Golovna > Mother single > Where was Turgenev Ivan Sergiyovich born? Ivan Turgenev: biography, life path and creativity. According to the story A short description of the life and work of Turgenev

Where was Turgenev Ivan Sergiyovich born? Ivan Turgenev: biography, life path and creativity. According to the story A short description of the life and work of Turgenev

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Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev (1818-1883)

Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev resembled a rich noble family. Vin was born on July 28, 1818. near the town of Orly. The father of the writer was a guards officer, blessed by a kind person. After leaving the office, he is alive in the village, but he died, being young, in 1834.

Mother, Varvara Petrivna, was the master of majestic maetkіv in Oryol, and in the judicial provinces. Vaughn led the journey of the old family of the Lutovinovs, and just like her ancestors, she rose to the age of the villagers-kripakiv.

Little Ivan's childhood passed into his mother's ancestral home, in the village of Spaske-Lutovinovo, Oryol province. Svoєridne and despotic reasons of the mother with kripaks, the helper of the svіllya lads had to watch the day. It took away a deep drink from the soul, and gave a lot of money from a drunkard, it was marked on yoga creations. Krіpaki and uncles were the first promoters of the future writer, later they were replaced by foreign tutors.

At 1827 p. Turgenev moved to Moscow. The education of the children was carried out at a private boarding house, and then they were trained by the best educators. Such respect for the enlightenment of children has led to the fact that already at the 15th anniversary of Turgenev, they are ready to enter to the highest initial mortgage. In 1833 p. Vіn successfully slav іspiti in Moscow University on the verbal basis.

Through the river Sim I moved to St. Petersburg, and Ivan, having successfully completed the first course, transferred to the philological department of the Philosophical Faculty of St. Petersburg University. Beloved teacher of Turgenev, becoming a friend of Pushkin, Professor P.A. Pletnov, like a young student, for yoga words, having read like a napіvbog.

The creative activity of Turgenev rose from the student's fates. His first creations (the lyrical verses "Vechir", "Balada" and others, the dramatic poem "Stino") were opposed to romanticism and at the same time unsightlyness. The stink was clearly spitting while singing Pushkin and Byron, the romantic works of popular Russian writers in the 1830s. deeds from the youthful verses were published in the journal "Suchasnik".

The University of Turgenev finished in the autumn of 1837, after which he went to develop philosophy to Nimechchina. At Russia, he turned on the spring of 1841, alternately alive in Moscow, then in St. Petersburg, and after seeing Spasky in the summer.

Vіn actively preparing for scientific activity, but step by step literature became dedaly significant yoma. For a long time, Turgenev served as an official of the special hand at the Ministry of Internal Affairs, ale 1845. veyshov at a vіdstavku.

Create, written and published in 1842-1846. (sing "Parasha", "Helper", "Andriy Kolosov", "Breter", "Three portraits"), to speak about those that the writer began to enter into romanticism and more and more established himself on the positions of realism.

In the spring of 1843 p. Turgenev, having got to know Belinsky, their friendship began. The stench was especially close in 1847, being in Salzburz, de delighted by the critic. Turgeniev, living behind the cordon in the spring of 1847 in the same French marriage with Polina Viardot, who was a friend of the writer until her death. At Paris, the wines became a symbol of the French Revolution

1848 Yogo anger about this podia was known in the drawings “Ours sent!” i "People at the Eyepieces".

Autumn 1850 the writer's mother died, and having taken away a solid legacy. Turgenev wrote: “... I negainally allowed the will of the yard; they encouraged the villagers to transfer to dues, having succumbed to the success of the outrageous volition, with a bribe, they gave up the fifth part ... ”U 1852 p. Gogol died.

Turgenev’s enemies, having written a note about his death for the St. Turgenev, having asked his friends to charge a note in the Moscow News, and, first, the fence came, it showed up at the press.

The result was the arrest of Turgenev, after which he was sent: “Give up for living in the fatherland, look at it.” Prote the main reason for the arrest was that the dissatisfaction of the officials was sent with the “Notes of the Mind”.

On a misplaced writer, having changed close to the second fate. Naprikintsy 1853 r. he was allowed to leave the village, ale vin, as before, having been left under the police watch. Turning to St. Petersburg, Turgenev began to actively work in the editorial office of Sovremennik. In the 1850s. if they were created, so create, like “Noble Nest”, “Rudin”, “Forward”, and on the cob of sickle 1860 p.

Turgenev, having started to write the novel "Fathers and Children", which ended at the Lipnya in 1861. The rest of the fifteen years of the life of Turgenev in the provinces are more important than in Paris.

3.8 / 5. 13

About 2200 years ago, the great Carthaginian commander Hannibal was born. If nine fates had passed to you, I swore that I would forever stand against Rome, with which Carthage had a lot of fates at that time. I write in my own word, dedicating all my life to fighting. How short is Turgenev's biography here? - Ask you. Read further and invariably understand everything.

In contact with

Hannibal's oath

The writer was a great humanist and did not understand how it is possible to allow living people the most necessary rights and freedoms. And yoga hour ce bulo navit more wider, lower at the same time. Todi rozkvіtav Russian analogue of slavery: krіpatstvo. I hate Yogo and hate him, dedicating his struggle to Yomu.

Ivan Sergiyovich is not so old, like a Carthaginian commander. Vіn not becoming bi fight at the bloody war against his own enemy. And all the same, I know how to fight and overcome.

Sympathizing with krіpak, Turgenev writes his “Notes of a Thought”, in which he expresses the respect of the vastness for this problem. The Emperor Oleksandr I.I. himself, having read the above descriptions, took over the seriousness of the problem and, after about 10 years, spoke of the corruption. Understanding, it is not possible to assert that the reason for this was only the “Notes of the Mind”, having replayed them incorrectly.

Such a great role can be played by a simple writer.

childishness

On the 9th leaf fall, 1818, Ivan Turgenev was born at the city of Orel. The biography of the writer begins from this moment. The fathers were spadkovy nobles. The biggest injection on the new little mother, the shards of friendship for the rozrahunka, the father early came out of the family. Ivan was born a child 12 years old.

Varvara Petrivna (that was the name of the writer's mother) Bula was heavy in character, her shards were an important childishness - drunk witch, beatings, that mighty mother was sovereign. Now it’s not enough for childishness to try it on your own sins.

However, she had a lot of luck: miraculous enlightenment and security in the care. Why is it only the fact that in their sim's it was customary to speak exclusively in my French language, it is in keeping with the current fashion. As a result of this, Ivan received enlightenment.

Until nine years ago, the tutors taught yoga, and then, at the same time, I moved to Moscow. Moscow at that time was the capital, but at the beginning the foundations were first class there, and getting there from the Oryol province was three times closer, lower to the capital Petersburg.

Turgenev started at the boarding houses of Weidenhammer and the director of the Lazarevsky Institute Ivan Krause, and at fifteen years he joined the Faculty of Literature of Moscow University. Already for the river of wines, having entered the Faculty of Philosophy at the Moscow University, she moved her family to St. Petersburg.

Todі Turgenev, choking with verses and nevdovz, having turned to his works the respect of the university professor Peter Pletnov. That 1838 year, having published the verses “Vechir” and “Before the Venus of Medicine” in the magazine “Suchasnik”, de bouw editor. That was the first publication of the artistic work of Ivan Turgenev. The two of them had already published years earlier: the same was a review of the book by Andriy Muravyov "On the road to the saints".

Ivan Sergiyovich gave great significance to his activity as a critic and wrote a lot of reviews throughout the year. Often poddnuvav їх іz svoіyalnistyu translation. Vin wrote critical works on the Russian translation of "Faust" by Goethe, "William Tell" by Schiller.

The best of his critical stats the writer saw in the first volume of a selection of his works, which dates back to 1880.

Academic life

In 1836, roci vins graduated from the university, later passed through the rock and took off the candidate's degree from the university. It means that I let go of the sign of I, speaking with my present day, having taken off the master's foot.

In 1838, Turgenev went to Nimechchin, where he gave lectures at the University of Berlin on the history of Greek and Roman literature.

In 1842, he worked his way up to the master's degree in Greek and Latin philology, wrote a dissertation, did not protect his prote. Interest in the activity in the future.

Magazine Suchasnik

In 1836 Oleksandr Pushkin organized the publication of a journal under the name "Suchasnik". Assignments of wines, zvіsno, literature. In the new boule, like creating contemporary Russian authors at that time, and publicistic articles. Buli also translated foreign works. It is a pity that the magazine did not have great success for the life of Pushkin. And with his death in 1837, I got so drunk in a step-by-step way, even though I didn’t want to. In 1846, yoga is bathed by Mikola Nekrasov and Ivan Panaev.

First of all, Ivan Turgenev, who was introduced by Nekrasov, is connected to the journal. "Suchasnik" publishes the first distribution of "Notes of the Thought". Before the speech, I called the head of the head of the first report, and I foretold Ivan Panayev, supporting the reader. Nadiya was right: there was little evidence of great popularity. Thus began the vision of Ivan Turgenev's dream - to change the suspension of evidence, to add to the new thought about those who are not human beings.

In the journals, reports were published one at a time, and censorship before them was indulgent. If the stench of 1852 came out with a whole collection, they allowed the seal of the official to be called. They blabbed it to the point that if the announcement was taken all at once, then the stench would direct the reader’s thought to the filthy one straight away. For an hour Turgenev did not call out until the next revolutions and tried to be in harmony with the government.

But sometimes they did it in a wrong way, and it led to problems. So, in 1860, Mikola Dobrolyubov wrote and published a laudatory review of Turgenev's new book "Forward" in "Suchasnik". They interpret TV in such a way that no writer is impatiently checking for a revolution. Turgenev dwelt on liberal glances and formed such interpretations. Nekrasov without becoming on yoga bik and Ivan Sergiyovich pishov from "Suchasnik".

Turgenev was a pribіchnik of revolutions not without reason. On the right, in what was the fate of France in 1848, if a revolution began there. Ivan Sergiyovich bachiv on the vlasnі ochі vsі zhakhi viyskogo coup. I understood, I didn’t want to repeat this nightmare in my fatherland.

'Vidomo about this woman in the life of Turgenev:

It is impossible to deprive Ivan Turgenev of the blues of Ivan Turgenev and Polina Viardot without respect. First of all, I danced on the stage in 1840. Vaughn played the lead role in the opera production of The Barber of Seville. Turgenev rooted for her and passionately wanted to get to know her. Privіd introduced himself for three years, if she came again on tour.

On the field, Ivan Sergiyovich got to know the її man, who was a scholar of the arts and the director of the theater in Paris. Then it was presented to Polina. Through this rock of wine, I wrote to the leaf, tell me, tie it with it, dear to my life. One of them - as if I were talking to her on Nevsky Prospekt, at the booth opposite the Oleksandrinsky Theater.

Daughter

Ivan and Polina became close friends. Polina twisted Don Turgenev around Avdotya. In Avdotya, Ivan died on the 41st, wanting to make friends, did not bless the mother, and entered into a marriage. Having gone to Paris, his grandfather lives with Polina and that її man Luї. And if you arrived at home, you got a surprise for the new one: a daughter of eight. It appears that the won was born on April 26, 1842. The mother was dissatisfied with his hoarding of Polina, did not help him with finances, and did not help his daughter's people.

Turgenev virishiv podbati about the share of his children. Having made a home with Polina, її vykhovuvatime won, and from such a good luck changing the bottom of the name in French - Polinett.

However, the two Polinas did not get along with each other, and after another hour Polinet went to a private boarding house, and then began to live with her father, which she was glad of. The old man over there loved and wine її tezh, even though he didn’t waste his time, write on the sheets of nastans and respect about її nedolіki.

Pauline mother of two children:

George Albert;
Zhanna.

Death of a writer

After the death of Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev, everything is mine, including intellectually, at the command of Polina Viardot. Turgenev's daughter lost nothing and had an important opportunity to take care of herself and two children. Krim Polynet Ivan had no children. If she died (like a father - in a cancer) that two children, Turgenev's naschadkiv was not lost.

He died on the 3rd of spring 1883. Instructed by him was Yogo Kokhan Polina. This man died some months earlier for Turgenev, the rest may be ten years of his life being paralyzed after a stroke. Ivan Turgenev was seen off in the rest of the way near France by a lot of people, including Emil Zola. Well Turgenev was praised, for yoga bazhannyam, at St. Petersburg, in a row with another - Vissarion Belinsky.

Create the most

"Noble Nest";
"Notes of the mind";
"Asya";
"Primari";
"Spring Drive";
"Moon near the village".

TURGENEV Ivan Sergiyovich(1818 - 1883), Russian writer, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1860). At the cycle of apology "Notes of the Thought" (1847-52), showing the high spiritual quality and giftedness Russian peasant, the poetry of nature In the social and psychological novels "Rudin" (1856), "The Nest of Nobles" (1859), "Forward" (1860), "Fathers and Children" (1862), the stories "Asya" (1858), "Spring Drive" » (1872) ) created images of pishovnoi noble culture and new heroes of the era of raznochintsiv and democrats, images of self-confessed Russian women. In the novels "Dim" (1867) and "News" (1877) depicting the life of Russians abroad, the populist movement in Russia. On the scale of life, having created the lyrical and philosophical "Virshі u prose" (1882). Meister of the movement of psychological analysis, Turgenev, having made a significant contribution to the development of Russian and light literature.

TURGENEV Ivan Sergiyovich, Russian writer.

According to the father of Turgenev, having lain down to an old noble family, mother, born Lutovinov, a wealthy assistant; at її maєtku Spaska-Lutovinovo (Mtsensk district of the Oryol province) the children of the fate of the future writer went through, who early learned to subtly understand nature and hate the krіpatstvo. In 1827, family moved to Moscow; Turgenev began to study at private boarding houses and in good home teachers, then, in 1833, he entered the verbal department of Moscow University, in 1834 he transferred to the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University. One of the strongest hostility of early youth (1833) was the death of Princess E.L.

In 1836, Turgenev showed his renditions to the romantic soul of the writer of the Pushkin stake, university professor P. A. Pletnov; I asked the student for a literary evening (at the door of Turgenev I stumbled over A.S. that they did not spare, and the poem "Stino" is dramatic).

In the early 1838s, Turgenev broke up to Nimechchin (the bazhanniya popovniti osvitu poednalos z hostility to the Russian way of life, based on kripatstvі). The catastrophe of the steamship "Mikola I", on which Turgenev sailed, will be described by him in the drawing "Pozhezha on the Sea" (1883; French language). Until sickle 1839 p. Turgenev lives in Berlin, listens to lectures at the university, studies classical language, writes poetry, communicates with T. N. Granovsky, N. V. Stankevich. After a short rebuke from Russia in 1840, the baby moved to Italy, and from May 1840 to May 1841 I was new at Berlin, to know M. A. Bakunin. Arriving in Russia, seeing the mothers of Bakunin's Premukhino, to converge with the same thing: the novel with T. A. Bakunina begins without a hitch, because she doesn't care about the connection with A. E. Ivanova (1842 won to give birth to Turgenev's daughter Pelageya). In 1843, Turgenev entered the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

In 1843 p. z'yavlyaєєєєєє poems on the modern material "Parash", scho otrimal vysokіku V. G. Belіnskogo. Acquaintance with a critic, which turned into friendship (in 1846 Turgenev became the christening of his son), closeness to his sharpness (Zokrema, with N. A. Nekrasov) changes his literary orientation: from romanticism ) , “Andriy”, obedv 1845) and prose, close to the principles of the “natural school” and not a stranger to M. Yu.

