Golovna > Uzi > The valves are set. Heart - roztashuvannya, budova, projection on the surface of the chest. Heart chamber, open your heart. Heart valves - budova that function

The valves are set. Heart - roztashuvannya, budova, projection on the surface of the chest. Heart chamber, open your heart. Heart valves - budova that function

How many years can a person live, who installed a piece valve at the heart? It’s the best food to call out to rich patients and their relatives, if there is a need for a similar operation. The life expectancy of patients with a piece heart valve in the average is 20 years. It is true, doctors say that the term of service of the valve itself is close to 300 years, and the valve itself does not last, and does not shorten life. Most of the people who have lived 20 years with a piece of heart valve do not die because of cardiovascular problems.

When installing a piece valve

Physicians porіvnyuyut heart valve zі zvchaynimi dverima. If the doors swell or become crooked, they have to be repaired. The same ones with a heart valve. Roseznyyuyt Three Videos Sidly Valve SERIO SERIO, Kolya: Lіkuvannya Lіkuvannya: Lyubuna Aboy Glitena (SPOVIVIVYE GROWS GROWS IS IS NASTAє Kryneva Holoduvannya), Razzhennia Abo Pieroshane (Instructing the sealing of the body), Combіnatsey qich two problems.

Do not panic when making a diagnosis of heart failure. Do not start the valve for replacement. Sometimes they just reconstruct.

Until the valve is replaced, the heart goes into it only if its function becomes obscured. The cause of this may be atherosclerosis, infection, damage to tissue development.

See the heart valves

Today, doctors operate on two types of piece valves: mechanical and biological. The skin z of them has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Mechanical and original prosthesis, which is intended to replace the function of the natural valve of the human heart. The main task of the valves is to conduct blood through the heart and let it out backwards. Mechanical valves should be installed only if the functions of the right heart valve are not needed.

Tests of current piece valves determine the term of their service life of 50,000 years with the adoption in the mind and accelerated wear. Tse means that a person won't take root, pracyuvatime until that moment, how many people are living.

Warto remember only one thing, that all piece valves are dependent on supplementary support and taking anticoagulants, which redistribute the blood, so that thrombi do not settle in the heart. It is also necessary to regularly fold analyzes.

Biological valves are prostheses, made from living tissues. It is most common to take a pig's heart valve. Naturally, the vein should go through the process beforehand, so that the vein becomes an adjunct for implantation in the body of a person. Biological valves, similar to mechanical ones, are obviously indebted to their durability.

Such folds can swell during valve transplantation

Physicians insist that a patient has spent an hour to the doctor, the risk of development of a simplified education is practically to zero. The rest of the vipadkiv is more terrible than the non-conforming medical recommendations of the post-operative period, lower than the operation itself.

The patient should be put to his health and follow all medical recommendations: regimen, diet, and, obviously, taking medication. In this case, the patient should be born with a piece valve for a long time.

One of the most important organs of a human being, the heart, can finish the life. It is made up of several so-called chambers - two atriums and two shlunochkiv, one with one partition wall. The blood flow in the right direction is ensured by the heart valves, which make the shape and shape of the life.

Hearts valves folded with folds of the inner membrane of the organ - the endocardium. Two of them roam between the right and left hearts and tubes, two more - between the tubes and the great blood-bearing vessels. Mіzh lіvimi in front of the heart and shlunochki znahoditsya dvuhstulkovy valve, mitral ranks. When the vein is short, the vein closes - the blood in such a rank vishtovhuetsya less at the viscous aorta, not coming back at the atrium. In the same rank, the right-handed tricuspid (tricuspid) valve is worked and rotated. In the closed state of the veins, it allows the blood to flow into the vent from the atrium, in the closed one, it crosses the path in the right direction. Two valves and a chair can often be folded, so they are folded into 2 or 3 chairs, which are trimmed in a closed camp of tendon threads, yak, near their back, controlled by papillary m'yaz. On the border of both shorts heart and great blood-bearing vessels that enter them, roztashovanі so called pіvmіsyachnі valves, which are made up of three "shutters". The left aorta exits from the left duct, the legenevy stovbur (legenevy artery) comes out from the right one. "Shutters" of these valves may look like empty intestines, as in case of fast fluctuations heart and blood wasting in the judge pressed to their walls. The hour of relaxation of the shorts valves reminiscent of blood, which directs at the gate directly, and flicker, perekryvayuchi illumine the vessels. The uninterrupted operation of the heart valves in a healthy person ensures the blood flow is less for a singing person. However, it is a pity that the vadi valves are often worn out. heart(pridbani in the aftermath of ailments chi congenital), scho zavazhayut їm vikonuvaty their functions in the whole world. Before them, one can see stenosis (sounding of the light) and that insufficiency, when such a valve does not close correctly, due to which the blood often comes at the right side of the gate, as well as their absence. Vices can strike just like one, so a sprig of valves, which completely aggravates the burning camp of a person. In similar cases, the treatment of the main ailment (in times full of water), doctors recommend surgery.

