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Modern people in a stone vіtsi. Kam'yaniy vіk

Kam'yaniy vіk, go through three main stages in your development:

1) Old Stone Age, or Paleolithic, which is divided into three periods - early (Acheulean), Middle (Mousterian) and Late (Aurignac, Solutry, Madeleine) Paleolithic 2) Middle Stone Age, or Mesolithic; 3) new stone age (Neolithic and Eneolithic).

Early Paleolithic. This period is characterized by the formation of the people of that human society, as well as the appearance of the first znarya of the practice. The old people lived in the first herds. Lyudina vikoristovuval natural dzherela eating, between picking and drinking. In Central Asia, choppers are broadened with head rank - rudely chop off the brows, tobto. massive pieces of stone-pebbles, hewn from one, right from both sides. For the help of them, an ancient person could dig up roots, get creatures, cut, stab, etc. The physical type of a person of the early Paleolithic is represented by an archanthrope /ancient person/, varieties of which are Pithecanthropus and Sinanthropus.

Middle Paleolithic / Mustye /. The cold weather, which began in the past widening of the sharp icing, tempted the ancient people to do the best of the mischievous state, attaching it to the great creatures. In the era of ancient times, people began to win the grottoes of the oven for the life, the primitive clothes from the skins. One of the most important achievements was the winemaking of different ways of making fire. Lyudina learned how to work the piss and the horn. Old-time people begin to unite with a larger team, among whom the rudiments of a tribal arrangement and a little practice for a statue appear. A Neanderthal will come to replace Pithecanthropus and Sinanthropus the current look and vіdrіznyavsya high growth, straight walking, mav more expansion of the head brain.

Upper Paleolithic Early Paleolithic. The order of the technique of cleavage is due to the technique of vitrified retouching during the processing of a stone, it is called drilling, most importantly brushes, and sometimes - to a stone. Gostri thin knives, scrapers, piercers, cuts are widely planted. An important winemaker, which stole the rose of the watering, was the creation of a dart, a spisometalka - the front of the cybul and arrow. The peculiarities of the Upper Paleolithic were the vindication of fishing, the construction of a long winter dwelling. In the epoch of the late Paleolithic, the first herd changed into a maternal ancestral community, which, like an exogamous fence, loved the middle group of people. A stage in the history of humankind, if the tribal communities united like women-mothers, calling themselves matriarchy.

Mesolithic. The most important wine-growers of the era were the warehouses of practice - juice, as a result of the arrival to the chopped handle, bow and arrows, which increased the role of solitary myslivtsiv. Vinicla new technology- polishing, on the back of the brush, and for example, on the stone. In the Mesolithic era, people begin to tame creatures: dogs, lambs, deer, kіz, intestines, pigs. Blame the new galluses of the state: more farming, bestiality. Until the Mesolithic period, one can see a wide range of wall-mounted images, painted with red ocher Shirabad district of Surkhandar'inskaya oblast/.

Neolithic The Neolithic epoch became a transitional period in the form of an inviting dominance of watering, picking up to viroblyuchogo - farming and animal husbandry. Lyudina learned how to work choven, which took on the development of ship navigation. In the Neolithic era, matriarchy reaches its development. The matriarchal ancestral bulk of the zoseredzhu in the hands of all the virile functions, blaming the couple of the family.

Such schoolchildren, having drunk to the walls of the historical museum, sound with a smile to pass the exposition, demonstrating the stone age practice. The stench is so primitive and simple that it doesn’t deserve to be especially respected from the side of the exhibition. However, in truth, the people of the Kam'yano epoch have achieved a clear evidence of the fact that they evolved from a human-like mawpi to Homo Sapiens. Let this process go straight to the edge, but historians and archaeologists can no longer straighten the mind of those who drink in the right direction. Adzhe at this moment, practically everything that you know about the stone age is based on the education of the simplest people of practice. Aje on development first people actively poured suspіlstvo, religious manifestations and climate. It is a pity that archaeologists of the past hundred years have not protected these factors, giving a description of that other period of the Stone Age. Due to the practice of the Paleolithic, the Mesolithic and the Neolithic, the centuries began to be relatively richly rich. I was literally suffocated by them, how kindly the first people treated with stone, clubs and brushes - the most accessible and widened materials in that period. Today we will tell you about the main signs of stone age practice and their recognition. Also, we try to implement the technology of manufacturing of such objects. Firstly, a photo with the names of traditional stone doby, which is most often seen in the historical museums of our country, is induced.

Brief description of stone vіku

At this moment in time, it is important that the stones of the century can be boldly brought to the most important cultural and historical layer, which can reach the filthy level. Deyak fakhіvtsі stverdzhuyut, scho tsey period no clear timchasovyh cordonіv, even though official science has established them, z vyvchennya znahіdok, zroblenih in Europe. Alewona didn’t lie that a lot of peoples of Africa lived in the stone century right up to their acquaintance with more diverse cultures. It seems that dosі deyakі tribes obroblyayut skins and carcasses of creatures with objects made from stone. To that, talk about those who know the work of the people of the kam'yanoї dobi - far beyond the people, before the hour.

As follows from the official data, it can be said that the stone age began about three million years ago, if the first hominin, who is alive in Africa, having guessed the stone for his purposes.

Knowing the practice of the stone age, archaeologists often cannot determine their recognition. It is worth working, as if to guard for the tribes, which may be similar to the development of the first people. Zavdyaki tsymu rich objects become more zrozumilimi, like the technology of their preparation.

The Kam'yany century was divided by historians into a spate of great watch periods: the Paleolithic, the Mesolithic and the Neolithic. At the skin healer, the practitioners step by step were fully healed and the daedals became more masters. When tsmu їхнє recognition tezh zminyuvalos. Tsіkavo, scho archaeologists razrіznyayut znaryaddya kam'yany vіku і for mіscem, de їх knew. In the pivnіchnyh areas, people needed only one thing, and in the pivnіchnyh latitudes - zovsіm іnshі. Therefore, in order to create a new picture, we will need more knowledge, and more knowledge. Only for the sake of the succession of all the knowledge of the practice can we add up the most accurate information about the life of the first people in a distant hour.

Materials for the preparation of znarad praci

Naturally, in the stone capital, the main material is the preparation of quiet and other objects like stone. From a variety of primary sources, people chose local flint and vapnyakovy shale. Among them were the vіdmіnі rіzhuchі tools and zbroya for poluvannya.

More late period people began to actively harvest basalt. Vіn yshov znaryaddya pratsі, recognized for butovih needs. However, it became already the same, if people began to grow farming and bestiality.

At the same time, the first person mastered the preparation of the znaryad znaryad from the brush, the horns of the creatures killed by him and the village. In different life situations, the stench was even more brown, and they successfully replaced the stone.

As a way to focus on the succession of the vinification of the stone age, you can make visnovok, which is still the first and main material of ancient people, stone. The very wine appeared to the most important and showed great value in the eyes of the first person.

Appearance of the first guards

The first signs of the practice of kam'yanoy doby, the succession of vindication of such is so important for the light of the learned spivtovaristvo, became the result of the accumulation of knowledge and knowledge. This process has been going on for more than one century, even the first people of the early Paleolithic epoch, it was easy to understand that the chosen objects can be shaped differently.

Historians vvazhayut, scho hominids in the process of evolution zoomed in on the wide possibilities of the stone club, knowing vipadkovo, for the sake of themselves that their bulk. So it was easier to grow wild animals and get roots. First of all, people began to pick up stones and pick them up after victorious.

However, after a certain hour, the stench realized that it is not so easy to know a necessary object in nature. Some people had to go around to cover the great territory, so that a stone that was handy for picking appeared in their hands. Such objects began to be taken care of, the collection was gradually restored by hand-made brushes and stripped-down clubs of the necessary dozhina. All the stinks have become a kind of change of heart for the first healers of the ancient stone doby.

