Lev tovstoy's biography is the most important. Well, a short biography of Tovstoy
In 1828, on May 26, Yasna Polyana, the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy was born. Sim'ya bula rodovita - the ancestor of Yogo Buv, a noble nobleman, who took the title of count for service to Tsar Peter. Mother bula from the ancient noble family of the Volkonskys. Belonging to the privileged sphere of suspension poured into the mind of the writer all his life. A short biography of Leo Tolstoy Mikolayovich does not reveal the whole history of the ancient family of this kind.
Turbine-free life near Yasniya Polyana
The childishness of the writer was generally prosperous, not respecting those who had spent their matir early. Zavdyaks to family explanations of wines took a bright image in their memory. A short biography of Leo Tolstoy Mikolayovich to show that the father had instilled beauty for the writer. Vіn having pinched the love of the boys to the dog's watering, as in the details of the year it was described in the novel "War and Peace".
Close stosunki became the elder brother of Nikolenka - they taught the little Levushka the game of life and told him the story of history. Tolstoy's first story - "Childhood" - to avenge his own rich autobiographical stories about the children of the writer himself.
Yunist
The non-turbulent radiance of rebuking in Yasniy Polyana was interrupted through the death of the father. In 1837, sіm'ya pіd opіku tіtki. In this place, as the short biography of Leo Tolstoy, the youth of a writer has passed. Here I joined in 1844 as a university student - first to the philosophical, and then to the law faculty. Well, the truth is, yoga didn’t make much sense, the student was more successful in revelry and revelry.
At the same time, the biography of Tolstoy Lev Mikolayovich characterizes him as a person who was disrespectfully placed before people of a lower, non-aristocratic status. Vіn rehashing history as science - in his eyes there is little practical merit. The sharpness of his judgement, the writer took a long life.
Playing the role of assistant
In 1847, having not graduated from the university, Tolstoy turned to Yasnaya Polyana and tried to rule over his kripakiv. Reality diverged sharply from the writer's statements. The villagers did not understand the name of the pan, and a short biography of Leo Tolstoy Mikolayovich describes the success of his master as a nevdal (the writer shared it with his confession “The Ranok of the Helper”), after which the wines were left behind.
Way of becoming a writer
Dekіlka of upcoming fates, held at St. Petersburg and Moscow, did not pass for nothing for the future great prose writer. From 1847 to 1852, the fates were carried out by schoolchildren, in whom Lev Mikolayovich Tolstoy resolutely lied all his thoughts and thought. A short biography reveals that for an hour of service in the Caucasus, at the same time, work is being done on the story "Childhood", as if three times later, I will be instructed in the journal "Suchasnik". Tse zapochatkuvala distant creative path of the great Russian writer.
In front of the writer, the creation of his great works "War and the World" is "Anna Karenina", but for the time being, you are learning your own style, making friends with the "Suchasnik" and bathing in the whimsical whims of the critics.
Piznі rocky creativity
In 1855, Tolstoy came to St. Petersburg for a short time, but literally after a couple of months he left it and settled in Yasniy Polyana, where he opened a school for village children. In 1862, the company becomes friends with Sophia Bers, and in the first years they are happy.
In 1863-1869, the novel "War and Peace" was written and reshaped, which little guessed the classic version. There are no traditional key elements of that hour. Vernishe, the stench is present, but not the key ones.
1877 - Tolstoy completed the novel "Hanna Karenina", in which it is repeatedly scored by the reception of an internal monologue.
Starting from the other half of the 1860s, Tolstoy is going through a journey of a total rethinking of his life. Todi blame Tolstoy - his squad categorically did not accept his new glances. The ideas of the late Tolstoy are similar to those of the socialist creeds, from those retailers, who were the opponents of the revolution.
In 1896-1904, Tolstoy ended the story that was published after his death, which happened at the leaf fall of 1910 at the Astapovo station of the Ryazan-Ural road.
aliases: L.M., L.M.T.
one of the most famous Russian writers and thinkers, one of the most famous writers in the world
Lev Tolstoy
short biography
- The largest Russian writer, writer, who is among the largest writers in the world, philanthropist, educator, publicist, corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Zavdyaks to you appeared not only to create, to enter the treasury of secular literature, but to the whole religious and moral flow - Tolstoyism.
Tolstoy was born in the mother of Yasna Polyana, born in the Tulsk province, on the 9th of spring (28 sickles per old style), 1828. Being the fourth child in the family of Count N.I. Tolstoy and Princess M.M. Volkonsky, Leo early became an orphan and lost his distant relative T. Yergolsky. The children's fates have been forgotten in the memory of Lev Mikolayovich as a happy time. Together, from the family, the 13-year-old Tolstoy moved to Kazan, where his relative and new opikunka P.I lived. Yushkov. After the well-being of home enlightenment, Tolstoy became a student of the Faculty of Philosophy (study of related languages) of Kazan University. At the walls of the cієї, install three times less than two rocks, after which Tolstoy turned to Yasnaya Polyana.
Autumn 1847 moving Leo Tolstoy back to Moscow, later to St. Petersburg - for the storage of university candidate studies. The cycles of this life were special, the priorities of that hoarding changed one by one like a kaleidoscope. The stress of learning was sacrificed to the gulls, to gambling at the card, to the partial interest in music. Tolstoy either wanted to become an official, or bacheled himself a junker with the Horse Guards regiment. At this hour of wine, having accumulated a mass of borgiv, roaring with yakim, it was only a rich rock. Tim is no less, this period helped Tolstoy to better understand himself, to indulge his shortcomings. At this hour, the new vinik of a serious mind will be engaged in literature, starting to try myself in artistic creativity.
After some years after leaving the university, Leo Tolstoy, having been inspired by his elder brother Mikoli, an officer, to go to the Caucasus. The decision did not come immediately, but it helped yoga to accept the great program of the card. Autumn 1851 Tolstoy leaned on the Caucasus, de maye three years living on the Terek birch in the Cossack village. Year of the year I was accepted to the military service, taking the fate of the military actions. During this period, the first publication appeared: the magazine "Suchasnik" 1852. outraged the story "Childhood". Vaughn was a part of the conceived autobiographical novel, which was written in 1852-1854 and published in 1855-1857. "Youth"; part of "Molodist" Tolstoy did not write.
Otrimavshi in 1854 p. recognized in Bucharest, in the Danube army, Tolstoy, as a special officer, passed through transfers to the Crimean army, fought like a battery commander in the taxed Sevastopol, taking away the medal for valor and the Order of St. Gunny. The war did not bring about the continuation of employment in the field of literature: the very same was written about the 1855-1856 r.b. were published in "Suchasnik" "Sevastopol opovidnya", which made a great success and secured for Tolstoy the reputation of a large representative of a new generation of writers.
Like the great hope of Russian literature, beyond the Vistula of Nekrasov, they shot at the head of Sovremennik, who arrived at St. Petersburg in the autumn of 1855. After a hotel reception, an active part in readings, discussions, insults, Tolstoy did not consider himself in his literary medium. Autumn 1856 Vіn vyyshov u vіdstavku і after a short stay in Yasnіy Polyana 1857 r. we crossed the cordon, and then in the autumn of that fate I turned back to Moscow, and then we went back to our days. Rozcharuvannya in the literary spirit, worldly life, dissatisfaction with creative achievements brought to the point that, for example, the 50s. Tolstoy accepts the decision to deprive writing practice and to give priority to activity in the sphere of education.
Turning to Yasnaya Polyana in 1859, he opened a school for the children of the villagers. This busyness called out to the new one such enthusiasm pedagogical systems. At 1862 p. the count began to see the journal "Yasna Polyana" for pedagogical work with supplements for looking at children's books for reading. Enlightenment activity was awarded in 1862 with an important connection with yoga biography - in 1862. on S.A. Bers. After the wedding, Lev Mikolayovich transported the young squad from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana, de yogo, it’s more like family life and home turboti. Only on the cob of the 1970s. if it’s not long before you turn to enlightenment work, write the “ABC” and “New ABC”.
Autumn 1863 New Vinick conceived a novel, which was born in 1865. there will be injunctions at the "Russian Visnik" like "War and Peace" (the first part). Tvіr shouting majestic resonance, maisternist did not slither out of the bulk, like Tolstoy painted a large-scale epic canvas, judging it with clear-cut accuracy with psychological analysis, inscribing privately the lives of heroes on the canvas of historical podias. The epic novel Lev Mikolayovich wrote until 1869, and later 1873-1877. having worked on one more novel, which shove up to the golden fund of light literature, - "Hanna Karenina".
Offenses and creation glorified Tolstoy as the greatest artist of the word, and the author himself in the 80s. n. instilling interest in literary work. At the yogi of the soul, at the light-gazer, there is a most serious fracture, and in this period, the thought of self-destruction repeatedly comes to you. Yogo sumnіvi and nutritiousness were brought to the point of consumption by the beginning of the theology, and the beginning of the yogo pen began to create a philosophical-religious character: in 1879-1880 - “Spovіd”, “Proceedings of the dogmatic theologian”; in 1880-1881 pp. - "Z'ednannya that translation of the Gospels", in 1882-1884 pp. - "Who has my faith?" In parallel with theology, Tolstoy developed philosophy and analyzed the achievements of the exact sciences.
Zovnіshnyo fracture in yoga svіdomosti viyavlyavsya in simplification, tobto. at the sight of the possibilities of a secure life. The Count dressed up in common people's clothes, acted in the presence of a creature's adventure, in the light of the rights to one's own creation, and in the face of the reproach of other members of the family, richly practicing physically. This svetopriyattya is characterized by a sharp rejection of the supple elite, the idea of sovereignty, the power and bureaucracy. The stench will join with the famous fumes of resistance to evil by violence, with the ideas of forgiveness and all-worldly love.
The turning point of knowledge in the literary work of Tolstoy, as if nabuvaet character vikrittya іsnuyugogo I will become speeches from a call to people for the greatness of reason and conscience. At that hour lie the next story “Death of Ivan III”, “Kreutzer Sonata”, “Devil”, dramas “The Power of Drinking” and “Fruit of the Sanctification”, the treatise “What is Mystery?”. Promovistim svіdchennya critical stavlennâ to the clergy, the official church and її vchennya becoming publications in 1899 p. novel "Resurrection". Povna rozbіzhnіst from the position of the Orthodox Church, turning for Tolstoy into official remarks in front of her; it happened at the fierce 1901, and the decision of the Synod caused a great suspenseful resonance.
At the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. in Tolstoy's artistic creations, the themes of cardinal life changes, succumbing to the colossal way of life (“Father Sergius”, “Hadji Murat”, “The Living Corpse”, “Wishing the Ball” etc.) prevail. Lev Mikolayovich himself also virishiv change the way of life, live like that, as if you wanted to, as you see it to the present day. Being an authoritative writer, the head of the national literature, he breaks with the honours, goes to the grave of a hundred sons from his family, close ones, experiencing a deeply special drama.
At the vіtsі 82 roki vіd vіd khodtsіv osіnnyої nіchі 1910 r. Tolstoy from Yasnaya Polyana; yogo companion buv special likar Makovitsky. The dear writer was afflicted with sickness, after which the stench of anger came from the train at the Astapovo station. Here, the head of the station gave a shack, and in the same house, the rest of the life of a writer with holy names, including a preacher of a new vchennya, a religious thinker. For yoga, the whole country strove for health, and if there were 10 leaf fall (28 roubles per st. Art.) 1910 r. he died, his funeral transforming into a sublime Russian scale.
It is important to overestimate the influence of Tolstoy, his ideological platform and artistic manner on the development of realistic directing in light literature. Zokrema, yogo infusion prostezhuetsya in the works of E. Hemingway, F. Moriak, Rolland, B. Shaw, T. Mann, J. Galsworthy and other prominent children's literature.
Biography from Wikipedia
Count Lev Mikolayovich Tolstoy(September 9, 1828, Yasna Polyana, Tulsk province, Russian Empire - 20 leaf fall 1910, Astapovo station, Ryazan province, Russian Empire) - one of the largest Russian writers and philologists, one of the largest writers Member of the defense of Sevastopol Enlightener, publicist, religious thinker, his authoritative thought blamed the new religious and moral current - Tolstoyanism. Corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (1873), Honorary Academician of the category of red writing (1900). Nominations for the Nobel Prize for Literature.
Pismennik, more for the life of knowledge, the head of Russian literature. The creativity of Leo Tolstoy marked a new stage in Russian and worldly realism, acting as a bridge between the classic novel of the 19th century and the literature of the 20th century. Leo Tolstoy plunged into the evolution of European humanism, as well as the development of realistic traditions in world literature. The works of Leo Tolstoy were screened and staged in the SRSR and behind the cordon; yoga p'esi were staged on the stages of the world. Leo Tolstoy was the most recent writer in the Soviet Socialist Republic for 1918-1986;
Tolstoy’s greatest work is done like this, like the novels “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”, “Resurrection”, the autobiographical trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”, the story “Cossacks”, “The Death of Ivan III”, “Kreutzerov sonata”, “Hadji-Murat”, a cycle of drawings “Sevastopol Opovidnya”, dramas “The Living Corpse”, “The Fruit of the Light” and “The Power of the Drink”, autobiographical religious-philosophical works “Speak” and “What is my faith in?” that in.
Walking
Genealogical tree of L. N. Tolstoy
A representative of the count's family of the noble family of Tolstoy, who resembles Peter's associate P. A. Tolstoy. The letter of mothers of the great motherland ties with the world of the future aristocracy. Among the cousins \u200b\u200band father's sisters - adventurer and brother F.I. Tolstoy, artist F.P. Tolstoy, beauty M.I. Lopukhina, the clergyman of A. F. Zakrevsk, chamber-maids of honor A. A. Tolstaya. A. K. Tolstoy sings as a third cousin. Among the cousins of the mother - Lieutenant General D. M. Volkonsky and wealthy emigrant N. I. Trubetskoy. A.P. Mansurov and A.V. Vsevolozhsky were friends with the mother’s cousins. Tolstoy poov'yazaniya power in z ministers A. A. Zakrevsky and L. A. Perovsky (friends with cousins of Yogo Batkiv), generals 1812 L. I. Depreradovich (friendship on the sister of the grandmother) and A.I. Yushkov (the doors of one of the doors), as well as with Chancellor A. M. Gorchakov (brother of a man of another name). The former ancestor of Leo Tolstoy and Pushkin was Admiral Ivan Golovin, who helped Peter I build the Russian fleet.
The painting of Grand Duke Illi Andriyovich was given at the “War and Peace” to the good-natured, impractical old Count Rostov. Sin Іllі Andriyovich Mikola Іllіch Tolstoy (1794-1837) father of Lev Mikolayovich. By his authoritative character and biographical facts, he is similar to Nikolenka's father in "Children's" and "Otrotstv" and often to Mikola Rostov in "War of the World". However, in real life, Mykola Illich was rejoicing in Mikoli Rostov, not only with garnoy illumination, but also with reconciliations, as they were not allowed to serve for Mikoli I. A participant in the overseas campaign of the Russian army against Napoleon, including taking part in the “battle of the peoples” against Leipzig full of the French, ale zmіg flown in, after laying the world viyshov at the rank of lieutenant colonel of the Pavlograd hussar regiment. Nezabara after the introduction of zmusheny buv pіti to the service, schob not opinitsya in borgo vyaznits through borg dad, the Kazan governor, who died under investigation for the service malice. The negative butt of the father added to the will of Mikoli Illich his life ideal - privately independent life from family joys. In order to put his troubles in order, Mykola Illich (like Mikola Rostov), having become friends with the no longer young princely Mary Mikolayevna of the Volkonsky family in 1822, was a lucky man. There were five children: Mykola (1823-1860), Sergiy (1826-1904), Dmitro (1827-1856), Lev, Maria (1830-1912).
Tolstoy's maternal grandfather, Katherine's general, Prince Mykola Sergiyovich Volkonsky, mother of a deak was like a sovereign rigorist - the old prince Bolkonsky at "War in the World". The mother of Lev Mikolayovich, is similar in deaky vіdnosina to the image in the “War and Peace” of Prince Mary, the miraculous gift of an opovіdachka is small.
childishness
The silhouette of M. N. Volkonsky is the only image of the writer's mother. 1810s.
Leo Tolstoy was born on 28 September 1828 to the Krapivno county of the Tulsk province, to his mother's mother - Yasniya Polyana. Becoming the fourth child of this family. Mother died in 1830 as a result of "birth fever", as they said, through the birth of the people of the Donka, if Lev was not yet 2 years old.
Budinok, born L. N. Tolstoy, 1828 In 1854, a bunch of houses were sold for the order of a writer for visas near the village of Dovge. Zlamaniy near 1913
A distant relative of T. A. Yergolska took care of orphaned children. In 1837, the family moved to Moscow, settling in Plushivtsi, so that the elder son needed to be prepared to enter the university. The father, Mykola Illich, died unexpectedly, having lost his right (zokrema deyakі pov'yazanі z mаny sіm'ї call) at the unfinished camp, and three young children again settled in Yasnіy Polyana under the watchful eyes of Yergolskaya and tіtki on batkovі M. Osteni -Saken, recognized as the guardian of children. Here Lev Mikolayovich was abandoned until 1840, when Osten-Saken died, the children moved to Kazan, to a new guardian - the sister of their father P. I. Yushkov.