1 leaf fall 1843 Turgenev to get acquainted with the love of Polina Viardo (Viardo-Garcia), love to the point of being rich in what is called the sound of protracting one's life. At the grass of 1845, the fate of Turgenev came out of the office. From the cob of 1847 to the heart of 1850, I live abroad (near Nimechchyna, France; Turgenev in the records of the French Revolution of 1848): we are sick of the Belinskiy pіd an hour is more expensive; closely related to P. St. Annenkov, A. I. Herzen, get to know J. Sand, P. Merime, A. de Musset, F. Chopin, C. Gounod; write the novels "Pivnyakiv" (1848), "Schodennik zayvoi people" (1850), comedies "The Bachelor" (1849), "It's thin, there it is torn", "Provincial" (offended 1851), the psychological drama "Moon in the countryside" (1855).

Golovna on the right of the first period of the "Notes of the Thought", a cycle of lyrical drawings and descriptions, which rose from the description of "Khor and Kalinich" (1847; subtitle "From the Notes of the Thought" and I. I. Panaevim for publication in the "Sumіshkali" magazine "")); In addition to the second edition of the cycle, it was published in 1852, and later the publication of the publication of Chertopkhanov's Kіnets (1872), Living Powers, Knocking (1874). Principally different human types, previously seen from earlier, not marked by the masses of the people, which are idealized, testified to the inexorable value of being a unique and free human specialty; the strong order is presented as an evil and dead force, alien natural harmony (the specifics of various landscapes are detailed), a fortune-teller of a person, but an ungodly soul, love, a creative gift. Introducing Russia and the Russian people, having put the ear of the “village theme” in the vitchiznyannіy literature, “Notes of the Thought” became the meaningful foundation for Turgenev’s farther creativity: the threads stretch and reach the end of the “zayvoї, people’s phenomenon” comprehension of the taєmnichoe (“Bizhin meadow”), and to the problem of the artist’s conflict with everyday life (“Spіvtsі”), which is to stifle yoga.

At the quarter of 1852 for the announcement of the death of N.V. Gogol, the fences near St. Petersburg and publications near Moscow, Turgenev for the high order of planting on the z'zhzhzhu (there was written an opisaniya "Mumu"). In the grasslands up to Spasky, de alive until the chest 1853 (work on an unfinished novel, the novel “Two Friends”, acquaintance with A. A. Fet, active listing with S. T. Aksakov and writers from the “Suchasnik” stake); in the murmurs about Turgenev's speech, an important role was played by A. K. Tolstoy.

Until the fall of 1856, Turgenev lived in Russia: the payment was important in St. Petersburg, the flow in Spassky. The closest middle is the editorial office of "Suchasnik"; made acquaintances with I. A. Goncharov, L. N. Tolstim and A. N. Ostrovsky; Turgenev takes the fate of the famous "Virsh" F.I. Tyutchev (1854) and take care of yoga before the move. Mutual chilling with the distant Viardot to bring to a short, but the ice did not end with a friendly romance with O. A. Turgenev's distant relative. Published according to "Calm" (1854), "Yakiv Pasinkov" (1855), "Listuvannya", "Faust" (offended 1856).

“Rudinim” (1856) reveals a series of Turgenev’s novels, compact for the sake of it, which are churned up like a hero-ideologist, which journalists accurately fix the topical social and political problems and, it’s safe to put “present” in front of those mysterious forces of love, mystical nature. . Occupy the auditorium, but not the one who started the “zayva lyudin” Rudin; daremly dream about happiness and come to humble self-confidence and hope for happiness for the people of the new hour Lavretsky (“The Nest of Nobles”, 1859; they live in the situation of the “great reform” that is approaching); "Zalizny" Bulgarian revolutionary Insarov, who becomes a model of the heroine (tobto Russia), ale "foreign" and sayings of death ("Forward", 1860); "New People" by Bazarov, who follows a romantic revolt behind nihilism ("Fathers and Children", 1862; post-reform Russia does not respond to eternal problems, and "new" people are overwhelmed with people: "dozens" live, and suffocated addicted to an idea to perish); squeezed between "reactionary" and "revolutionary" vulgarity characters "Dima" (1867); the revolutionary populist Nezhdanov, an even more “new” person, but, as before, no reply to the Russian press that had changed (“Nov”, 1877); всі вони, разом з другорядними персонажами (при індивідуальному відмінності, відмінності морально-політичних орієнтацій та духовного досвіду, різного ступеня близькості до автора), перебувають у тісній спорідненості, поєднуючи в різних пропорціях риси двох вічних психологічних типів героїчного ентузіаста, Дон Кіхота собою рефлектора, Hamlet (for the program of the article "Hamlet and Don Quixote", 1860).

Having gone beyond the cordon at the Lipnya in 1856, Turgenev squandered double-valued vodnosin with Viardo and his daughter, who was waving at Paris. After the important Parisian winter of 1856-57 (the gloom of the “Journey to Polissya” was completed) we broke through to England, then from Nimechchyna, write “Asya”, one of the largest poetic stories, G Chernishevsky "Russian people on rendez-vous", 1858), and spend autumn and winter in Italy. Until the summer of 1858, Spasky's house; Nadal often the river of Turgenev will be divided into "European, winter" and "Russian, summer" seasons.

After “Neperedodni” and the article dedicated to the novel by M. A. Dobrolyubov “When will a good day come?” (1860). The conflict with the “young generations” became worse with the novel “Fathers and Children” (pamphlet article by M. A. Antonovich “Asmodeus of our hour” in “Suchasnik”, 1862; so we call “a split among the nihilists” rich in what is motivated by the positive assessment of the novel by the article D A. A., 1862). I. Pisareva "Bazarov", 1862). In the spring of 1861, welding with L. N. Tolstim occurred, so that the ice did not turn into a duel (reconciliation in 1878). In the novel “Primary” (1864) by Turgenev, mystical motives are thickening in “Notes of the Thought” and “Faust”; this line takes away the development of Dogs (1865), History of Lieutenant Yergunov (1868), Dreams, Confessions of Father Oleksiy (offended 1877), Songs of a Triumphant Kokhannya (1881), Songs of Death (Klara Milich ) )" (1883). The theme of the weakness of a person, which manifests itself as a toy of unknown forces and a doomed nebutt, more than a lesser world zabarvlyuet Turgenev's prose all the time; most directly won in the lyrical description of "Dose!" (1865), accepted by the contemporary as a witness (more or less coquettishly hypocritical) situationally intelligent crisis of Turgenev (based on a parody of F. M. Dostoyevsky in the novel Bisi, 1871).

In 1863 p. a new rapprochement between Turgenev and Pauline Viardot; until 1871 they live near Baden, then (after the end of the Franco-Prussian war) near Paris. Turgenev closely converge with R. Flaubert and krіz nyogo with Ege. i J. Goncourt, A. Daudet, Ege. Zola, R. de Maupassant; I take on the function of an intermediary between Russian and foreign literatures. Growth of global European fame: in 1878 p. at the International Literary Congress in Paris, a writer of appeals by the vice-president; 1879 the fate of the honorary doctor of Oxford University. Turgenev supports contacts with Russian revolutionaries (P.L. Lavrovim, G.A. Lopatinim) and gives material support to emigrants. In 1880 Turgenev took a part at the urochistas in honor of the erection of a monument to Pushkin near Moscow. In 1879-81, the old writer is going through a muttering swamp by the actor M.G.

A series of stories about the past (“Steppe King Lear”, 1870; “Punin and Baburin”, 1874) and guessing more “secret” stories in the rest of the life of Turgenev turn to memoirs (“Literary and Life of Spogadi”, 1869-8 “Virshі in prose" (1877-82), which is represented not by all the main topics of his work, but by the death of the stupor in the presence of death, which is approaching.

Biography of I.S.Turgenev

The film “The Great Conversation of the Great Russia. I.S.Turgenev»

Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev made an unappreciated contribution to the development of Russian and light literature. Yogo create rozburhuvali suspіlstvo, demolished by new ones, presented new heroes at the hour. Turgenev, becoming an ideal for a whole generation of writers in the early 60s of the 19th century. In his works, the Russian language sounded with a new force, continuing the traditions of Pushkin and Gogol, raising Russian prose to an unbelievable height.

Russia has Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev's hair, yoga to a native place Oryol created a museum dedicated to the life of a writer, and Spaska-Lutovinovo's majetok became a famous place of pilgrimage to promote Russian literature and culture.

Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev was born in Orly in 1818. Turgenev's homeland was safe and well-born, but little Mikolaj was not lucky. Yogo Batko Volodarka of the great statute and great lands in the Oryol province was nimble, zhorstok by age to krіpakіv. The paintings, introduced by Turgeniev from childhood, have lost the trace of the soul of the writer, made him a fighter from Russian slavery. Mother became the prototype for the image of the old lady at the famous opium “Mumu”.

Batko is on the military service, mav garne vihovannya, vitoncheni manners. Vіn buv rodovitiy, ale to finish the bіdny. Possibly, this fact and zmusiv yogo po'yazati life with Turgenev's mother. Unexpectedly, the fathers parted.

Sim had two children, boys. The brothers got good light. The great influx on Ivan Turgenev celebrated his life in Spassky-Lutovinov, mother's mother. Here you get to know the folk culture, mingle with the kripaks.

osvita

Moscow University - young man Turgenev joined here in 1934. And then, after the first course, the future writer became enchanted by the process of education, vikladachs. I transferred to St. Petersburg University, but there I didn’t know enough high level education. To that vin poїhav zakordon to Nіmechchini. The German University adopted a program of philosophy development, which included Hegel's theories.

Turgenev, becoming one of the most brilliant people of his time. Before this period, the first try the pen. Vіn having acted like he sings. But the first verses were inherited, they did not turn back the respect of the suspense.

After graduating from the University of Turgenev, he came to Russia. In 1843, he joined the Department of Internal Affairs, arguing that it was possible for him to accept the rule of law. And yet, without a bar, there were disappointments - the sovereign service did not take initiative, and the blind victorious order did not add to it.

Before joining Turgenev, M.A. Bakunin, as well as representatives of the leading Russian thought N.V. Stankevich and T.M. Granovsky.

Creativity

The fortieth years of the 19th century sent the wild beasts into reverence for Turgenev. The main directing on this stage: naturalism, the author relatively, describes the character with maximum accuracy through details, ways of trying, living. Vіn vvazhav, scho social setting vihovano

Longest working period:

"Parash".
"Andriy and helper".
"Three portraits".
"Indiscretion".

Turgenev got close to the magazine "Suchasnik". Some of the first prose essays took away the positive assessment of Belinsky, the leading literary critic of the 19th century. Tse became a pass ticket for world literature.

In 1847, Turgenev began the creation of one of the most beautiful works of literature - "Notes of the Mind". The first explanation for this cycle was "Chorus and Kalinich". Turgenev, becoming the first writer, who changed his position to a hardened peasant. Talent, individuality, spiritual height - these are the qualities that made the Russian people beautiful in the eyes of the author. At the same time, an important burden of slavery to destroy the best forces. The book "Notes of a Mislivtsya" took off a negative assessment in a row. That same position of power before Turgenev was wary.

Vіchne kokhannya

The main story of Turgenev's life - yoga of love to Pauline Viardot. The French opera singer reprimanded his heart. Ale, being a woman, she could make you happy. Turgenev following his sim'єyu, the order is alive. Most of the life of the wines provіv zakordon. The tightness behind the fatherland accompanied yoga until the last days, it was clearly expressed in the cycle “Virsh in Prose”.

Gromadyanska position

Turgenev was one of the first to solve the problems of modernity in his creativity. Vіn analyzing the image of an advanced person in his hour, visvitlyuvav the most important food, like a roared suspense. Kozhen from yoga novels becoming the subject of a baked discussion:

"Fathers and children".
"Nov".
"Fog".
"Forward".
"Rudin".

Turgenev did not become a stalker of the revolutionary ideology, but was critically placed before the new trends in society. Vіn vvazhav pardon bazhannya zlamati all old, sob zbuduvat new world. Vіchnі іdeals were dear to you. As a result, I became a revival of yoga vіdnosin from "Suchasnik".

One of the most important facets of the writer's talent is lyricism. On yoga creations, the report is characterized by images of feelings, psychology of heroes. Descriptions of the nature of love and understanding of the dull beauty of Russia's middle smoky.

Shoroku Turgenev arrived in Russia, the main yoga route was St. Petersburg - Moscow - Spaske. The rest of life became painful for Turgenev. A heavy illness, a sarcoma of the ridge, a 3rd hour brought terrible torment to you and stood at the forefront of the fatherland. The writer died in 1883.

Already for the life of the wines of the best writers of Russia, his creations were seen in different countries. In 2018, the country of the holy day of the 200th anniversary of the day of the birth of the miraculous Russian writer.

aliases: ..... in; -e-; I.S.T.; I.T.; L.; Nedobobov, Yeremia; T.; T ...; T. L.; T……in; ***

Russian writer-realist, poet, publicist, playwright, translator, one of the classics of Russian literature

Ivan Turgenev

short biography

An eminent Russian writer, a classic of world literature, sings, publicist, memoirist, critic, playwright, translator, corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences - was born on the 9th leaf fall (28 zhovtnya per st. st.) 1818 p. near the town of Orel. Yogo father Sergiy Mikolayovich was a senior officer, mother Varvara Petrivna - a representative of a possible noble family. At the same time, near the village of Spaska-Lutovinovo, the children of Ivan Turgenev passed by.

There, he was taken away from the cob light, and, after she was continued with a proper rank, in 1827, Turgenev’s family bought houses in Moscow and moved there. Then the fathers swayed across the cordon, and Ivan stumbled back to the boarding house of Weidenhammer, later Krause. In 1833 p. Junior Turgenev became a student of the Moscow State University, Faculty of Languages. After joining the elder brother in the Guards Artillery of Turgenev, they transfer to St. Petersburg, and to the Moscow University, and then Ivan is transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy, having completed yoga in 1837.

Until this period of his biography, a debut in the literary field is due. In 1834, a copy of lyrical verses and a dramatic poem "Stino" were written as tests of the pen. P.A. Pletnov, Professor of Literature and Yoga Vikladach, commemorating a couple of impeccable talent. Until 1837, the number of small verses written by Turgeniev was close to a hundred. At 1838 p. in the journal "Suchasnik", edited after the death of Pushkin by P. A. Pletnov, were published Turgenev's verses "Vechir" and "Until Venus of Medicine".

To become more illuminated by the people, the future writer of the spring 1838. having gone to Nimechchini, to Berlin, seeing university lectures on Greek and Roman literature. Shortly turning to Russia in 1839, vin in 1840. anew flooding її, living near Nіmechchinі, Austria, Іtalії. At his mother Turgenev, he turned around in 1841, and the advancing fate turned away from the passage to Moscow University, so that he was allowed to lay down his breath on the steps of the master of philosophy.