Zryaddya pratsі kam'yanoї dobi: sledovnіst їх vyniknennya

Among the deyakih groups of scholars, a sign of practical work has been taken on historical epochs, such a stink to be put. However, it is still possible to reveal the sequence of blame for work. The people of the Kam'yanoi doby gradually developed, and the historians gave them different names. For a long time, a thousand stinks passed the way from Australopithecus to Cro-Magnon. It is natural that the periods changed and the signs of practice. As it is respectful to develop the development of the human being, it is possible to understand that the skills have been thoroughly developed and are known to work. To this, we say a memo about objects crushed by the hands of the Paleolithic for an hour:

• Australopithecus;
• pithecanthropy;
• Neanderthals;
• Cro-Magnons.

If you still want to know, if you know you worked in the stone century, then your steps will spread the stats to tell you about the mystery.

Vinahid znaryad pratsi

Blame the first objects, calling to make life easier for the first people, lie down until the hour of Australopithecus. Qi are respected by the most ancient ancestors of a modern person. The stench themselves learned how to pick up the necessary stone that club, and then they ventured to try to add it with their own hands I will need a form we know the subject.

The australopithecines were preoccupied with picking. The stench constantly chirped in the forests of the real roots and picked berries, and they often recognized the attacks of wild animals. Knowing the vipadkovy rank of the stone, as if it appeared, they helped to take up the sonorous right productively and allowed to be protected from creatures. To this, the old-timer people tried to remake for help dekіlkoh by hitting an inconspicuous stone on the corisne. After the low titanic zusils of the light appeared before the znaryaddya praci - rubalo.

This object is a stone of a dovgasto form. From one side of the veins of sweating, so that they could better place themselves in their hands, and the old-timer people came to the other side for help by hitting another stone. Varto respect that the cutting was a laborious process. The stonework was important to finish, but before that, the Australopithecus rocs were not known for accuracy. Vcheni vvazhayut, that for the creation of one cut, it is necessary not less than a hundred blows, and the vaga znaryaddya prats most often reached fifty kilograms.

For help, she cut down the bulk more efficiently to dig up the roots of the earth and bring in wild animals to drive them in. It can be boldly said that with the winemaking of the first znaryadd pratsi, a new milestone began in the development of humankind, as it were.

Irrespective of those who hacked the most popular znaryaddy pratsі, the Australopithecus learned how to make scrapers and gostrokintseviki. Prote sphere їх zastosuvan bula nezminnoy - selection.

Znaryaddya Pratsi pithecanthropus

Whose view is already upright and can be claimed by those who called him a human being. Zryaddya pratsі people kam'yanoї achieved a period, unfortunately, not numerous. Knowledge, which can be seen before the era of petecanotropes, is even more valuable for science, even if the skin of knowledge is the subject of revenge for one's own great information about the lack of knowledge of the historical hourly interval.

It is important to note that the Pithecanthropi vicorists were more important than those of the Prats, that the Australopithecus, but learned how to master them. Like earlier, even wider boules of stone chopped. So at the head of the house, they wrote and saw it. They were prepared from tassels with a path of splitting into sprats of parts, as a result, the first person took away the virus from the warm and ribbed edges. The deyakі znakhіdki allow to lay down statements about those that pithecanthropes tried to prepare znaryaddya pratsі from the tree. People of that eolity were actively victorious. This term was used to call stones, known to be water-bearing places, which can be found in the nature of the hostile region.

Neanderthals: new wines

Zryaddya pracі kam'yanoї dobi (photo with my signature brought to this section), created by Neanderthals, reminiscent of lightness and new forms. Step by step, people began to approach the choice of the most practical forms and the understanding, which made it easier for a good reason to practice.

Most of the signs of that period were revealed in one of the caves near France, to which all the signs of the Neanderthal population are called Mousterian. Qiu was named in honor of the stove, where large-scale excavations were carried out.

Vіdmіnnoy rice of these objects є їkhnya directing to the preparation of clothes. The Ice Age period, when Neanderthals lived, dictating their minds to them. In order to survive, he had a chance to learn how to make the skins of creatures and sew from them different robes. In the midst of the worker, piercings appeared, she sewed her necks. With their help, the shkiri could be eaten between themselves by the sinews of the creatures. Similar instruments were prepared from brushes and, in particular, by splitting the outer material into sprat plates.

In general, divide the knowledge of that period into three great groups:

• rubiltsya;
• scrapers;
• gostrokintseviki.

Rubiltsya threw themselves on the first step of the ancient people's work, and all of them were richly smaller. The stench was made wider and victorious in different situations, for example, for strikes.

Skrіbla vіdmіnno went for the purpose, schoblyat carcasses of dead creatures. Neanderthals sweetly creamed the skin from the meat, then they cut it into small pieces. For the help of the scrapers, the nadals were refinished, so that this tool was suitable for creating different virobs from a tree.

Gostrokintseviki often vikoristovuvali like a zbroyu. Neanderthals were small gostrі darts, write off that knife of different recognition. For everything you need, gostrokintseviki were needed.

The era of Cro-Magnons

This type of person is characterized by a high growth, a majestic figure and a wide range of habits. The Cro-Magnons successfully stashed practically all the wines of their ancestors and foresaw absolutely new ways of working.

During this period, the stone tools were still wider, but step by step people appreciated other materials. The stinks have learned how to prepare a variety of pricks from the tusks of creatures of those horns. The main activity was the selection of that field. To this, all the znaryaddya pracs took relief from their sights. It is noteworthy that the Cro-Magnons learned how to catch fish, that archaeologists could already know the Crimea already with knives, climbs, tips for arrows and spears of harpoons and fish pits, broken from tusks and brushes of creatures.

Tsikavo, that the Cro-Magnon people came up with the idea of ​​making dishes from clay and scorching them near the fire. It is important that the end of the Ice Age period and the Paleolithic epoch, on some occasion, the rise of Cro-Magnon culture, marked by the original changes in the first people.

Mesolithic

This period of marriage is dated from the tenth to the sixth thousand years BC. In the Mesolithic, the ocean of light gradually moved up, so people had to gradually attach themselves to unknown minds. The stench mastered the new territories and that dzherela eating. Naturally, what was indicated on the znaryaddya pracі, yak became perfect and sruchnishimi.

In the Mesolithic period, archaeologists everywhere knew microliths. Under this term, it is necessary to understand the practice of working from a stone of small size. The stench really relieved the masses of ancient people and allowed them to create the right virobi.

It is important that during this period people began to tame wild creatures. For example, dogs became the true companions of myslivtsy and guardians in the great settlements.

Neolithic

This is the final stage of stone-making, in which people mastered the agricultural state, animal husbandry and continued to develop pottery craftsmanship. Such a sharp haircut at the rose of a person is commemoratively seen in the stones of the worker. The stench got a clear straightening and began to prepare only for those chi іnshої galuzі. For example, stone plows were used to till the soil before planting the roslin, and the harvest was harvested with special tools for harvesting with cutting edges. Other experts allowed to finely trim the growth and prepare their hedgehog.

Tsikavo, that in the Neolithic era, a number of settlements were built from stone. Some of the houses and all the objects in the middle of them seemed to vibrate from the stone. Such settlements were even wider than modern Scotland.

Zagal until the end of the Paleolithic epoch, people successfully mastered the technique of preparing znarad from stone and other materials. This period became the foundation of the further development of human civilization. Prote dosі davnі kamenі zberіgayut vіdіlіch sekretіv, іkі priyavlyuyut іїmі suchasnyh shukaіv vіdnіv z ugogo svіtu.