Budinok Yushkovyh vvazhavshis one of the most cheerful in Kazan; all the members of this family highly valued the radiant glow. "Good titonka my, - rozpovidaє Tolstoy, - The purest truth has always said that she wouldn’t want anything for me like that, so that I could get in touch with my wife.”.
Lev Mikolayovich wanted to shine in the suspense, but he was respected by the natural litter and stinginess and the daily splendour of splendour. Nairiznomanіtnіshi, as Tolstoy himself named them, "myslennia" about the most holistic nourishment of our butt - happiness, death, God, kohannya, eternity - imposed a wedge on his character in that hour of his life. Tolstoy took to self-perfection what was told by him in "Otrotstvі" and "Youth", in the novel "Voskresinnya" about the exercise of Irteniev and Nekhlyudov to self-perfection, taken from his ascetic masters for a whole hour. All this, writing the critic S. A. Vengerov, led to what happened with Tolstoy, behind the words of the yogo story “Father”, “ a call to a post-moral moral analysis". Navodyachi butt samoanalіzu tsogo perіodu, vіn іronіchno vіdgukuєtsya about perebіlshenіst Svoge yunatskogo fіlosofskogo samolyubstva i velichі, i in the same hour vіdznachaє nonexhaustive nezdatnіst "zviknuti not soromitisya for dermal svoє nayprostіshe word i ruh" with zіtknennі of real people, blagodіynikom yakih vіn sobі todі zdaval .
osvita
The tutor-French Saint-Thomas (the prototype of St.-Jérôme in the story "Adolescence"), who replaced the good-natured German Reselman, who portrayed Tolstoy in the story "Childhood" under the name of Karl Ivanovich, took up the light on the arm.
In 1843 roci P. I. Yushkova, taking on the role of the guardian of her non-full-time nephews (the senior first name is Mykola) and nephew, brought them to Kazan. Following the brothers Mykola, Dmitr and Sergієm, Lev virivishiv entered the Imperial Kazan University (the most famous for that hour), depracyuval at the Faculty of Mathematics Lobachevsky, and at Skhidny - Kovalevsky. On July 3, 1844, Leo Tolstoy was invested as a student in the category of similar (Arabic-Turkish) literature as a kind - that I pay for my education. At the introductory tests of the wines of the zokrema, having shown the excellent results of the obov'yazkovo for the entry of the "Turkish-Tatar language". For the results of the fate of the student, the failure of the other subjects, without having a transitional sleep, and the student can again go through the program of the first course.
In order to avoid a repeated repetition of the course, we transferred to the Faculty of Law, de yogo problems with assessments of certain subjects continued. Transitions of early sleep in 1846 were folded in advance (having taken off one five, three fours and four threes; three middle ones), and Lev Mikolayovich was transferred to another course. At the Faculty of Law, Leo Tolstoy, having tried less than two fates: “Fire all of you, it’s important that everyone was forced by others, and to everything that you’ve twisted in life, - you’ve twisted yourself, raptom, shvidko, with a strong practice,” write S. A. Tolstoy of his "Materials for the biography of Leo Tolstoy". In 1904, he guessed: “... I am the first river ... not timid of anything. On the other river, I began to take care of ... there was Professor Meyer, who ... giving me a job - following the “Instruction” of Katerini s Esprit des lois <«Духом законов» (рус.) фр.>Montesque. … I began to work less, I went near the village, began to read Montesque, and this reading opened up my inexhaustible horizons; I became a reader and left the university for the very one who wanted to study.
The cob of literary activity
Z 11 birch 1847 Tolstoy, having stayed at the Kazan hospital, on the 17th birch, began to lead a worker, de, following Benjamin Franklin, putting himself as a metaphor and a task for self-perfection, denoting success and failure at vikonan’s heads, analyzing his shortcomings and ideas, motives. Tsey schodennik іz small breaks vіn vіv stretching his life.
His student L. N. Tolstoy is silent until the end of his life. Records from Zoshita 1891-1895 rr.
Having finished the jubilation, spring 1847 Tolstoy finished his studies at the university and went to Yasna Polyana, where he got a job; This activity is often described there by the work of "The Wound of the Helper": Tolstoy tried to make a new way to bring out the villagers. Let's try to smooth out a little bit of the guilt of the young assistant before the people before the same fate, if the novel "Anton-Goremik" by D.V. S. Turgenev.
For his student Tolstoy, having formulated for himself a large number of life rules and goals, he went on to follow only their insignificant parts. It’s quiet in the middle, who’s gone - seriously busy with my English, music, jurisprudence. In addition, neither in the student, nor in the sheets did not appear the ear of occupation Tovstim pedagogy and beneficence, wanting to open a school for rural children in 1849. The main speaker was Foka Demidovich, krіpak, and Lev Mikolayovich himself often spent classes.
In mid-July 1848, Tolstoy moved to Moscow, settling there, where a lot of his relatives and friends lived, near the Arbat area. Vіn having rented Ivanovo's houses for living on the Sivtsevo Vorozhka. Moscow wines were choosing to prepare for the preparation of candidate tests, but they didn’t manage to get busy. Natomist yogo, having received the other bik of life - worldly life. Crimea was slaughtered by worldly life, near Moscow, Lev Mikolayovich's collection of 1848-1849 was already slaughtered by a card thunder. Ale, shards of wine are already reckless and do not start to faint your walk - often playing.
Having traveled to St. Petersburg at the fierce fate of 1849, spending an hour at the bunkers with K. A. Islánim, the uncle of his future squad (“My love until I slavіna wrote for me for 8 months of life in St. Petersburg”). Navesnі Tolstoy, having begun to fold, sleeps on the candidate of rights; two sleeps, from criminal law and criminal jurisprudence, slaying safely, prote third іspit vin fold without standing and going to the village.
Lately, having arrived at Moscow, de often spending an hour at gambling, which was often negatively signified to his financial position. During this period of his life, Tolstoy was especially prejudiced to chirp with music (he himself badly engraved on the piano, and even appreciated the love of creating at vikonannі іnshih). The choking of music slowed him down to the writing of the Kreutzer Sonata.
Bach, Handel and Chopin, beloved composers of Tolstoy. The development of Tolstoy's love to music was sown by those who, on their trip to St. Petersburg in 1848, were in a rather unsuitable environment for a dance class with a gifted, but a German musician, whom he had successfully described in his novel "Albert". In 1849, Lev Mikolayovich settled the musician Rudolf in Yasniya Polyana, with some engraving at the chotiri's hands on the piano. Having choked up at that hour with music, one day for a day graves create Schumann, Chopin, Mozart, Mendelssohn. For example, Tolstoy's 1840s rock at the co-authorship of his own Zibinim knows the waltz, which is on the cob of the 1900s rock vykonav for the composer S. I. Tanєєva, like a musical recording of his musical creation (the only one written by Tolstoy). Waltz to sound in the film Father Sergiy, taken from the novel by L. N. Tolstoy.
For an hour, too, it spent a lot of time at the revelry, rudely drinking.
Vzimka 1850-1851 pp. starting to write "Childhood". After 4 years after that, having left the university like a wine, the brother of Lev Mikolayovich Mikola arrived in Yasna Polyana, who served in the Caucasus, who asked the young brother to join the military service in the Caucasus. Leo did not wait long, until the great program of Moscow did not come up with a residual solution. The biographies of the writer indicate the significant and positive impact of brother Mikoli on the young and unfamiliar in life Lev. The older brother without a father was a friend and mentor to you.
In order to pay for the Borg, it was necessary to speed up your spending to a minimum - and spring 1851 Tolstoy hurriedly went from Moscow to the Caucasus without singing. Nezabara vіn vyrіshiv enter military service, but for whom you did not get the necessary documents, which were not available from Moscow, like Tolstoy, having lived close to five months near P'yatigorsk, at the zvichaynіy hut. I spent a good part of an hour in the field, at the house of the Cossack Yepishka, the prototype of one of the heroes of the story "Cossacks", who figured there under the name of Yorshka.
In the autumn of 1851, Tolstoy, who spoke in Tiflіsі іspit, joined the cadet to the 4th battery of the 20th artillery brigade, who stood in the Cossack village of Starogladіvskiy on the Terek birch, near Kizlyar. With some real changes, the details are depicted in the story “Cossacks”. The story gives a picture of the inner life of the young pan, which is right in front of the Moscow life. At the Cossack village of Tolstoy, I began to write again at the lime in 1852, having edited the first part of the future autobiographical trilogy - Childhood, signed only with the initials L. N. T. When the manuscript was sent to the journal, Leo Tolstoy reported the sheet, in which it was said: “ …I'm looking forward to your virok. Vіn either wants me to keep my loved ones busy, otherwise I'm afraid to burn everything».
Having reviewed the manuscript of "Childhood", the editor of "Suchasnik" N. A. Nekrasov immediately recognized its literary value and wrote a loving sheet to the author, which lifted the new one with a rank. At sheet I. Nekrasov said to S. Turgenev: “This is a new talent and, yes, it’s worth it.” Manuscript of a still unknown author, published earlier in the spring of the same fate. Tim an hour later, that inspirational author took up the continuation of the tetralogy “Chotiri of the era of development”, the rest of which is “Molodist” - did not come to fruition. Vіn obmirkovuvav the plot of "The Rank of the Helper" (the fragment of the "Roman of the Russian Helper" was completed), "Nabіgu", "Kozakiv". Nadrukovane in "Suchasnik" 18 September 1852 "Childhood" little superb success; After the author's publications, they immediately became zarahovuvat to the luminaries in the young literary school in order of great literary popularity I. S. Turgenevim, Goncharov, D. V. Grigorovich, Ostrovsky. Critics Apollon Grigor'ev, Annenkov, Druzhinin, Chernishevsky appreciated the deepness of psychological analysis, the seriousness of the author's sentiments, and the vivid opulence of realism.
Poorly the ear of a field is even more characteristic of Tolstoy: without having any respect for yourself as a professional writer, understanding professionalism is not in a sensual profession, which gives you a living to life, but in a sensi overwhelmed by literary interests. Vіn not taking close to the heart the interests of literary parties, reluctantly talking about literature, voluntarily speaking about the nutrition of faith, morality, and suppleness.
Viysk service
Being a cadet, Lev Mikolayovich lost two fates in the Caucasus, taking a lot of things with the rich mountaineers, enchanted by Shamil, and running into the troubles of the Caucasian Caucasian life. Vіn mav the right to Georgiїvsky cross, however, until his reconciliation, he “gave up” to his comrade in service-soldier, in respect, that the relief of the minds of the service of a comrade in service is worth more than special marnoslavism. From the ear of the Crimean war, Tolstoy transferred to the Danube army, taking part in the battle of Oltenitsa in the lineage of Silistria, and from the leaf fall of 1854 to the end of the sickle of 1855 near Sevastopol.
Stele on a riddle about a participant in the defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855. L. N. Tolstoy beat the fourth bastion
For a long time he was alive on the 4th bastion, which often led to attacks, commanding a battery at the battle of Chorniy, which was the hour of the bombardment and the hour of the assault on Malakhov Kurgan. Tolstoy, unfazed by all the hardships of life and zhakhi oblogs, at the same time writing the description of "Fox Felling", in which the Caucasian defeats appeared, and the first of the three "Sevastopol opisan" - "Sevastopol at the breast in 1854". Tsyu rozpovid vіn vіdpraviv to "Suchasnik". Vіn buv shvidko visions and cіkavіstyu readings to all Russia, having coped with a blatantly wrathful picture of zhahіv, that fell on the lot of the defenders of Sevastopol. The notice was marked by the Russian Emperor Oleksandr II; vіn velіv take care of the gifted officer.
For the life of Emperor Mikoli I Tolstoy, having allowed to see at once with artillery officers " cheap and popular"Vіyskoviy leaflet" magazine, Tolstoy's magazine didn't get the idea: " On the project, my Sovereign Emperor was most merciful, allowing us to treat our stats in "Invalidity"", - tauntingly ironically Tolstoy from his drive.
For perebuvannya for an hour of bombardment on the Yazonivsky redoubt of the fourth bastion, cold-bloodedness and order.
3 tribute to the Order of St. Annie 4 tbsp.
For the defense of Sevastopol, Tolstoy was awarded the Order of St. Annie of the 4th degree with the inscription "For goodness", medals "For the defense of Sevastopol 1854-1855" and "For the riddle about the war of 1853-1856" Years later, two of them were awarded with medals “On the riddle about the 50-year-old defender of Sevastopol”: a silver one, like a participant in the defense of Sevastopol, and a bronze one, like the author of “Sevastopol opidan”.
Tolstoy, with a good reputation as a good officer and a close popularity, there is no chance for a career. Prote yogo kar'єra appeared in zipped writing of a few satirical songs, stylized as soldiers' songs. One of these days was dedicated to the misfortune of the hour of the battle of the river Chornaya on 4 (16) April 1855, if General Read, having incorrectly understood the order of the commander-in-chief, attacked Fedyukhin heights. I’ll call the song “Like the fourth day, it’s not easy for us to bear the grief of the breeze”, which zaschiala low important generals, little majestic success. For her, Lev Mikolayovich had a chance to testify before the assistant chief of staff A. A. Yakimakh. Immediately after the assault on September 27 (8 September) Tolstoy sent messages by courier to St. Petersburg, de vin finished “Sevastopol near grass 1855.” and having written “Sevastopol at the sickle of 1855”, publications in the first issue of “Suchasnik” for 1856 already with the author’s signature. "Sevastopol opovidnya" residually marked his reputation as a representative of a new literary generation, and in the fall of 1856 the writer for good quit military service in the rank of lieutenant.
Travel to Europe
At Petersburg, the young writer was pleasantly stalked at the great salons and at the literary groups. Most close friends made friends with I. S. Turgenevim, with such a stink for an hour lived in the same apartment. Turgenev, presenting them to the group of Sovremennik, after which Tolstoy became friendly with such well-known writers as M. A. Nekrasov, I. Z. Goncharov, I. I. Panaev, D. U. Grigorovich, A. U. Druzhinin, V. A. Sollogub.
At the same hour, “Zaviryukha”, “Two Hussars” were written, “Sevastopol at the sickle” and “Youth” were completed, the writing of the future “Kozakiv” was continued.
However, a merrier and richer life lifted a bitter siege from the soul of Tolstoy, at the same time, a stronger discord began with a group of writers close to you. As a result, “people were stunned, and stunned by themselves” - and on the cob 1857 Tolstoy stinged St. Petersburg without food and went on a journey.
At the first out-of-the-way trip, winding up to Paris, de yogo sighing the cult of Napoleon I (“The devotion of joy, greedy”), at the same time, venturing into balls, museums, hooting “feelings of social freedom.” Prote's presence at the guillotine struck a heavy burden of resentment, that Tolstoy, having flooded Paris and violating near the city, was tied up with a French writer and thinker J.-J. Rousseau - on Lake Geneva. Spring 1857 I. S. Turgenev described his sightings of Leo Tolstoy near Paris as follows after the rapt exit from St. Petersburg:
« True, Paris is called not to be brought to the harmony of the spiritual harmony; wondrous is the person, I don’t know such people and I don’t know the mind. The sum of a poet, a Calvinist, a fanatic, a nobleman - that's what Rousseau is guessing, but more than that, Rousseau is a high-moral and at the same time unsympathetic istota».I. S. Turgenev, Poln. zib. tv. that leaves. Listi, vol. III, p. 52.
Trips to Western Europe- Germany, France, England, Switzerland, Italy (in 1857 and 1860-1861) had a negative impact on the new swedish. He rose to the European way of life by hanging on the roses of Lucerne. Tolstoy's enchantment called out a profound contrast between wealth and poverty, which in zoom can be seen through the miraculous outward twist of European culture.
Lev Mikolayovich write the story "Albert". At the same time, friends do not stop marveling at yoga divatms: at their own leaf. S. Turgenev in the autumn of 1857, P. V. Annenkov described Tolstoy’s project for planting all Russia with forests, and in his list of V. P. Botkin, Leo Tolstoy reminded him, as if he had become more radiant than not becoming a writer for the sake of Turgenev. However, in the interim between the first and the other trips, the writer continued his work on the Cossacks, writing the description of Three Deaths and the novel Happy Family.
Russian writers of the stake to the magazine "Suchasnik". I. A. Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, L. N. Tolstoy, D. V. Grigorovich, A. V. Druzhinin and A. N. Ostrovsky. February 15, 1856 Photograph by S. L. Levitsky
The rest of the novel published by Mikhail Katkov in the "Russian Visnik". Tolstoy's work with the journal "Suchasnik", which began in 1852, ended in 1859. In what fate Tolstoy took part in the organization of the Literary Fund. But the life of yoga did not depend on literary interests: on December 22, 1858, the fate of the ice did not die on the witch's watering.
At about the same hour, the new one began an affair with the village woman Aksiniya Bazikina, plans for a fun were brewing.
At the next poїzdtsі yogo cіkavili, basically, people's osvіta and install it, yakі mayut on the method of raising the illuminance of the worker population. The nourishment of the people's enlightenment of wines was respectfully taught by the Germans and France both theoretically and practically – by roses and fahivtsy. W famous people Nіmechchini yogo was most appreciated by Berthold Auerbach, as the author of the “Black Forest Expositions” dedicated to the people's butt and as a witness of folk calendars. Tolstoy made a visit to you and tried to get close to him. In addition, I also learned from the German teacher Disterweg. Under the hour of rebuking at Brussels, Tolstoy got to know Proudhon and Lelewel. In London, seeing A.I. Herzen, on lectures by Charles Dickens.
