued to swell: the drama "The Power of Drinks" and the comedy "The Fruit of the Sanctification", then a series of parables about the laws of the buttya.
Out of the kennels of Russia and the world in Yasna Polyana, the workers of the creativity of the writer arose, who stank as if they were a spiritual mentor. At 1899 p. having sipped the light of the novel "Resurrection".
Stop creating Tolstoy
Stop creating a writer - descriptions of "Batko Sergiy", "Song of the ball", "Posthumous notes of the elder Fyodor Kuzmich" and the drama "The Living Corpse".
Spovіdalnaya publicism of Tolstoy let's spread the revelations about his spiritual drama: tiny pictures of social nervіnіstі and ledarstva illuminating verstov, Tolstoy in a zhorstkіy form posing before the suppleness the nourishment of the sense of life and believe, criticize everything state institutions, Reaching the limits of science, art, court, ship, the reach of civilization. Tolstoy's social declaration is based on statements about Christianity as a moral message, and the ethical ideas of Christianity are comprehended by him in a humanistic key as the basis of the universal brotherhood of people. In 1901 p. bula reaction to the Synod: all-worldly vodomy pisnik buv official reflections from the church, which called out a majestic suspіlny resonance.
Death
July 28, 1910 Tolstoy secretly flooded Yasna Polyana, in a doze of sickness and turmoil, he would get off the train at the small railway station of Astapovo, Ryazan-Uralskaya railway. Here, at the booth of the head of the station, spent the rest of these days of his life.
1.2 Childhood
Born on 28 September 1828 in the Krapivno district of the Tulsk province, at the mother's recessionary mother - Yasniy Polyana. Bov the 4th child; and three older brothers: Mykola (1823-1860), Sergiy (1826-1904) and Dmitro (1827-1856). In 1830, sister Maria (1830-1912) was born. Yogo's mother died, if Yomu had not yet had 2 rokіv.
A distant relative of T. A. Yergolska took care of orphaned children. In 1837, the family moved to Moscow, settling on Plushivtsi, to that the elder son needed to be prepared before joining the university, but suddenly the father died, having lost his right to , and three young ones. The children settled again in Yasniya Polyana under the supervision of Yergolskaya and her father's aunt, Countess A. M. Osten-Saken, who was recognized as the guardian of the children. Here Lev Mikolayovich was abandoned until 1840, when Countess Osten-Saken died and the children moved to Kazan, to a new guardian - the sister of their father P. I. Yushkov.
Budinok of the Yushkovs laying down to the most cheerful near Kazan; all the members of this family highly valued the radiant glow. “My good titon,” Tolstoy confesses, “pure honesty, always said that she wouldn’t want anything for me, like that I could call from a foreign woman” (“Speak”).
Youma wanted to shine in suppleness, but youma was honored by natural litter. Nairiznomanіtnіshi, as Tolstoy himself proclaimed them, “myslennia” about the most stupid nourishment of our butt - happiness, death, God, kohanny, eternity - painfully tormented him in that era of life. Tolstoy took to self-perfection what was told to him in "Otrotstvі" and "Youth" about the practice of Irteniev and Nekhlyudov to self-perfection from his ascetic tastes of his hands for the first hour. Everything led to the fact that in Tolstoy there was a “ring to a permanent moral analysis”, as you could imagine, “having felt the freshness of the senses and the clarity of the mind” (“Youth”).
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(09.09.1828 - 20.11.1910).
Born in the garden of Yasna Polyana. Among the ancestors of the writer from the Batkiv line is the associate of Peter I - P. A. Tolstoy, one of the first count titles in Russia. A participant of the Vitchiznyanoy war of 1812, the father of the writer gr. N. I. Tolstoy. On his mother's line, Tolstoy lied to the family of the princes Bolkonsky, who became disputed with the princes Trubetskoy, Goltsinim, Odoevsky, Likoviy and other noble families. By his mother, Tolstoy was a relative of A. Z. Pushkin.
If Tolstoy is the ninth rok, the father first took him to Moscow, the defeat of the zustrichi was vividly conveyed by the future writer to the childish creation of the "Kremlin". Moscow is here called “the largest and most populous city of Europe”, the words of which “suffered the rags and the defeat of the irresistible Napoleonic regiments”. The first period of young Tolstoy's Moscow life was in less than a few years. Vіn early orphans, having spent the matir on the head, and then the father. With the sister of that three brothers, young Tolstoy moved to Kazan. One of the Batkiv sisters lived here, as if she became their guardian.