What is the "kam'yane of the century", everyone knows. All the skins, woods, a toilet near a distant corner of the oven, rock art instead of comics and human destiny: today you become a mammoth, and tomorrow you will be bitten by a shable-toothed tiger with an appetite. Prote our life is made up of nuances, and the dribblings of everyday life will follow our ancestors in the home, we will only be okrem fakhivtsy. Primitivny pobut zovsіm does not mean the sum of life: well, but old-time people never had a chance. To protect himself in the cold, he had to wrap himself around the skin. Today we have been able to turn history upside down, burn it down and walk in the skins of our ancestors.

The last fate of the "World of Fiction" published a few articles about the middle class. We dig deeper into the terra incognita of human history - the period when (behind the names of some fahivtsiv) aliens put genetic successes over the mawps, the giants of Atlantis flew into space, and our forefathers were marveled at everything.

A long time ago, far, far away...

There was never a stone age. Accept without intermediary crying out from the sacred books of most religions. The followers of the Bible agree on the thought that our world was created from 6 to 10 thousand years ago. It so happened that after gastronomic experiments with apples first, people mitteva moved to donkey farming, folded znaryaddya practice and writing, and then began to drive one one into the name of good.

In 1654, the archbishop of Ireland, James Usher, announced that the person was created exactly about the 9th anniversary of the 23rd anniversary of 4004 BC. The Orthodox Church named another date - 5508 BC. Vcheni assert that the formation of a person began approximately 3 million years ago.

It’s a pity that the world’s religion does not avenge the myth about those, like 1 thousand years before our time, the gods buried the skeletons of dinosaurs and silicon arrowheads in the earth, so that later we would laugh at the archaeologists from the soul. Kam'yany vіk has come independently and navіt usuperech vіruvannyam blіardіv people.

Vіn appeared approximately 100,000 years ago and (in some regions of the planet) continued until the New Hour. An active development of civilization emerged from the end of the rest of the ice age period about 10,000 years ago. The river of the sea has risen, the climate has changed, and the people have begun to gravitate to new minds - to create folding znaryaddya pratsi, to lay a post-settlement, to actively roam.

People pіznyoї kam'yanoї doby little chimneyed about us with you. Obsyag brain, budova skull, proportions of the body, feet of the hair and other characteristics were the same from the present. Yakby the child of that hour spent in the present, she could have been vicious, get enlightened and become, for example, the author of the articles "World of Science Fiction".

Until a certain recent hour, most people could, with a full right, rahuvat ... Negroes. The mutation of the "white" gene SLC24F5 started in Europeans more than 12 thousand years ago and ended 6 thousand years ago.

The swarthyness of the shkiri, which was better for everything, varied from region to region. Bulo black hair was the widest color. Blonds and ore began to appear worse - because of the greater number of people, they became ugly and mutated, created, with a difference, different types of identity. It is said that the people of the Stone Age were furnishing their hair with grass juices, sawing flowers and different-colored clays not only from ritual, but also from aesthetic mirkuvan.

Heaven at the chicken

Mayzhe in all the images, the people of the stone dobi are found here in nature (sound in the middle of the boundless steppe) or sit white pits. Such a manifestation is true for the Paleolithic, but does not reflect the realities of the Neolithic (7000 years ago). The people began to build the first budіvlі - great stones that served as a support for the Dahu from the mountains - maybe 2 million years ago, and 4.5 thousand years ago there were gigantic pyramids. Since then, until the end of the ice-building period, the architectural knowledge was sufficient for the creation of pre-stroke settlements.

The culture of the early stone age was completely one-man. All over planet people Without moving, they victoriously played similar instruments and robbed for their help, practically the same speech. 25 thousand years ago, in the village of Dolní-Vestonicy (Czech Republic), there were houses made of clay cask, in Siberia they strove to mark with skins and tusks of mammoths, and if on the right it reached the burial place, our ancestors did not line up majestic stone slabs, laying down mammoth slabs. .

In addition, massive stones were shaved on the signs that bordered the territory, “monuments” to the honor of any pods, and in a few vipadkas they turned them into objects of worship.

Great places began to be built about 5 thousand years ago. For example, Mohenjo-Daro (“Hill of the Dead”) in modern Pakistan had a few dozen thousand baggers, and in one Citadel, 5,000 people could be gathered at once. Ale, the main part of the people lived in small settlements, which could be depleted of natural resources from the time.

The typical "village" of Kam'yanoy dobi was like a camp of tourists on the kshtalt. For myslivsky comrades, boules were characteristic of marking zі skins, at earthwork settlements, budins were formed from a stone or an outline. Rice fields were green (cultivated from 9000 BC) or a river flowed (the first fish brushes began to appear at the sites of people more than 50,000 years ago, and before the Stone Age, our ancestors already had good fishing).

The first houses were round, one-room. Unexpectedly, people began to grow up, guessing the present richly furnished cottages, which served at the same time as tombs: the brushes of dead relatives were buried under the cover, covered with skins or with straw. Judging from these excavations, the doors were pierced in the steles - people climbed up to the houses and came out of them in gatherings. Clay served as "trellis", and the walls of the budins could be painted in the middle (for example, the settlement of Chatal-Guyuk near Turechchyna).

O hour! O sound!

The perfect day of a person of that hour began not long before the sun went down and ended in a bad day after the sun went down. The rhythm of life beyond the present worlds is even more unsettling. The main working places of the robots stayed at the borders of good accessibility. At the significant distance from the village, only thoughts were farther away, which in the region unfriendly signified the trivality of their lives.

The next mother in the Uvaz, that 10,000 years ago, all the people had only about 5 million people, and the population of the “villages” was counted in dozens of inhabitants, most of which were formed one by one in dispute. Wild creatures - not zalyakani, like the current, but angry, hungry and vvazhayut zustrіch z people at the happy hour at an expensive restaurant, - they sat chi not under the skin booth. Europe had tigers and lions. Woolly rhinoceros and mammoths snarled de-ne-de.

Kam'yaniy vіk having fallen to the relish of chanuvalniks of classical rock, like spoofing the motto "live fast, die young". Right in that mid-life life became 20-30 years. The dawn of civilization can hardly be called "paradise". Tse buv is a suvoriy and a troubled hour, if the main argument in the case of zustrіchі with a creature of an unknown person was a kam'yana sokir.

The main part of the daytime was spent on preparing food, replacing old tools with new ones, repairing the dwelling, religious rites, and looking after the children. The rest stood at the direct fallow land due to the low frivolity of life - the child’s life was small, and the children were given significantly less turboti, lower at the same time, which sensibly added mortality to the child. Deficiency of people stimulating polygamy, so 2-3 squads of 15 years for one "old" 30 years were not rare.

From the quiet reasons themselves, the neolithic suspіlstva dominating matriarchy. The women lived longer for the people, took care of their family's pit and, in fact, gave it up for the accumulation of cultural knowledge. Neolithic was the era of women. On the “vulitsy” the settlements were more rich, fewer people.

On Russian soil, the burial of the “Amazon” tribes was revealed, as they lived close to 3000 years ago.

Dribnitsa of life

Despite such stereotypes, people of the stone age did not walk around with stinking skins on their bodies. The fashion of the Neolithic epoch was quite different, and in certain moods it could compete with the middle one. Sim thousand years ago, our ancestors began to work clothes from the world, approximately the same time, woven fabric, woolen yarn appeared, and in the 30th century before ours, the Chinese made the production of a seam.

Add embellishment here with a polished brush, pir'ya, a colored stone - a man who was born even before the winemaking of writing, zijde for his own in the most modern lands of the third world. Moreover, as a neolithic dandy, wearing bracelets or namistos of turtles, he put yogo on one shovel from today's Patek Phillipe yearbook. A long time ago, one kind of one settlement practiced barter, but 10,000 years ago, the market economy was already established there. Pennies - turtles or stone - were often worn like embellishment. The whole thing was handy for the vikupu named, the subdivision of the fall and trade with the land tribes.