In 1843 p. Turgenev became an official at the ministerial office, that yogo ambitious poriv quickly cooled down, the interest before the service was quickly spent. Published in the same 1843 poem "Parash" and praised by V. Belinsky led Turgenev to the decision to dedicate all the powers of literature. This river became famous for Turgenev's biography and acquaintance with Polina Viardot, a prominent French couple who came to St. Petersburg on tour. Having spent some time at the opera house, the writer of the performances on the 1st of the fall of 1843, however, did not give special respect to the still little known writer. After the end of the tour of the Turgenevs, not respecting the unpraised mother, having gone at once with Viardot's friends to Paris, as if stretching out for many years accompanying them on foreign tours.

At 1846 p. Ivan Sergiyovich takes an active part in the updated magazine "Suchasnik", Nekrasov becomes his best friend. Stretch 1850-1852 rr. Russia and abroad alternately become the place of residence of Turgenev. Publications 1852 p. a cycle of small confessions, called “Notes of a Thought”, written in the head rank, in Nіmechchi and having made Turgenev known to the whole world as a writer; moreover, the book is richly mixed in with a further development of national literature. At the next ten years, it will be necessary to create, the most important for the creative artist is Turgenev's dobka: "Rudin", "Noble Nest", "Forward", "Fathers and Children". Until what period is it necessary to open up from “Suchasnik” and Nekrasov through Dobrolyubov’s article “When will a good day come?” with unacceptable criticism of Turgenev and his novel "Forward". Delivering an ultimatum to Nekrasov as if he was a seer, Turgenev appeared in such a way that he had failed.

On the cob of the 60s. Turgenev moved to live to Baden-Baden and became an active participant in Western European cultural life. Vіn corresponded abo podtremuє stosunki z bagatma celebrities, for example C. Dіkkenson, Thackerey, T. Gauthier, Anatole France, Maupassant, George Sand, Victor Hugo, pretend to be a propagandist of Russian literature behind the cordon. From the other side, zavdyaks to you, well, zahіdnі authors become closer to yogo spіvvіtchiznikіv, scho to read. In 1874 p. (before this hour Turgenev moved to Paris) together from Zola, Daudet, Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt organize "bachelor's parties", which became famous, in the capital's restaurants. For the current period, Ivan Sergiyovich reinvents himself as the most homely, most popular and most popular Russian writer on the European continent. The International Literary Congress, which was held in Paris in 1878, was appointed vice-president, since 1877. Turgenev is honored by the doctor of Oxford University.

Living beyond the borders of Russia did not mean that Turgenev was living in the face of such problems. Writings in 1867. the novel "Dym" vyklikav majestic resonance in the fatherland, the novel, having recognized the bitter criticism of the parties, yak occupied protracted positions. In 1877 p. wiyshov the biggest novel for obsyago - "News", a kind of pіdzumuvav pisannytski razdumi 70 RR. n.

In 1882, on the verge of an illness, which became fatal for Turgenev, manifesting itself in the first place. If physical suffering weakened, Turgeniev continued to write; Literally a few months before his death, the first part of yoga “Virsh u prose” was seen. Myxosarcoma took away the life of the great writer on the 3rd of spring (22 sickles per old style), 1883. Closely victorious, he died not far from Paris in the town of Bougival Turgenev and transported his body to St. Petersburg, on the Volkovo cemetery. In the rest of the way, the classics spent a lot of time on his talent.

Biography from Wikipedia

Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev(9 leaf fall 1818, Orel, Russian Empire - 3 spring 1883, Bougival, France) - Russian writer-realist, sings, publicist, playwright, translator. One of the classics of Russian literature, which made the most significant contribution to the development of the other half of the 19th century. Corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of Russian language and literature (1860), honorary doctor of Oxford University (1879), honorary member of Moscow University (1880).

The artistic system created by him injected the poetics of both the Russian and Western European novels of the other half of the 19th century. Ivan Turgenev was the first in the Russian literature to develop the special character of the “new people” - the sixties man, his moral character and psychological peculiarities, and the term “nihilist” became widely recognized in Russian literature. Buv propagandist of Russian literature and dramaturgy in the Ukraine.

Vyvchennya tvorіv I. Z. Turgenev about obov'yazkovy part of the main education school programs in Russia. The most important creations are the cycle of apology “Notes of a Thought”, the apology of “Mumu”, the story “Asya”, the novels “The Noble Nest”, “Fathers and Children”.

Pohodzhennya and early rock

The family of Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev resembled the ancient family of the Tula nobles Turgenev. At the memorial book, the mother of the future writer wrote: “ 1818 on the 28th of July, at Mondays, son Ivan was born, at the age of 12 versts, in Orly, at his booth, about the 12th anniversary of the wound. Baptized on the 4th of the leaf fall, Feodor Semenovich Uvarov from his sister Fedosya Mikolayevna Teplovoy».

Batko Ivan Sergiy Mikolayovich Turgenev (1793-1834) serving at that hour with the cavalry guard regiment. The trouble-free way of life of the red-haired cavalry guard, embarrassing his finances, and in order to improve his camp of wines, he became friends in 1816 with a rozirahunka with the wife of Varvara Petrivna Lutovinova (1787-1850). 1821 year in the rank of Colonel of the Cuirassier Regiment, Father Viyshov at the post office. Ivan was another son of this family. The mother of the future writer Varvara Petrivna looked like a wealthy noble homeland. We are not happy with Sergієm Mikolayovich. In 1830, the father's father went away from the family and died in 1834, leaving three blues - Mikoli, Ivan, and Sergius, who died early from epilepsy. Mother was a domineering and despotic woman. Vaughn herself lost her father early, suffered from the bitterness of her mother's birth (as onuk depicted in the image of the old woman in the picture "Death"), and from the violent, fowling vіtchim, which was often beaten. Through constant beatings and humiliation, she later moved to her uncle, after the death of whom she became the mistress of the miraculous mother and 5000 souls.

Varvara Petrivna was a difficult woman. Krіposnitskie zvichki got used to nіy z erudition and illuminance, turbot about waving children out vanished from simeynym despotism. Succumbing to maternal beatings and Ivan, not respecting those who were respected by the beloved son. The lad's letters were taught by French and German tutors, who often changed. At this Varvara Petrivna's, everyone spoke among themselves, including French, to wind prayers into the booth, they acted French. Vaughn's price went up a lot and she became a well-lit woman, she read a lot, but also an important French one. Ale and dear mova, that literature was not a stranger: she herself was small, beautiful figurative Russian mova, and Sergiy Mikolayovich looked after the children, for the hour of the father’s stink, the stench wrote to the Russian leaves. Sim'ya Turgenevikh pidtrimuval vyazka z V. A. Zhukovsky and M. M. Zagoskin. Varvara Petrivna followed the novelties of literature, was well known about the work of N. M. Karamzin, V. A. Zhukovsky, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu.

Love to Russian literature to young Turgenev was also splintered from the kripakіv valets (who later became a bright Punin in his opiónnі "Punin and Baburin"). Until nine years, Ivan Turgenev lives at the spadkovy mother's mother Spaska-Lutovinovo, 10 km from Mtsensk Oryol province. In 1822, the family of Turgenievs rose dearer to Europe, at the hour of which Ivan, who had not died a little, did not perish at Bern, zirvatsya from the railing of the ditch with the bears (Berengraben); yogo vryatuvav dad, angry by the leg. In 1827, the Turgenevs, in order to give their children enlightenment, settled in Moscow, having bought a house on Samotek. I started the future writer on the cob at the boarding house of Weidenhammer, then - at the boarding house of the director of the Lazarevsky Institute I. F. Krause.

Ovіta. The cob of literary activity

In 1833, the 15th anniversary of Turgenev joined the Faculty of Literature of Moscow University. At the same hour, A.I. started here. Herzen and V. G. Belinsky. Through the river, after that, as the elder brother of Ivan, having joined the guards artillery, I moved to St. Petersburg, de Ivan Turgenev, to the St. Petersburg University at the Faculty of Philosophy. In the university of yoga, T. N. Granovsky, the future famous scholar-historian of the Western school, became a friend.

Ivan Turgenev in his youth. Malyunok K. A. Gorbunova, 1838

Little Turgenev wanted to become a poet. In 1834 roci, being a third-year student, wrote in iambic pentameter a dramatic poem to Steno. The young author, having shown the test of the pen to his vikladach, professor Russian literature P. A. Pletnov. Under the hour of one of Pletnyov's lectures, to finish summing up what I mean, without revealing the authorship, but when I do, I also know that the author "should be." These words spurred the young poet to write low verses, two of these Pletnyovs in 1838 overruled the magazine "Suchasnik", the editor of which wine was written. The stench was published under the signature "…..in". The debut verses were "Vechir" and "Before the Venus of Medicine".

The first publication of Turgenev appeared in 1836 - in the "Journal of the Ministry of National Education" and published a report review "On the Road to the Saints" by A. N. Muravyov. Until 1837, he had already written about a hundred small verses and a sing of sing (the inexhaustible "Tale of the Old", "Calm on the Sea", "Phantasmagoria in a Monthly Night", "Dream").

After graduation from the university. Behind the cordon

In 1836 Turgenev graduated from the university with the degree of a student. Mryuchi about the scientific activity, the offensive fate of the vitriam, the graduation day, that otrimav the candidate's feet. In 1838 he moved to Nimechchin, settled in Berlin and seriously took up education. At the University of Berlin he gave lectures on the history of Roman and Greek literature, and at home he studied the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin languages. The knowledge of ancient languages allowed him to freely read the classics of antiquity. On the eve of the hour of learning, he talked with the Russian writer and thinker M. V. Stankevich, who vplinuv on the new one. Turgenev in view of the lectures of the Hegelians, zatsikavshy German idealism and his speeches about the development of light, about the "absolute spirit" and about the high calling of the philosopher and the poet. The whole way of Western European life was taken up, having struck Turgenev more strongly. A young student teaches vysnovka, who only has acquired the main cobs of the deep human culture, can lead Russia into trouble, into a kind of zanurena. At tsomu sensi vіn becoming vpevnenym "zahіdnik".

In the 1830s-1850s, a wide range of literary acquaintances of the writer was formed. As early as 1837, the fate of the soon-to-be zustrichi z A. Z. Pushkin was born. Also, Turgenev got to know V. A. Zhukovsky, A. V. Nikitenko, A. V. Koltsov, and three times later - M. Yu. With Lermontov, Turgenev had less than a sprig of sours, which brought them to a close acquaintance, but Lermontov's creativity sang a sing-song infusion to her. Vin tried to master the rhythm and stanza, style and syntactical features of Lermontov's poetry. Thus, the verse "The Old Helper" (1841) is close in form to Lermontov's "Zapovit"; And yet the most remarkable connection from Lermontov's work is in the verse "Spovid" (1845), the victorious pathos of which brings it closer to Lermontov's verse "Duma".

At the grass of 1839 the fate of the old house near the Spassky hills, and Turgenev turned to the fatherland, and yet, in 1840, I resurfaced for the cordon, seeing Nimechchina, Italy and Austria. Under the enemy in the wake of the maiden near Frankfurt-on-Main, Turgenev wrote the story “Spring Drive” in the past. In 1841 Ivan turned to Lutovinovoe.

Virshy Turgenev in a prominent place in a prominent magazine, 1843 No. 9

On the cob of 1842, having filed a letter to the Moscow University for admission to the degree of Master of Philosophy, there was no full-time professor of philosophy at the university at that time, and I was killed. Having not been in power in Moscow, Turgenev arbitrarily took a degree in Greek and Latin philology at the St. Petersburg University, having written a dissertation for the Faculty of Literature. But at that hour, having cooled down to scientific activity, Daedalus was more attracted to literary creativity. Having been promoted to the defense of the dissertation, he served until 1844 with the rank of secretary at the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

In 1843 Turgenev wrote the poem "Parash" to him. Not spodіvayuchis on a positive opinion, Vіn all the same vіdnіs vіdnіs vіdnіs vіdnіs vіdnіs VG Belіnskiy. Belinsky highly appreciated Parasha, two months later he published his opinion in the Vitchiznyany notes. At this hour, acquaintance began, and soon it grew into a friendship; Turgenev was baptized by the son of Belinsky, Volodymyr. The poem was written on the spring of 1843 with a book under the initials “T. L." (Turgenev-Lutovinov). In the 1840s, the Crimea of Pletnyov and Belinsky, Turgenev, studied with A. A. Fet.

At the fall of the leaves in 1843, Turgenev created the verse “At the Road (Foggy Wound)”, put in different rocks on the music of the dekilkom by composers, including A.F. Gedike and G.L. Catuar. The largest version of a prote romance version, which was published back to back under the signature "Music of Abaza"; the affiliation of V. V. Abaza, E. A. Abaza and Yu. F. Abaza has not been established. After the publication of the virsh, it was like a fermentation of Turgenev's love to Pauline Viardot, for which the whole time was spent.

In 1844, the poem “Pop” was written, as the writer himself, characterizing it as fun, was relieved of some “deep and significant ideas”. The proteoma turned a huge interest with its anti-clerical directness. Poema bula was thrashed by Russian censorship, the protesters were all over the cordon.

In 1846, the rozі vyyshli povistі "Breter" and "Three portraits". In "Brothers", which became another story of Turgenev, the writer tried to show the struggle between Lermontov's infusion and the practice of discrediting posturing. The plot for the third story, "Three Portraits", was gleaned from the family chronicle of the Lutovinovs.

Rosequit creativity

In 1847, Ivan Turgenev, taking a part in the reworked Sovremennik, became close to N. A. Nekrasov and P. V. Annenkov. The journal published the first feuilleton "Suchasni notes", began publishing the first distribution of "Notes of the Thought". In the first issue of "Suchasnik" there was a description of "Khor i Kalinich", which revealed the inconspicuous appearance of the famous book. The subtitle “From notes of a thought” was added by the editor I. I. Panaev, to turn the respect of readers. The success of the roses appeared majestic, and it led Turgenev to the idea of writing a number of others of their own. Behind the words of Turgenev, "Notes of Mislivtsya" were vikonannyam Yogo Anіbalovoy oath to fight to the end against the enemy, which he hates for children. "The enemy of this mav is a singing image, wearing the name of the name: the enemy of this buv is a kripatstvo." For the creation of his own name, Turgenev vyshiv poїhati from Russia. “I don’t have a moment,” Turgenev wrote, “I’ll go wild with one look, get out of order with him, which I hate. It was necessary for me to see my enemy in order for me to give a stronger attack on the new one.

In 1847 Turgenev and Belinsky went abroad and in 1848 he lived near Paris, becoming a symbol of revolutionary approaches. Being an eyewitness of the driving in of handguards, impersonal attacks, everyday life and the fall of the barricades of the lute French revolution, I’m sorry for good for a long time before the revolution.