Tolstoy's serious mood at another hour more expensive than France's day was taken by those who died in his hands due to tuberculosis and loves brother Mikola. The death of his brother struck Tolstoy with majestic hostility.
Step by step criticism of the fates at 10-12 oholone before Leo Tolstoy, before the appearance of "War on the world", and without breaking the rapprochement with writers, Athanasius Fet was less likely to blame. One of the reasons for this alienation was in Leo Tolstoy's welding with Turgenev, as it became at that hour, if the insulting prose writers were visiting Fet in Stepanivka's mother at the grass of 1861. Welding ice did not end with a duel, but zipsuval stosunki between scribes for the rest of 17 years.
Celebration in the Bashkir nomad Karalik
At the grassroots of 1862, Lev Mikolayovich, who was suffering from depression, for the recommendation of doctors, went to the Bashkir farm of Karalik, Samara province, to enjoy the new and fashionable at that hour by the method of kumisolichennya. A bunch of wines were taken to the Postnikov’s kumisolikarn not far from Samari, but, recognizing that at the same hour it was not enough to arrive impersonal high-growth gardeners (svіtske suspіlstvo, like a young earl could not bear patience), having settled in the Bashkir camp 10 Karalik, on the river 30 verst from Samari. There, Tolstoy lives at the Bashkir kibitz (yurt), eating mutton, taking sony baths, drinking kumis, tea, and also playing checkers with the Bashkirs. Upershe wine having tried there for the second month. In 1871, the roci, if they had already written "War and Peace", came back again through the loss of health. He wrote about his hostility as follows: Tuga and Baiduzhist passed, I feel like coming to the Scythian camp, and everything is new and new ... New and rich: Bashkirs, smelling like Herodotus, Russian peasants, and villages, especially charming for the simplicity and kindness of the people».
Enchantment by Karalik, Tolstoy having bought from these places maetok, and already the onset of summer, 1872 the fate of the world at once with the strength of the sim'єyu in the new.
Pedagogical activity
In 1859 p. even before the permission of the villagers, Tolstoy was actively engaged in the power of shkіl near his Yasnіy Polyana and in the Usy Krapіvensky district.
The Yasnaya Polyansk school lay before the original pedagogical experiments: in the era of shirking before the German pedagogical school, Tolstoy stood up boldly against any kind of regulation of that discipline at school. In my opinion, everything in vikladan may be individually - and teacher, and student, and they are mutually blue. Children sat at the Yasnaya Polyansk school, some of them were hot, some were hot and some were hot. There was no singing program for the week. The only head of the teacher poked at the one who got the class. Busy went successfully. Їх вів вів Tolstoy himself for the help of a number of senior teachers and a number of vipadkovyh, from the closest acquaintances and those who came.
L. N. Tolstoy, 1862. Photograph by M. B. Tulinov. Moscow
In 1862, Tolstoy became the head of the pedagogical journal Yasna Polyana, the main reference book for himself. Ignorantly calling upon seeing, Tolstoy zoomed out only 12 issues in the magazine, the rest of that number appeared in 1863. Krіm theoretical articles, also writing a number of descriptions, stories and translations, adapted for post school. Received at once, Tolstoy's pedagogical statutes put together a whole volume of collections of his works. In their time, the stench was left unmarked. On the sociological basis of Tolstoy's ideas about enlightenment, on those that Tolstoy is in illumination, science, mysticism and the success of technology, more easily and thoroughly ways to exploit the people by the greater classes, without having brought any respect. Not only that: from Tolstoy's attacks on European illumination, and the "progress" of many people who bred whiskers, that Tolstoy is a "conservative."
Nezabar Tolstoy, depriving him of pedagogical work. Friendship, the people of good children, plans, connected with the written novel "War and Peace", ten years have given you a pedagogical visit. Less than on the cob of the 1870s, he started to compose the ABC of the Vlas and published it in 1872, and then published the New ABC and a series of several Russian books for reading, which were praised by the results of long-term failures for the ministry of the people pochatkovy initial mortgages. On the cob of the 1870s, the primary occupations at the Yasnaya Polyana school were renewed for a non-trivial hour.
Dosvіd yasnopolyanskoy school by the year becoming the godly deakim vіtchisnyanim teachers. So S. T. Shatsky, who created in 1911 the school-colony "Bodre zhittya" in 1911, was inspired by the experiments of Leo Tolstoy in the gallery of pedagogy spivpratsi.
Public activity in the 1860s
By the turn of Europe in 1861, L. M. Tolstoy was invited to become a light intermediary in the 4th division of the Krapivno county of the Tulsk province. On the vіdmіnu vіd quiet, who marveling at the people like a young brother, who needs to be raised to himself, Tolstoy thinking on the spot that the people are inexorably beyond the cultural class and that the panamas need to posit the loftiness of the spirit of the peasants, that wine, having taken the seat of the middleman, actively protecting land interests of the villagers, often destroying the royal decrees. “The mediation of cicava and cicava, ale unkind, that all the nobility hated me with all the strength of their souls and put me des bâtons dans les roues (French clubs in wheels) from their sides.” The work of an intermediary expanded the life of the villagers, giving them material for artistic creativity.
At the fate of 1866, Tolstoy appeared at the court in the district court as a defender of Vasily Shabunin, a company clerk, standing near Yasnskaya Polyana of the Moscow Infantry Regiment. Shabunin hit the officer, as if punishing him with sharp punishments for perebuvannya at the unsteady camp. Tolstoy brought the lack of conviction of Shabunin, but the court found him guilty and condemned to the strata. Shabunina was shot. This episode, having dealt with great hostility to Tolstoy, who is guilty of merciless force in this terrible manifestation, like a power, based on violence. Because of this drive, I wrote to my other publicist P.I. Biryukov:
« Vypadok tsey mav for all my life is more richly poured, lower mustaches of life, which are important: I will become a waste or I will be corrected, successes or failures in literature, wind up the loss of loved ones».
Rosequit creativity
L. N. Tolstoy (1876)
By stretching the first 12 years after the friendship of the wines, having created “War and Peace” and “Anna Karenina”. At the turn of another epoch of Tolstoy's literary life, it was planned to stand in 1852 and completed in 1861-1862 "Cossacks", the first of the works, in which the talent of the mature Tolstoy was most realized.
The main interest of creativity for Tolstoy appeared in the "history" of characters, in their uninterrupted and folding Russian, development". This method was used to show the building of an individual to the point of moral growth, thoroughness, standing up to the middle ground based on the strength of the powerful soul.
"War and Peace"
Vіyni ta miru reworked the robot over the novel "Decembrists" (1860-1861), to which the author repeatedly turned, but which was left unfinished. And on the part of "War on the world" without success. An essay from a novel under the title "Rik 1805" appeared in the "Russian Visnik" in 1865; in 1868 three parts came out, followed by another two. The first chotiri volumes of “Warning for the World” quickly rose, and another sight was needed, as it was released at the same time in 1868. The fifth and sixth volumes of the novel were published in one edition, overwritten by an already larger circulation.
"War and Peace" has become a unique phenomenon both in Russian and foreign literature. Tsey tvir having removed from himself all the depth and concealment of a psychological novel with a wide scope and a rich figure of an epic fresco. The pismennik, following the words of V. Ya. Lakshin, turned to a special stage of national remembrance in the heroic time of 1812, if people from different versions of the population united in support of the foreign invasion, which, at their own hands, created the ground for the epic.
National Russian rice the author showed at « attached warmth to patriotism”, in the face of ostentatious heroics, in the calm faith in justice, in the modest arrogance and masculinity of ordinary soldiers. Vіn depicting the war of Russia from the Napoleonic wars as a nationwide war. The epic style is conveyed to the creation through the fullness and plasticity of the image, the rarity of that crossed valley, the invisible picture of Russian nature.
The novels of Tolstoy have a wide representation of different types of suspіlstva, from emperors and queens to soldiers, all centuries and all temperaments in the expanses of Tsar Alexander I.
Tolstoy was satisfied with his work, prote already in 1871 in 1871, he corrected A. A. Fetu sheet: “How happy I am ... I won’t write drib'yazka richly on the “Vijni” kshtalt any more”. Prote chi Tolstoy crossed the importance of his previous works. On the nutrition of Tokutomi Rok in 1906, it was a kind of tvir Tolstoy to love the most, a writer of letters: "The novel "War and Peace"".
"Anna Karenina"
No less dramatic and serious work was the novel about the tragic mess "Ganna Karenina" (1873-1876). On the front view of the front work, in the new there is no space for the infinitely happy capture of the bliss of the butt. Sami Kіtі's novel Radіnsnі і Kіtі's novel Radіnsnі і і кітіні совліні симения житта длалі вженшна гіркой Гіркоты, and in Nessenni Kohanne, Annie Karenіno, Tribus, Tribus, Tributes, South Tsei Roman є in the daytime dramatic.
The new one has less simplicity and clarity of spiritual turmoil, the powerful heroes of "War and Peace", more sharpened quirkiness, inner alertness and anxiety. Characteristics of the leading heroes are foldable and vitonchenish. The author tried to show the subtle nuances of kokhannya, rozcharuvannya, jealousy, rozpachu, spiritual enlightenment.
The problematics of this creative work led Tolstoy to an ideological turning point in the 1870s.
Others create
Waltz, written by Tolstoy and recorded by Z. I. Tanievim 10 February 1906
At the birch tree of 1879, in Moscow, Leo Tolstoy got to know Vasil Petrovich Shchegolenok, and on the same fate, on the same request, he arrived at Yasnaya Polyana, de having tried close to the second month. The dandy had told Tolstoy the nameless folk tales, bilin and legends, among which more than twenty were recorded by Tolstoy (number of records were found in vol. XLVIII of Tolstoy's Jubilee edition of Tolstoy's works), and Tolstoy, having not written down the stories on paper, then forgot: six works written by Tolstoy can be seen by the dzherel of Shchegolenok (1881 - “ What people live", 1885 -" Two old» ta « Three elders", 1905 -" Korniv Vasiliev» ta « Prayer", 1907 -" The old one at the church"). Krym tsgogo, Tolstoy diligently writing down a lot of orders, suffixes, okremikh syllables and words, told by Shchegolenok.
The new light-gazer of Tolstoy hung more prominently in his works Spovid (1879-1880, published in 1884) and What is my faith in? (1882-1884). To the theme of Christian love on the cob, condoned, be it self-will, and to be raised above love, sensitively in the struggle with the flesh, Tolstoy consecrated the story "Kreutzer Sonata" (1887-1889, published in 1891) і908 "Devil" (1908-1 The 1890s, attempting to theoretically undermine their own vision of the mystical, wrote a treatise "What is mystical?" (1897-1898). The harsh criticism of church rituals by this work became one of the reasons for Tolstoy's admission by the Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church in 1901. The most important achievement of the beginning of the 1900s was the story "Hadji Murad" and that drama "The Living Corpse". Hadzhi-Murati "however, the despotism of Shamil and Mikoli I was vindicated. In Tolstoy's story, having glorified the masculinity of struggle, the strength of support and love until life. The play" The Living Corpse "became evidence of Tolstoy's new artistic ideas, which are objectively close to Chekhov's dramas And.
Literary criticism of Shakespeare's works
In his critical drawing "About Shakespeare and Drama" on the basis of a detailed analysis of some of the most popular works of Shakespeare, Zocrema, "King Lear", "Othello", "Falstaff", "Hamlet" and so on. playwright. At the show "Hamlet" vіn vіdchuvav " especially suffering"for tse" fake like works of art».
The fate of the Moscow census
L. N. Tolstoy in his youth, maturity, old age
L. N. Tolstoy took part in the Moscow census of 1882. Vin wrote about it like this: “I proponuvav speedy census in order to find out about evil in Moscow and help me with the right and a penny, and work so that there were no bad people in Moscow.”
Tolstoy, having taken into account that the interest and significance of the census for the state is that we give you a mirror, whether you want to or not, to marvel at all the dignity and skin of us. Vіn having chosen one of the most foldable houses, the Protochny wire, where there was a nіchlіzhka, in the middle of the Moscow barrenness, the gloom of the two-topped wakefulness was small called "Rzhan's Fortress". Having taken care of the orders of the Dumi, Tolstoy spent a few days before the census, beginning to go around the plot for a plan, which was seen. Really, the brudna nіchlizhka, filled with sinister, angry people who sank to the very bottom, served as a mirror for Tolstoy, which imagined the terrible vigilance of the people. In the face of fresh hostilities in the face of the ill-mannered Leo Tolstoy, he wrote his famous article “About the census near Moscow”. I have pointed out that the meta census was scientific and sociological research.
Regardless of Tolstoy's declaration of good health to the census, the population was under suspicion until the end of the day. From which drive Tolstoy wrote: “ If they explained to us that the people had already found out about going around the apartments and going, we asked the master to close the gates, and we ourselves went over the door to entice people who had gone.". Lev Mikolayovich spodіvavsya viklikati at rich people spontaneously to mіsskoї zlidnіv, zіbrati pennies, recruit people, yakі bazhayut tsіy prava at once from the census to go through all the brothels of vigilance. Krіm vykonanny obov'yazkіv repisuvach, the writer wants to see at the meeting with the unfortunate, to find out the details of їхної consume that extra penny and a robot, a hanging from Moscow, placed children to school, the old and the old at the porch of the bogadіlnі.
Near Moscow
As I write, Muscovite Oleksandr Vaskin, Leo Tolstoy came to Moscow over a hundred and fifty times.
Severe hostility, caused by him from acquaintance with Moscow life, as a rule, was negative, and comments about the social situation in the city were sharply critical. So, on July 5, 1881, he wrote to his student:
“Smorid, stone, rose, evil. Dismissed. Filths took off, they plundered the people, recruited soldiers, judges, to protect their orgy. I banquet. The people have nothing more to work, like, shriveled by the passions of these people, rob them of the loot back.
A lot of Budinkovs were saved, connected with the life and creativity of a writer, on the streets of Plushiv, Sivtsev Vrazhek, Vozdvizhenka, Tverska, Nizhniy Kislovskiy provulok, Smolenskiy Boulevard, Zemlerobskiy Provulok, Voznesenskiy Provulok I, Nareshti, Dovgokhamovnitskiy Provulok Lviv . Often having been a writer in the Kremlin, she lingered with her team of friends - Bersi. Tolstoy loves to walk around Moscow, and, moreover, to wear a zimka. The rise of a writer came to Moscow in 1909.
In addition, on Vozdvizhenka Street, 9, he knew the house of Lev Mykolayovich’s grandfather, Prince Mykola Sergiyovich Volkonsky, who bought him from Paraska Vasilivna Muravyovoi-Apostol in 1816 (daughter of Lieutenant General V.V. M. Muravyov-Apostol, mother of the three brothers of the Decembrists Muravyov-Apostol). Prince Volkonsky volodіv budinok protyag five rokіv, through scho budinok also vodomy near Moscow as the head budinok sadibi princes Volkonsky or like "budinok Bolkonsky". Budinok descriptions L. N. Tolstim as P'er Bezukhov's booths. To Lev Mikolayovich, this house was well known - I often found myself here young at balls, de looking at the charming Princess Paraska Shcherbatova: “ With boredom and drowsiness I went to Ryumin, and rapt washed over me. P[raskovya] Sh[erbatova] beauty. There wasn't a fresh one for a long time". Devils beautiful Paraska wine poured into "Anna Karenina" Kita Shcherbatska.
In 1886, 1888 and 1889 L. N. Tolstoy traveled three times from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana. The first such dearest companions were the political fiend Mikhailo Stakhovich and Mikola Ge (the son of the artist N. N. Ge). At the other, also Mykola Ge, and from the other half of the road (from Serpukhov) came A. N. Dunaev and S. D. Sitin (the brother of the seer). On the eve of the third hour, Lev Mikolayovich was accompanied by a new friend of the same mind, the 25-year-old teacher Evgen Popov.
Spiritual crisis and preaching
In his robot Spovid, Tolstoy wrote that from the end of the 1870s, he became often tormented by intractable food: “ Well, good, you will have 6,000 acres in the Samara province - 300 heads of horses, and then?»; in the sphere of literature: “ Well, good, you will be glorious for Gogol, Pushkin, Shakespeare, Molière, all the writers in the world, - well, well!". Starting to think about raising children, asking yourself: now?»; rozmirkovuyuchi " about those, how people can reach goodness”, vin “ raptom saying to yourself: and what’s the matter with me?» Zagalom, vin « realizing that those on whom they stood, they thought that the one on whom they were alive is already gone". The natural result was a thought about self-destruction:
« I, a happy person, having hove a lace for myself, so as not to hang on the crossbeam between wardrobes near my room, now I’m alone, rejoicing, and ceasing to walk with a towel for watering, so as not to worry about it in an easy way to ratuvat myself in the life. I myself do not know what I want: I was afraid of life, having jumped out of sight of the new one, at the same time, which I was able to see the new ”.