There is nothing for gourmets at the stone capital. The transition to settled farming meant a decrease in the quality of life, even if it was myslivtsiv and the elector, it would be different. It is not easy for modern people to reveal themselves to the Neolithic diet. No tea chi cavi. The main drink is unboiled water from the nearest water. Breeders of herbs fought only for medical and religious purposes. Milk was given to the children to drink, and alcohol (virnish, fermented sik) got used to richer, lower contagion.

The cookery was in the natal stage, so the sirimi got used to the vegetables. M'yasa and ribi on the tables were done richly (pigs, goats and animals were domesticated 9000 years ago), the understanding of "strength" and "species" in the lexicon of cooks was daily. Legumes and grain crops have been accustomed for an hour without thermal processing - they were rubbed with pasta with water or like porridge. For some reason, for the sake of interest, heat up some sum over the fire. This is how bread appeared, one of the oldest and most important food products of people.

Vcheni allow, that, with all the isolation of the settlement, the Europeans of the Kamyanoi managed to achieve that they could not understand one another well, then they could sing-songly guess about the sense of more phrases. Є thought, that in those hours it was founded as a praіndoevropeyska mov with a single-manit structure and universal roots of words.

Artist - like the word "bad"

In the minds of the general illiteracy of the population, the most important of the arts were painting, music and war. The oldest artistic artifact is so called "Venus from Tan-Tan" - a stone figurine found near the site of Tan-Tan near Morocco. Її created 300,000 years ago, so that on the cob of the stone age, human culture was already in full swing.

The Upper Paleolithic era culminated in rock art. Її often take into account the head view of the kam'yanoy doby, although with such success it is possible to take into account that Mendeleyev's bula gorilka was the crowning achievement. To push the material art in the masi began, no matter how marvelous, the old Japanese. It is important that the stench was the first on the planet to open the pottery on the right (earlier, lower silsk state). 11,000 years ago, the stench was already pressed by clay figurines and utensils, on the yak, before boiling, various viserunks were applied for the help of wicker bobbins or sticks.

At the ribal settlement of Lepenski-Vir (7 thousand years before ours, present-day Serbia), figurines of rib abo, for a different version, enchanting fishmen, fought from stone. In 5 thousand years before ours, people of the European culture of Vincha virizali on clay virobs, which suspected cuneiform writing. It is said that there was proto-semanticity - it is in the middle between little ones and symbols.

It's a pity, the ancient art of the tієї epoch was saved badly. Then, before us, there were a lot of megaliths, we found some of them and Stonehenge. It is not possible to think that the embellishment of the gravestones with spiral carvings was loved by the right artist at that time. Kam'yanі znaryaddya gave little scope for creativity - navіt embroidered shkіri with stony collars was a problem. Generously decorated with embellishment, armor and armor appeared less at the Bronze Capital.

With music, do it richly better. Vaughn developed from myslivskogo inheritance of sounds of creatures. On the back of the head, the only musical instrument was a human throat. At the stone capital, people began to prepare musical instruments (22 years ago in China they knew a flute with a bunch of chalices for 8000 years), which conveyed the knowledge of old people at least from notes. String instruments appeared less like a stone eye.

Imovirno, the creation of a musical play in the stone capital was mechanical, without an abstract system. The first musical notation on clay tablets dates back to 14 centuries BC (Ugarit, modern Syria).

The sky of the Spanish town of Castellón and the skelі de la Mola, on some images of the war, which are marching. The one who engraved at the “Civilization” of Sid Meyer, knows well that the map is still small, but the engraving is rich, the first unit at the first place can be a warrior. The fact that kam'yanі stіni were called up near the city, it's too much to talk about. The very organization of the army and professional war began to appear near the stone capital.

"Armії" - tse, loudly, loudly said. Leaves from El-Amarn (correspondence of Egyptian officials, 1350 BC) testify that the corrals of 20 people terrorized the cities of the city - even in the bronze capital! The Kam'yans of the century were shaken by the grandiose battles of dozens of people. It is true, the deacons of the past are aware that the great settlements on the Chatal-Guyuk quarter could deploy close to hundreds of soldiers. In this way, it is already possible to conduct a language about tactics, maneuvers, delivery and other supplies of the right military.

The conflicts were namingly crooked. Peremozhtsі drove all the people and children, took away the women and robbed the settlements. However, in some regions there could be tribes that lived one with one in the world and practically did not know the concept of “drive in” (the bushmen from the deserts of the Kalahari can be a modern butt).

The most terrible fire of ancient myslivtsiv fire. The stench was picking up the foxes and the grass, lowering the dovkil. The tactics of "burned land" were richly effective for hand-to-hand combat. At close combat, they victorious like myslivskі іnstrumenti - nasampered write-offs, - і clubs.

Behind the rocky little ones, you can reconstruct the average statistical battle of the stone doby: the fighting "armies" chuckled one against one in the line, the leaders stepped forward and gave the command to open the shooter from the bow (sling). Okremi elementi malyunkіv allow you to admit that the “infantry” at the same time hit the enemy from the flanks.

Professor Lawrence Kelly praised that the conflicts between the tribes were saved for a long time, the deacons fought against them steadily. Excavations of some settlements in Africa have shown that over half of their Meshkans died a violent death. Vіyni kam'yanoї didi buli richly crooked, lower today. How to transfer the cost of military expenses to the realities of today, if a local war would take two billion lives.

From the transition from watering to arable farming, the number of soldiers sharply scurried away. The number of the population was still small, in order to pacify the unpractised warriors. The conflicts were of a small swedish nature, there were no tax charges, and the walls of the city always guaranteed the inconsistency of the place.

* * *

The words "kam'yane stolittya" ring out in a derogatory sense - for the signification of primitiveness, stupidity and savagery. True, the early Neolithic era, if the breaking of skulls was important for richly busy occupations, there was less trade. However, from the transition to arable farming, the light has changed to the point of being unknown.

Pratsya zrobila z mavpi people. Vіn, having turned the bloody maniacs into architects, sculptors, painters and musicians. Kam'yaniy vіk vyyavivsya zovsі not such a filthy hour. healthy image life, good ecology, diet, post-yni physical adventure and calm little forces, gods' faith and enchanting monsters... Isn't it the foundation for any kind of fantasy?

Time to pick a stone
Shake the people of the stone vіku

Show me a man or a woman - and I will show you a saint. To call them together - and vinikne kokhannya. Give me three people and the stench of wine to find even sweeter speech under the name "suspіlstvo". Four will awaken the pyramid. Five to see one. Six wines to find zabobon. Seven to call out the war.

Stephen King "The Stand"

What is the "kam'yane of the century", everyone knows. All the skins, woods, a toilet at the far corner of the oven, rock art instead of comics and human dignity: today you are like a mammoth, and tomorrow you will be bitten by a shable-toothed tiger with appetite. Prote our life is made up of nuances, and the dribblings of everyday life will follow our ancestors in the home, we will only be okrem fakhivtsy. Primitivny pobut zovsіm does not mean the sum of life: well, but old-time people never had a chance. To protect himself in the cold, he had to wrap himself around the skin. Today we have been able to turn history upside down, burn it down and walk in the skins of our ancestors.

The last fate of the "World of Fiction" published a few articles about the middle class. We dig deeper into the terra incognita of human history - the period when (behind the names of some fahivtsiv) aliens put genetic successes over the mawps, the giants of Atlantis flew into space, and our forefathers were marveled at everything.

Creation of Adam (Michelangelo).

It’s a pity that the world’s religion does not avenge the myth about those, like 1 thousand years before our time, the gods buried the skeletons of dinosaurs and silicon arrowheads in the earth, so that later we would laugh at the archaeologists from the soul. Kam'yany vіk has come independently and navіt usuperech vіruvannyam blіardіv people.