Living in Kazan, Tolstoy spent two and a half years getting ready to enter the university, having started in 1844 as a student, and then at the Faculty of Law. I learned Turkish and Tatar language from the well-known Turkologist Professor Kazembek. At the ripe time of life, the writer is free to write in English, French and German languages; reading Italian, Polish, Czech and Serbian; knowing Greek, Latin, Ukrainian, Tatar, Church Slavonic; vivchav old Jewish, Turkish, Dutch, Bulgarian and other language.
Busy with government programs and assistants were tightening Tolstoy the student. Vіn zahopivsya independent work on the historical topic and, having left the university, went from Kazan to Yasnskaya Polyana, taken away by him according to the division of the fatherland. Potim vіn destroying Moscow, de naprikintsі 1850 p. yogo writing activity began: an unfinished story from a gypsy pobutu (the manuscript was not saved) and a description of one day lived (“History of the other day”). The story “Childhood” is similarly rosy. Nezabar Tolstoy went to the Caucasus, de yogo older brother Mikola Mikolayovich, an artillery officer, serving in the infantry army. Having entered the army as a junker, he later graduates to the junior officer rank. The wrath of the writer during the Caucasian war was noted in the descriptions of "Nabig" (1853), "Cutting a fox" (1855), "Complaints" (1856), in the story "Cossacks" (1852-1863). In the Caucasus, the story "Childhood" was completed, 1852. instructed in the magazine "Suchasnik".
When the Crimean war broke out, Tolstoy moved from the Caucasus to the Danube army, which fought against the Turks, and then to Sevastopol, besieged by the united forces of England, France and Turkey. Commanding a battery on the 4th bastion, Tolstoy was awarded the Order of Annie and the medals “For the Defense of Sevastopol” and “On the riddle about the war of 1853-1856”. More than once Tolstoy was represented to the hedgerow with the fighting St. George's cross, but “George” was not taken off the wine. In the army of Tolstoy, there are few projects - about the reformation of artillery batteries and the folding of battalions, lined with linen towels, about the reformation of the entire Russian army. Together with a group of officers of the Crimean army, Tolstoy maw namir published the magazine "Soldier's Visnik" ("Vіyskovsky sheet"), that yogo publication was allowed by Emperor Nicholas I.
Autumn 1856 viyshov at the front and without a hitch breaking at the pvrіchnu zakordonna more expensive, seeing France, Switzerland, Italy and Nimechchina. In 1859 p. Tolstoy opened a school for rural children near Yasniya Polyana, which added to the education of over 20 schoolchildren in the most important villages. To straighten out the activity for the truth, for the mind, for the way, for seeing the pedagogical journal Yasna Polyana (1862). With the help of the method of staging a school writing in the lands, a writer in the 1860s. suddenly destroying foreign countries.
After the manifesto of 1861 Tolstoy took to the light intermediaries of the first prize, as if they were trying to help the villagers to win their super rivers with helpers about the land. Nezabar at Yasniya Polyana, if Tolstoy had changed at the outskirts, the gendarmes made a fuss at the searches of the local drukarni, like a writer of letters who wrote the letter after that, as he was in London with A.I. Herzen. Tolstoy had the opportunity to close the school and to see the publication of a pedagogical journal. Eleven articles about the school and pedagogy (“About the people’s education”, “The education of that education”, “About community activity on the territory of the people's enlightenment" and others). Voni Vіn reportedly describing the completion of his work with the teachings (“Yasnopolyansk school for leaf fall and breastfeeding months”, “About the methods of learning to read and write”, “Who should write to whom, we have peasant lads, we have peasant lads”). Tolstoy, a teacher, kept the school close to life, putting him at the service of the people, and for whom to activate the process of learning that development, to develop the creativity of children.
At once about those, already on the cob of the creative path, Tolstoy became a well-known writer. One of the first works of the writer were the poems "Childhood", "Adolescence" and "Youth", "Youth" (which, however, was not written). According to the author's idea, the stench is small to fold the novel "Chotiri of the era of development."
On the cob 1860s. for a decade, the order of life of Tolstoy is restored, yogo will be beaten. At 1862 p. Vіn made friends with the daughter of the Moscow doctor Sophia Andriivna Bers.
Pismennik works on the novel "War and Peace" (1863-1869). Having completed "War and Peace", Tolstoy's rokiv vyvchav materials about Peter I that yogo hour. Prote, having written a piece of the “Petrine” novel, Tolstoy was inspired by his idea. On the cob 1870s. the writer was taken over again by pedagogy. A lot of practice included wines at the Abetka’s creation, and then at the New Abetka’s. That same time he compiled “Books for Reading”, where he added a lot of his admonitions.