Dramaturgy

The end of the 1840s - the beginning of the 1850s became the hour of the most intensive activity of Turgenev in the drama school and the hour of reflection on the nourishment of history and theory. In 1848, he wrote such letters as “De thin, there it is torn” and “Nahlibnik”, in 1849 - “Snіdanok u vatazhka” and “Bachelor”, in 1850 - “Moon near the village”, in 1851 - "Provincial". Of these, "Nahlibnik", "Bachelor", "Provincial" and "Month in the countryside" were not successful enough for miraculous productions on the stage. Especially for you, the dear success of “The Bachelor”, which, having become rich, is what makes A.Ye. Martinova, who saved u chotirioh yogo p'esakh. Take a look at the Russian theater and the head of the dramaturgy Turgenev formulated in 1846. Vіn vvazhav, that the crisis of the theatrical repertoire, which was in danger at that hour, could be done by the susils of writers, who were familiar with Gogol's dramaturgy. Before the successors of Gogol-playwright Turgenev, he saved himself.

For the development of literary techniques in dramaturgy, the writer also worked on translations of Byron and Shakespeare. At the same time, you have tried copies of Shakespeare's playwrights; In 1847, roci wines wrote: “Shakespeare's tinge weighs heavily on the most dramatic writers, the stink cannot be stifled; over something richly and unfortunately read and lived a little.

1850s

The spalling of the “Notes of the Mislivtsya”, caricature by L. M. Vaksel. 1852. A letter to the Mislivsky suit, with kaidans on his feet. Musin-Pushkin points to the prison, at the new manuscript he selected Turgenev's towel. Behind Turgenev is a bag with manuscripts. At the left lower kutka - a gut, which is squeezed in the paws of a nightingale

In 1850, the rotation of Turgenev turned to Russia, prote z matir'yu, yak died in the same rotation, and did not succumb. Together with brother Mikolay, he divided the great camp of his mother, and, to the best of his ability, tried to ease the hardships of the villagers, who got away from you.

In the years 1850-1852 he was alive now in Russia, now beyond the cordon, staring at N.V. Gogol. After the death of Gogol, Turgenev wrote an obituary, which Petersburg censors did not miss. The reason for this dissatisfaction was those that, like the head of the St. Petersburg censorship committee M. N. Musin-Pushkin dangling, "about such a writer maliciously scoffed at the flooring." Todi Ivan Sergiyovich nadislav the article to Moscow, V.P. Vlada made a rebellion in the text, and the author was placed in jail, de vin passed the month. On May 18, Turgenev was hung up to his native village, and the troubles of Count A. K. Tolstoy were no more than a hitch, after two years the writer again took away the right to live in the capitals.

I have a thought that the right reason was sent not an obituary to Gogol, but an overworld radicalism looking at Turgenev, which, having appeared in sympathies before Belinsky, suspected frequent trips across the cordon, sympathetic rozpovidah about krіpak-Gervátsen. Until then, it is necessary to protect V.P. to avenge a sharp comment about M. N. Musine-Pushkin). The mournful tone of the stati about Gogol has no more recapped the cup of gendarmerie's patience, having become a callous drive for punishment, the sense of some kind of fainting power in advance. Turgenev was afraid that he would be arrested and forced to become at the forefront of the appearance of the first appearance of the “Notes of Myslivtsya”, but they were not afraid of it - at the time of 1852, the book passed censorship and was published by the world.

Prote censor V. V. Lvіv, who missed the “Notes of a Mislivets” before another, but for the special orders of Mikoli I, orders from service for the relief of pensions (“The Newest Forgiveness” was on December 6, 1853). Russian censorship also placed a fence on the re-viewing of the Notes of Myslivtsya, explaining that the Turgenev, from one side, poetizing the kripakiv, and from the other side, depicting, “that the villagers are overwhelmed by the servants, that the helpers behave obscenely and illegally. .. nareshti, scho peasants live in the will of vіlnіshe”.

Spivrobitniki magazine "Suchasnik". Top row: L. N. Tolstoy, D. V. Grigorovich; bottom row: I. A. Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, A. V. Druzhinin, A. N. Ostrovsky. Photo by S. L. Levitsky, February 15, 1856

At the hour of sending to Spasky Turgenev, he traveled to the field, reading books, writing poetry, engraving from the Shahi, listening to Beethoven's "Coriolanus" from Viconan A.P. Tyutchev and his sister, they lived at that hour with Spasky, and sometimes they were on the bailiff's place.

In 1852, the roci, who were still being sent to Spassky-Lutovinov, wrote a textbook explanation of Mumu. Most of the "Notes of Myslivtsya" was created by the writer Nіmechchini. "Notes of the Thought" in 1854 were published in Paris, okremy vidannyam, wanting on the cob of the Crimean war, the publication was small in nature of anti-Russian propaganda, and Turgenev was stunned and publicly voiced his protest against the unfavorable French translation of Ernest. After the death of Mikoli I, one after another, some of the most significant works of the writer were published: Rudin (1856), The Nest of Nobles (1859), Forward Day (1860) and Fathers and Children (1862). The first two were published in the Nekrasov "Suchasnik", the other two - in the "Russian Visnik" by M. N. Katkov.

Spivrobitniki "Sovremennik" I. Z. Turgenev, M. A. Nekrasov, I. I. Panaev, M. M. Longinov, U. P. Gaevskiy, D. U. Grigorovich were selected from time to time by the group of “warlocks” organized by A. V. Druzhinin. The humorous improvisations of the “warlocks” for an hour went beyond the limits of censorship, and they were also seen beyond the cordon. Pіznіshe Turgenev took part in the activity of “Company for help to needy writers and students” (Literary Fund), founded by the initiative of A.V. Druzhinin. Since the beginning of 1856, the writer spivpratsyuvav s journal "Library for reading", which was edited by A. V. Druzhin. However, the editorship did not bring a clear success to the vision, and Turgenev, who in 1856 succeeded in close journal success, in 1861 called the "Library", edited at that time by A.F. Pisemsky, "deaf wild".

In the autumn of 1855, the fate of the friends of Turgenev was replaced by Leo Tolstoy. At the spring of the same fate, in "Suchasnik" was published Tolstoy's essay "Cutting the Fox" with a dedication to I. S. Turgenev.

1860s

Turgeniev, taking a hot part in the discussed ready-made village reform, taking part in the creation of various collective lists, projects addressed to the sovereign Alexander II, protesting and otherwise. For the first few months, the appearance of Herzen's "Call" Turgenev was a yogo active spokesman. I didn’t write the wine at the “Dzvoni” myself, but helped with the collection of materials and preparations for each other. No less important is the role of Turgenev in the mediation between A.I. Herzen by those correspondents from Russia who, for various reasons, did not want to be in direct contact with a disgraced London immigrant. In addition, Turgenev forced Herzen to review reports, information without the signature of the author was also published in "Dzvon". In front of Turgenev, he spoke out against the harsh tone of Herzen’s materials and critical criticism of ordinary decisions: - So win, maybe, and spend the spirit.

In 1860, an article by N. A. Dobrolyubov “When will a good day come?” In 1860, in the “Suchasnik”, the critic was already aware of the new novel “Forward” that Turgenev’s creativity took off. Prote Turgenev was not dominated by Dobrolyubov's far-flung works, which were broken by him after reading the novel. Dobrolyubov placed at the link the ideas of Turgenev's creation with the underpinnings of the revolutionary transformation of Russia, with which the liberal Turgenev could not reconcile in no time. Dobrolyubov wrote: “Then the literature will have a new, sharp and chewy christening, the image of the Russian Insarov. And we don’t have long to check yoga: for this, those feverish pains of impatience are guaranteed, with which we are especially happy to appear in life.<…>Come and see us all day long! I, prinaimnі, in advance of the day not far from the coming day after him: as a matter of fact, nothing podіlyaє їх! ... » A letter giving N. A. Nekrasov an ultimatum: either wine, Turgenev, or Dobrolyubov. Nekrasov gave Dobrolyubov the advantage. After that Turgenev came out of "Suchasnik" and stopped talking to Nekrasov, and in the end Dobrolyubov became one of the prototypes of the image of Bazarov in the novel "Fathers and Children".

Turgenev was hard at work until the number of writers-zahіdnikіv, as if they followed the principles of "pure art", which opposed the tendentious creativity of revolutionary-raznochintsiv: P.V. Annenkov, V. P. Botkin, D. V. Grigorovich, A. V. Druzhin. Leo Tolstoy, not long before the stake, joined. This hour Tolstoy is alive in Turgenev's apartment. After the wedding of Tolstoy on S.A. Bers Turgenev, he knew a close relative of Tolstoy, before the wedding, in the early 1861 year, if the insulting prose writers were visiting A.A. the duel that ended, and zipsuval vіdnosiny between scribes on the new 17th anniversary. Every hour of folding in the blue was formed by the writer and by Fet himself, as well as by other fellow contemporary writers - F. M. Dostoyevsky, I. A. Goncharov.

In 1862, kindly women began to settle down with the many friends of Turgenev's youth - A.I. Herzen and M.A. Bakunin. From July 1, 1862 to February 15, 1863, Herzen's "Dzvon" published a series of articles "Kіntsі ta cob" from eight leaves. Without naming the addressee of Turgenev's lists, Herzen stood up for his own understanding of the historical development of Russia, yak, on one thought, may collapse with the path of rural socialism. Herzen, opposing the peasant Russia of the bourgeois Western Europe, whose revolutionary potential has already been taken into account. Turgenev recounted Herzen in private lists, invoking the spirituality of the historical act of various lands and peoples.

For example, in 1862 Turgenev was educated before the process of the 32nd at the right about “individuals who were called by the London propagandists”. After I attributed the government about the negain appearance in the Senate of Turgeniev, having written a letter to the sovereign, trying to reconcile Yogo in the loyalty of his reconciliations, “a lot of independent, ale sumlіnyh.” Supplementary points of wine by asking for a charge to you to Paris. Zreshtoy, vin zmusheny buv vikhati in 1864 roci to Russia for the Senate supplement, de zumіv vіd vіd vіd vіd all podozri. The Senate declared Yogo innocent. Turgenev's call, especially before Emperor Oleksandr II, called out Herzen's Zhovchny reaction in "Dzvon". This moment is richly pіznіshe vіdnosinakh vіdnosinakh vypisnikі vikoristav V.I. Lenin for the Ilyustratsiya -Vydmіnosti Lіberlni colivan Turgene I Herzen: “If the Turgene, writing a private sheet of Oleksandra II, was in the virnopіdani soils of two golds, wounded at Uthomyrevni,“ Dzizav ”“ Divnin ” wrote to the sovereign that she did not know sleep, tormented that the sovereign did not know about її kayattya. I Turgenev once recognized himself. Aleksei Turgenev's co-mingling between tsarism and revolutionary democracy showed itself differently.

I. S. Turgenev at the dacha of the brothers of Miliutin near Baden-Baden, 1867

In 1863 Turgenev settled in Baden-Baden. The writer took an active part in the cultural life of Western Europe, establishing acquaintances with the greatest writers of Nіmechchini, France and England, promoting Russian literature abroad and famous Russian readers with the best creations of contemporary authors. Among the well-known correspondents are Friedrich Bodenstedt, William Thackeray, Charles Dickens, Henry James, George Sand, Victor Hugo, Charles Saint-Beuve, Ipolite Taine, Prosper Mérimée, Ernest Renan, Théophile Gauthier, Edmond Goncourt, Guy de Maupassant, Alphonse Daudet , Gustave Flaubert.

Regardless of life behind the cordon, all the thoughts of Turgenev, like before, were brought to Russia. Vin, having written the novel "Dim" (1867), which called out a lot of super-cats from the conscience. Behind the words of the author, the novel was barked by everyone: “and red, and white, and to the beast, and from below, and to the side - especially to the side.”

In 1868, Turgenev became a permanent contributor to the liberal journal "News of Europe" and opened links with M. N. Katkov. It was not easy to develop it - the writers began to be reviewed in the "Russian Newspaper" and in "Moscow News". The attack was especially strong in the 1870s, if the drive of applause fell on the lot of Turgenev, the Katkivska newspaper began to sing that the writer "swings" in front of the progressive youth.

1870s

Zastilla classics. A. Daudet, G. Flaubert, E. Zola, I. S. Turgenev

Since 1874, famous bachelor parties such as Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt, Daudet, Zola and Turgenev took place in the Parisian restaurants of Risha abo Pelle. The idea belonged to Flaubert, but Turgenev was given the main role by them. Obid passed shomіsyatsya. They were attacked by various topics - about the peculiarities of literature, about the structure of the French language, tales were told, and they simply enjoyed the savory zhey. Obidy took place not only at the Parisian restaurateurs, but also at the homes of the writers themselves.

I. S. Turgenev, born in 1871

I. S. Turgenev acted as a consultant and editor of foreign translations of Russian writers, writing translations and notes to translations of Russian writers in European language, as well as to Russian translations of works by European writers. Vіn translating foreign writers into Russian language and Russian writers and poets into French and German language. This is how the translations of Flaubert's works "Irodiad" and "The Tale of St. Julian of Mercy" for Russian readers and Pushkin's works for French readers. For the same hour, Turgenev, having become the most popular and most popular Russian author in Europe, de criticism zarahuval yoga to the first writers of the century. In 1878, at the International Literary Congress in Paris, a writer was elected by the Vice President. On June 18, 1879, he was awarded the title of honorary doctor of the University of Oxford, despite the fact that before the new university had not given such an honor to the desired novelist.

The fruit of the reflections of the writer of the 1870s, having become the largest of his novels - "New" (1877), which also received criticism. Primir, M. E. Saltikov-Shchedrin developed this novel as a service to the autocracy.

Turgenev in comradeship with the Minister of Education A. V. Golovnin, with the brothers Milyutin (comrade of the Minister of Internal Affairs and the Minister of Foreign Affairs), N. I. Turgeniev, who was close acquaintance with the Minister of Finance M. Kh. Reitern. For example, in the 1870s of the 1870s in Turgenev, there were already young people of revolutionary emigration from Russia, before the count of those who knew them included P. L. Lavrov, P. A. Kropotkin, G. A. Lopatin and many others. Among the other revolutionaries of Herman Lopatin, he put his best, shirking before his mind, fighting with that moral strength.

By the end of the year 1878, Leo Tolstoy, having uttered to Turgenev, forget all the necessities between them, incomprehensibly, then Turgenev was happy to wait. Friendly stosunki that listuvannya resurfaced. Turgeniev, explaining the meaning of modern Russian literature, the essence of Tolstoy's creativity, to an avid reader. The whole Nina Ivan Turgenev played a great role in promoting Russian literature there.

Prote, Dostoevsky in the novel "Bisi" depicting Turgenev as "the great writer Karmazinov" - a noisy, frivolous, written off and possibly mediocre writer, respecting himself as a genius and watching over the cordon. Similar to the appointment to Turgenev Dostoevsky, which he always demanded, was a viklikane, including the provision of Turgenev’s camp in the yogi nobility and themselves for that hour with high literary fees: “To Turgenev for yoga“ Noble Nest ” from whom I ask for 100 rubles per sheet) giving 4000 rubles, that is 400 rubles per sheet. My friend! I already know better that I am writing higher for Turgenev, but if it’s not necessary higher, I’m sure, I’m going to write better for Turgenev. Why do I, with my needs, take only 100 rubles, and Turgenev, who has 2000 souls, 400 each?