Vіn appeared approximately 100,000 years ago and (in some regions of the planet) continued until the New Hour. An active development of civilization emerged from the end of the rest of the ice age period about 10,000 years ago. The river of the sea has risen, the climate has changed, and the people have begun to gravitate to new minds - to create folding znaryaddya pratsi, to lay a post-settlement, to actively roam.

People pіznyoї kam'yanoї doby little chimneyed about us with you. Obsyag brain, budova skull, proportions of the body, feet of the hair and other characteristics were the same from the present. Yakby the child of that hour spent in the present, she could have been vicious, get enlightened and become, for example, the author of the articles "World of Science Fiction".

Until a certain recent hour, most people could, with a full right, rahuvat ... Negroes. The mutation of the "white" gene SLC24F5 started in Europeans more than 12 thousand years ago and ended 6 thousand years ago.

Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon.

The swarthyness of the shkiri, which was better for everything, varied from region to region. Bulo black hair was the widest color. Blonds and ore began to appear worse - because of the greater number of people, they became ugly and mutated, created, with a difference, different types of identity. It is said that the people of the Stone Age were furnishing their hair with grass juices, sawing flowers and various-colored clays not only from ritual, but also aesthetic mirkuvan.

Eskimos, boy of the Teva tribe, man of the Hamatsa tribe. 100 centuries ago, people looked about the same way.

You can't compete with genetics

Vcheni assert that our DNA collection is intertwined with two sleeping ancestors, mentally called "Adam" and "Eva". After investigating the drift of the genes, they established that Eva lived approximately 140,000 years ago, and Adam - 60,000 years ago. Tse zovsim does not mean that we looked like two people. Zahalni ancestors of rich people take a cold until about 1000 BC. In the case of Evi, we took away only mitochondrial DNA (transferred through the maternal line), and in the case of Adam, the Y-chromosome. Offending our great-grandmothers lived in Africa. The presence of common ancestors is played by Arthur C. Clarke and Steven Baxter in the novel “Light of the Days”, the anime K.R.I.E.G., the book Parasite Eve and works of various motives (film, grі).

Adam and Eva (Albrecht Dürer) were chornoshkirimi. Previously, the stench hit the apple, but now they have the bad luck to play basketball.

Heaven at the chicken

Mayzhe in all the images, the people of the stone dobi are found here in nature (sound in the middle of the boundless steppe) or sit white pits. Such a manifestation is true for the Paleolithic, but does not reflect the realities of the Neolithic (7000 years ago). The people began to build the first budіvlі - great stones that served as a support for the Dahu from the mountains - maybe 2 million years ago, and 4.5 thousand years ago there were gigantic pyramids. Since then, until the end of the ice-building period, the architectural knowledge was sufficient for the creation of pre-stroke settlements.

The culture of the early stone age was completely one-man. All over the planet, people, without moving, victoriously played similar instruments and robbed with their help, practically the same speech. 25 thousand years ago, in the village of Dolní-Vestonicy (Czech Republic), there were houses made of clay cask, in Siberia they strove to mark with skins and tusks of mammoths, and if on the right it reached the burial place, our ancestors did not line up majestic stone slabs, laying down mammoth slabs. .

In addition, massive stones were shaved on the signs that bordered the territory, “monuments” to the honor of any pods, and in a few vipadkas they turned them into objects of worship.

Great places began to be built about 5 thousand years ago. For example, Mohenjo-Daro (“Hill of the Dead”) in modern Pakistan had a few dozen thousand baggers, and in one Citadel, 5,000 people could be gathered at once. Ale, the main part of the people lived in small settlements, which could be depleted of natural resources from the time.

Reconstruction of the village of Kam'yanoy dobi (archaeological club "Alfa").

The typical "village" of Kam'yanoy dobi was like a camp of tourists on the kshtalt. For myslivsky comrades, boules were characteristic of marking zі skins, at earthwork settlements, budins were formed from a stone or an outline. Rice fields were green (cultivated from 9000 BC) or a river flowed (the first fish brushes began to appear at the sites of people more than 50,000 years ago, and before the Stone Age, our ancestors already had good fishing).

The first houses were round, one-room. Unexpectedly, people began to grow up, guessing the present richly furnished cottages, which served at the same time as tombs: the brushes of dead relatives were buried under the cover, covered with skins or with straw. Judging from these excavations, the doors were pierced in the steles - people climbed up to the houses and came out of them in gatherings. Clay served as "trellis", and the walls of the budins could be painted in the middle (for example, the settlement of Chatal-Guyuk near Turechchyna).

The architectural interest of the people of Kam'yanoy was to achieve directives mainly for the life of mega-graves.

Under the blue sky

The most recent of the permanently populated places of the planet is respected by the Israeli Jerichon. Vіn buv mortgages 11 thousand years ago. Behind the worlds of that hour, the place was grander - 40,000 square meters, from 200 to 1,000 inhabitants, a stone wall and a stone wall (in the Bible, the bula was blasted with the sounds of trumpets and the cries of warriors, but archaeologists sing in the whole earthworks). The streets were not small enough for planning, the houses were abiyak. Rozmіri kіmnat - approximately 7 by 4 meters. Pіdlogi z pіskovika chi clay. Decorate - the skulls of ancestors with renewed rice, the appearance of clay and eyes of turtles.

Erikhon in reality and grіd like Clive Barker.

O hour! O sound!

The perfect day of a person of that hour began not long before the sun went down and ended in a bad day after the sun went down. The rhythm of life beyond the present worlds is even more unsettling. The main working places of the robots stayed at the borders of good accessibility. At the significant distance from the village, only thoughts were farther away, which in the region unfriendly signified the trivality of their lives.

The next mother in the Uvaz, that 10,000 years ago, all the people had only about 5 million people, and the population of the “villages” was counted in dozens of inhabitants, most of which were formed one by one in dispute. Wild creatures - not zalyakani, like the current, but angry, hungry and vvazhayut zustrіch z people at the happy hour at an expensive restaurant, - they sat chi not under the skin booth. Europe had tigers and lions. Woolly rhinoceros and mammoths snarled de-ne-de.

Mammoth backbone from a stuck arrowhead (Siberia, 13 thousand years BC).

Kam'yaniy vіk having fallen to the relish of chanuvalniks of classical rock, like spoofing the motto "live fast, die young". On the right, in that the average trivality of life became 20-30 years old. The dawn of civilization can hardly be called "paradise". Tse buv duzhe suvoriy and not a safe hour, if the main argument for the hour is zustrіchi with a creature that an unknown person bula kamyana sokir.

The main part of the daytime was spent on preparing food, replacing old tools with new ones, repairing the dwelling, religious rites, and looking after the children. The rest stood at the direct fallow land due to the low frivolity of life - the child’s life was small, and the children were given significantly less turboti, lower at the same time, which sensibly added mortality to the child. Deficiency of people stimulating polygamy, so 2-3 squads of 15 years for one "old" 30 years were not rare.

Zustrich from a shable-toothed tiger in the stone world before our era was small, but not impossible (film 10000 BC).

From the quiet reasons themselves, the neolithic suspіlstva dominating matriarchy. The women lived longer for the people, took care of their family's pit and, in fact, gave it up for the accumulation of cultural knowledge. Neolithic was the era of women. On the “vulitsy” the settlements were more rich, fewer people.

On Russian soil, the burial of the “Amazon” tribes was revealed, as they lived close to 3000 years ago.

The mummy of thought, which has perished in the Alps 5300 years ago. 168 cm, 50 kg, before death - bread from meat. Cover the body with “healing” tattoos (moving on top of the hand, which suffered from arthritis).