Leo Tolstoy at the entrance of the People's Library of the Moscow Literacy Association in the village of Yasna Polyana. Photo by A.I. Savelyeva
In order to know the evidence on yoga nutrition and doubt that they praise yoga, Tolstoy took up the theology and wrote and saw in 1891 in Geneva his “Contribution of dogmatic theology”, in which he criticized “Orthodox theological dogmatic »Metropolitan Macarius (Bu. Vіv besіd zі priests and chants, going to the elders to Optini Pustin (at 1877, 1881 and 1890), reading theological treatises, speaking about the elder Ambrose, K. N. Leontiev, an ardent opponent of Tolstoy’s teaching. sheets to T. I. Filippova dated February 14, 1890. Leontiev said that it was time to move wines, saying to Tolstoy: "Skoda, Lev Mikolayovich, there is not enough fanaticism in me. so that you were sent to Tomsk and neither the countess, nor your daughters were allowed to visit you, and they didn’t give you a penny. , for the sake of God, sob me aslali. Tse my dream. I do my best to compromise myself in my eyes and get away with everything. Please write. Sob at the first work of the first generation of the Christian wedding, having married the ancient Greek and ancient Jewish language (the Moscow rabin Shlomo Minor helped at the wedding of the rest). Vodnocha vіn admiring to the Old Believers, getting close to the peasant preacher Vasil Syutaevim, roaming іz molokonov, shtundists. Lev Mikolayovich shukav a sense of life in the development of philosophy, in knowledge of the results of the exact sciences. Vіn namagavsya as much as possible forgiveness, live life, close to nature, that of a land worker.
Postupovo Tolstoy learns from the troubles and tribulations of a rich life (simplification), richly engages in physical practice, puts on the simplest clothes, becomes a vegetarian, walks away from all his great camps, learns from the rights of literature. On the basis of a broad exercise of moral perfection, the third period of Tolstoy's literary activity is being created, in which there is a list of all forms of sovereign, supple and religious life.
On the cob of the reign of Alexander III, Tolstoy sent a letter to the emperor with prohannyam about pardoning the king from the soul of the Evangelical forgiveness. On March 3, 1882, an unspoken eye is set up behind him for the signing of stosunkivs from sectarians; at Versni 1883 vіn vіdmovlyаєєєєєєєє від віннання obov'yazkіv juror, motivating vіdm's foolishness with his religious svetoglyad. The same wine took off the fence on a public ledge at the link with the death of Turgenev. Step by step ideas of Tolstoyism begin to penetrate into society. On the cob of 1885, Russia has a precedent for military service for the religious conversion of Tolstoy. A significant part of looking at Tolstoy was taken away from the speech of Russians in general, it was seen only in the outward sights of his religious and social treatises.
Hundreds of artistic creations of Tolstoy, written in the period, buv single-stay. So, in a long series of small stories and legends, recognized as important for popular reading (“What people live for” and in.), Tolstoy, in the thought of his crazy chanuvals, reached the pinnacle of artistic power. At the same time, according to people’s thoughts, they tell Tolstoy that the artist’s fault, having pretended to be a preacher, was written with a sing-song method of the artist’s speech, they were rudely tendentious. The high and terrible truth of The Death of Ivan III, to the mind of the shanuvalniks, to put this TV on a par with the main works of the genius of Tolstoy, to the thought of others, is completely firm, in it the soullessness of all faiths was strongly emphasized » » Gerasim. Protolezhnі vіdguki called out and “Kreutzer Sonata” (written 1887-1889, seen in 1890) - analysis of friends stosunkіv zmusiv forget about marvelous beauty and predilection, with which this story was written. Tvіr was fenced by censorship, and it was far away to scold the Zusillas of S.A. As a result, the story was published under the strict censorship in the Collection of Tolstoy's works with the special permission of the tsar. Alexander III was completely satisfied, but the queen was shocked. Natomist folk drama "Vlada pіtmi", according to the idea of Tolstoy's shanuvalniks, became a great manifestation of his artistic power: at the narrow frame of the ethnographic creation of the Russian peasantry, Tolstoy's zoomed in to capture the style of the spiritual people's rice, which drama with great success.
L. N. Tolstoy and his assistants compile lists of villagers who need help. Angry to the right: P.I. Biryukov, G. I. Raevskiy, P. I. Raevskiy, L. N. Tolstoy, I. I. Raevskiy, A. M. Novikov, A. V. Tsinger, T. L. Tovsta. The village of Begichivka, Ryazan province. Photograph by P.F. Samarin, 1892.
Under the hour of hunger 1891-1892 years. Tolstoy, having organized near the Ryazan province, set up help for the starving and needy. It was 187 far away, 10 thousand people were eating, and also a sprat far away for children, the distribution of firewood was stopped, seeing those potatoes for sowing, they bathed and lulled the horses to the diggers 150,000 rubles were collected.
The treatise “The Kingdom of God is in the midst of you ...” written by Tolstoy with short interruptions mayzhe 3 years: from the lime 1890 to the grass of 1893 A treatise that evoked the hoarded criticism of V. V. Stasov (“ first book of the 19th century”) and I. Є. Repina (" tsya rich zhahlivoї force”) It was impossible to see in Russia through censorship, and I could not see through the cordon. The book began to spread illegally among the great number of copies in Russia. In Russia itself, it was first legally seen in 1906, but after that it was for sale. The treatise was included before the collection of Tolstoy's works, seen in 1911, even after his death.
At the rest of the great work, the novel "Resurrection", published in 1899, Tolstoy sued the court practice and the great secularity, portrayed the clergy and liturgical services as secular and became secular.
On December 6, 1908, Tolstoy wrote to a schoolboy: “ People love me for tі drіbnitsі - "Vіyna tі mir" thinly, yakі they are given more respectful».
In the spring of 1909, one of the leaders of Yasnskaya Polyana, having hoisted up his zakhoplenya for the creation of "War on the World" and "Anna Karenina". Tolstoy vіdpovіv: " It’s all the same, that before Edison he came and said to the bi: “I will respect you for those who dance the mazurka well.” I attribute significance to my other books (religious!)". In that fate, Tolstoy described the role of his artistic creations in the following way: The stinks screw respect to my serious speeches».
Acting critics of the remaining stage of Tolstoy's literary activity declared that the artistic power of yogo suffered due to the overriding of theoretical interests and that creativity is now needed only for Tolstoy, in order to propagandize yogi supra-religions in an insanely accessible form. On the other hand, Volodymyr Nabokov, for example, I’ll block Tolstoy’s preaching specificity, which means that the power of that profoundly human sense of yoga creativity does not allow anything wrong with politics and simply makes it clear: “ In fact, Tolstoy the thinker was always occupied with only two topics: Life and Death. And tsikh is not a unique artist". The thought was raised, what did Yogo create, “What is this magic?” With a thick part, I cross out and often meaningfully apply the artistic meanings of Dante, Raphael, Goethe, Shakespeare, Beethoven and others. the more we see beauty, the more we see goodness”, affirming the priority of moral warehouse creativity over aesthetics.
View of the church
After the people Leo Tolstoy was baptized by Orthodoxy. As the most representatives of the illuminated life of their time, in youth and youth, they are baiduzhiy to religious food. And if you have 27 years of age, your child will have an upcoming entry:
« Rozmov about the deity and faith instilled in me a great, majestic thought, which I imagine to dedicate life to myself. Dumka tsya is the basis of a new religion, which promotes the development of humankind, the religion of Christ, but it is cleansed in the face of such mystery, a practical religion, which does not promise future bliss, but gives bliss on earth».
In 40 years, having achieved great success in literary activity, writing glory, prospering in family life and a prominent camp in the household, vins begin to feel almost stupidity of life. Yomu is revisiting thoughts about self-destruction, as it seemed to you "the exit of the power of that energy." Vyhid, having not received the orders by faith, it appeared to you “to the crossed mind”. Pіznіshe Tolstoy, after showing the truth to the people's life, and having observed the exercise of comradeship with the faith of the common people. With the help of the method, by stretching the fate of the wines, we endure fasting, taking part in the liturgical services and victorious rites of the Orthodox Church. Ale, the head of the tsіy vіrі buv spogad about the podium of the resurrection, the wisdom of such a Tolstoy, for the best knowledge, and this period of his life "couldn't reveal himself." І about a lot of other wines “when trying to do it, don’t think about it, so you don’t overthink it.” The first time after rich fates, communion brought you an unforgettable pain a little. Recovered Tolstoy took communion at the quarter of 1878, after which wine he took part in the life of the church through outward rozcharuvannya at the church church. The other half of 1879 became a turning point in the life of the Orthodox Church. In 1880-1881, Tolstoy wrote “The Four Gospels: The Four Gospels and the translation of the Gospels”, vykonuyuyuschie its long-standing bazhannya to give the light of faith without zaboboniv and new dreams, to see from the sacred texts of Christianity those who vіn vіv vuvazhav. In this rank, in the 1880s, he became in the position of an unequivocal denial of church faith. The publication of Tolstoy's important works was blocked by both spiritual and secular censorship. In 1899, Tolstoy's novel "Resurrection" was born, in which the author showed the life of different social versions of contemporary Russia; the clergy were depicted mechanically and our victorious ceremonies, and the cold and cynical Toporov was taken by the deacons for a caricature of K. P. Pobedonostsev, chief procurator of the Holy Synod.
Examine different assessments of Leo Tolstoy's life. The idea is broadened, for which practice of experimentation, vegetarianism, occupation by physical practice, that wide grace is broadened by the veil of yogo of a hundred and fluffy life. Instructed from є і criticism of the writer, yakі give sumnіvu seriousness of his moral position. Zaperechuyuchi power, vin prodovzhuv koristuvatisya riches become privileges of the greater prosharka of the aristocracy. The transfer of the team to manage the maetkom, in the opinion of critics, is also not “a leader in power”. John of Kronstadt's bachelor at the "unconquerable and rosy, empty with the benefits of life in the summer of youth" dreaded the "radical godlessness" of Count Tolstoy. Vіn zaperechuvav ecclesiastical interpretations of immortality and vіdkidav ecclesiastical authority; not recognizing the rights of the state, the shards will be (on one’s mind) on violence that will take. Vіn criticizing church vchennya, yak, yogo rozumіnі, the one who " life, like here, on earth, with us, її joys, beauty, with the strength of the struggle of the mind against the birds, - the life of all the people who lived before me, all my life with my inner struggle, that with the strength of the mind, life is not true, but life in Nepal. , hopelessly zipped; life is true, sinless - in the world, then in the eyes, then at the divine". Leo Tolstoy is not suitable for the church’s opinions about those who are a person in view of his people, for his vicious and sinful life, shards, on his own thought, such a vchennya. pіd root pіdsіkaє everything that is the most beautiful person in nature". Bachachi, like the church, it was a savvy drink of its people, a writer, on the thought of K. M. Lomunov, a diyshov vysnovka: “ Everything is alive - independent of the church».
In the fierce fate of 1901, the Synod was still schilivsya to think about the public condemnation of Tolstoy and about the slander of yoga, which the church knows about. Metropolitan Anthony (Vadkovsky) took an active part in this. As it appears in the camera-further magazines, on the 22nd of the fierce Victorious, near Mikoli II at the Winter Palace, it was close to the year. Deyakі historians vvazhayut, scho Pobedonostsev having arrived to the king directly from the Synod and are preparing appointments.
On February 24 (Old Style), 1901, in the official organ of the Synod “Church Vivedoms, which are seen at the Holy Order Synod” was published “ Appointment of the Holy Synod on February 20-22, 1901 No. 557, with messages to the faithful children of the Orthodox Greek-Russian Church about Count Leo Tolstoy».
<…> Vіdomy svіtovі a writer, Russian for the people, Orthodox for his christenings and wickedness, Count Tolstoy, at the peace of his proud mind, having risen up against the Lord and against Christ Yogo and on holy Yogo, clearly in front of the mustache, she rebuked the Mother, the Orthodox Church, that Yogo waved . and dedicating his literary activity and giving to you God’s talent for rozpovsyudzhennya among the people, contrary to Christ and the Church, and for guilt in the minds and hearts of people of the faith of the batkivska, the faith of the Orthodox, as the all-world approved, as our ancestors lived and vouched for i mіtsna bula Russia is holy.
In their creations and sheets, in their impersonal rozsiyuvani them that yoga in the whole world, especially at the borders of our dear Vtchisni, propagating wine, out of the jealousy of a fanatic, the fall of all the dogmas of the Orthodox Church, the very essence of the Christian faith; we see a special living God, at the Holy Trinity glorious, the Creator and the Provider of all the world, we rebuke the Lord Jesus Christ - the God-man, the Redeemer and the Savior of the world, who suffered us for the sake of people and our sake for the sake of salvation and the resurrected from the dead; Rizdva and according to the Rizdvi of the Most Pure Mother of God, Everlasting Mary, do not know the sweaty life and slander, observe all the rites of the Church and the grace of the Holy Spirit in them, layuchis over the most holy objects of faith to the Orthodox people, without shuddering mockery. All this is preached by Count Tolstoy without interruption, in a word and writings, until peace that zhahu of the whole Orthodox world, and it’s not attached to them, but clearly in front of the mustache, clearly navmisno vіdkinuv itself in the presence of some kind of conflict with the Orthodox Church.
And try, scho boulevard to mind, did not succeed. The Church does not respect this with its members and cannot respect it, the docks of guilt do not repent and do not renew its connection with it.<…>To him, being aware of the fall of the Church, we pray at once that the Lord will give you repentance in the mind of truth (2 Tim. 2:25). We pray, merciful Lord, do not want the death of sinners, have mercy and have mercy on the beasts of yoga until Thy holy Church. Amen.
From the look of the theologians, the decision of the Synod about Tolstoy is not a curse on the writer, but a statement of the fact that he is guilty of vlasniy bazhannyam no longer a member of the Church. Anathema, which means for those who believe in the same fence, no matter what kind of slander, Tolstoy did not know. At the synodal act 20-22 it was said fiercely that Tolstoy could turn to the Church, as if he had brought repentance. Metropolitan Anthony (Vadkovsky), who at that time was the first member of the Holy Synod, wrote to Sophia Andriivna Tolstoy: “All of Russia is trying for your man, we can think of a new one. Do not lie to us, who seems to me that we pragnemically repent for political purposes. Proteo otochennya scribe and sympathizing with him part of the bulk of the people respected that the appointment was an unbelievably cruel act. The writer himself was obviously tormented by Tim, what happened. If Tolstoy arrived at Optina's empty house, food, why don't you reach the elders, wines, what was there to drink, shards of inspiration.
At the "Vіdpovidі Synod" Leo Tolstoy confirmed his rise from the church: " Those that I call the church, as if calling myself Orthodox, are absolutely fair. But I resented not the one who stood up for the Lord, but instead, only the one who, with all the strength of my soul, tried to serve him". Tolstoy recited against the presentation of the appointed synod to you: “ Decree of the Synod in swearing may be a lot of shortcomings. It is illegal, but navmisne ambiguous; it’s quite, bezpodstavne, untruthful and, moreover, to take revenge on one’s own hardening and pissing to the filthy feelings and vchinkivs". In the text of Tolstoy's “Vidpovidi Synod”, the report reveals these theses, revealing the low differences between the dogmas of the Orthodox Church and the holy revival of Christ.
The synodal appointment called out the storming of the singing part of the church; Tolstoy's address was sent to the number of letters and telegrams with expressions of speech and encouragement. At that very hour, the appointment provoked a flow of leaves and from the other part of the conscience - from the threats of that laika. Religious and preaching activities of Tolstoy were criticized from the Orthodox positions of the past before the end. Having sharply appraised, for example, St. Theophan the Recluse:
« Yogo writings have a blasphemy against God, against Christ the Lord, against the Holy Church and rites. Vіn destroyer of the kingdom of truth, the thief of God, the servant of Satan.».
At the fall of the leaves of 1909, Tolstoy wrote down a thought, as he pointed out in a widely understood religion:
« I don’t want to be a Christian, as I don’t want to be, I don’t want to be, I want to be Brahmanist, Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Mohammedan and others. We are all guilty to know, the skin of your own faith, those who are sleeping with everyone, and, having been guided by the vinyatkovo, your own, trimming the one who sleeps».
For example, in the fierce year of 2001, the great-grandson of Count Volodymyr Tolstoy, who cherishes the museum-sadiboy of the writer in Yasniy Polyana, sent a sheet to the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Alexii II to look over the synodal appointment. At the top of the list at the Moscow Patriarchy they said that the decision about the admission of Leo Tolstoy to the Church, was due exactly 105 years to that, it was impossible to look over, shards (after the words of the secretary of the Church, Mikhail Dudka), it would have been wrong in the presence of the people, like expanding diya church court.
Sheet of L. N. Tolstoy squad, deprivation in front of the exit from Yasnskaya Polyana.
Vіd'їzd mіy embarrass you. It's a pity about tse, but sensible and believe that I couldn't do it any other way. My camp in the house became unbearable. For the rest of my life, I can no longer live in quiet minds of luxury, in which I am alive, and I work for those who ring out to shy old people of my age: to go from worldly life, to live on self and silence the rest of my life.
Be kind, sensible, and don’t follow me, as you know, de I. Such a visit of yours is only to destroy your and my camp, but not to change my decision. For your honest 48-year-old life with me, I ask you to forgive me for everything that I am guilty of before you, just like I forgive you for everything that you could be guilty of before me. Raja you reconcile with this new camp, as if to put you my mind, and do not mother an unkind mind against me. If you want to help me, tell Sasha, you know, de I, and send me what is necessary; Well, I can’t say about those, de I, you can’t, to the one that I took from her, I can’t tell anyone.