Turgenev, without prihovyuchi their hostility to Dostoevsky, at the leaf of M. Є. Saltykov-Shchedrin 1882 (following the death of Dostoyevsky) also did not spare his opponent, calling him "the Russian Marquis de Sade."

In 1880, the writer took the fate of the Pushkin tracts, consecrated the first monument to the poet in Moscow, and was ruled by the Association of Lovers of Russian Literature.

Stay rocky

Photo I. S. Turgeneva

Vershi in prose. "Visnik Evropi", 1882, chest. From the editorial entry, it is obvious that I called it a magazine, and not an author's.

The rest of the fates of Turgenev's life became the pinnacle of glory for him, like in Russia, de the writer again became a wild lover, and in Europe, de better critics at that hour (I. Ten, Ege. Renan, R. Brandes and others.) vіku. Yogo came to Russia in 1878-1881, the fates became just triumphs. Tim was more anxious in 1882, there were reports about the severity of severe arthritic pains. In the spring of 1882, the first signs of ill health appeared, which appeared to be fatal for Turgenev. With the temporal relief of the pain of the veins, having prodovzhuvati and for a few months before death, having seen the first part of "Virsh u prose" - a cycle of lyrical miniatures, which became its own farewell to life, fatherland and mysticism. The book opened the verse at the prose "Village", and completing the "Russian language" - a lyrical hymn, where the author put his faith in the great recognition of his country:

At the day of sumniviv, at the day of heavy thoughts about the share of my fatherland, you alone are the support and support, about the great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! But you can’t believe it, so that such a language would not be given to a great people!

Parisian doctors Charcot and Jacco diagnosed the writer with angina pectoris; intercostal neuralgia came to her. Resurrection of Turgenev at the Spassky-Lutovinov's Vletka in 1881. In winter, the writer spent the illness at Paris, but in summer he was transported to Bougival at Viardot's maetok.

Until the present day of 1883, the rock was built up on the flooring, which could not sleep without morphine. Ioma had an operation to remove the neuromas at the lower part of the empty stomach, but the operation did not help much, the shards did not alleviate the pain in the chest division of the ridge. The ailment developed, the birch tree and the blossoms of the writer were so tormented that they suddenly began to commemorate the mildly clouded mind, calling often with morphine. The scribe once again saw his near death and resigned himself to the legacy of ailment, as he allowed him to be able to walk and just stand.

Death and funeral

Standing between " a truly ill disease and a truly strong organism”(P. V. Annenkov) ended on 22 September (3 March) 1883 in Bougival near Paris. Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev died of myxosarcoma (evil swelling of the bones of the ridge), on the 65th cycle of life. Likar S.P. Botkin is sure that the correct cause of death was determined only after the rosette, at the hour of which the physiologists named the brain. Yak appeared, in the middle of the quiet, whose brain was rank, Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev was the largest brain (2012 grams, which may be 600 grams more than the middle one).

The death of Turgenev was a great shock for yoga chanuvalniks, which was expressed in a very significant funeral. The funeral was carried out by mournful urochists in Paris, in which the fate of the Chotirist people took the fate. Among them there were no less than a hundred Frenchmen: Edmon Abu, Jules Simon, Emil Ogier, Emil Zola, Alphonse Daudet, Juliette Adam, artist Alfred Diedone (Russian) French, composer Jules Massenet. Quietly, having seen off someone, having turned away from the promoted promo Ernest Renan. Apparently, until the will of the deceased, on the 27th of May, his body was brought to St. Petersburg.

Panahidis were also served at the Verzhbolovo cordon station on the teeth. On the platform of the St. Petersburg Varshavsky railway station, the urochist zustrіch truni with the body of a writer was seen. Senator A.F. Koni said this about the burial at the Volkovsky Tsvintary:

By the reception of the worker in St. Petersburg and the study of yoga at the Volkovskoe kladovishche, they presented unmarried sights for their beauty, majestic character and chilkovity, goodwill and one-flock dotrimanny order. Bezperervny lansyug 176 deputations of literature, newspapers and journals, scientific, educational and primary foundations, zemstvos, Siberians, Poles and Bulgarians, having taken up space at a mile of versts, turning to the sound of the ear. with thin, miraculous vines and korogva with richly meaningful inscriptions. So, a wreath “To the author of Mumu” as a support for intercession for creatures ... a wreath from the inscription “Stronger for death” as a pedagogical women's course ...
- A. F. Koni, "The Burial of Turgenev", Collection of works in eight volumes. T. 6. M., Legal Literature, 1968. Stor. 385-386.

It didn't happen without misunderstandings. The coming day after the resurrection of Turgenev's body in the Cathedral of Alexander Nevsky on the street Daru in Paris 19 Spring, populist-immigrant P.L. Lavrov at the Parisian newspaper "Justice", ed. sheet, in which I reminded that I. S. Turgenev, for his own initiative, repaid Lavrov with a generous stretch of three years of 500 francs each for the purpose of promoting the vision of the revolutionary emigrant newspaper Vperyod.

Russian liberals were overwhelmed by this novelty, vvazhayuchi by this provocation. A conservative signet in the person of M. N. Katkov, on the other hand, scrambled to remind Lavrov for the posthumous citation of Turgenev in the "Russian Newspaper" and "Moscow News" with the method of reshuffling the dead writer in Russia, which wrote "without any eloquence" came to the capital from Paris for a funeral. The succession to the ashes of Turgenev was already troubled by the Minister of Internal Affairs D. A. Tolstoy, who was afraid of spontaneous rallies. Behind the words of the editor of the News of Europe, M. M. Stasyulevich, who accompanied the body of Turgenev, come in later, lived in by officials, the floorings were unremarkable, none of the wines accompanied the Nightingale the rogue, and not the body of the great writer.

Life Specialist

The first romantic entrapment of young Turgenev was the death of the daughter of Princess Shakhovskaya - Katerina (1815-1836), a young poet. The mothers of their fathers at Pdmoskov'ї were between, the stench was often exchanged for visits. Youmu Bulo 15, їй 19. From the sheets to the sin, Varvara Turgenev called Katherine Shakhovskaya "singer" and "lihodіykoy", shards not standing up against the spell of the young prince, and Sergiy Mikolayovich himself, Ivan Turgenev's father, who . The episode was richly late, in 1860, it appeared on the story “The First Kokhannya”, in a kind of writer, he gave Katya Shakhovskaya the heroine of the story Zinaida Zasekina with descriptive pictures.

At the turn of 1841, at the hour of his turn to Lutovinovoe, Ivan choked on a seamstress Dunyasha (Avdotya Ermolaevna Ivanova). Mіzh young rozpochavsya romance, which ended vagіtnіstyu girl. Ivan Sergiyovich immediately showed the bajannya to make friends with her. Prote yogo mother ruled from that cause a serious scandal, after which he broke all the way to St. Petersburg. Mother Turgeneva, having learned about Avdotya's pregnancy, quickly hung її to Moscow to the fathers, on April 26, 1842, Pelagia was born. Dunyasha was seen abroad, her daughter was left behind at a double-digit camp. Turgenev officially recognized the child as less than 1857.

Tetyana Bakunina. Portrait of the robot Evdokia Bakunina, mid-19th century.

Not long after the episode with Avdotya Ivanova Turgenev, I got to know Tetyana Bakunina (1815-1871), the sister of the forthcoming revolutionary emigrant M.A. Bakunin. Turning back to Moscow after my re-buying in Spassky, I went to Bakuny Premukhino to the mother's day. The winter of 1841-1842 passed by the close intercourse of brothers and sisters Bakunin. At the sisters Mikhail Bakunina, Lyubov, Varvara and Oleksandr, all the friends of Turgenev died because of their will - N. V. Stankevich, V. G. Belinsky and V. P. Botkin.

Tetyana was three years older than Ivan. Like all young Bakunins, she was choked by German philosophy and her attitudes with sharp eyes took the creative prism of Fichte's idealistic conception. Vaughn wrote to Turgenev with German language, many rosy mirkuvans and introspection, not caring about those young people who lived in the same hut, and while Turgenev, she also analyzed the analysis of the motives of the authorities’ vchinkivs and sensitized them. "The 'philosophical' novel, - for the respect of R. A. Byaly, - from the vicissitudes of which everything was taken by the younger generation of the Premukhin's nest, having spent a few months." Auntie bula zakokhana in a right way. Ivan Sergiyovich did not completely stop baiting up to the bogged down by him. Vіn wrote a piece of verse (the poem "Parash" is also inspired by references to Bakunina) and an opi- nion dedicated to the high-ideal, the best literary-epistolary hoarding. Ale, it’s not a moment to tell serious people.

There were two more among the other shvidkoplinnykh zahopleni scribes, yakі played the same role in yoga creativity. In the 1850s, the fates saved a swedish-line novel with a distant cousin, eighteenth-year-old Olga Oleksandrivna Turgeneva. The stagnation was mutual, and the writer, thinking about the wedding in 1854, the prospect of such a one-hour lyakal. Olga served as a prototype for the image of Aunt in the novel "Dim". So is the irresponsible buv Turgenev from Mary Mikolayevna Tolstoy. Ivan Sergiyovich, writing about Leo Tolstoy's sister P. V. Annenkova: Sweet, reasonable, simple - the eye would not see. In my old age (on the fourth day I hit 36 years) - I didn’t die a little. For the sake of Turgenev, M. N. Tolstaya already went as a human being; Ale Turgeniev, having become obsessed with Platonic hoardings, and Maria Mykolayivna served as a prototype for Virochka in the novel Faust.

In the autumn of 1843, Turgenev first danced Pauline Viardot on the stage of the Opera House, since the great couple came on tour to St. Petersburg. Turgenev was 25 years old, Viardo - 22 years old. Then, on the field of wine, we got to know the man Polina, the director of the Italian theater in Paris, we saw the critic and mysticist Louis Viardot, and on the first leaf fall of 1843, we saw Polina himself. Among the masses of chanuvalniks, she especially did not see Turgenev, who seemed to be an inveterate thinker, and not a writer. And if the tour was over, Turgenev at once from the family of Viardot went to Paris against the will of his mother, still unknown to Europe and without a penny. I don’t care about those who all respect yoga for a rich man. Once again, the material situation was explained by the very misfortune of the mother, one of the richest women of Russia and the ruler of the majestic stronghold and industrial empire.

For cuteness to " damn gypsies Mati did not give you pennies for three years. Rocky’s image of this life is little guessing about the new stereotype of life of the “rich Russian”. At the fall of the leaves of 1845, the fate of the wines turned to Russia, and in the spring of 1847, having learned about the tour of Viardo in Niemchyn, I rediscovered the country: we went to Berlin, then to London, Paris, a tour of France and again to St. Petersburg. Without looking like an official blue, Turgenev is alive with the Viardot family. on the edge of someone else's nest”, as if showing wine himself. Polina Viardot sang in honor of Don Turgenev. At the beginning of the 1860s, Viardot's family settled in Baden-Baden, and with them Turgenev (Villa Tourgueneff). Thanks to the family of Viardot and Ivan Turgenev, this villa has become the greatest musical and artistic center. The war of 1870 forced Viardot's family to leave Nimechchina and move to Paris, where they moved the writer.

The correct nature of the presentation of Pauline Viardot and Turgenev's dossi is the subject of discussion. I think that since Louis Viardo was paralyzed as a result of a stroke, Polina and Turgenev actually became friends. Louis Viardo was twenty years older than Polina, and he died on the same day. S. Turgenevim.

The last love of the writer was the actress of the Oleksandrinsky Theater Maria Savina. It was born in 1879, when the young actress was 25 years old, and Turgenev was 61 years old. The actress at that time played the role of Virochka in Turgenev's play "Month in the countryside". The role of the bula pavement was clearly defined, as the writer of the letters himself was zdivaniya. After the first step I went to the actress for the lashtunki with a great bouquet of trojans and winking: “ Newly tsiu Virochka I wrote?» Ivan Turgenev succumbed to her, which he clearly recognized. Rіdkіsnіst їх zustrіchy zapovnyuvalsya regular listings, as if it were chotiri rocky. Ignorant in the vastness of Turgenev’s stature, for Mary Vin, rather a good friend. She was friends with another, she didn’t see her like that. Savino's love for Turgeniev was also not destined to be sued - the writer died in the midst of the Viardo family.

"Turgeniv girls"

Turgenev's special life was no more successful. Having lived 38 years in close contact with Viardo's family, the writer felt deeply self-reliant. Turgen's image of love was formed in the minds, but love was in a characteristic melancholy creative manner. In yoga creations, there may be a happy rozvyazki, and the remaining chord is often summaries. For example, none of the Russian writers did not attach a style of respect to the image of a kohanny, no one idealized a woman in such a world, like Ivan Turgenev.

The characteristics of female characters in yoga works of the 1850s - 1880s - images of whole, pure, self-confident, morally strong heroines in the sum formed a literary phenomenon " turgeniv girl"- a typical heroine of yoga creations. Such are Liza in the story “The Friend of the Zayvoi of the People”, Nataliya Lasunska in the novel “Rudin”, Asya in the one-men story, Vira in the story “Faust”, Elizaveta Kalitina in the novel “The Noble Nest”, Olena Stakhova in the novel “Forward”, Marianna Sinetska novels "Nova" and others.

L. N. Tolstoy, denoting the merits of the writer, saying that Turgenev painted marvelous portraits of women, and that Tolstoy himself saw the Turgenev women in life.

Offspring

Turgeneva Pelageya (Polina, Polinet) Ivanivna. Photo by E. Karzha, 1870s

Turgenev didn't take off his own. The daughter of a writer of vid biloshweiki Avdotyki ivanovoi, Pelageya Ivavna Turgeneva, in the deputy priest (1842-1919), in eight Rocks in the sir, half a wardo at the Franziy, the Zmіnivvovs of the Paul, Before Franziy, іvan Sergeyovich, a licha for the rack, if the daughters are vovy of Chotirnadzit. He would half the Mayzhe Zabul Rosіyska Movaya I spoke to the nitrico, they roded the same time, they were confused by the dingy. was hostilely put up to a roaring old man, and suddenly it brought about the fact that the girl was taken to a private boarding house.

In the seventeenth century, Polinet met the young businessman Gaston Brewer (1835-1885), who caused Ivan Turgenev to receive an injury, and he gave a year to his daughter's daughter. Yak sent the father, giving the chimal a sum for that hour - 150 thousand francs. The maiden fell in love with Brewer, who had gone bankrupt without a hitch, after which Polinet, for her husband's sake, was changed into a man in Switzerland. Turgenev's bula Polina Viardot, daughter after her death, stooped down at the squalid material camp. Died in 1919 roci u vіtsi 76 roki vіd cancer. The children of Polinet - Georges-Albert and Jeanne - are not few. Georges Albert died 1924. Zhanna Breuer-Turgeneva never came abroad; she lived earning her life with private lessons, shards freely led five mov. Vaughn tried her hand at poetry, wrote poetry in French. She died in 1952 at the age of 80 years, and after her, the genus Turgeniev family fell off along the lines of Ivan Sergiyovich.