Dribnitsa of life

Despite such stereotypes, people of the stone age did not walk around with stinking skins on their bodies. The fashion of the Neolithic epoch was quite different, and in certain moods it could compete with the middle one. Sim thousand years ago, our ancestors began to work clothes from the world, approximately the same time, woven fabric, woolen yarn appeared, and in the 30th century before ours, the Chinese made the production of a seam.

Add embellishment here with a polished brush, pir'ya, a colored stone - a man who was born even before the winemaking of writing, zijde for his own in the most modern lands of the third world. Moreover, as a neolithic dandy, wearing bracelets or namistos of turtles, he put yogo on one shovel from today's Patek Phillipe yearbook. A long time ago, one kind of one settlement practiced barter, but 10,000 years ago, the market economy was already established there. Pennies - turtles or stone - were often worn like embellishment. The whole thing was handy for the vikupu named, the subdivision of the fall and trade with the land tribes.

Reconstruction of the kam'yanoy doby costume (ASK "Masteritsі").

There is nothing for gourmets at the stone capital. The transition to settled farming meant a decrease in the quality of life, even if it was myslivtsiv and the elector, it would be different. It is not easy for modern people to reveal themselves to the Neolithic diet. No tea chi cavi. The main drink is unboiled water from the nearest water. Breeders of herbs fought only for medical and religious purposes. Milk was given to the children to drink, and alcohol (virnish, fermented sik) got used to richer, lower contagion.

The cookery was in the natal stage, so the sirimi got used to the vegetables. M'yasa and ribi on the tables were done richly (pigs, goats and animals were domesticated 9000 years ago), the understanding of "strength" and "species" in the lexicon of cooks was daily. Legumes and grain crops have been accustomed for an hour without thermal processing - they were rubbed with pasta with water or like porridge. For some reason, for the sake of interest, heat up some sum over the fire. This is how bread appeared, one of the oldest and most important food products of people.

Turtles-pennies from the Bombos oven (Africa). Worn on shii.

Vcheni allow, that, with all the isolation of the settlement, the Europeans of the Kamyanoi managed to achieve that they could not understand one another well, then they could sing-songly guess about the sense of more phrases. Є thought, that in those hours it was founded as a praіndoevropeyska mov with a single-manit structure and universal roots of words.

Apaches: sniffing at snakes, farming, fishing (photo 1906-1907). The picture is as close as possible to tiєї, which was 10,000 years ago.

Tse same

In the Czech village of Dolni-Vestonicy, a 260-century-old burial was revealed, which shed light on the sexual life of our ancestors. The woman was lying in the center, the hand of a right-handed man was hanging. Cholovik lіvoruch chіpav її for the reproductive organ, and yogo vlasnu the viability of killing wooden tufts. The dead heads are covered with red ocher. Some vcheni say that there is little space for friendship, otherwise we can talk about a kohanna three times. So che іnakshe, the unions of the people of the stone century were either mіtsnimi, or lads.

Artist - like the word "bad"

In the minds of the general illiteracy of the population, the most important of the arts were painting, music and war. The oldest artistic artifact is so called "Venus from Tan-Tan" - a stone figurine found near the site of Tan-Tan near Morocco. Її created 300,000 years ago, so that on the cob of the stone age, human culture was already in full swing.

The Upper Paleolithic era culminated in rock art. Її often take into account the head view of the kam'yanoy doby, although with the same success it is possible to take into account that Mendeliev's bula gorilka was the crowning achievement. To push the material art in the masi began, no matter how marvelous, the old Japanese. It is important that the stench was the first on the planet to open the pottery on the right (earlier, lower silsk state). 11,000 years ago, clay figurines and utensils were pressed into the stench, on the yak, before boiling, various viserunks were applied for the help of wicker bobbins or sticks.

At the ribal settlement of Lepenski-Vir (7 thousand years before ours, present-day Serbia), figurines of rib abo, for a different version, enchanting fishmen, fought from stone. In 5 thousand years before ours, people of the European culture of Vincha virizali on clay virobs, which suspected cuneiform writing. It is said that there was proto-semanticity - it is in the middle between little ones and symbols.

Venus from Tan-Tan.

It's a pity, the ancient art of the tієї epoch was saved badly. Then, before us, there were a lot of megaliths, we found some of them and Stonehenge. It is not possible to think that the embellishment of the gravestones with spiral carvings was loved by the right artist at that time. Kam'yanі znaryaddya gave little scope for creativity - navіt embroidered shkіri with stony collars was a problem. Generously decorated with embellishment, armor and armor appeared less at the Bronze Capital.

With music, do it richly better. Vaughn developed from myslivskogo inheritance of sounds of creatures. On the back of the head, the only musical instrument was a human throat. At the stone capital, people started cooking musical instruments(22 years ago in China they knew a flute with a brush of chapels for 8000 years), which conveyed the familiarity of ancient people as at least from notes. Stringed instruments appeared as if they were like a stone age.

sculpture from the settlement of Lepenski Vir (50th century e., present-day Serbia).

Imovirno, the creation of a musical play in the stone capital was mechanical, without an abstract system. The first musical notation on clay tablets dates back to 14 centuries BC (Ugarit, modern Syria).

The sky of the Spanish town of Castellón and the skelі de la Mola, on some images of the war, which are marching. The one who engraved at the “Civilization” of Sid Meyer, knows well that the map is still small, but the engraving is rich, the first unit at the first place can be a warrior. The fact that kam'yanі stіni were called up near the city, it's too much to talk about. The very organization of the army and professional war began to appear near the stone capital.

Symbols of Vincha (40th century BC). Perhaps the first lines of human writing.

"Armії" - tse, loudly, loudly said. Leaves from El-Amarn (correspondence of Egyptian officials, 1350 BC) testify that the corrals of 20 people terrorized the cities of the city - even in the bronze capital! The Kam'yans of the century were shaken by the grandiose battles of dozens of people. It is true, the deacons of the past are aware that the great settlements on the Chatal-Guyuk quarter could deploy close to hundreds of soldiers. In this way, it is already possible to conduct a language about tactics, maneuvers, delivery and other supplies of the right military.

The conflicts were namingly crooked. Peremozhtsі drove all the people and children, took away the women and robbed the settlements. However, in some regions there could be tribes that lived one with one in the world, practically ignorant of the concept of “driving in” (the current butt can be bushmen from the deserts of the Kalahari).

The most terrible fire of ancient myslivtsiv fire. The stench was picking up the foxes and the grass, lowering the dovkil. The tactics of "burned land" were richly effective for hand-to-hand combat. At close combat, they victorious like myslivskі іnstrumenti - nasampered write-offs, - і clubs.

Behind the rocky little ones, you can reconstruct the average statistical battle of the stone doby: the fighting "armies" chuckled one against one in the line, the leaders stepped forward and gave the command to open the shooter from the bow (sling). Okremi elementi malyunkіv allow you to admit that the “infantry” at the same time hit the enemy from the flanks.

Juice with corundum (China, 6000 BC). It is believed that yoga can be processed with more than diamond powder.

Professor Lawrence Kelly praised that the conflicts between the tribes were saved for a long time, the deacons fought against them steadily. Excavations of some settlements in Africa have shown that over half of their Meshkans died a violent death. Vіyni kam'yanoї didi buli richly crooked, lower today. How to transfer the cost of military expenses to the realities of today, if a local war would take two billion lives.

From the transition from watering to arable farming, the number of soldiers sharply scurried away. The number of the population was still small, in order to pacify the unpractised warriors. The conflicts were of a small swedish nature, there were no tax charges, and the walls of the city always guaranteed the inconsistency of the place.

The words "kam'yane stolittya" ring out in a derogatory sense - for the signification of primitiveness, stupidity and savagery. True, the early Neolithic era, if the breaking of skulls was important for richly busy occupations, there was less trade. However, from the transition to arable farming, the light has changed to the point of being unknown.