Lev Tolstoy.
Take my speech and my manuscript and send it to me, entrusting Sasha.
V.I. Russian. Tolstoy says goodbye to his daughter Oleksandra. Papir, olive. 1911
At night on July 28 (10 leaf fall) in 1910, the fate of L. N. Tolstoy, vindicating his decision to live the rest of the years, looking forward to his eyes, secretly leaving Yasna Polyana for good with his escort, less than his doctor D. P. Makovitsky. Whom Tolstoy will have a singing plan for. Having dearly rozpochav your rest at the Shkokino station. On the same day, having changed trains at the Gorbachovo station on the next train, having reached the place of Belova, Tulsk province, after that - just like that, and then on the next train to the Kozelsk station, hiring a coachman and going straight to Optinordin Pustin, and the star of the coming day. monastery, de zustrіvsya with his sister, Mary Mikolayevna Tolstoy. Later, Donka Tolstoy Oleksandra Lvivna secretly came to Shamordino.
Vranci 31 Zhovtnya (13th leaf fall) L. N. Tolstoy and accompanying people went from Shamordino to Kozelsk, where they got on train No. 12, where they went to the railway station, where they got to Smolensk - Ranenburg, which went straight ahead. They didn’t take the tickets at the landing; having reached Belyev, they sent tickets to the Volovo station, demaling us to transfer to the next train, which is direct from the railway line. The attendants of Tolstoy's life also witnessed that the song was not expensive. After that, they decided to go to the nephew of Olenya Sergievna Denisenko, to Novocherkassk, they wanted to try to take foreign passports and then go to Bulgaria; why not go into it - go to the Caucasus. However, on the way L. N. Tolstoy felt bad about himself, the cold turned into a massive burning of legends, and accompanying turmoil that same day interrupted the trip and blamed the ailing Lev Mikolayovich from the train to the first great station of the order from the settlement. Central station of Astapovo boulevard (nine Leo Tolstoy, Lipetsk region).
The news about the illness of Leo Tolstoy called out a strong commotion, like in the greater stakes, and among the members of the Holy Synod. About the state of health, that state of affairs was systematically forwarded by encrypted telegrams to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Moscow Gendarmerie Administration of the Air. There was an urgent meeting of the Synod, on which, with the initiative of Chief Procurator Luk'yanov, the power of the church was put on the side of the total result of Lev Mikolayovich's illness. Ale, the food was positive, and it didn’t go wrong.
Leo Mikolayovich tried to help six doctors, but on their propositions to help them only more: “ God rules everything". If Yogo was fed, what he himself wants, he said: I want to, so that I don’t pick on anyone". Remain comprehended by yoga words, as if you had washed away a year before your death to your elder son, as if you didn’t get away with praise, but like a chuv doctor Makovitsky, buli: “ Sergius... the truth... I love riches, I love all...»
On the 7th (20) leaf fall of 1910, after an important illness (suffocating), on the 83rd anniversary of life, Lev Mikolayovich Tolstoy died at the booth of the head of the station, Ivan Ozolin.
If L. N. Tolstoy came to Optina Pustin before his death, he was the abbot of the monastery and the head of the skete was the elder Varsonofy. Tolstoy did not dare to go to the skete, and the elder followed him to the Astapovo station to give him the opportunity to be reconciled with the Church. The new one had a reserve of Holy Gifts, and having taken away the instructions: as if Tolstoy whispered to you, say only one word “I repent” in your ear, I have the right to partake of yoga. Ale, the old man was not allowed to go to the writer, as they did not let the squad of those from his closest relatives from among the Orthodox believers.
On the 9th leaf fall of 1910, a handful of thousands of people gathered in Yasniya Polyana for the funeral of Leo Tolstoy. SERID SUCH BULLY DOORS OF THE WHOLCH TA SHENUVALNICS YOGO CREATING, MІSETSІ SELANY TU MOSCOWSKI STATEVEN, A TAKHNES OF THE PERSONS OF PERSONS OF THE BODY TA MІSTSETSI POLITISKIY, TRAINED TO CLOSE PLEASE PLOSHYU, YAKA BARNED, SHO CEREMENIA PARGOVAYA ZOLE WILL CAN COLLEC sway at the demonstration. In addition, in Russia there were the first public funerals of famous people, as if they were guilty of going through not for the Orthodox rite (without priests and prayers, without candles and icons), as if they were praising Tolstoy himself. The ceremony proceeded peacefully, according to the police reports. Ti, hto having seen off, finishing in a new order, with quiet sleep, they conducted Tolstoy's string from the station to sadibi. People hung out in the black, the little ones entered the room to say goodbye to the body.
On the same day, the newspapers published the resolution of Mikoli II on the additional minister of internal affairs about the death of Leo Tolstoy: “ Mentally pitiful about the death of the great writer, which inspired the discovery of his giftedness in his creations, images of one of the glorious years of Russian life. Lord God let you be a merciful judge».
On the 10 (23) leaf fall of 1910 L. N. Tolstaya was buried near Yasniya Polyana, on the edge of the ravine in the forest, when in childhood, together with his brother, he whispered a “green stick”, that he took the “secret”, like making all people happy. If the string with the dead was lowered into the grave, all the present reverently healed the knee.
In September 1913, a sheet of Countess S. A. Tolstaya was published on December 22, 1912, in which it confirmed a press release about those who were on the grave of a person that the priest was wrong. Zokrema, the Countess wrote: I declare that Lev Mikolayovich once before his death, having not hung the bazhannja, did not get drunk, but having previously written to his son in 1895, as if he would say: Ale, if it’s unacceptable, if you like it, then don’t let it go, like it’s amazing, but it’s cheaper and simpler”". Grigory Leontiyovich Kalinovsky, the priest of the village of Ivankov, Pereyaslav district of Poltava province, appeared as a priest, having voluntarily instructed to break the will of the Holy Synod and taєmno vіdspіvati the radiated count. Nezabar vin zvіlneniya s plant, but not for the illegal violation of Tolstoy, but " through those who are vindicated under investigation for driving into an unsteady-looking peasant<…>, moreover, the appointments of the priest Kalіnovsky behavior and moral evils are incomprehensible, so that a hot p'yanitsa and building on all sorts of brudnі”, - Yak was seen in the intelligence gendarmerie units.
Report of the head of the St. Petersburg Burial Department, Colonel von Cotten, to the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire:
« To add to the reminder of the 8th leaf fall, I add to your high importance of the report about the praise of the young students that were born on the 9th leaf fall, from the day before the death of the dead Leo Tolstoy. On the 12th anniversary of the day, a memorial service for the late L. N. Tolstoy was served in the Virmensky church, on which there were close to 200 people, who pray, it is important time, and an insignificant part of the young who learn. At the end of the panahidi, they began to pray, and then through the sprat of hvilin, students and female students began to arrive to the church. It appeared that on the entrance doors of the university and the Higher Women's Courses there was an announcement that a panahida for L.N..
The Virmenian clergy suddenly made a panahida, until the end of which the church could no longer accommodate all those who, having prayed, a significant part of them stood on the porch by the courtyard at the Virmenian church. After the end of panahidi, everyone who was on the porch and in the churchyard began to sing "Eternal memory" ...»
« Vchora buv hierarch<…>It is especially unacceptable that I asked you to give me the nobility if I die. Yak bi stinks didn’t come up with something like this to sing people that I “repented” before death. I declare to him, I give up, I repeat, that to turn to the church, take communion before death, I just can’t, as I can’t say filthy words before death, or marvel at foul pictures, and to that everything that says about my deathbed repentance and communion, - bullshit».
On the death of Leo Tolstoy they reacted in Russia, and in the whole world. In Russia, student demonstrations and robotic demonstrations with portraits of the dead man took place, which became an indication of the death of the great writer. In order to commemorate Tolstoy, the workers of Moscow and St. Petersburg made the work of many factories and factories. There were legal and illegal gatherings, gatherings, leaflets were issued, concerts and evenings were discussed, at the time of the complaint, theaters and cinematographs were closed, the sale of bookshops and shops was suspended. A lot of people wanted to take a part at the funeral of the writer, a protege, which was afraid of all the elemental turmoil, having overcome it with strength. People could not zdіysniti svoіsnіru, to that Yasna Polyana Bula was literally hoarse with spiky telegrams. Democratic part Russian Suspіlstva the bula was overwhelmed by the behavior of the order, like the old fates of Tolstoy, having hindered his work, and, nareshti, crossed the memory of yoga.
family
Sisters S. A. Tovsta (left-handed) and T. A. Bers (right-handed), 1860s.
Lev Mikolayovich from his youthful fates knew Lyubov Oleksandrivna Slavina, in the zamіzhzhі Bers (1826-1886), loving his children Liza, Sonya and Tanya. If the daughters of Bersiv grew up, Lev Mikolayovich, thinking about the fun at the eldest daughter Liza, for a long time, having grown up, the docks had chosen the weight of the middle daughter Sophia. Sophia Andriivna rejoiced, if she was 18 years old, and the count was 34 years old, and on 23 April 1862, Lev Mikolayovich became friends with her, having known in advance at his doshlyubnye zv'yazkah.
For a deaky hour, this is the most bright period for one’s life - in a right way, happy, rich in what is the reason for the practicality of the squad, material well-being, prominent literary creativity, and the connection with him of all-Russian and all-world glory. In her own squad, she knew the helpers of all the right, practical and literary - without a secretary, she rewrote a lot of blacks for a few times. However, it will soon be happy to be obscured by inevitable dribniy weldings, fleeting weldings, mutually unreasonable, as if with rock, it was no longer possible.
For his own family, Leo Tolstoy, having propagated a kind of “plan of life”, zgidno with some guilt, having allowed a part of the income to give away to those schools, and the way of life of one’s family (life, zha, clothes) is significantly forgiven, while selling it and giving it away " all zaive»: piano, furniture, carriages. Yogo squad, Sophia Andriivna, such a plan is clearly not in vlastovuvav, on the basis of which they burned the first serious conflict and the cob її unvoiced war»for the richness of your future children. And in 1892 Tolstoy signed a separate act and handed over to his retinue and children all the unruliness, without having to be a sergeant. All at once the stench lived at the great kohanna maizha for fifty years.
In addition, his elder brother Sergiy Mikolayovich Tolstoy was going to marry Sophia Andriivna's young sister, Tetyana Bers. Ale, the unofficial slub of Sergius with the gypsy lover Maria Mikhailovna Shishkina (who had four children) made Sergius and Tetyani's friend unbearable.
Krym tsgogo, father of Sofії Andriїvni, medical doctor Andriy Gustav (Evstafіyovich) Bers still to the slub with the Slavic mother Don Varvara from Varvari Petrivna Turgenev - mother of Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev. According to her mother, Varya was the sister of Ivan Turgenev, and according to her father - S. A. Tolstoy, in such a rank, at the same time, Leo Tolstoy became a controversy. S. Turgenevim.
L. N. Tolstoy from the retinue and children. 1887 rіk
From Lev Mikolayovich's ship to Sophia Andriivna, 9 blues and 4 doves were born, five out of thirteen children died in childhood.
- Sergiy (1863-1947), composer, musicologist. One of the last children of a writer, who survived the Zhovtnev revolution, who did not emigrate. Cavalier of the Order of the Red Prapor of Labor.
- Tetyana (1864-1950). Since 1899, she was friends with Mikhail Sukhotin. In 1917-1923 Yasna Polyana was the custodian of the sadibi museum. I emigrated in 1925 with my daughter. Daughter of Tetyana Sukhotin-Albertinі (1905-1996).
- Illya (1866-1933), writer, memoirist. In 1916, having left Russia, he went to the USA.
- Lev (1869–1945), writer, sculptor Since 1918, the fate of the emigration - in France, Italy, then in Sweden.
- Maria (1871–1906). Since 1897, she was friends with Mykola Leonidovich Obolensky (1872-1934). She died due to the burning of legends. Pokhovana at the village Kochaki of Krapivensky povit (such. Tul. region, Shchekinsky district, village of Kochaki).
- Petro (1872-1873)
- Mikola (1874-1875)
- Barbara (1875-1875)
- Andriy (1877-1916), an official with a special hand in hand for the Tula governor. Participant of the Russian-Japanese war. Died near Petrograd due to a severe blood poisoning.
- Mikhailo (1879–1944). He emigrated in 1920, lives in Turkey, Yugoslavia, France and Morocco. He died on July 19, 1944 in Morocco.
- Oleksiy (1881-1886)
- Oleksandra (1884–1979). For 16 years, she became the father's assistant. Head of the military-medical corral at the hour of the First Holy War. In 1920, the Cheka was arrested by the Cheka at the right of the Tactical Center, sentenced to three years, after the call was made at Yasniya Polyana. In 1929 she emigrated from the Soviet Socialist Republic, in 1941 she took away the bulk of the USA. She died on the 26th of spring 1979 in the state of New York at the age of 95, the last of the remaining children of Leo Tolstoy.
- Ivan (1888–1895).
As of 2010, there were over 350 L. N. Tolstoy's tributes (including those who lived in 25 regions of the world). Most of them are the caps of Leo Lvovich Tolstoy, who had 10 children. Starting from the year 2000, once every two years at Yasniya Polyana, the writings of a writer are found.
Look at my sim. Sim'ya in Tolstoy's creativity
L. N. Tolstoy tells a fairy tale about the ogirka onukam Illyusha and Sonya, 1909, Krokshino, photo by V. G. Chortkov. Sophia Andriivna Tovsta at the future - the remaining squad of Sergiy Yesenin
Leo Tolstoy, like a special life, and creativity, the central role of introducing sim'ї. In the opinion of the writer, the main institution of human life is not the power of the church, the very same. Tolstoy, on the cob of creative activity, littered with thoughts about this and that, dedicating his first tvir - "Childhood". Three years later, in 1855, the writer wrote the essay "Marker's Notes", where the writer's cravings for gambling igors and zhіnok are already prostgrated. This is also seen in the yoga novel “Happy Family”, in which the man and the woman are completely similar to the friends of Tolstoy himself and Sophia Andriivna. During the period of a happy family life (1860s), which created a stable atmosphere, spiritual and physical balance and became the core of a poetic mood, two of the greatest works of writing were written: “War and Peace” and “Anna Karenina”. And just as in Tolstoy's "War of the World" he firmly sees the value of family life, being reconsidered in fidelity to the ideal, then in "Anna Karenin" wines are already conspicuous summaries of their reach. If stosunki have become important for yogo special family life, tsі zagostrennya appeared in such creations as "The Death of Ivan Illich", "Kreutzer Sonata", "Devil" and "Father Sergiy".
Lev Mikolayovich Tolstoy attached great respect to this. Yogo think about not intermingle with the details of friendly stosunkiv. In the trilogy "Childhood", "Adolescence" and "Youth", the author gave a vivid artistic description of the world of a child, in life, which is an important role to play the love of a child to his fathers, and now - love, like he won't take away from them. In Tolstoy's "War of the World" there is already the most revealing of the different types of family stosunkiv and kokhannya. And in "Family Happiness" that "Anna Karenin" different aspects of the kohanna in sim'ї simply ruined by the power of "eros". Critic and philosopher M. M. Strakhov after the release of the novel “War and Peace”, stating that Tolstoy’s previous works can be classified as previous achievements, as they ended with the creations of the “family chronicle”.
Philosophy
Religious and moral imperatives of Leo Tolstoy became the root of the Tolstoyan movement, inspired by two main theses: “forgiveness” and “non-resistance to evil by violence”. Stay, zgіdno z Tolstoy, fixing at a number of the mission of the Gospel and є shearing of Christ, like, vtim, Buddhism. The essence of Christianity, seen from Tolstoy, can be traced to a simple rule: “ Be kind and do not resist evil with violence"-" The law of violence is the law of cohanna "(1908).
The words of the Gospel became the most important basis for Tolstoy's teaching. Love your enemies» that Nagіrna sermon. The followers of the yogic vchennya - Tolstoyans - chanted the five commandments by Lev Mikolayovich: do not be angry, do not make love, do not swear, do not resist evil with violence, love your enemies, like your neighbor.
In the midst of the hospitals, and not only, the great popularity of Tolstoy's books “What is my faith”, “Spovid” and other. (Socrates, pіznіh stoїkіv, Kant, Schopenhauer).
Tolstoy developed a particular ideology of non-violent anarchism (її can be characterized as Christian anarchism), as a basis for the rationalistic understanding of Christianity. In respecting the primus with evil, vin robing the whiskers, the need to sway the state, and not by the path of the revolution, based on violence, but by the path volunteer advice a skin member of the partnership in the form of vikonannya, whether they are state-owned obov'yazkіv, some kind of military obov'yazok, payment of taxes, etc. L. N. Tolstoy vvazhav: " Anarchists rave about everything: in the forbidden things, and in the firmness of the fact that, in the presence of the obvious things, nothing can be more bitter for the violence of power; but the stinks are rudely pardoning, thinking that anarchy can be restored by revolution. Anarchy can be installed only if there will be more and more people, like a non-necessary defender of the ranks of the government, and more and more people, as if they will soromity to add to this power.».
Ideas of non-violent support, written by L. M. Tolstim at the work “God’s Kingdom is in the midst of you,” were put on Mahatma Gandhi, which was formed by the Russian writer at the leafing.