Poluvannya zakhoplennya

I. S. Turgenev was one of the most famous in Russia myslivtsiv in his time. Having pinned his uncle Mikola Turgenev to the future writer’s love until he fell asleep, he was familiar with horses and miserable dogs around the circle, which, having taken up the boy’s waving during the hour of his summer vacation at Spasky’s. So, having started the mislivian reference of the future writer A.I. Kupfershmidt, whom Turgenev respected as his first teacher. Zavdyaky youma Turgeniev, already among young people, could call himself a towel-maker. Navit mother Ivan, as before she marveled at the myslivtsiv, like at the ledaris, adopted the swamped son. With fates, zakhoplennya outgrew into an addiction. It used to be that during the whole seasons, without letting go of the towels, walking thousands of miles through the rich provinces of the central smuga of Russia. Turgeniev, saying that the watering of the powerful Russian people was inflamed, and that the Russian people loved the watering from long ago.

In 1837, Turgenev got to know the villager-myslivite Afanasy Alifanov, who became a part of the watering companion. Buying Yogo's letter for a thousand karboventsiv; he settled in the forest, five miles away from Spassky. Athanasius was a miraculous opovіdom, and Turgenev often came to the new one to sit over a cup of tea and listen to the mystical stories. Rozpovid "About the nightingale" (1854) of records written by a writer from the words of Alifanov. Athanasius himself, becoming the prototype of Ermolai from the Notes of Thought. Vіn buv vіdomy with his talent of thinking is also among the friends of the writer - A. A. Fet, I. P. Borisov. If Athanasius died in 1872, Turgenev felt sorry for the old comrade and asked his stinger to help his daughter Hanna.

In 1839, the mother of the writer, describing the tragic aftermath that happened in Spassky, do not forget to remember: “ the towel is your strength, and the dog has gone away". Pozhezha hastened the arrival of Ivan Turgenev in Spaska. The flood of 1839 was first destroyed by watering in the Telegin swamps (on the border between the Bolkhovsky and Orlovsky counties), seeing the Lebedyansky fair, which was featured in the description of Lebedyan (1847). Varvara Petrivna, especially for the new pridbala, five hryvnias, nine hounds, and horses from the saddles.

Vlitka 1843 Ivan Sergiyovich lived at the dacha in Pavlovsk and also had a lot of water. What fate did I get to know Polina Viardot. The scribe їy was introduced with the words: “ Tse young Russian helper. Glorious myslivets that filth sings". The man of the actress Lui Bov, Yak and Turgenev, is an addicted minder. Ivan Sergiyovich repeatedly asked for water on the outskirts of St. Petersburg. The stench more than once with friends dreamed of watering to the Novgorod province and Finland. And Polina Viardot presented Turgenev with a garniy and an expensive game bag.

« I. S. Turgenev on watering", (1879). N. D. Dmitriev-Orenburzsky

For example, in the 1840s, a writer lived behind the cordon and worked on the “Notes of a Thought”. 1852-1853 the fates of the writer were found by Spassky under the supervision of the police. Ale, the message did not disdain Yogo, the one who in the village had a new coin of watering, and far away. And the advancing fate of the wines was destroyed by the Myslivsky expedition for 150 miles from Spassky, deraz z I. F. Yurasov polyuvav on the banks of the Desna. This expedition served as material for Turgenev to work on the story "The Trip to Polissya" (1857).

Torishny sickle of 1854 to the fate of Turgenev at once from M.A. I. Maslova Osmino, after which both of them continued to swim in Spassky. In the 1850s, the fates of Turgenev got to know the family of counts Tolstykh. The elder brother of L. N. Tolstoy, Mykola, also appeared as a protracted philanthropist and at the same time with Turgeniev, he made a lot of myslivsky trips around the outskirts of Spassky and Mikilsko-V'yazemsky. One of the companions of M. N. Tolstoy - Valerian Petrovich; figures of yoga character appeared on the image of Priimkov in the novel "Faust" (1855). In 1855, Turgenev did not fall in love through the cholera epidemic, but in the coming season he tried to make up for the omissions of the hour. Together with N. N. Tolstoy, the writer saw Pirogovo, S. N. Tolstoy’s maetok, who wanted to swim with horses and maw beautiful horses and dogs. Turgeniev, having vvazhav for the best poluvat with a towel, we kick with a dog and more importantly on a feathered game.

Turgenev took a kennel with seventy hounds and sixty horts. Together with M. M. Tolstim, A. A. Fet and A. T. Alifanov, they created a number of missions of thought in the central Russian provinces. In 1860-1870, Turgenev’s fates were living behind the cordon. Vіn namagavsya beyond the cordon to create rituals and the atmosphere of Russian watering, but it would be less likely to find something else, if at the same time from Louis Viardot it was possible to rent a decently sensible place. In the spring of 1880, having seen Spaska, Turgenev specially came to Yasna Polyana with the method of moving L. N. Tolstoy to take his fate at the Pushkin tracts. Tolstoy looked at the request, splintering the urochist and offending liberals before the starving Russian peasantry. Prote Turgeniev, having created his old dream - having loved at once from Leo Tolstoy. About Turgenev to inspire a ciliary myslivsky gurtok - N. A. Nekrasov, A. A. Fet, A. N. Ostrovsky, N. N. and L. N. Tolstі, artist P. P. Sokolov (illustrator of "Notes of Myslivtsya") . In addition, you happened to fall in love with the German writer Karl Muller, as well as with the representatives of the royal houses in Russia and the Nimechchini - Grand Duke Mikola Mikolayovich and Prince of Hesse.

Ivan Turgenev walked out with a rushnitsa for the shoulders of Orlovsk, Tulsk, Tambov, Kursk, Kaluzka provinces. Vіn dobre buv znayomiy z naykraschih myslivskimi ugіddy England, France, Nіmechchini. Three specialized works dedicated to watering were written by him: "About the notes of the towel-worker of the Orenburz province S. T. Aksakov", "Notes of the towel-worker of the Orenburz province" and "Fifty nedolіkіv of the towel-worker of the Orenburz province"

Until the end of his life, the old Ivan Turgenev repented on his deathbed at the vbivstvii on the watering of woodcocks, black grouse, hollows, jocks, chickens and other wild birds.

Peculiarities of character and writing

Addresses of Turgenev as edited by "Suchasnik", watercolor by D. V. Grigorovich, 1857

The biographies of Turgenev marked the unique features of his writing style. From the youth of the wines, having lost one's mind, illumination, artistry, gifted with passivity, silliness to introspection, insensitivity. All at once, in a chimerical rank, the little barchon's little tones rose, like a trivaly hour in the fallow in the presence of a lordly, despotic mother. Turgeniev guessing that at the University of Berlin at the first hour of Hegel's training, he would leave the training, if it was necessary to train his dog or to nationalize him to squint. T. N. Granovsky, zaishov up to the new apartment, catching a student-philosopher behind a thunder with a kripak (Porfiry Kudryashov) near the cart soldiers. Ditini was zealous, the inside of the insistence of the annoyance of the bloom of the Dovgia for the hour gave the nobility: behind the words A. Ya. Panovy, Yuni Ivan Khotiv Boti, in Literetural Suppan, I in the Svytu, in the same time. about his literary earnings, which spoke about his hibne, that lightly placed up to literature and to the rank of a writer at that hour.

About the faint-heartedness of a writer in his youth, mention the episode of 1838 in Nіmechchina, if the hour on the ship became hotter, and the passengers were wondering far away. Turgeniev, who was afraid for his life, asking one of the sailors to bury yoga and denounced his wine-grower in his rich mother, as if he were going to go to vikonati yoga prohannya. The other passengers witnessed that the young man wailed pitifully: “ Die so young!”, Rozshtovhuyuchi with whom women and children have ryatuvalnyh chovniv. Luckily, the shore of the Bouves is not far away. Leaning on the birch, the young man is snarled by his cowardice. Bits about yoga fearfully penetrated into society and became the subject of gluzuvan. Podiya played a very negative role for the author's later life and was described by Turgenev himself in the novel "Fire on the Sea".

The latter add one more figure to the character of Turgenev, which brought to him that overwhelming chimalo trouble - yoga neobov'yazkovіst, "All-Russian non-balisty" or "Oblomovism", as they say Є. A. Solovyov. Ivan Sergiyovich instantly ask for guests and forget about it all at once, violating the curls at your right; in a moment to inform M. A. Nekrasov for the draft issue of “Suchasnik” or to take an advance payment from A. A. Kraevsky and not to give the manuscript in due time. In the presence of such prikrykh dribnits Ivan Sergiyovich himself, having guarded the younger generation. The Polish-Russian revolutionary Artur Benni became the victim of this neobov'yazka, as if in Russia they called riveting calls in that he was an agent of the ІІІ Vіddelennya. Dane zvinuvachennya moment of development is less than A. I. Herzen, who wrote a sheet of paper to Benny and asked him to pass yoga with an opportunity to London I. Z. Turgenev. Turgenev, forgetting about the sheet, which, having lain unmanaged by the new one for over two months. In the course of an hour, Bennie's feelings about the health reached catastrophic deaths. The leaf, which, having drank to Herzen with great delay, could not change anything in Benn's reputation.

The return side of the cih vad bula was spiritual softness, the breadth of nature, generosity, gentleness in the house, but yogo softness is small in its borders. If it was the hour of the rest of my arrival to the Spassky winery, I wobbled, what a mother, I didn’t know what to do with my beloved son, I would build the good kripakiv uzdovzh alei, to beat the barchuk. loudly and radiolly”, Ivan became angry at the matir, immediately turned around and went back to St. Petersburg. More stench did not fight until її death, and yogo decision could not steal penniless. Ludwig Pich among the powers of Turgenev's character saw his modesty. Behind the cordon, where nasty people knew yoga creativity, Turgenev was by no means humbled in front of the soothing tims who already got into Russia led by a writer. Having become an independent ruler of his mother's recession, Turgenev did not show any kind of turbulence about his own bread and vrozha. At the sight of Leo Tolstoy, I don’t have my own domestic vein.

I call myself wine " to the helpless of the Russian helpers". The writer did not delve into the management of his mother, handing over to him or his uncle, or I sing to M. S. Tyutchev, otherwise I call them vipadkovy people. In Turgenev, we can even do it, we can’t have less than 20,000 rubles in income on rivers from the earth, but if we demand pennies, it’s even more unusual to spend money on them. The signs of the broad Russian pan were given. Turgenev's literary fees were even more significant. Vin was one of the most highly paid writers in Russia. The skin of the "Notes of Myslivtsya" brought him 2,500 rubles in net income. The right to see yoga creations cost 20-25 thousand carbovents.

The value of that assessment of creativity

Enter people at the image of Turgenev

"The Noble Nest" on the stage of the Maly Theatre, Lavretsky - A.I. Sumbatov-Yuzhin, Liza – Olena Leshkovska (1895)

Irrespective of those that the tradition of depicting “foreign people” vinified before Turgenev (Chatsky A. S. Griboyedova, Evgeny Onegin A. S. Pushkin, Pechorin M. Yu. Lermontov, Beltov A. I. Herzen, history" by I. A. Goncharov), Turgenev should have priority over the designated type of literary characters. The name "Zaiva lyudina" became fixed after the release in 1850 of the Turgeniv novel "Schodennik zayva lyudina". "Zayvі lyudi" vіdznyalis, as a rule, splіnnym rices іntelektualіnі ї perevagi na otochuyuchimi і odnochnіstyu, sincere discord, skepticism іn vіdnosnіnі і іnіy іvnіshny svіtu, rozbіzhnіstyu іzh word i prava. Turgeniev, having created a whole gallery of similar images: Chulkaturin (“Schoden of the Zayvoi people”, 1850), Rudin (“Rudin”, 1856), Lavretsky (“Noble Nest”, 1859), Nezhdanov (“News”, 1877). The problems of “zayvoi lyudiny” are also attributed to Turgenev’s descriptions of “Asya”, “Yakiv Pasinkov”, “Listuvannya” and others.

The main hero of the "Scholar of the Zayvoi lyudiny" is meant to analyze all his emotions, to fix the smallest signs of the powerful soul. Like Shakespeare's Hamlet, the hero mentions the unnaturalness and tension of his thoughts, the willpower: " I sorted myself out to the last thread, matching myself with others, guessing the least look, grins, words of people ... Whole days passed in this painful, fruitless work". Rose of the soul, introspection delivers unnatural satisfaction to the hero: “ Only after seeing my house of the Burning Ones, I am painfully aware, how many satisfied people can draw from looking at my own misfortune.". The impossibility of apathetic and reflexive characters was even more evident in the images of strong and strong Turgenev's heroines.

The essay “Hamlet and Don Quixote” (1859) became the inspiration for Turgenev’s thoughts about the heroes of the Rudin and Panchokh types. The most "Hamletic" of the current Turgeniv "foreign people" is the hero of the "Noble Nest" Lavretsky. "Russian Hamlet" is named in the novel "Nov" one of the main characters Oleksiy Dmitrovich Nezhdanov.

Poruch from Turgeniev, the phenomenon of "zayvoi people" continued to explore I. A. Goncharov in the novel "Oblomov" (1859), M. A. Nekrasov - Agarin ("Sasha", 1856), A. F. Pisemsky and so on. Ale, at the sight of the character of Goncharov, the heroes of Turgenev recognized a greater type. To the thought of the Radianian literary scholar A. Lavretsky (I. M. Frenkel), “Yakbi mi z usikh dzherel vvchennya of the 40s. having left one “Rudin” or one “Noble Nest”, then it would still be possible to restore the character of the era in її specific rice. For "Oblomov" I can't kill anyone."

A.P. Chekhov ironically depicted the tradition of depicting Turgeniv's "foreign people" in an ironic way. The character of the yoga story "Duel" Laevskiy is an abridged and parodic version of the Turgenev's Zayvoi people. Vin to his friend von Koren: “ I'm nevdaha, zayva people". Von Koren will wait for tim that Laevsky - tse " skolok from Rudina". Vodnochas vіdkuєtsya about the claims of Laevskogo buti “zayvoj people” in a significant tone: “ Think this way, speaking, that it’s not the fault of the fact that the state-owned packets on the ground are not rozrukovannym and that he himself is drinking those other solders, but Onegin, Pechorin and Turgenev are to blame". Later, critics made the character of Rudin close to the character of Turgenev.

On stage

Sketch of the scenery to "Month in the countryside", M. V. Dobuzhinsky, 1909

In the middle of the 1850s, the fate of Turgenev grew up at his own playwright's call. Criticism voted yogo p'essi inscenic. The author, having learned from the thoughts of criticism and writing for the Russian stage, and in 1868-1869 wrote for Polina Viardot some French operetta libretto, which was recognized for staging in the Baden-Baden theater. L.P. Grossman recognized the justice of the rich critics for the address of Turgenev for the lack of ruin in them and the over-importance of the rose element. Prote wine pointed out the paradoxical vitality of Turgenev's productions on stage. Please Ivan Sergiyovich for over a hundred and sixty years not to go to the repertoire of the European and Russian theaters. The stench was celebrated by famous Russian victors: P. A. Karatigin, U. U. Samoilov, U. U. Samoilova (Samoilova 2nd), A. E. Martinov, U. I. Zhivokіnі, M. P. Sadovskiy, Z V. Shumskiy, V. N. Davidov, K. A. Varlamov, M. G. Savina, G. N. Fedotova, V. F. Komіsarzhevska, K. S. Stanіslavskiy, V .I. Kachalov, M. N. Ermolova and others.