Pratsya zrobila z mavpi people. Vіn, having turned the bloody maniacs into architects, sculptors, painters and musicians. Kam'yaniy vіk vyyavivsya zovsі not such a filthy hour. A healthy way of life, a good ecology, a diet, a steady physical adventure and a calm little strength, a wide faith among the gods and enchanting monsters... Is it not the foundation for any kind of fantasy?

A charitable wall newspaper for schoolchildren, fathers and readers “Briefly and clearly about the native”. Release 90, lutiy 2016 to the year.

The newspapers of favorable coverage of the project “Briefly and clearly about the native” (site site) are recognized for schoolchildren, fathers and readers of St. Petersburg. The stench is delivered cost-free to the most important mortgages, as well as to the low medicines, child houses and other mortgages of the city. The project does not suffer from any advertising (only the logos of the founders), politically and religiously neutral, written in my light, good illustrations. The stench is conceived as an informational "talm" of learning, awakening cognitive activity and reading exercise. Authors who have seen, without claiming to be academically correct in submitting material, publish cіkavі facts, illustrations, interviews with leading figures of science and culture, and they themselves promote the interest of schoolchildren to lighting process. Vidguki that pobazhannya nadsilivayte for the address: [email protected]

We dedicate ourselves to enlightening the administration of the Kirovsky district of St. Petersburg and everyone who helplessly help our wide-ranging wall newspapers. The material of the first issue of preparations specially for our project by the specialists of the Museum-Reserve "Kistyanki" (authors: the leading scientific specialist Irina Kotlyarova and the senior scientific specialist Marina Pushkarova-Lavrenteva). Їm is our breadth of vdyachnіst.

Love friends! Our newspaper has more than once escorted its readers to the “priority of the stone age”. At the exit, we made a path, which our ancestors went through, first of all, become such as we are with you. At the exit, they “picked up the tassels” pardons, which were formed around the circle of those people’s trips. At the exit, they discussed the “unruliness” of Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. At the exit, the mammoths were raised and they got to know the unique exhibits of the Zoological Museum. This issue of our wall newspaper was prepared by a team of authors of the museum-reserve "Kistyanki" - "Pearl of the Paleolithic", as archaeologists call it. Zavdyaki znahіdkam, zroblenym itself here, near the valley of the Don on the first day of Voronezh, rich in what our current announcement about the "stone age" was created.

What is "paleolithic"?

“Kistani in the past and today”. Malyunok Inni Elnikova.

Panorama of the Don valley near Kostenki.

Map of Kam'yanoy dobi sites in Kostenki.

Excavations of the Kostenki 11 parking lot near 1960 roci.

Excavations of the Kostenki 11 parking lot in 2015 roci.

Portrait reconstruction of the people from the Kostonka 2 site. Author M.M. Gerasimiv. (donsmaps.com).

Lived with mammoth brushes in the exposition of the museum.

In the present hour, in the present world, there are the impersonal reminders of that era, but only one of the most beautiful and most significant ones, Kostenka, which is located near the Voronezka region. This monument has long been called by archaeologists the "Pearl Paleolithic". Narazi created a museum-reserve "Kistyanki" here, which is located on the right birch of the river Don and occupies an area of ​​about 9 hectares. Dosledzhennya on tsmu monument vcheni lead, starting from 1879. From that hour, there were about 60 ancient sites, which lie down to the majestic chronological interval - from 45 to 18 thousand years ago.

The people who had lived in Kostenki, had the same biological look as Homo sapiens sapiens. In the course of an hour, the people were able to go through a grandiose path through small groups of the first Europeans, who only just started to conquer a new continent, to the high-grossing partnerships of “thinkers on mammoths”.

The experts of that era showed that people did not only zumili live in the extreme minds of the climate zone, but they created a different culture: they were able to finish the foldable life of the spores, and work with the versatile stoneware and create amazing culture Zavdyaki znahіdkam at Kostenki is rich in why our current notification about the stone age was created.

The real trick of the tієї epoch - the remnants of the life of the mammoth brush, in the middle of what was found stones and stone znaryaddya pracі, - it was conserved under the auspices of the museum near Kostenki. Tsej zberezheniya efforts of archaeologists and museum pratsіvniki shmatochok long-standing life to help us discover the deacons of the stone vіku.

The nature of the ice age period

Map of the distribution of parking lots to achieve the maximum of the Valdai icing.

Sedge low - "mammoth grass".

"Landscape of the Ice Age in Kostenki". Malyunok N.V. Garutt.

"Mammoths in the Don Valley". Maliunok I.A. Tip.

Baby mammoth skeleton Adams ( zoological museum). Findings in 1799 near the delta of the river Oleni. Vіk znahіdki - 36 thousand years.

Taxidermy sculpture of a mammoth in the exposition of the museum.

"Mammoth Kostik". Baby Anya Pevgovoy.

"Mammoth Stepa". Baby Veronica Teryokhova.

"Polyuvannya on a mammoth". Little Polina Zemtsova.

Mammoth John. Little Kiril Blagodir.

The hour until which the main exhibit of the museum - the life of the mammoth bushes - can be called the best for the rest of 50 thousand years. Practically all of Europe's pivnich, having twisted the tight ice sheet, through some kind of geographic map of the continent looked somehow different, lower at the same time. The total length of the ice rink became close to 12 thousand kilometers, and 9.5 thousand kilometers fell on the territory of the prairie part of the modern. Russian Federation. Pivdenna between the ice-floe passed the Valdai high ground, through which the icing took away its name - Valdaisk.

Wash the prilidnikovyh steppe even more aroused by the modern minds of the quiet latitudes themselves. Every now and then the climate of our Earth is characterized by a change of seasons - spring, summer, autumn and winter, the skin of which is blown away by special weather minds, then 20 thousand years, more than for everything, there were two times. The warm hour is short and cold, and the winter is long and even colder - the temperature could drop to 40-45 º below zero. Anticyclones over the valley of the Don froze for a long time, like a clear, gloomy weather. The soil to wind in the wind was not rich, and the freezing of the soil was saved by stretching the mustache. The snow was not enough, the creatures could get their own food without special zusil.

At that hour, on the territory of Kostonok, there was a zone of wide growth, lower infection. These were the same meadow steppes, which merged with sparse birch pine forests. In the river valleys, well protected from the wind and the laying, currants, basilisk, and nedorka grew. In the river valleys itself, there were small foxes, protected by the slopes of the riverside meadows.

One of the roslins of the Ice Age era has successfully survived to this day - the sedge is low, as it is popularly called “mammoth grass”, the shards of the boulder were a modern creature. In this hour, the unviable roslin can also be seen on the slopes of the Kostenkivsky pagorbivs.

Creature's light of that hour also rose up in the air of the present. On the Kistyankivsky pagorbs and in the valley of the river, herds of primary buffaloes, fawn deer, vivcebiks, Pleistocene horses can be bred. The constant sacks of these places were also wolves, hares, arctic foxes, polar owls and chickens. One of the notable sights of the creatures of the Ice Age period in the modern boules of great rosemary. Suvori prirodnі umovy zmusili creatures to acquire for survival straining cunning curvature, fat and a great skeleton.

The “king” of the creaturely world of that hour became the great veleten - mammoth, the largest land savets of the ice age period. On its own honor, the whole fauna at that hour began to be called "mammoth".

Mammoths were kindly attached to a dry cold climate. The creatures were clothed in warm skins, their trunks were overgrown with wool, and the yogis were ten times smaller than the African elephant. Mammoths grew up to 3.5-4.5 meters in height, and their weight could reach 5-7 tons.