On the thought of the historian of Russian philosophy V.V. In the Filosopi of Tolstoy Vіn Nepoloshuyu, "Girlivannі Risnopolar Forces," Girls І і евав'gromnivine razіonalіsm "Yoy Relіgіino-philosophicks misfortunes Tu Іrratzіonalіstichna NEEBORNIYSTY" PANMORALIZMU ":" Write Tolstoy does not bother from the Divine of Christ, Alla, the words of Tolstoy River succumb to Christ God”, “follow Yoma as God”. One of the key features of Tolstoy's light-gazer is that pronounced "mystical ethics", which is responsible for the necessary ordering of all the secularized elements of the soul, including science, philosophy, mysticism, and put "blues-spiritedness" on one principle The ethical imperative of the writer explains the reality of super-exactness between the titles of the chapters of the book “Way of Life”: “Reasonable people cannot help but recognize God” and “God cannot be known by reason”. In opposition to the patristic, and to the future and the Orthodox, ototozhnennya beauty of that goodness, Tolstoy boldly declares that "goodness can not be nothing sleepy with beauty." At the book "Kolo Reading" Tolstoy quote John Ruskin:<…>As if mysticism does not help people to reveal the truth, but rather delivers the reception of an hour spent, it’s a curse, and not a right.” On the one hand, Tolstoy's separation from the Zinkivsky church characterizes not the style as a sensibly obstructed result, but as a “fatally incomprehensible”, shards of “Tolstoy was a hot and proud follower of Christ.” Forbidding the church’s look at dogma, the Divinity of Christ, that Yogo Resurrection in Tolstoy’s wines, is explained by protirichchim “rationalism, which internally does not fit with yoga mystical proof.” On the other hand, Zinkovsky himself states that “already in Gogol, the theme of the internal diversity of the aesthetic and moral sphere was put first;<…>for action is alien to the aesthetic cob.
In the sphere, Tolstoy was pursuing the ideas of the American economist Henry George, advocating for the voting of the land for the slaughter of all people and for the provision of a single tax on the land.
Bibliography
From what was written by Leo Tolstoy, 174 works of art were saved, including unfinished works and drafts. Tolstoy himself, having taken full advantage of his works, 78 of his works; Only a few stench fought for one's life and entered before the collection of creations. Other 96 years of work were left in the archives of the writer himself, and only after his death, the stench blew light.
The first published work was the story "Childhood", 1852 rec. The first book of the writer was seen in his life - “Viysk's Exposition of Count L. N. Tolstoy” 1856, St. Petersburg; The book “Childhood and Youth” was published in the same fate. The rest of the artistic tvir, infliction for the life of Tolstoy - the artistic drawing "Podyaka Soil", dedications of Tolstoy's husband and young peasant at Meshchersky on 21 chervnya 1910; drew first of publications in 1910 in the newspaper "Mova". A month before his death, Leo Tolstoy worked on the third version of the novel "None in the world of wine."
Life and posthumous vision of the collection of works
In 1886, Lev Mikolayovich's squad for the first time created a collection of works by a writer. For literary science, seeing has become a milestone Latest (jewelry) collections of works by Tolstoy in 90 volumes(1928-58), which included a wealth of new artistic texts, leaves and writer's books.
In this hour of ЇMLІ im. A. M. Gorky RAS is preparing to see a 100-volume collection of works (in 120 books).
The Crimea of tsgogo and pіznіshe sborіv yogo tvorіv were seen more than once:
- in 1951-1953 "Selection of works in 14 volumes" (M.: Goslitvidav),
- in 1958-1959 “Selection of works in 12 volumes” (M.: Goslitvidav),
- in 1960-1965 "Selection of works in 20 volumes" (M: Art. Literature),
- 1972 rock "Selection of works in 12 volumes" (M.: Art. Literature),
- in 1978-1985 "Selected works in 22 volumes (in 20 books)" (M.: Art. Literature),
- 1980 rock "Selection of works in 12 volumes" (M.: Suchasnik),
- 1987 rock "Selection of works in 12 volumes" (M.: Pravda).
Translate creative
During the hours of the Russian Empire, stretching 30 years before the Zhovtnevoy revolution, 10 million copies of Tolstoy's books were seen in Russia in 10 language. For the fates of the founding of the SRSR, Tolstoy's creations were seen in the Radyansk Union in a total of over 60 million copies in 75 language.
The translation of the complete selection of Tolstoy's works by the Chinese was created by Cao Ying, the work took 20 years.
World of knowledge. Memory
On the territory of Russia, there are several museums dedicated to the life and work of Leo Tolstoy. Sadyba Tolstoy Yasna Polyana together with the forests, fields, gardens and meadows turned into a museum-reserve, її branch of the museum-garden of Leo Tolstoy in the village of Mikilsk-Vyazemsk. Under the protection power, there is Tolstoy's garden house in Moscow (Vol. Leo Tolstoy, 21), transformations for a special show by Volodymyr Lenin at the memorial museum. It has also been turned into a museum of booths at the station Astapovo, Moscow-Kursk-Donbas railway. d. (Ninі station Leo Tolstoy, Pіvdenno-Skhіdnoї Zalіznitі), where the writer died. The largest of the museums of Tolstoy, and to become the center of scientific and research work on the development of life and creativity of the writer, is the Sovereign Museum of L. M. Tolstoy near Moscow (Prechistenka St., Budinok No. 11/8). Many schools, clubs, libraries and other cultural institutions have been named after the writer in Russia. It is named after the district center and the railway station (Astapovo colossus) of the Lipetsk region; district and regional center of the Kaluz region; Settlement (Old Yurt) of the Groznenskaya Oblast, de Tolstoy Buav in Youth. Near the rich places of Russia there are squares and streets that bear the name of Leo Tolstoy. Monuments to the writer have been erected near various places in Russia and the world. In Russia, monuments to Leo Mikolayovich Tolstoy were erected at the lower places: near Moscow, near Tula (as a native of the Tulsk province), near P'yatigorsk, Orenburz.
In the cinema
- In 1912, the young director Yakiv Protazanov shot the 30-year-old film “The Look of the Great Old Man” based on the motives of the notes about the rest of the life of Leo Tolstoy and several documentary shots. The role of Leo Tolstoy is played by Volodymyr Shaternkov, the role of Sophia Tolstoy is played by the British-American actress Muriel Harding, and Olga Petrova played the pseudonym. The film was even more negatively intimidated by the native writers and not wijshov at the rental in Russia, showing itself beyond the cordon.
- Leo Tolstoy and this yoga is dedicated to the full-length feature film directed by Sergei Gerasimov "Leo Tolstoy" (1984). The film tells about the remaining two fates of the life of a writer and his death. The main role of the film was played by the director himself, and the role of Sofia Andriivna was played by Tamara Makarova.
- In the Radyansk television film "Coast of Yoga Life" (1985) about the share of Mikoli Miklukho-Maklai, the role of the Tolstoy Vicon Oleksandr Vokach.
- In the television film "Young Indiana Jones: Ride on the Road" (USA, 1996) in the role of Tolstoy - Michael Gough.
- In the Russian series "Farewell, Doctor Chekhov!" (2007) the role of Tolstoy, Vicon Oleksandr Pashutin.
- In the 2009 film by American director Michael Hoffman "The Last Sunday" the role of Leo Tolstoy was played by Canadian Christopher Plummer, for which he won nominations for the Oscar award in the category "The best human role of another plan." British actress Helen Mirren, whose Russian ancestors were inspired by Tolstoy in the novel War and Peace, played the role of Sophia Tolstoy and was also nominated for an Oscar for the best female role.
- In the film "What do people talk about" (2011), the episodic role of Leo Tolstoy is played ironically by Volodymyr Menshov.
- In the film "Prihilnitsa" (2012), Ivan Krasko played the role of a writer.
- In the film in the genre of historical fantasy “Duel. Pushkin - Lermontov "(2014) in the role of young Tolstoy - Volodymyr Balashov.
- In the comedy film of 2015 directed by René Feret "Anton Chekhov - 1890" (fr.) Leo Tolstoy starring Frederic P'erro (ukr.) fr.
Significance and infusion of creativity
The character is inspired by the darkness of Leo Tolstoy's creativity, like the character of it I spit on a lot of artists and on the literary process, rich in which it was distinguished by the peculiarities of the skin edge, historical and artistic development. So, the French writers took yoga, usampered, like an artist, who stood up to naturalism and took on a true image of life with spirituality and high moral purity. The English writers spiraled with their creativity at the struggle against the traditional "Viktorian" bigotry, the stench sipped at the new butt of high artistic humility. With Leo Tolstoy, having become a support for writers, they solidified the gostra social theme of mysticism. In Nіmechchinі the most significant nabuli was the yogo antimilitary speech, the nіmetskі writers vyvchali yogo dosvіd realistic image of the war. The writers of the words of the Yansk peoples were impressed by the hymn "little" to the rotten nations, as well as the national-heroic themes of his works.
Leo Tolstoy poured a majestic infusion into the evolution of European humanism, into the development of realistic traditions in worldly literature. Yogo vpliv got acquainted with the works of Romain Rolland, François Mauriac and Roger Martin du Gard in France, Ernest Hemingway and Thomas Wolfe in the USA, John Galsworth and Bernard Shaw in England, Thomas Mann and Annie Segers in Germany, August Strindberg and Arthur Rainer Rilke in Austria , Eliza Ozheshko, Boleslav Prus, Yaroslav Ivashkevich in Poland, Mary Puymanova in Czechoslovakia, Lao She in China, Tokutom Roka in Japan, moreover, the skin of them recognized their own infusion in their own way.
Western humanist writers, such as Romain Rolland, Anatole France, Bernard Shaw, brothers Henry and Thomas Munny, respectfully listened to the victorious voice of the author in his works "Resurrection", "Fruit of the Sanctification", "Kreutzer Sonata", "The Death of Ivan" . Tolstoy's critical light-gazer penetrated that way through his journalism and philosophical practice, and his artistic work. Heinrich Mann, saying, what do Tolstoy boules do for the German intelligentsia to fight against the Nietzscheanism. For Heinrich Mann, Jean-Richard Blok, Hemlin Garland, Leo Tolstoy was a vision of great moral purity and intransigence to the point of suspenseful evil and made them like a foe of slanderers and a defender of the oppressed. The aesthetic ideas of Tolstoy's light-gazer were also mentioned in Romain Rolland's book "People's Theatre", in the articles of Bernard Shaw and Boleslav Prus (the treatise "What is such a mysticism?") and in Frank Norris's book "The Vidpovidalnistnost of the Novelist", as the author repeatedly.
For Western European writers of the generation of Romain Rolland, Leo Tolstoy was a senior brother and teacher. Vin was the center of gravity of democratic and realistic forces in the ideological and literary struggle for the cob of the century, but also the subject of everyday gostry superechok. At that very hour for the newest writers, the generation of Louis Aragon and Ernest Hemingway, Tolstoy's work became a part of cultural riches, as even younger ones conquered them. In our days, there are a lot of foreign prose writers who do not respect themselves with the teachings of Tolstoy and do not signify their goal until the new one, at the same time they will acquire the elements of the yogic creative knowledge, which has become a blatant blasphemy of light literature.
Lev Mikolayovich Tolstoy was nominated 16 times for the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1902-1906. and 4 times - for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1901, 1902 and 1909 pp.
Writers, thinkers and religious deacons about Tolstoy
- French writer and member of the French Academy Andre Maurois, who Leo Tolstoy is one of the three greatest writers in the entire history of culture (order from Shakespeare and Balzac).
- German writer, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature Thomas Mann, saying that the world did not know another artist, in some epic, Homeric cob it would be as strong as in Tolstoy, and in his works the elements of epos and unbreakable realism are alive.
- The Indian philosopher and political fiend Mahatma Gandhi, speaking about Tolstoy, as about the best person of his time, as if he did not try to catch the truth, embellish it, not being afraid of neither spiritual nor secular power, be sure to propagate your victims on the right.
- The Russian writer and philanthropist Fedir Dostoyevsky, speaking in 1876, why only Tolstoy should shine with him, sho, eat the Crimea, “ know to the least accuracy (historical and current) image accuracy».
- Russian writer and critic Dmitro Merezhkovsky wrote about Tolstoy: “ The guise of yoga is the guise of humanity. Yakbi Meshkants of other worlds nursed our world: who are you? - the people would be able to tell, pointing at Tolstoy: the axis of me "".
- Russian sings Oleksandr Blok talking about Tolstoy: “Tolstoy is the greatest and only genius of modern Europe, the greatest pride of Russia, a man, one of them is a plow, a writer of great purity and sacredness”.
- The Russian writer Volodymyr Nabokov wrote in the English Lectures on Russian Literature: “Tolstoy is a never-ending Russian prose writer. Leaving aside the yogi champions of Pushkin and Lermontov, all the great Russian writers can be instructed in such a sequence: the first - Tolstoy, the other - Gogol, the third - Chekhov, the fourth - Turgenev ".
- Russian religious philosopher and writer Vasil Rozanov about Tolstoy: “Tolstoy is less than a writer, but a prophet, not a saint, and for this reason, no one is cursed”.
- Vіdomy theologian Oleksandr Men, saying that Tolstoy dosі є with the voice of conscience that we live as a doctor for people who are uplifted, that they live according to moral principles.
Criticism
A lot of newspapers and magazines were written about Tolstoy for life. Thousands of critical articles and reviews have been written about him. His early works were appreciated by the revolutionary-democratic critics. Prote "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina" and "Voskresinnya" did not take away from the current criticism of the right discourse and visvelennya. Yogo's novel "Anna Karenina" did not take away the rating from the critics of the 1870s; The ideological and figurative system of the novel was left undiscovered, like i, i yogo marvelous artistic power. At that very hour, Tolstoy himself, not without irony, wrote: If critics are short-sighted to think that I want to describe only those who suit me, how they offend Oblonsky and how Karenina’s shoulders are, then the stench will have mercy».
Literary criticism
The first in the press to admire Tolstoy's literary debut was the critic ZZ Dudyshkin of 1854's "Vitchiznyany Notes" in 1854 at the article dedicated to the novels "Childhood" and "Adolescence". However, two years later, in 1856, the same critic wrote a negative review of the book "Childhood" and "Otrotsva", "Viyskovykh opovidan". At that fate, there is a review of M. R. Chernishevsky and Tolstoy’s book, and for such a critic, he gives respect to the age of the writer to depict the psychology of a person in his super-smart development. In the same place, Chernishevsky writes about the stupidity of Dr. Tolstoy on the side of S. S. Dudishkin. Zokrema, criticizing that Tolstoy does not depict female characters in his works, Chernishevsky pays tribute to the image of Lizi from "Two Hussars". In the years 1855-1856, one of the theorists of “pure art” P. V. Annenkov gave a high rating to Tolstoy’s creativity, naming the depth of thought in the works of Tolstoy and Turgenev, and those who thought that thought were due to the nature of the art in Tolstoy together. For the time being, another representative of “aesthetic” criticism, A. U. Druzhinin, in reviews of “Zaviryukha”, “Two Hussars” and “Viysk Confessions”, characterizes Tolstoy as a profound sign of life and a subtle legacy of the human soul. Tim an hour, the words of K. S. Aksakov in 1857 in the article “Overview of the current literature” knows the order of “truly beautiful” creations in the work of Tolstoy and Turgenev alone."
In the 1870s, the fates of P. M. Tkachov, who, having taken into account the fact that the head of the writer swears in the fact that, in his creativity, voluntarily aspire to the “progressive” part of the society, the article “Salon Mystetstvo”, attributed to the novel “Anna Karenina”, is strongly negative vіdgukuvavsya about Tolstoy's creativity.
N. N. Strakhov cited the novel "War and Peace" for its scale from the work of Pushkin. The genius and innovation of Tolstoy, according to the critic, appeared in the spirit of “simple” ways to create a harmonious and all-season picture of Russian life. The power of the writer of objectivity allowed him to "deeply and truthfully" depict the dynamics of the inner life of the heroes, as Tolstoy put it in order, whether or not we start with schemes and stereotypes. The critic has also voiced the author's pragma to know yoga is the best figure in the people. Particularly valuable are the fears of the novel, those that the writer is called as spiritual specialness, and the problem of supra-individual - family and communal - svіdomosti.
Philosopher K. N. Leontiev in 1882 saw the publication of the brochure “Our New Christians” having summed up the supremacy of the suscepti-religious capacity of Dostoyevsky and Tolstoy. To the thought of Leontiev, Pushkin's mova of Dostoyevsky, and Tolstoy's speech "What people live for" show the immaturity of their religious thought and the lack of knowledge of these writers from the splendid fathers of the church. Leontiev realized that Tolstoy's "religion of love" was accepted by the majority of "neo-slovaks" and affirmed the true essence of Christianity. The last was the promotion of Leontiev to the artistic creations of Tolstoy. The novel "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina" were voted by the critic as the greatest works of light literature "for the rest of 40-50 years". In respect of the head of the short Russian literature, the “belittling” of Russian action, that Gogol is attacking, the critic, having respected, that it is only Tolstoy’s zoom to repair the tradition, depicting “more than Russian supremacy ... naresh in a human way, it’s not foolproof.” N. S. Lєskov at 1883 roci at the article “Count L. N. Tolstoy and F. M. Dostoyevsky as a priest (Religion of fear and religion of kokhannya)” criticizing Leontiev’s brochure, victorious yobra in “handfulness”, not knowing the patristic neck of the single їх argument (from which Leontiev himself knew).