Turgenev, a playwright, was widely recognized in Europe. There was little success on the stages of the Antoine Theater in Paris, the Burgtheater in Vienna, the Munich Chamber Theatre, the Berlin, Königsberz and other German theatres. Turgenev's dramaturgy was in the repertoire of famous Italian tragedies: Ermet Novelli, Tommaso Salvini, Ernesto Rossi, Ermet Zakkoni, Austrian, German and French actors Adolf von Sonnenthal, Andre Antoine, Charlotte Voltaire and France.

From the success of yogo p'єs the greatest success was achieved on the share of "Month in the countryside". The debut of vistavi occurred in 1872. At the beginning of the 20th century, K.S. Stanislavsky and I were staged at the Moscow Art Theater. M. Moskvin. The artist-decorator of the production and the author of the sketches of the costumes of the diyovikh osib buv, the artist-world artist M. V. Dobuzhinsky. Tsya p'єsa not to go to the scenes of Russian theaters dosi. Even for the life of the author, the theaters began with great success to stage his novels and novels: "The Nest of Nobles", "Steppe King Lear", "Spring Water". This tradition is carried on by modern theaters.

According to contemporary estimates in the 19th century

Caricature of A. M. Volkov Turgenev's novel "Dim".
"Iskra". 1867. No. 14.
- What an unacceptable smell - fі!
- Dim burning popularity, a child of dying talent ...
- Shh, sir! І Dim Turgenev is sweet and welcome to us!

The students gave Turgenev's creativity an even higher rating. The critics V. G. Belinsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov, D. I. Pisarev, A. V. Druzhinin, P. V. Annenkov, Apollon Grigor'ev, V. P. Botkin, N. M. Strakhov, V. P. Burenin, K. S. Aksakov, I. S. Aksakov, N. K. Mikhailovsky, K. N. Leontiev, A. S. Suvorin, P. L. Lavrov, S. S. Dudishkin, P. N. Tkachov, N. I. Solovyov, M. A. Antonovich, M. N. Longіnov, M. F. De-Poulet, N. V. Shelgunov, N. G. Chernishevsky and many others.

Thus, V. G. Belinskiy recognized the inimitable mastery of the image of Russian nature in the writer. Behind the words of M. V. Gogol, Russian literature at that time had the greatest talent in Turgenev. M. A. Dobrolyubov wrote that Turgenev’s varto was stuck at his own line, whether it was food for the new side of the suprising vents, like these problems were raised and near the bridge of the illuminated supremacy, appearing before the eyes of everyone. M. Y. Saltikov-Shchedrin stating that the literary activity of Turgenev is of little importance for the future, but that the activity of Nekrasov, Belinsky and Dobrolyubov is more important. On the thought of the Russian literary critic of the XIX on the cob XX century S. A. Vengerov, the writer went into writing the flooring realistically, it was important to catch between the literary world and real life. Yogo novels were not only read out - yoga was inherited by the heroes in life. For skin care, great works are diyova persona, in the mouth of which the fine and bright warmth of the writer himself is put.

Turgenev is a good introduction to modern Western Europe. In the 1850s, he was translating in the 1850s, and in the 1870s and 1880s, he became the most beloved and most read Russian writer in the Nimetchchina, and the German critics rated him as one of the most important contemporary writers. The first translations of Turgenev were August Wiedert, August Bolz and Paul Fuchs. Translating the rich works of Turgenev in German, the German writer F. Bodenstedt at the entrance to "Russian Fragments" (1861) affirmed that Turgenev's work was equal to the works of the shortest contemporary novels in England, Germany and France. Chlodvig Hohenloe (1894-1900), Chancellor of the Nimets Empire (1894-1900), who called Ivan Turgenev the best candidate for the seat of the Prime Minister of Russia, commented about the writer as follows: “ Today I spoke from the most intelligent people of Russia».

In France, Turgeniv's "Notes of the Mind" were popular. Guy de Maupassant naming the writer " great people» ta « brilliant novelist", and George Sand wrote to Turgenev:" Teacher! We can all go through your school". His creativity was well known in English literary schools - in England, “Notes of the Thought”, “Noble Nest”, “Forward” and “News” were translated. The zahіdny chitach was reprimanded by the moral purity of the image of the lady, the image of the Russian woman (Deer Stakhova); opposed to posting the warlike democrat Bazarov. Zooming in to show the European community the right Russia, to know foreign readers about the Russian peasant, about the Russian rіznochintsy and the revolutionaries, about the Russian intelligentsia and the crooked image of the Russian woman. Foreign readers of the pioneers of Turgenev's creativity have conquered the great traditions of the Russian realist school.

Leo Tolstoy gave the following characterization to the writer in the list of A. N. Pipin (since 1884): “Turgenev is a beautiful person (not more deep, more weak, but kind, good person), who should speak for those who think and think” .

In the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron

The novel "Fathers and Children". View-e 1880, Leipzig, Nimechchina

On the thought of the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron, "Notes of a Thought", around the great success of reading, played a significant historical role. The book managed to inspire strong hostility to the decline to the throne of Alexander II, who, through a few years, passed a number of reforms against the backdrop of strong law in Russia. Under the opposition of the Notes, a lot of representatives of the ruling classes were changed. The book carried a social protest in its own mind, vibrating its strength, and the very strength was sticking out in the "Notes of the Thought" strimanically and carefully. Zmіst books buv vigadanim, it changed the readers, that it is not possible for people to be spared the simplest human rights. Ale, cry to protest, vindication of small artistic value, carrying in themselves a soft and poetic flavor. In the words of the literary critic Z. A. Vengerov, the landscape painting of the Notes of Myslivtsya became one of the best in Russian literature at that time. All the best qualities of Turgenev's talent were taken away in the drawings with a clear expression. " Great, mighty, truthful is that free Russian language”, to whom the rest of the book “Virshiv in prose” (1878-1882) is dedicated, having taken away from the “Notes” the most noble and subtle of its expression.

In the novel "Rudin" the author of zooms successfully depicts the generation of the 1840s. With a singing world, Rudin himself is the image of the famous Hegelian agitator M.A. with a blush on the cheeks and without blood at the heart". Rudin appeared in the era, if the suspenstvo dreamed about the “right”. The author's version of the novel was not allowed by the censors through the episode of Rudin's death on the black barricades, which was one-sidedly enlightened by criticism. According to the author’s idea, Rudin was richly gifted with a person with noble spirits, but at the same time he was ruined in front of action; win minds with a prejudiced viguknut and desire for others, but he himself would call for concessions to addiction and temperament. The hero of the novel, having become a wild word for quiet people, for whom the word does not fit right. The writer vzagali not especially sparing his beloved heroes, let him bring in the best representatives of the Russian noble camp in the middle of the 19th century. Vіn neridko pіdkreslyuvav passivnіst і mlyavіst іn thіs characters, аnd navit risi morаlії bezporadі. For whom, the realism of the writer was manifested, which depicted life in such a way, as it were.

And just as in Turgenev’s “Rudin” he spoke only against the stupidly goofy people of the generation of the fortieth years, then in the “Noble Nest” his criticism fell already against the whole generation; wines without the least bitterness, giving priority to young forces. In the person of the heroine of the novel, the simple Russian girl Lizi, the testimony of the chosen image of the rich women of that hour, if the sensation of the woman’s life was reduced to a kohanny, having recognized bad luck in such a woman, she was spared whether she had a reason. Turgenev conveyed the birth of a new type of Russian woman, having placed his novel at the center of his attack. Russian society at that time lived ahead of the fundamental social and sovereign changes. The first heroine of Turgenev’s novel “The Day Before” Olena became a specialization of the unrecognized exercise of what is good and new, which is characteristic of the first fates of the era of reforms, without a clear statement about the price of the new and the good. A novel of unimpressed titles “Forward” - for the new Shubin, he will finish his elegy for nourishment: “ When will the time come? When do we have people?"On what yogo svіvrozmovnik vyslovlyu nadіyu on the best:" Give me a term, - vydpov Uvar Ivanovich, - there will be". On the sides of "Suchasnik" the novel, having taken away the hoarded assessment from Dobrolyubov's article "If a fair day comes."

The offensive novel "Fathers and Children" most clearly reached one of the most characteristic features of Russian literature at that time - the most significant link between literature and real overshoots of suplimentary moods. Тургенєву вдалося краще за інших письменників вловити момент одностайності суспільної свідомості, що ховав у другій половині 1850-х років стару миколаївську епоху з її неживою реакційною замкненістю, і поворотний пункт епохи: наступний розбрід новаторів, що виділили зі свого середовища поміркованих представників старшого покоління. More beautifully than the future - “batkiv”, and saved the fundamental changes in the suspended structure of the young generation - “children”. Journal "Russian Word" named after D.I. Pisareva navit, having recognized the hero of the novel, the radically altered Bazarov, as his ideal. At that very hour, as if to look at the image of Bazarov from a historical perspective, like a type, like a type, which vibrated the mood of the sixteenth years of the nineteenth century, it was more open in full obsyaz, shards of suspіlno-political radicalism, to endure strong todі, in the novel there may be violations.

During the period of living abroad, near Paris, the writer became close to a wealth of emigrants and foreign youth. The new one again had a chance to write on the wickedness of the day - about the revolutionary "going to the people", after which the largest novel "Nova" appeared. Ale, after some effort, Turgenev was about to catch the most characteristic figures of the Russian revolutionary movement. Forgiveness was for those who made the center of the novel one of the typical helpless people for his creations, which could be characteristic of the generation of the 1840s, but not the 1870s. The novel did not take away the high marks from critics. Of the best works of the writer, the greatest respect was given to the “Song of Triumphant Love” and “Virshi in Prose”.

XIX-XX centuries

Naprikintsі XIX - the beginning of the XX century to creativity I. S. Turgenev was criticized by critics and literary scholars S. A. Vengerov, Yu. I. Aikhenvald, D. S. Merezhkovsky, D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, A. I. Nezelenov, Yu. N. Govorukha-Otrok, V. V. Rozanov, A. Ye. Georgian, Y. A. Solovyov-Andriyovich, L. A. Tikhomirov, V. E. Cheshikhin-Vetrinsky, A. F. Koni, A. G. Gornfeld, F. D. Batyushkov, V. V. Stasov, G. V. Plekhanov, K. D. Balmont, P. P. Pertsov, M. O. Gershenzon, P. A. Kropotkin, R. V. Ivanov-Rozumnik and others.

On the thought of literary scholar and theater critic Yu. I. Aikhenwald, who gave an assessment to the writer of the ear of a century, Turgenev was not a deep writer, writing on the surface in light tones. In the opinion of the critic, the writer is easily put to life. Knowing all the passions, the possibility and the depths of human knowledge, the writer, however, does not have the right seriousness: “ A tourist of life, he sees everything, he looks everywhere, he doesn’t stop anywhere for a long time and in the end of his own road he finds paths of endings, that they gave him nowhere to go. Rich, clever, rіznomanіtny, vin not, however, pathos and right seriousness. Yoga softness - yoga weakness. Vіn having shown diysnіst, but earlier viyav її tragic core". It is easy to read on the thought of Aikhenvald, Turgenev, it is easy to live with him, but you don’t want to boast yourself and don’t want your readers to be turbulent. He is also a critic of the writing of a writer for being single-mandatory among the victorious artists. Ale at the same hour named Turgenev patriot of Russian nature»For yoga, the regions of the native land were celebrated.

The author of the article about I. S. Turgenev in the six-volume History of Russian Literature of the 19th Century (1911), edited by Professor D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovskiy, A. Y. Georgian explains the claims of critics before Turgenev in this way. On the other hand, Turgenev's creativity was most famous for live events, staging new successful projects. " This element of yoga novels and stories is one, well, and vrakhovuvsya seriously and respectfully with critical criticism of the 50s - 60s; vіn vvazhavsya like bi obov'yazkovim in Turgenіv's creativity". Without taking away their inspiration from new creations, criticism was dissatisfied and robbed the author of the dog " for nevikonannya him his bulky obov'yazkіv". As a result, the author was so stunned that he wrote off and changed his talent. Such a step up to the creativity of Turgenev, Gruzinsky is called one-sided and pardoning. Turgenev was not a writer-prophet, a writer-gromadyan, wanting to win and pov'yazuvav all his great works with important and bitter themes of his boisterous era, but most of the time he was an artist-singer, the nature of respectful analysis.

Before which visnovka comes the critic Y. A. Solovyov. Winning respect is also for the mission of Turgenev-translation of Russian literature for European readers. Zavdyaky you may not be afraid of all the best creations of Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy were translated by foreign language. " Nothing, respectfully, will not reduce Turgenev’s efforts to achieve a high and important task.<…>Vіn, in fact, his talent is not only a Russian, but also a European, all-world writer”, - write Y. A. Solovyov. Relying on the way of depicting the love of Turgeniv girls, we should try to be so careful: Turgenev's heroines will suffocate once and love less than once, but for the rest of their lives. The stench, obviously, from the tribe of the poor Asdras, for such loves and death were equal<…>Love and death, love and death - inseparable artistic associations". In the character of Turgenev, the critic also knows a lot of what the writer depicted in his hero Rudina: “ Unparalleled personality and no less than a high marnoslavism, idealism and slightness to melancholy, majestic rosy and infuriated will».

The representative of decadent criticism in Russia, Dmitro Merezhkovsky, is placed ambiguously before the work of Turgenev. Win not appreciating the romance of Turgenev, vvazhayuchi for better small prose”, Especially so called “taєmnichі opovіdannya ta povistі” of the writer. According to Merezhkovsky, Ivan Turgenev is the first impressionist artist, the forerunner of modern symbolism: “ The value of Turgenev-artist for the literature of the future<…>in the creation of an impressive style, like an artistic illumination, not related to the work of this writer as a whole».

Singing symbolist and critic Maximilian Voloshin, writing that Turgenev’s artistic flair, which he learned from French writers, occupies a special place in Russian literature. Ale, in front of French literature, with its fresh and fresh sensibility, almost alive and dead flesh, Turgenev in the litter, irritably and merrily idealizing a woman. The contemporary literature of Voloshin has a lot of links between the prose of Ivan Bunin and Turgenev's landscape painting.