In the spring of 1873 p. Tolstoy pochav and through chotiri roki finished the work on the great novel about fortune, naming yoga after him main heroine- "Anna Karenina".
Spiritual crisis, experienced by Tolstoy for example 1870 - post. 1880 pp., culminating in a fracture in Yogo Svetoglyad. In "Spovidі" (1879-1882), the writer speaks about the coup in his eyes, sensing what kind of fault he has in investigating the ideology of the noble class and switching to the book of "simple working people."
On the cob 1880s. Tolstoy moved from his family from Yasnaya Polyana to Moscow, talking about those who would give enlightenment to their children who had grown up. In 1882 p. passing the census of the Moscow population, in which the writer took his fate. Win a close sip of the bagmen in the Mist netrivs and describe their terrible life in the article about the census and in the treatise “So why should we work?” (1882-1886). The stench of a writer zrobiv main visnovok: "... You can't live like that, you can't live like that, you can't!" “Spovid” and “What do we need to work for?” were the creators, who at the same time acted like an artist and a publicist, like a deep psychologist and a smiling sociologist-analyst. Pіznіshe tsey rіd tvorіv - beyond the genre of journalistic, but also include artistic scenes and paintings, full of elements of figurativeness, - borrow a lot of space from yoga creativity.
Tolstoy's church also writes religious and philosophical works: "Criticism of dogmatic theology", "Why is my faith?" The stench of the writer, as if showing a change in his religious and moral views, and giving a critical review of the head dogma and principles of the official church. In the middle of the 1880s. Tolstoy and those of the same mind created the “Intermediary” publishing house in Moscow, as if books and pictures were good for the people. The first of Tolstoy's works, which we will instruct for the "simple" people, was the announcement "What people live for." In the new, like and rich other works of this cycle, the writer is widely scribbled like folklore plots, and with different features of conventional creativity. With Tolstoy's folk rhymes, thematically and stylistically pov'yazanі yogo p'єsi for folk theaters and, most of all, the drama "The Power of Drinks" (1886), which depicts the tragedy of the post-reform village, de pіd "the power of pennies" collapsed the centuries-old patriarchal orders.
At 1880 p. Tolstoy's "Death of Ivan III" and "Kholstomer" ("History of a Horse"), "Kreutzer Sonata" (1887-1889) appeared. In him, as well as in the descriptions of "The Devil" (1889-1890) and the novel "Batko Sergiy" (1890-1898), the problems of kohannya that shlyubu, the purity of family stoksunkivs are posed.
On the basis of social and psychological development, Tolstoy's novel "The Lord and the Practitioner" (1895) will be developed, stylistically tied to a cycle of folk opi- dans written in 80 rubles. Five fates earlier, Tolstoy wrote for the "home performance" the comedy "The Fruit of the Light." She also shows “lords” and “practitioners”: noblemen-landlords, who live near the city, and came from a hungry village, the villagers freed the land. Depict the first tributes satirically, the author depicts others as intelligent and positive people, but in some scenes that yoga “give” in an ironic light.
All these works of the writer are united by a thought about the inevitable and close by the hour of the “disconnection” of social protirich, about the replacement of the hromada “order”, that he will live for himself. “I don’t know how the opening will be,” writing Tolstoy in 1892, “but how to get to it from the right and how to continue like this, in such forms, you can’t live, I’m crying.” With this idea, the greatest work of the "pizny" Tolstoy's creativity is inspired - the novel "Resurrection" (1889-1899).
Less than ten rokіv vindicate "Anna Karenina" in the form of "War on the world". "Voskresinnya" was given the honorary title of "Anna Karenina" for two decades. I want to richly see the third novel in front of the two in front, they are truly epic in scope in the depiction of life, in the mind of "conjugation" in the description of the environment human shares with the share of the people. Tolstoy himself pointed out on the unity, what is between these novels: he said that “Resurrection” was written in the “old manner”, lightly, first for everything, on the basis of the epic “manner”, in the same way “War and Peace” was written, and “ Anna Karenina. "Resurrection" became the last novel of the writer's work.
On the cob 1900s. By the Holy Synod of Tolstoy bov vіdlucheny vіd orthodox church.