M. Z. Leskov succumbed to the influence of M. M. Strakhov to the works of Tolstoy. Contrasting Tolstoy's "religion of love" with K.N.
Andriyovich (E. A. Solovyov), having highly appreciated Tolstoy's creativity, having published his articles in the journal of "legal Marxists" "Life". In the late Tolstoy's wines, especially appreciating the "lack of truth in the image", the realism of the writer, which sees the distortion "from the intellects of our cultural life", revealing "її nonsense, covered with lofty words" ("Life", 1899, No. 12).
Critic I. I. Ivanov knew “naturalism” in the literature of the nineteenth century, he looked up to Maupassant, Zola and Tolstoy, and to expressions of a wild moral trance.
Behind the Vistula K.I. Chukovsky, “to write“ War and Peace ”- just think, with such a terrible greed it was necessary to throw up on life, grab everything with your eyes and eyes, and accumulate all the worldless wealth ...” (article “Tolstoy as an artistic genius”, 1908) .
The representative who took away the development between the XIX-XX centuries of Marxist literary criticism U. I. Lenin realized that Tolstoy at work became a spokesman for the interests of the Russian villagers.
The Russian poet and writer, Nobel Prize winner for literature Ivan Bunin at the final "Tolstoy's Animation" (Paris, 1937) characterizes Tolstoy's artistic nature with a strained interplay of "animal primacy" and a subtle-essential taste.
Religious criticism
Opponents of those critics of religious views of Tolstoy were Church historian Kostyantin Pobedonostsev, Volodymyr Solovyov, Christian philosopher Mykola Berdyaev, historian-theologian Georgy Florovsky, candidate of theology John of Kronstadtsky.
Religious philosopher Volodymyr Solovyov, a fellow writer of the writer, parted ways with Leo Tolstoy and sued him for his fidelity. Vin balked at the rudeness of Tolstoy's attacks on the church. For example, on the sheet before N. N. Strakhov in 1884, he wrote: “After reading Tolstoy’s “Who has my faith” for days. Chi roar zvіr lisі deaf?
“All of our differences can be centered on one specific point - the resurrection of Christ”.
After three years of fruitless suspense, vitracheny on the right reconciliation with Leo Tolstoy, Volodymyr Solovyov writes “Three Roots”, in which Tolstoyism is sharply criticized. , my dear, lie to me. Solovyov calls the words “Christianity” and “evangelism” a deceit, under the pretense of which the adherents of Tolstoy’s faith preach, look, they directly tell the Christian faith. From Solovyov’s point of view, the Tolstoyans could have uncovered obvious lies, simply ignoring someone else’s Christ, because their faith would no longer require external authorities, “trimming on itself.” If they still want to try to find a figure in religious history, then the honest choice for them is not Christ, but Buddha. Vaughn is based on a hellish statement about the illusory nature of evil, but about evil is just like about a lack of good. In fact, evil is more real, in its extreme physical form, death, in the face of such success of goodness in the special moral and vast areas (with which Tolstoy's brothers and sisters surround their own) cannot be taken seriously. The right victory over evil is due to the necessity of overcoming death, which is the epitome of the resurrection of Christ, historically recorded. punish, how and what to work. Crime of conscience, people need to burn, burn straight out of a good cob in the middle of it. tsyogo goodness the followers of Tolstoy's vchennya indulge themselves. The stinks only follow the moral rules, not mentioning that they serve the hellish “god of this century”.
Krim vіruchlivoї diyalnostі Tolstoy, yogo special ways of setting up to God, attaching respect to yogo Orthodox critics in rich fates after the death of the writer. For example, St. John of Shanghai talked about it like this:
“[Leo] Tolstoy didn’t feel bad, self-singing, and not in fear of God, approaching God, unworthily taking communion and becoming an apostle of God”
The current Orthodox theologian Georgy Orekhanov is aware that Tolstoy was cultivating the wicked principle that it becomes unsafe even in our days. Vіn looked at the vchennya of other religions and saw their blatant morality, like I respected the truth. All those who are different, - the mystical part of the faith - were seen by him. Whose sense is faceless modern peopleє Leo Tolstoy's followers, even if they don't secure themselves to the Tolstoyans. Christianity is brought up with them to a moral level, and Christ is no more for them, a teacher of morality. Indeed, the foundation of the Christian life is the faith of the resurrection of Christ.
Criticism of the writer's social views
In Russia, it is possible to speak critically with the press of social and philosophical opinion of Tolstoy's 1886 vinyl record of 1886 at the link with the publication of the 12th volume of the 12th collection of works in the shortened version of the article "What do we need to work for?"
On the 12th volume, A. M. Skabichevsky began the controversy, suing Tolstoy for looking at the science of science. H. K. Mikhailovsky, navpaki, having spoken a pidtrimka, looking at the art of Tolstoy: “At the XII volume of the works of gr. Tolstoy talks a lot about the stupidity and illegality of the so-called “science for science” and “art for science”… Gr. Tolstoy speaks in a sensi richly correct, and a hundred times art is even more significant in the words of a first-class artist.
Behind the cordon, Romain Rolland, William Howells, Emil Zola looked at the statue of Tolstoy. Piznіshe Stefan Zweig, highly appreciating pershu, describing part of the article (“... it is unlikely that if social criticism of genius was demonstrated on an earthly existence, lower in the images of these cities, the same marriages and people who have fallen”), at the same time respecting: “ale ice , in another part, utopist Tolstoy goes from diagnosis to therapy and tries to propagate ob'ektivnі methods of correction, skin understanding becomes foggy, the contours fade, thoughts that think one by one, stumble. І tse destruction of growth from problem to problem.
V.I. Lenin at the instructed in 1910 roci in Russia statti “L. N. Tolstoy and the current robotic movement ", writing about the "powerless curse" of Tolstoy "for the address of capitalism and "rule of pennies"". Zgidno with Lenin, Tolstoy’s criticism of the current order “saw a turning point in the looks of millions of villagers, as if they had gone free from the fortress and succumbed, that freedom means new fears of ruin, starvation, homeless life ...”. Earlier at the robot “Leo Tolstoy as a mirror of the Russian revolution” (1908) Lenin wrote that Tolstoy is funny, like a prophet, which brought new recipes for the order of mankind. Ale at the same time - Vіn and great as a visionary of ideas and moods that arose among the Russian villagers for the hour of the present bourgeois revolution in Russia, and also, as Tolstoy, the original, the shards of it, look at the peculiarities of the revolution as a bourgeois villager. At the article “L. N. Tolstoy "(1910) Lenin shows that, with Tolstoy's glances, they inspire "super-clear minds and traditions, they pointed out the psychology of different classes and versions of Russian supremacy for the post-reform, but also pre-revolutionary era."
G. V. Plekhanov, in his article “The Change of State” (1911), highly appreciated Tovstim’s criticism of private authority.
Plekhanov also conceived that Tolstoy's doctrine of imperviousness to evil is based on the comparison of the eternal and the temporal, metaphysical, and that internally super-literal. Vono vede up to the development of morality and life, and I will look into the void of quietism. Vіn declaring that Tolstoy's religion is based on faith in spirits (animism).
Teleology is the basis of Tolstoy's religion, and everything good that is in the soul of a person is attributed to God. Yogo vchennya about morality suto negative. The main privatility of the people's life of Tolstoy's boulevard in the religious world.
V. G. Korolenko in 1908 wrote about Tolstoy, which is a wonderful dream about the development of the first century of Christianity, you can work hard in simple souls, but you can’t drink after him in the “marked” country. To the thought of Korolenko, Tolstoy knowing, bachiv and vіdchuvav less of the low and high of the social mode, and it is easy for him to be influenced by the “unilateral” polyps, on the kshtalt of the constitutional mode.
Maxim Gorky stooped to Tolstoy like an artist, and then sued his arrogance. After that, like Tolstoy, having spoken out against the zemstvo movement, Gorky, speaking dissatisfied with his fellow thinkers, writing that Tolstoy leaned in full of his ideas, resurrected in Russian life and ceased to listen to the voice of the people, spreading high above Russia.
Sociologist and historian M. M. Kovalevsky, speaking about those that Tolstoy’s economic doctrine (the main idea of which is posited from the Gospel), shows only those that the social doctrine of Christ is miraculously attached to simple sounds, the rural and pastoral life of Galilee, cannot serve as a rule behavior of modern civilizations
Lev Mikolayovich Tolstoy (1828-1910) - Russian writer, publicist, thinker, educator, former corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Respected by one of the greatest writers in the world. Yogo create bagatorazovo screened on the light film studios, and p'esi staged on the light stage.
Children of the Rocks
Leo Tolstoy was born on the 9th of spring 1828 in Yasniya Polyana of the Krapivinsky county of the Tulsk province. Here I knew the mother’s mother’s mother, which she took away from the recesses. The family of Tolstykh had a more noble and county root. In the great aristocratic world everywhere there were relatives of the future writer. Whomever was not there in yoga relatives - the adventurer, the admiral, the chancellor, the artist, the chamber-maid of honor, the first lady of the world, the general, and the minister.
Pope Leva, Mykola Illich Tolstoy, was a man with a bright light, taking part in the foreign campaigns of the Russian military against Napoleon, getting into the French full, stars of big, viyshov at the post office lieutenant colonel. If Yogo's father died, the succesfull Borgians were at the recesses, and Mikola Illich would be embarrassed to rule over the bureaucratic work. In order to undo his troubled financial warehouse, Mykola Tolstoy, having taken a legal suit from Princess Mary Mykolaivna, as she was no longer young and looked like the Volkonskys. Regardless of the small rozrahunok, the viishovs are even more happy. A friend had 5 children. Brothers of the future writer Kolya, Sergiy, Mitya and sister Masha. Lion middle usіh buv quarter.
After the birth of the remaining daughter Maria, mothers began to have a "delivery lihomania". 1830 Roku won died. To the left there were not two more fates. And what a miracle won she was an opovidachka. Possibly, such an early love of Tolstoy came to literature. Five children were left without a mother. Їx vihovannyam had a chance to take care of a distant relative, T.A. Yergolskoy.
In 1837 Tolstoy went to Moscow, de ruled over Plushchiv. The older brother, Mykola, was about to enter the university. Ale, unhappily and unhappily, the father of the Tolstoy family died. The finances were not finished, and the three smallest children had a chance to turn to Yasnaya Polyana to turn to Yergolskaya and the titka along the Batkivska line, Countess Osten-Saken A. M. Itself here all the childhood of Leo Tolstoy passed.
Junior rock of a writer
After the death of the little girl Osten-Saken, in 1843, the checks of the chergovy moved, which once in Kazan was guardianship of the father's sister P. I. Yushkov. Leo Tolstoy otrimu his pochatkovu otrimu home, his teachers were the good-natured German Reselman and the French tutor of Saint-Thomas. In the autumn of 1844, following his brothers, Leo became a student of the Kazan Imperial University. I started at the faculty of skhіdnoї philology, later transferred to the juridical school, and studied for less than two years. Vіn rozumіv, scho tse zovsі not those occupations, to whom I would like to dedicate life.
On the cob of the spring of 1847, Leo threw a hope and went to Yasna Polyana to lie down on the slopes. At the same time, he started to the wedding of his famous student, having adopted this idea from Benjamin Franklin, having learned about his biography at the university. So it goes, like the wisest American politician, Tolstoy, setting his own goals and with all his strength, having defeated their viconati, having analyzed his failures, he won, he won and his thoughts. Tsey schodennik proyshov іz a writer through a mustache of yogo life.
In Yasniy Polyana, Tolstoy tried to make new acquaintances with the villagers, and also busied himself:
- vvchennya english movi;
- jurisprudence;
- pedagogy;
- music;
- blessing.
In the autumn of 1848, Tolstoy went to Moscow, de planning to get ready for candidate tests and buildings. Natomist for the new one was called by the worldly life with її excitement and card games. In 1849, the fate of Leo moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg, de continuing to lead sprees and riotous way of life. Hanging on to the fate of the wines, rozpochadnya іspitіv on the candidate of rights, but, having changed his mind to go to the rest of the іspit, turning to Yasnskaya Polyana.
Here he continued to lead the metropolitan way of life - maps and watering. Tim is not less, in 1849 Lev Mikolayovich, a roci, taught a school for the peasants at Yasniya Polyana, de іnodi vikladav himself, but mostly lessons from the krіpak Foka Demidovich.
Viysk service
Naprikintsі 1850 Tolstoy began to work on his first work - the famous trilogy "Childhood". At the same time, Leo, having taken the proposition of his elder brother Mikoli, who had served in the Caucasus, arrived at the military service. Big brother buv for Leva authority. After the death of the fathers, he became the writer's best and true friend and mentor. Quietly Lev Mikolayovich thought about the service, but the great card borg near Moscow hastened to make a decision. Tolstoy went to the Caucasus and in the autumn of 1851, he entered the service of a cadet in an artillery brigade under Kizlyar.
Here he continued his work on the work of "Childhood", as if he had finished writing in 1852 for the year and turned it into the most popular literary magazine "Suchasnik" at that time. Vin signed with the initials “L. N. T.” And at once from the manuscript, reporting a small sheet:
“I'm looking forward to your virok. Vіn or else they would want me to write, or they would burn everything.
At that time, the editor of "Suchasnik" was M.A. Nekrasov, and the literary value of the manuscript "Childhood" was recognized as a fault. Tvіr buv narukovaniya i mav majestic success.
Viyskove life of Lev Mikolayovich was very rich:
- repeatedly blamed for the lack of safety in the little things with the highlanders, commanded by Shamil;
- when the Crimean war broke out, I transferred to the Danube army and took part in the battle of Oltenitsy;
- taking the fate of the obloz Sіlіstrії;
- at the battle of Chorniy commanding a battery;
- under the hour of the assault on Malakhov Kurgan, having received under bombardment;
- trimming the defense of Sevastopol.
For military service, Lev Mikolayovich took off the following awards:
- Order of St. Annie 4th class "For goodness";
- medal "On the riddle about the war of 1853-1856";
- medal "For the Zakhist of Sevastopol 1854-1855"
Good officer Leo Tolstoy has a good chance for a military career. Ale yogo tsіkavila less writing on the right. Under the hour of the service, the wines did not stop adding up to the "Suchasnik" of their own opinions. The publication in 1856 of the publication "Sevastopol opovidnya" residually solidified him in the role of a new literary trend in Russia, and Tolstoy left the military service for good.
Literary activity
Vіn turning to St. Petersburg, de zvіv close acquaintance with N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenevim, I. S. Goncharov. For an hour of chatting with St. Petersburg, having seen a sprinkling of their new creations:
- "Blizzard",
- "Youth",
- "Sevastopol at the sickle",
- "Two geese".
And yet, the unforgiving world of life was suffocating for me, and Tolstoy made a decision about making Europe dearer. I have visited Germany, Switzerland, England, France, Italy. Describing all the bad feelings and shortcomings, taking away the emotions of the wines in their works.
Turning behind the cordon of 1862, Lev Mikolayovich made friends with Sophia Andriivna Bers. In Yogo's life, the most beautiful period began, the squad became his absolute helper in all rights, and Tolstoy calmly took care of his beloved right - the work of creation, like a year they became world's masterpieces.
| Rocky robots over creativity | Name the creation |
| 1854 | "Adolescence" |
| 1856 | "Wound of the keeper" |
| 1858 | Albert |
| 1859 | "Family happiness" |
| 1860-1861 | "Decembrists" |
| 1861-1862 | "Idiliya" |
| 1863-1869 | "War and Peace" |
| 1873-1877 | "Anna Karenina" |
| 1884-1903 | "Notes of the Divine" |
| 1887-1889 | "Kreutzer Sonata" |
| 1889-1899 | "Week" |
| 1896-1904 | "Hadji Murad" |
Sim'ya, death is that memory
Lev Mikolayovich had lived for 50 years with a band of friends, they had 13 children, five of them died small. Nashchadkiv of Lev Mikolayovich is already rich in the whole world. Once every two rocks the stench is picked up from Yasniya Polyana.
In the life of Tolstoy, always dorimuvavsya singing principles. Yomu wanted to be closer to the people. Vіn duzhe loving simple people.
In 1910, Lev Mikolayovich left Yasna Polyana, having recovered at the roadside, as if he had given his lifely glances. Behind him, having gone only yoga likar. Singing goals buv. We went to Optina a desert, then we went to the Shamorda monastery, then we went to the niece to Novocherkask. But it became nasty for the writers, after the transferred cold, the legends began to burn.
In the Lipetsk region, at the Astapovo station, Tolstoy was taken from the train, appointed to the hospital, six doctors tried to vryatuvat his life, and on their propositions, Lev Mikolayovich quietly exclaimed: "God is all-powerful." After a long period of important and painful backs, the writer died at the booth of the head of the station on the 20th leaf fall, 1910, at the capital of the 82nd rokiv.
Sadiba in Yasniya Polyana at once from the natural beauty, which її otochuє, є museum-reserve. Three more museums of the writer are located in the village of Mikilsk-Vyazemsk, near Moscow at the Astapov station. Moscow also has the state museum of Leo Tolstoy.