Over the years, the theme of Bunin's victory over Turgeniev in landscape prose has been repeatedly praised by literary critics. L. N. Tolstoy, following the words of the pianist A. B. Goldenweiser, saying about the description of nature in Bunin’s description: “Go ahead, - and so it is written that Turgenev did not write bi like that, but even about me, say nothing.” I Turgenev, and Bunin, those who offended were writers-poets, writers-myslivtsy, writers-nobles and authors of "noble" stories. Tim is no less, a colleague of "the sumptuous poetry of noble nests that are roaming" Bunin, according to the literary critic Fyodor Stepun, "like an artist richly sensitive to Turgenev." “The nature of Bunin, for all the realistic accuracy of his leaves, is still familiar in another, lower in two of our greatest realists - in Tolstoy and Turgenev. The nature of Bunina is a comedy, a musician, a psychic and, it is possible, to inspire the mystical nature of Tolstoy and Turgenev. Nature in Turgenev's images is more static, lower in Bunin's, - F. A. Stepun considers, - despite the fact that Turgenev's images have more purely natural picturesqueness and picturesqueness.

Russian language
From "Virshiv at prose"
In the day of sumniviv, in the day of heavy thoughts about the share of my fatherland, - you alone are the support and support, about the great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! Don't be for you - how not to fall at the vіdchay having drunk everything that comes at home? But you can’t believe it, so that such a language would not be given to a great people!

The Radyansk Union of Turgenev's creativity was given respect not only by criticism, but also by the leaders of the Radyansk state: V.I. Lenin, M. I. Kalinin, A. V. Lunacharsky. The science of literary studies is rich in why it looks like the ideological attitudes of the "party" literary studies. The middle is quiet, who has contributed his contribution to Turgenology, - G. N. Pospelov, N. L. Brodsky, B. L. Modzalevsky, V. Ye. Evgeniv-Maksimov, M. B. Khrapchenko, G. A. Byaliy, S. M. Petrov, A. I. Batyuto, G. B. Kurlyandska, N. I. Prutskov, Yu. V. Mann, Priyma F. Ya., A. B. Muratov, V. I. Kuleshov, V. M. Markovich, V. G. Fridlyand, K. I. Chukovsky, B. V. Tomashevsky, B. M. Eikhenbaum, V. B. Shklovsky, Yu. G. Oksman A. S. Bushmin, M. P. Aleksiev and so on.

Turgenev Bagatorazovo citing V.I. Lenin, who especially appreciated yoga. great and mighty"mova. M. I. Kalinin saying that Turgenev's creativity is small, not only artistic, but also of a supple-political significance, as if it gave an artistic flare to yoga creations, and that the writer showed a strong villager a person, just like that, like all people A. V. Lunacharsky in his lecture dedicated to the work of Ivan Turgenev, calling him one of the creators of Russian literature.

On the thought of the Great Radianskaya Encyclopedia, created by a writer, the artistic system injected the poetics of both the Russian and Western European novels of the other half of the 19th century. Vaughn richly served as the basis for the “intellectual” novel by L. N. Tolstoy and F. M. Dostoyevsky, in which the share of the central characters lies in the form of their important philosophical nutrition, which may have a deep human meaning. The foundations of the writer of literary principles have developed in the works of rich Russian writers - A. M. Tolstoy, Do. R. Paustovsky and others. Yogo p'esi became an invisible part of the repertoire of the Radian theaters. A lot of Turgeniv works were screened. Radyansk literary scholars attached great respect to the creative work of Turgenev - it was published anonymous works, devoted to the life and creativity of the writer, the celebration of this role in the Russian and worldly literary process. There was a scientific study of the texts, and comments on the selection of works were seen. Boulli opened the museum of Turgenev near the city of Orly and the great mother of Spassky-Lutovinov.

On the thought of the academic “History of Russian Literature”, Turgenev, becoming the first in Russian literature, who was far away from his work through the pictures of the everyday strong spirit and life, form simple villagers, think about those who are strong people, I live the soul of the core. And the literary scholar Professor V. M. Markovich, saying that Turgenev was one of the first to try to portray super eloquence folk character without embellishment, and vіn vіn vpershe showing that very people to the same people, suffocated, shattered that love.

Radyansky literary scholar Pospelov G.N. Turgenev was battling the social weakness of advanced people from the nobility and shukav іnshu strength, zdatnu ocholiti rosіysky vyzvolny rukh; Such a force was born from the Russian democrats of 1860-1870.

Foreign criticism

I. S. Turgenev - Honorary Doctor of Oxford University. Photo by A. Lieber, 1879

V. V. Nabokov, B. K. Zaytsev, D. P. Svyatopolk-Mirsky were among the writers and literary scholars-imgrants before the work of Turgenev. A lot of foreign writers and critics also left their reviews about Turgenev's work: Friedrich Bodenstedt, Emil Oman, Ernest Renan, Melchior de Vogüe, Saint-Beuve, Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant, Edmond de Goncourt, Emijin Zola, Henry Jam George Sand, Woolf, Anatole France, James Joyce, William Rolston, Alphonse Daudet, Theodore Storm, Ipolite Ten, Georg Brandes, Thomas Carlyle toshcho.

English prose writer and winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature John Galsworthy commended Turgenev's novels as the greatest example of the art of prose and appreciating that Turgenev did help. bring the proportions of the novel to perfection". For the new Turgenev buv " the most subtle sings, who, if ever, wrote novels”, and the Turgeniv tradition is of little importance for Galsworthy.

The second British writer, literary scholar and representative of the modernist literature of the first half of the 20th century, Virginia Woolf, meant that Turgenev’s books not only tasted of their poetic quality, but that they belonged to the current hour, they didn’t completely stink. Vaughn wrote that Ivan Turgenev had a powerful and radiant quality: almost symmetrical, equal, as if to give a more harmonious picture of the world. At the same hour, she was delusional that this symmetry of triumph is not for the one who wins such a miraculous confession. Navpaki, Wolfe thought that the deacons from this speech were told more nastyly, that loops and steps are entangled in them, they are confused about the great-grandparents and great-grandmothers (like in the "Noble Nest"). Ale vona pointed out that Turgeniv's books are not a sequence of episodes, but a sequence of emotions that emerge from the central character, and they show not objects, but almost, and if you finish reading the book, you will be aesthetically satisfied. Another representative of modernism, Russian and American writer and literary scholar V.V. milim". Nabokov noted that Turgenev had good landscapes, added “Turgeniv girls”, laudatory remarks about the musicality of Turgeniv prose. And he called the novel "Fathers and Children" one of the most boring works of the 19th century. Ale, pointing at the shortfalls of the writer, saying that " uv'yazuє in ogidniy licorice". In Nabokov's opinion, Turgeniev is often too straightforward and, not trusting the reader's intuition, he himself put specks over the "i". Another modernist, the Irish writer James Joyce, who especially saw from the work of the Russian writer “Notes of a Thought”, like, on this thought, “ better penetrate life, lower yogo romance". Joyce realized that Turgenev himself rose from them like a great international writer.

For the assertions of D. Peterson, an American reader in creativity, Turgenev struck the manner of speaking ... is far from the Anglo-Saxon moralizing, and from the French frivolity". At the thought of criticism, a model of realism, created by Turgenev, made a great influx of the formation of realistic principles in the work of American writers from the late 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century.

XXI century

In Russia, a lot of respect is added to the memory of the creativity of Turgenev and the XXI century. Leather Five Rocks State Litmuseum I. S. Turgenev in the city of Orly, together with the Oryol State University and the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinsky Dim) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, hold great scientific conferences, yakі mayut status of international. Within the framework of the “Turgenivska Osin” project, the museum regularly hosts Turgenivian readings, in which the legacy of writers from Russia and beyond the cordon take part. Turgeniv anniversaries and other places of Russia are celebrated. Krim tsyogo, vshanovuyut yogo memory and beyond the cordon. So, at the museum of Ivan Turgenev near Bougival, which was celebrated on the day of the 100th day of the death of the writer on September 3, 1983, the music saloons are so called, at which the music of the composers in the hours of Ivan Turgenev and Polina Viardot sounds.

Vislovlyuvannya Turgenev

“If a person didn’t pray, they won’t pray for a miracle. If only a prayer would lead to such a thing: "Great God, slay, so that the two will not be chotiri!"

Artists and illustrators of works

Yakiv Turok spivaє ("Spivaki"). Illustrated by B. M. Kustodiev before the Notes of the Mind, 1908

Do different fates I.S. Turgenev was illustrated by illustrators and graphic artists P.M. Vasnetsov, D. N. Kardovsky, V. A. Taburin, K. I. Rudakov, V. A. Sveshnikov, P. F. Stroev, N. A. Benois, B. M. Kustodiev, K. V. Lebedev and others. The impressive figure of Turgenev is depicted in the sculptures of A. N. Belyaev, M. M. Antokolsky, Zh. I. M. Kramskoy, Adolf Menzel, Polina Viardot, Ludwig Pich, M. M. Antokolsky, K. Shamro, in the cartoons of N. A. Stepanov, A. I. Lebedeva, V. I. Porfiryeva, A. M. Volkov, engravings by Yu. S. Baranovsky, portraits by E. Lamy, A. P. Nikitin, V. G. Perov, I. Є. Repin, Ya. P. Polonsky, V. V. Vereshchagin, V. V. Mate, E. K. Lipgart, A. A. Kharlamov, St. A. Bobrov. Works of rich painters “behind the motives of Turgenev”: Ya. P. Polonsky (plots of Spasky-Lutovinov), S. Yu. on the grave of a sin). Ivan Sergiyovich himself was kindly painted and used as an auto-illustrator of his creations.

Screening

Behind the works of Ivan Turgenev, a lot of films and TV films were made. Your creations formed the basis of the paintings created in different countries of the world. The first screenings appeared at the beginning of the 20th century (the era of silent cinema). In Italy, the first two films were filmed "The Nahlibnik" (1913 and 1924). In 1915, in the Russian Empire, the films “The Nest of the Nobles”, “The Song of Death” (for the motives of the apology “Clara the Milich”) and “The Song of the Triumphant Kokhannya” (with the participation of V. V. Kholodnaya and V. A. Polonsky) were shot. The story “Spring Water” was screened 8 times in different countries. After the novel "Noble Nest" 4 films were made; for rhetoric from "Notes of a Mislivtsya" - 4 films; on the comedy "Moon in the countryside" - 10 TV films; z rozpovidi "Mumu" - 2 feature films and cartoons; for the song "Nahlibnik" - 5 paintings. The novel "Fathers and Children" served as the basis for 4 films and a television series, the story "The First Kokhannya" formed the basis for nine feature films and television films.

The image of Turgenev in cinematography by director Volodymyr Khotinenko. In the series "Dostoevsky" in 2011, the role of a writer was played by actor Volodymyr Simonov. In the film "Belinsky" by Grigory Kozintsev (1951), the role of Turgenev was played by actor Igor Litovkin, and in the film "Tchaikovsky" directed by Igor Talankin (1969), the writer was played by actor Bruno Freindlich.

Addresses

Near Moscow

Biographies are available in Moscow for over fifty addresses and memorial sites related to Turgenev.

1824 - house of the statist radnitsa A.V.
1827 - miska sadyba, volodinnya Valueva - Sadova-Samotochna street, 12/2
1829 - boarding house Krause, Virmensky Institute - Virmenskiy provulok, 2;
1830 - Shteingel's house - Gagarinsky provulok, house 15/7;
1830-i - General's house N.F.
1830-i - Budinok M. A. Smirnova (did not escape, none - wake up to 1903 fate) - Verkhnya Kislivka;
1830s - Budinok M. N. Bulgakovskaya - at the Maly Uspensky Provulk;
1830s - Budinok on Maliy Bronniy Street (did not save);
1839-1850 - Ostozhenka, 37 (the corner of the 2nd Ushakivsky lane, Ninі - Khіlkov provulok). It’s a thought that it’s a boudinok, de I. S. Turgenev went on a trip to Moscow, lying down to his mother, protege of life and creativity Turgenev N.M.
1850s - house of brother Mikoli Sergiyovich Turgenev - Prechistenka, 26 (did not save)
1860s - Budinok, de I. S. Turgenev repeatedly visited the apartment of his friend, who was guarded by the Moscow pet office, I. I. Maslova - Prechistensky Boulevard, 10;

In St. Petersburg

The end of summer 1839 - the beginning of 1841 - the house of Efremova - Gagarinskaya street 12;
Zhovten 1850 - April 1851 - Lopatin's house - Nevsky Prospekt, 68;
chest 1851 - grass 1852 roku - pributkovy budinok Gillerme - vul. Gorohova, 8, apt. 9;
chest 1853 - end of leaf fall 1854 year - Kukharsky provulok, 13;
end of leaf fall 1854 - lime tree 1856 - stepanov's booth - Fontanka river embankment, 38;
leaf fall 1858 - spring 1860 - F.K. Weber's booth - Velyka Konyushennaya street, 13;
1861; 1872; 1874; 1876 - hotel "Demut" - embankment of the river Miyka, 40;
September 4, 1864-1867 - hotel "France" - Velyka Morska street, 6;
1867 r_k - V.P. Botkin's apartment near Fedorov's profitable booth - Karavanna street, 14;
grass-wormwood 1877 - furnishing of the Bouillet room - Nevsky Prospekt, 22;
fierce birch 1879 year - hotel "European" - Velyka Italiyska street, 7.
September-August 1880 - Kverner's room furniture - Nevsky prospect, 11/Mala Morska street, 2/Ceglyaniy provulok, 2

Memory

Im'yam Turgenev named such objects.

Toponymy

Streets and squares of Turgenev near the rich places of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia.
Station of the Moscow metro "Turgenivska".

Community install

Oryol State Academic Theatre.
Library-reading room named after I. S. Turgenev near Moscow.
School of Russian language and Russian culture named after M. Turgenev (Turin, Italy).
Russian Public Library named after I. Z. Turgenev (m. Paris, France).
Oryol State University named after I. S. Turgeneva

Museums

Museum I. S. Turgenev (“ Boondock Mumu”) - (m. Moscow, st. Ostozhenka, 37).
State Literary Museum I. S. Turgenev (m. Orel).
Museum-Reserve "Spas'ke-Lutovinovo" maєtok I. S. Turgenev (Orlivska region).
Vulitsya and Museum “Dacha I. S. Turgenev” near Bougival, France.

Monuments

In honor of I. S. Turgenev inserted:

monument near Moscow (near Bobrovy Provulk).
a monument near St. Petersburg (on the Italian street).
Eagle:
- Monument near Orly;
- Pogruddy Turgenev on the "Noble Nest".

Other objects

Іm'ya Turgenev, wearing a company train of AT "FPK" Moscow - Simferopol - Moscow (No. 029/030) at the official round from Moscow - Orel - Moscow (No. 33/34)
1979 a crater on Mercury was named in honor of Turgenev.

At philately

A letter of images on a number of Russian stamps, as well as on a postal stamp in Bulgaria, 1978 issue.

Bibliography

Selection of works

Turgenev I. FROM. Collection of works in 11 volumes. - M: True, 1949.
Turgenev I. FROM. Collection of works in 12 volumes. - M: Art literature, 1953-1958.
Turgenev I. FROM. Collection of works in 15 volumes. - L .: View of the Academy of Sciences of the SRSR, 1960-1965.
Turgenev I. FROM. More than a selection of works and lists in twenty-eight volumes. - M. - L.: Science, 1960-1968.
- Create at fifteen volumes

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