The dental apparatus was composed of six teeth: two tusks and four roots. The tusks were the most characteristic sign of these creatures, especially human beings. The weight of the tusk of the great matrigo male was on average 100-150 kilograms and a small length of 3.5-4 meters. The tusks were beaten with creatures for stripping the twigs and bark of trees, as well as breaking the ice to get water. Primary teeth, which were worn out by two on the upper and lower slit, mali the zholobchatu surface, yak did help to grind the rough roslinna zhu

On a day, mammoths could eat 100 to 200 kilograms of dewy feed. The wild creatures ate mostly grass (meadow grasses, sedges), end pagons of chagars (willows, birches, willows). The surface of the teeth of the mammoth was already strongly erased from the constant chewing, so the stench was replaced by the stretch of a long life. For a lifetime, the new one had six changes of teeth. Since the remaining teeth fell out, the creature perished in old age. Mammoths lived for about 80 years.

Tsі gіganti suddenly appeared from the face of the Earth through the change of climate, which became the trail of the ice-fall. Creatures began to get stuck in numerous swamps and overheat under thick hairy wool. Most of the species of the mammoth fauna did not perish, but step by step stuck to the minds of nature, which changed, and the deacons of the creatures of that time have successfully survived to this day.

Life is the occupation of the people of the stone age

Scheme of life from five pits-komoras. Parking lot Kostenki 11.

Ancient thoughts. Reconstruction by I.A. Tip.

Creamy tip of a chi dart. Vik - about 28 thousand years.

"The warmth of a home fire." Reconstruction of the dwelling of Kostyanka 11 Mikiti Smorodinova.

Robot cut on wood. Reconstruction.

Vishkrіbannya fox shkіri with a scraper. Reconstruction.

Embellishment of the skinny robe for the help of the brush namistins. Reconstruction.

Clothes ready. Reconstruction by I.A. Tip.

Figures of creatures from marl. Vik - 22 thousand years.

A woman's statuette with embellishments.

Schematic representation of a mammoth. Vik - 22 thousand years.

Panorama of the museum in the Anosov log of the village.

Some archaeologists vvazhayut that mammoths could zniknut through the constant watering of the first people on them. In fact, at Kostya’s parking lots, at that time, one knows the greatness of a number of mammoth brushes: only 600 brushes of a creature lived in one old-fashioned booth! That is why people who lived in Kostenki at that time are called “those who care for mammoths”. I'm right, mammoth bov, let's add something good for the people of that hour. In the distance, Adzha’s poking at a new one gave Mayzha everything necessary for life: a mountain of meat, for a long time it allowed her to forget about poluvanya; brushes that were victorious for everyday life; shkіri for warming budinkіv; fat for internal lighting; tusks, as if they were used for the preparation of various virobs.

Paleolithic people were tied to a succession of mammoths: people went after creatures and always knew them in uninterrupted closeness. So the stench learned how to remake the gigantic animal for the help of the battue. It is important that the mammoths were more like squalid creatures, and, having felt the rapt cries of myslivtsiv, they navmisno pushed them to the edge of the urvish, turned into a panichnu flow and trawled into the natural pasture. Mamater, who lived along the steep slope of the hump, lamav kіntsіvki, and іnоdіy ridge, to finish the creature of thought did not add up special difficulties. To take a look at the mammoths, the people of Kam'yanoy dobi vikoristovuvali spices and darts, the tips of which were made from flint - a stone with gostrimy cutting edges.

For the sake of effective watering on mammoths, people could spend a long time in one place and live happily ever after. For the good weather minds, it was important for people to live without a warm, comfortable life, that they had a chance to learn how to sprout them from handy material - mammoth brushes, earth, wooden clubs, poles, and skins of creatures.

At Kostenki, archaeologists see five types of life spores, like one type of one after the shape of the world. One of them was conserved at the future museum. Vono is a round booth with a diameter of 9 meters with a foundation-base of a frill 60 centimeters, folded from mammoth brushes and creaking soil. 16 mammoth skulls were dug in on the equal vіdstanі one view of one along the entire perimeter of the wall-socle, so that later we would put poles in them, which would make the wall of the booth and at once yoga dah. The skin of a mammoth was not suitable for a sheltered life, the shards were over that important, so our ancestors chose lighter skins - for example, a venison deer.

In the middle of the hut, a fire was rotting, when the whole family gathered at the stone table for a meal of that great family roses. They slept not far from the fire on the warm skins of creatures, spread on the bed. Calling for everything, the same machine was placed in the booth for the preparation of stone banners - on one square meter Over 900 fragments of wood chips and flint litter were revealed in the life of the dwelling. The perelіk znaryad at that hour is already small: cer rіztsі, scrapers, vistrya, punctures, knives, tips, needles. Ale, with their help, people performed all the necessary operations: they sewed robes, chopped meat, cut tassel and tusk, poked at creatures.

Near the ancient boudinka, archaeologists unearthed 5 pits-comoros, which were filled with mammoth brushes. Vrakhovyuchi suvoriy climate and river freezing of the soil, vcheni zrobili vysnovok, scho vikoristovuvalis like refrigerators to save stocks of hedgehogs. In this time of day, the deyak people of the extreme Pivnoch are arranging such gatherings themselves.

In the era of the ice age period, people practiced tirelessly. The people were engaged in watering, brought vidobutok to the booth, protected their own breeze. Women near the stone capital played an important role - they saw the state: they guarded the center near the booth, prepared a hedgehog, sewed robes from the skins of creatures. To simply live in the extreme minds of the periglacial zone, people were obliged to work steadily.

However, the experts of that epoch showed that people would not only be able to finish the foldable life and work of various stone splendours, but create marvelous artistic images. The right vitvor of the art and one of the most beautiful znahіdok є figurines of creatures, vikonan by the old master from the scalloped vapnyak - marl. Mustaches represent a herd of mammoths. Moreover, in each herd one can name great and middle individuals, and one can name a small mammoth. How many figurines served? At the same time, there is a sprat of vidpovidey. One of the options for transferring what could have been like a forgotten game on a kshtalt of modern checkers. The second - what were the primitive rahunki for the motherfucking herd of mammoths. I, nareshti, could have been childish toys.

The symbol of woman's beauty, motherhood, and the continuation of life were the so-called "Upper Paleolithic Venus." At Kostenki, archaeologists found a whole series of small female statuettes. All these figurines are more similar: the head is shabby to the bottom, the majestic life and breasts are full of milk, the mask of disguise is, as a rule, smooth on the surface. These are ancient symbols of the continuation of the family. One of them was adorned with impersonal embellishment: namisto on the breasts and a belt-namisto over the breasts, small bracelets on the elbows and wrists. All the same ancient amulets, like calling to “defend” my volodarka from a lot of problems.

Another mysterious creation of the art of the ice age period is the little ones, scribbled by an ancient artist on slate. This image was also found by archaeologists in Kostenki. Having respectfully looked at the little ones, you can easily guess the characteristic silhouette of a mammoth: the temple of the withers, the backside is strongly lowered, the ears are small ... But go ahead, stand in charge of the creature, start thinking: could the mammoths have been domesticated? Whose little one is witnessing the moment of fragmentation of the carcass of the fallen creature?

Irrespective of the work of scholars-archaeologists, regardless of the richness and breadth of the work, they try to draw the curtain over the secrets of the ice age period, even richly so and become unreasonable. It’s possible, you, loving friend, you will become the same team, who can grow the name of the vodkrittya, take the fate of archaeological excavations and to gain a unique knowledge. In the meantime, we ask you to go to the museum-reserve "Kistyanka", so that you can see the ancient budinok from the mammoth brushes and report about the era of the stone age.

Kostenya is one of the oldest known settlements of modern people in Europe.

Leading science researcher Irina Kotlyarova and senior science researcher Marina Pushkarova-Lavrentieva. Museum-reserve "Kistyanki".

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