For the rest of the decades of his life, the writer worked on the story “Hadji Murad” (1896-1904), having put forward “two poles of sovereign absolutism” - the European one, with the support of Nicholas I, and the Asian one, with the support of Shamil. At this hour Tolstoy is creating one of his best p'es - "The Living Corpse". Її hero - good soul, soft, sumlіnny Fedya Protasov go z sim'ї, rve stosunki z vichnym yoma middle, sink to the "bottom" and in the wake of court to make rahunks out of life with a pistol. Gostro sounded written 1908 p. article “I can’t speak”, protesting against the reprisals against the participants of the 1905–1907 years. Until what period should the writer's testimony “To the ball”, “For what?”.
Struggling with the way of life in Yasniya Polyana, Tolstoy more than once got up and did not dare to leave for a long time. Ale to live according to the principle of "at once-narizno" is no longer a moment and at night on the 28th of Zhovtnya (10 leaf fall) secretly leaving Yasna Polyana. Due to the cost of ailments on the burning of legends and turmoil, he would grow a tooth at the small station of Astapovo (nine Leo Tolstoy), and he died. 10(23) leaf fall 1910 the writer was buried in Yasniy Polyana, near the fox, on the edge of the ravine, in childhood, together with his brother, joking the “green stick” that she took the “secret”, as if to make all people happy.
The Russian writer and philosopher L. N. Tolstoy was born on 9 spring 1828 in Yasniya Polyana, Tulsk province, the fourth child in a rich aristocratic family. Batkіv Tolstoy, having spent early, a distant relative of T. A. Yergolska took up distant yoga. In 1844, Tolstoy joined the Kazan University at the department of similar mov of the philosophical faculty, but since. busy people did not call out in a new interest, 1847. having filed an application for graduation from the university At the 23rd Vice-Christian Tolstoy, he went to the Caucasus with his older brother Mikola, de taking a part in the battlefields. The fates of the writer's life were mentioned in the autobiographical story "Cossacks" (1852-63), in the descriptions "Nabig" (1853), "Cutting the Fox" (1855), and also in the story "Hadji Murad" (1896-1904). 1912). In the Caucasus, Tolstoy began to write and trilogy "Childhood", "Adolescence", "Youth".
Under the hour of the Crimean war, breaking up to Sevastopol, de continuing to fight. After the end of the war, having gone near St. Petersburg and in the air at the heads of "Suchasnik" (N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Ostrovskiy, I. A. Goncharov and I), hope of Russian literature" (Nekrasov), having published "Sevastopol opisaniya", in which his outstanding writing talent was clearly recognized. In 1857 p. Tolstoy, having become dearer to Europe, is like a year of disappointments.
Autumn 1856 Tolstoy, vyyshovshi at the post office, having interrupted the literary activity and becoming a landowner, went to Yasnaya Polyana, de engaged in educational work, opened a school, having created a pedagogical system of power. All the busyness of the flooring suffocated Tolstoy, who in 1860 had to break through the cordon to get to know the schools of Europe.
Veresni 1862. Tolstoy, having made friends with the eighteenth-year-old doctor Sophia Andriivna Bers, and after the wedding, he moved the squad from Moscow to Yasnskaya Polyana, de-powdering his family life and the government’s turbot, he continued until the autumn of 1863. buv zakhopleniy new literary idea, the fundamental tvir "War and peace" appeared in the world. U1873-1877 rr. having created the novel Hanna Karenina. In the circles, the writer's light-gazer was fully formed, in the house I called "Tolstoyism", the essence of which is visible in the creations: "Speak", "Who has my faith?", "The Kreutzer Sonata".
Out of the kennels of Russia and the world in Yasna Polyana, the workers of the creativity of the writer arose, who stank as if they were a spiritual mentor. At 1899 p. having sipped the light of the novel "Resurrection".
Remaining creations The writers began to describe “Batko Sergiy”, “Song of the Ball”, “Posthumous Notes of the Elder Fyodor Kuzmich”, and the drama “The Living Corpse”.
Пізної авені 1910 РУС Сім'ї, 82-rychny vіd sim'ї, 82-rіchnya Tolstoy, Pryakrejuvyuva Lishe Filter L_Karem D. P. Makovsky, leaving clear Polyana, in Dorozі Zahvorіv І Bouw sickness zіiti zpantsyi at Malkіj Zizannіyi Stanskії Astapovo Ryazano-Uralsko salaries. Here, at the booth of the head of the station, I spent the rest of these days of my life. 7(20) leaf fall Lev Mikolayovich Tolstoy died.