Lev Mikolayovich Tolstoy- a prominent Russian prose writer, playwright and a huge playwright. Born on September 28 (May 9), 1828, in the garden of Yasna Polyana, Tulsk region. On the mother's line, the writer lay down to the eminent family of princes Volkonsky, and from the father's line - to the old family of counts Tolstykh. Great-grandfather, great-grandfather, grandfather and father of Leo Tolstoy were viysky. Representatives of the ancient family of Tolstykh, even for Ivan the Terrible, served as voivods at rich cities of Russia.
Died of a writer from his mother's side, "Rurik's bait", Prince Mykola Sergiyovich Volkonsky, from seven years of insurance for military service. Vіn was a participant in the Russian-Turkish war and viyshov at the rank of General-Anshef. The father of a writer from the Batkiv side - Count Mykola Illich Tolstoy - served in the Navy, and then in the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. The writer's father, Count Mykola Illich Tolstoy, volunteered for the service of the seventeenth century. Vіn taking the fate of Vytchiznyanoi war 1812, having spent a lot of time before the French and the Russian soldiers, who entered Paris after the defeat of Napoleon's army. On his mother's line, Tolstoy changed his mind with Pushkins. I.M. Golovin, an associate of Peter I, who took charge of the ship's department with him. One of his daughters is the great-grandmother of the poet, and the other is the great-grandmother of Tolstoy's mother. In this rank, Pushkin fell to Tolstoy as a choti-juridical uncle.
The childishness of a writer passed in Yasniy Polyana - an old family maetka. Tolstoy's interest in history and literature originated in children's lives: living in the countryside, vin bachiv, how the life of the working people passed, in view of the new feeling of the impersonal folk tales, bilin, song, legends. The life of the people, yogo pratsya, look at that interest, sleepy creativity - all alive and wise - Yasna Polyana told Tolstoy.
Maria Mikolayivna Tolsta, the mother of a writer, was a kind and splendid person, a sensible and illumined woman: she knew French, German, English and Italian music, played the piano, took up painting. Tolstoy didn't get mad for two years, since Yogo's mother died. The clerk did not forget її, but he felt so richly about her in the form of otochyuchih, which clearly and vividly showed her image and character.
Mykoli Illich Tolstoy, his father, was loved by the children for his humane attitude to the kripakiv. Krіm to take the reign of the children, vin rich reading. For his life, Mykola Illich has collected a rich library, which contains books of French classics, historical and natural-historical creations, rare at that time. To the very first, remembering the strength of the young son to the living adoption of the artistic word.
If Tolstoy has his ninth birthday, the father will take him to Moscow. The first hostilities of the Moscow life of Lev Mikolayovich served as the basis for rich paintings, scenes and episodes of the hero’s life in Moscow Tolstoy's trilogy "Childhood", "Adolescence" and "Youth". Juniy Tolstoy babbled as a reminder of the life of a great place, and deyakі prihovani, shadow side. During his first stay at Moscow, the writer showed the end of the early years of his life, childhood, and the transition to youth. The first period of Tolstoy's life in Moscow was not long. In the spring of 1837, having traveled to the right of Tula, Yogo Batko died like a rapt. Unexpectedly after the death of his father, Tolstoy and his sister and brothers had a chance to go through a new misfortune: the grandmother died, as if all those close were respecting their heads. Raptova's death of the son became a terrible blow for her, and less through the river took her to the grave. After a few years, the first guardian of the orphaned children Tolstikh, the father's sister, Oleksandra Illivna Osten-Saken, died. Decimal Lev, three brothers, that sister was taken to Kazan, where there lived a new opikunka - the little girl Pelageya Illivna Yushkova.
Tolstoy wrote about his friend an opikunka as if about a woman “good and godly”, but at the same time “lightweight and marnoslavna”. According to the advice of the fellows, Pelageya Illivna is not small in authority with Tolstoy and his brothers, so the move to Kazan was taken as a new stage in the life of a writer: the wiggle ended, the period of independent life began.
Tolstoy lived near Kazan for six years. Tse buv hour shaping yogo character and choice of a life path. Living with his brothers and sister at Pelageya Illivna, young Tolstoy was preparing for two years to enter Kazan University. Virishivshi to join the skhіdne vіddіlennyа to the university, especially respect vin adding preparations to іspіtіv zіnozemnyh mov. On the tests of mathematics and Russian literature, Tolstoy took four marks, and from foreign languages - five marks. During the experience of history and geography, Lev Mikolayovich experienced bad luck - he took away unsatisfactory signs.
The failure at the entrance exams became a serious lesson for Tolstoy. Having dedicated all the years to the primordial education of history and geography, having added to them the supplements to sleep and sleep in the spring of 1844, they were insured for the first year of graduation from the Faculty of Philosophy of Kazan University in the category of Arabic-Turkish literature. Tolstoy's protest didn't suffocate, and after the summer holidays at Yasniya Polyana, he transferred from the junior faculty to the law faculty.
And yet, university occupations did not arouse Lev Mikolayovich's interest in the sciences that develop. For the most part, I independently took up philosophy, becoming the “Rules of Life” and carefully making entries in my student’s book. Until the end of the third year of the beginning, Tolstoy was left to rest, having only won independence from the current university order. creative robots, and win wins from the University. Prote universitetsky diploma youmu buv is needed, sob otrimati right to enter the service. І shob otrimati diploma, Tolstoy vytrimav universitetsky _spit externally, vytrativshi two years of life in the countryside for training before them. Having taken away, for example, the date of 1847, the chancery of the university documents, the most student Tolstoy left Kazan.
After leaving Tolstoy University, I went back to Yasnaya Polyana, and then to Moscow. Here, for example, in 1850, the fate of the wines was engaged in literary creativity. At this hour of the night, having thought of writing two poems, I didn’t finish one of them. In the spring of 1851, the fate of Lev Mikolayovich at once with his older brother, Mikola Mikolayovich, who served in the army as an artillery officer, arrived in the Caucasus. Here Tolstoy lived for three years, changing the head rank of the village of Starogladkovsky, roztashovanoy on the left birch of the Terek. Zvіdsi vіn vіїzhdzhav near Kizlyar, Tiflіs, Vladikavkaz, buvav near rich villages and villages.
Rose in the Caucasus military service of Tolstoy. Vіn taking part in the combat operations of the Russian troops. Tolstoy's hostility is seen in his descriptions of "Nabig", "Cutting the fox", "Complaints", in the story "Cossacks". Later, having turned to hell until the end of his life, Tolstoy created the story of Hadji Murad. At the birch tree in 1854, Tolstoy arrived in Bucharest, and the administration of the chief of the artillery troops was de-roztashovuvalos. Zvіdsi as a staff officer vin zdіysnyuvav trips to Moldova, Wallachia and Bessarabia.
Hanging that windfall in 1854, the writer took part in the cover of the Turkish fortress of Silistria. Proté the main officer of the military for that hour, Krymskiy Pivostrіv. Here the Russian military was under the cerebration of V.A. Kornilova and P.S. Nakhimov for eleven months heroically defended Sevastopol, under the Turkish and Anglo-French troops. The fate of the Crimean war is an important stage in the life of Tolstoy. Here we are close to recognizing simple Russian soldiers, sailors, residents of Sevastopol, ignoring what the heroism of the defenders of the city was, understanding especially the character, the power defender of the Motherland. Tolstoy himself showed goodness and masculinity in the defense of Sevastopol.
At the fall of the leaves 1855 Tolstoy from Sevastopol to Petersburg. Until this hour, you already deserve to be recognized in the leading literary stakes. At the same time, the respect of Russia's hu- man life was full of food about the krіpatstvo. Rozpovіdі Tolstoy this hour (“Wound of the helper”, “Polykushka” and іn.) are also related to these problems.
In 1857, a roci writer was created zakordonna more expensive. I have visited France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. Mandruyuchy by different places, the writer with great interest got to know the culture and social structure of Western European lands. A lot of things that, having drunk wine, have been marked for years on yoga creativity. In 1860 Tolstoy made one more trip across the cordon. Across the river from Yasniya Polyana, they opened a school for children. Rising in price with the places of Nіmechchini, France, Switzerland, England and Belgium, the writer took into account the schools and the peculiarities of the people's education. At the greater school, like seeing Tolstoy, there was a great discipline and there were heavy punishments. Having turned to Russia and curled up to a number of shkils, Tolstoy revealed that there were a lot of teaching methods that they worked in the Western European lands, worked in Nimechi, and penetrated into Russian schools. At the same time, Lev Mikolayovich wrote a number of articles, in which he criticized the system of public education both in Russia and in Western European lands.
Arriving in the Batkivshchyna after a foreign trip, Tolstoy dedicated to himself the work at the school and the history of the pedagogical magazine Yasna Polyana. The school, founded by a writer, was built not far from the yogo booth - at the outbuilding, which has been saved until our hour. On the cob of the 70s, Tolstoy clave saw a number of assistants for the cob school: "ABC", "Arithmetic", and "Books for reading". More than one generation of children has been following these books. Opovіdannya їх іz zahoplennyam to read children th at our hour.
In 1862, when Tolstoy was at the sight, assistants came to Yasnaya Polyana and ransacked the writer's booth. In 1861, the king's manifesto denounced the statement of the kripatstv. Under the hour of the reform, between the helpers and the villagers, they salvaged super rivers, the pledge of which was entrusted to the so-called intermediaries of the world. Tolstoy was appointed as a light intermediary in the Krapivno district of the Tulsk province. Razbirayuchi spirnі vіdnosini between nobles and villagers, the writer most often took a position on the melancholy of the villagers, which called out the displeasure of the nobles. Tse i became a drive for obshuku. Through this, Tolstoy had the opportunity to establish the activity of a light intermediary, to close the school in Yasniya Polyana, and to look at the appearance of a pedagogical magazine.
At 1862 Tolstoy making friends on Sofia Andriivna Bers, daughter of a Moscow doctor. Arriving with a man in Yasna Polyana, Sophia Andriivna with all her strength set out to create such a situation, for which nothing would have called a writer in the strained work. In the 60s, Tolstoy's life is self-sufficient, having devoted himself more and more to work on "War and Peace".
After the end of the epic "War and Peace" Tolstoy wrote a new tvir - a novel about the era of Peter the Great. post-reform life of Russia. So the vinic novel "Anna Karenina" works on the likeness of Tolstoy, dedicating chotiri rocky.
On the cob of the 80s, Tolstoy moved from his family to Moscow, to take care of the enlightenment of his children, who grew up. Here the writer, well known from the silly villains, became a witness to the misery of the city. At the beginning of the 90s of the 19th century, half of the central provinces of the country had died of hunger, and Tolstoy joined in the struggle against the people's dash. Zavdyaki yogo call was fired up with a donation, I will buy that delivery of food from the village. At this hour, under Tolstoy's ceremonial work in the villages of Tulsk and Ryazan provinces, about two hundred catty-free distances were opened for the starving population. Until this period, there are a number of articles written by Tolstoy about the famine, in which the writer truthfully portrayed the grave camp of the people and condemned the politics of the noble classes.
In the mid-80s, Tolstoy wrote drama "The Power of Drinks", which depicts the death of the old ambushes of patriarchal-peasant Russia, that story “The Death of Ivan Illich”, dedicated to the share of the people, only before death saw the empty and stupidity of her life. In 1890, Tolstoy wrote the comedy “Fruits of the Sanctifier”, which shows the right camp of the villagers after the story of the kripatstva. It was created on the cob of the 90s novel "Week", over which the writer pratsyuvav іz breaks ten rokіv In all creations, which lie down to the last period of creativity, Tolstoy clearly shows whom he sympathizes with, and whom he condemns; depicts the hypocrisy and worthlessness of the “lords of life”.
The novel "Nedilya" is more for other works of Tolstoy, having recognized censorship. Most of the chapters of the novel were published and shortened. The rulers of the stake ignited an active policy against the writer. Afraid of the people's bewilderment, the authorities did not dare to zastosovuvat against Tolstoy with reprisals. For the sake of the tsar, and for the time being, the chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod of Pobedonostsev, the synod adopted a decree on the admission of Tolstoy to the church. A police guard was placed behind the writer. The worldly bulk was overwhelmed by the repetitions of Lev Mikolayovich. The villagers, the leading intelligentsia and the simple people, were on the side of the writer, jumped to show their honor and encouragement to you. Kokhannya and those who spoke to the people served as an inspiration to the writer of the rock, if the reaction started to stop and shut it up.
However, regardless of all the efforts of the reactionary forces, Tolstoy with skin fate all sharper and more daring victorious noble-bourgeois suspіlstvo, vociferously speaking out against the autocracy. Create this period ( "To the ball", "For what?", "Hadji Murad", "Living corpse") proynyat deep hatred to the tsar's power, fringed and ambitious ruler. At the journalistic articles, which should lie until the hour, the writer sharply sued the victims of the war, calling out to a peaceful conclusion of all superechok and conflicts.
In 1901-1902, Tolstoy suffered a severe ailment. With the help of doctors, the writer had a chance to go to Krim, de vin proving over the river.
At Krim, he got acquainted with writers, artists, artists: Chekhov, Korolenko, Gorky, Shalyapin and others. If Tolstoy turned around at home, hundreds of ordinary people hovered at the yoga stations. In the autumn of 1909, the fate of the writer rose up and made a trip to Moscow.
The pupils and sheets of Tolstoy's remaining ten years of life had hard experiences, viklikanі discord writer z sim'єyu. Tolstoy wanted to hand over the land to the villagers, and he wanted to do it freely and see everything he wanted for free. Sim'ya same writer repaired opir tsomu, not bazhayuchi vіdmovlyatisya neither in the rights to the land, nor in the rights to create. The old housekeeper's way of life, which he saved in Yasniya Polyana, fitting Tolstoy.
Vletka 1881 Tolstoy, having made the first taste of drinking from Yasnaya Polyana, but I feel sorry for the squad and the children, he was embarrassed to turn around. With the same result, another sample of the writer ended up leaving the old maetok. On July 28, 1910, the fate of the wines, taєmno vіd sіm'ї, leaving Yasna Polyana for good, virushit on pivden and spend the excess of your life in the village hut among the simple Russian people. However, dear Tolstoy was seriously ill and embarrassed to leave the train at the small station Astapovo. The rest of these days of his life, the great writer of the clerk, spent at the booth of the head of the station. The news about the death of one of the great thinkers, a miraculous writer, a great humanist deeply struck the hearts of all progressive people at this hour. Tolstoy's creativity can be significant for secular literature. Over time, the interest in the creativity of the writer is not weak, but instead, it grows. Yak rightly respecting A. France: “I will vote for my life of guilt, breadth, directness, integrity, firmness, calm and constant heroism, blame that you need to be truthful and you need to be strong ... buv truthful!
Lev Mikolayovich Tolstoy Russianwriter, philosopher, thinker, born near the Tulsk province, at the ancestral shirt "Yasna Polyana" in 1828-
m fate. As a child, having infiltrated the fathers and withdrew from his distant relative T. A. Yergolskaya. At 16 years, having entered Kazan to the university at the Faculty of Philosophy, but the training turned out to be boring for the new one, and already after 3 years of the wines, leaving the training. At the 23rd anniversary of the war, fight in the Caucasus, About scho, zgodom, richly writing, imagining tsey dosvіd at their pracs "Cossacks", "Nabig", "Cutting the fox", "Hadji Murad".
Having continued to fight, after the Crimean war, Tolstoy broke to St. Petersburg, de becoming a member of the literary group. "Suchasnik”, together with the blessings of the writers Nekrasov, Turgenev and others. Even though I sing the glory of a writer, richly who, having adopted yoga, entered the group with enthusiasm, Nekrasov called yoga "the great hope of Russian literature." There, having seen his “Sevastopol opisaniya”, written under the influence of the Crimean war, after which he destroyed the roads of the lands of Europe, without a bar, however, having become enchanted by them.
In the cinema 1856
the th fate of Tolstoy pishov at the rendezvous, turning to the native Yasnaya Polyana, becoming a helper. In the light of literary activities, Tolstoy took up educational activities. V_n opened a school that practiced the system of pedagogy that had been broken up by him. From the point of view of the method of wines in 1860, the fate of the viїhav to Europe, sob to win the foreign dosvіd.
Autumn 1862
fate Tolstoy made friends with a young girl from Moscow S. A. Bers, having gone with her to Yasna Polyana, having made a quiet life of the sim'anin Ale through river a new idea shone brightly, as a result of which the world's most homely world appeared. War and Peace". Not less than yoga novel Anna Karenina» 1877
. Speaking about the whole period of the writer's life, one can say that at that moment the light-gazer was already residually formed and became known as "Tolstoyism". Yogo novel " Week" see you 1899
, left for Lev Mikolayovich became creations "Batko Sergiy", "The Living Corpse", "To the Ball".
Lightning the glory of the world, Tolstoy was becoming popular with wealthy people in the whole world. Being his practical spiritual mentor and authority, he often received guests at his mother's house.
Vіdpovіdno to his svetogladu, for example 1910
fate, at night Tolstoy secretly fills his house at the escort of his special doctor. Namiryayuchis viїhati in Bulgaria or in the Caucasus, their checks are far away, but at the link with a heavy ailment Tolstoy zmushenitsya zupinitsya at the small railway station Astapovo (named after him honor), de i died of a serious illness at the age of 82.