The heart is the sole organ of the body, which constantly rushes and pumps blood into the circulatory system. On average, it should be close to 200 g. For 1 piece of heart matter (myocardium), you get about 5 liters of blood in the judge, for a day it costs over 100 yew. hitting and pumping 760 liters of blood through 60 yew. sudin.

Instruction

The heart has 4 chambers: 2 lower and 2 upper. The stench is filled with blood through the heart, the veins of which are taken care of by the cyclical work of the myocardium. The lower chambers are called shlunochki, the stink of blood from the upper chambers, after which it rushes straight into the artery. Short shlunochkіv create heartbeat. The upper chambers are called atria, stinks are thin-walled vessels, they contain blood from veins. In front of the heart, thin walls are waving, as if they allow them to expand and accommodate large number blood.

Heart valve defects are called diseases of the heart valves, after which two main functions are disrupted - sealing of the heart chambers and ensuring the normal passage of blood through them in the course of heart activity. In order to understand the peculiarities of these other heart valves, it is necessary to report on the nutritional anatomy and physiology of the heart. Heart valves are called special anatomical flaps that are formed from the so-called successful tissue. At the heart, people distinguish between rights and lefts, like healthy people do not talk to each other. Chotiri chambers of the heart: right in front of that right slit, left in front of that left slit. The number of chambers of the heart depends on the number of valves - chotiri. There is a mitral valve in the middle of the heart and the left valve. This valve is folded into two chairs, the front one and the back one, which open into the empty left tube. The front chair is bigger behind the roses, lower back. From the side of the left stubby to the valve chairs, special structures are attached, which make threads - tendon chords. In its other end, the tendon chords attach to protruding from the empty left duct, so-called papillary (papillary) m'yazam. The main function of the tendon chords is to obstruct the sagging of the stools of the mitral valve at the hour of cardiac activity, both at the empty left atrium, and at the left ventricle. The main artery of the body - the aorta - enters the left duct of the heart. The aortic valve has a ruptured aortic valve, which has a left duct in the aorta. The skin of the three stools of the aortic valve is similar to the intestine, the lumen of which is the left duct. If the aortic valve is open, then the chairs are pressed against the wall of the aorta, making the equal-sided tricutnik between them, allowing the blood to flow calmly into the aorta. At the closed place, the chairs zamkayutsya among themselves, utvoryuyuchi on mіstsі zmikannya linії, scho guess the emblem of the automobile concern Mercedes. Mіzh we govern the heart and we govern the tricuspid valve (tristool) valve with a valve. Yogo Budova is similar in many respects to the mitral valve, vіdmіnіnіst polyaє only іn thіѕ wіth thе three chairs. At the exit of the right duct, the legenev artery was ruptured. The її girl has a legenev valve. Yogo Budova little vіdіznyaєtsya vіd budovi aortic valve.

Understanding about the great and small circles of blood circulation

In humans, there is a great and maliy (legenevy) stake of blood circulation. Lіvі vіddіli sertsya vіdnosjatsya to the great stake krovobigu. From the left atrium through the left tube into the aorta, there is a bagat of sour arterial blood. Numerical arteries enter the aorta in all organs and tissues of the body, and the stench gradually disintegrates into small needles - capillaries, which are used to deliver kisen. The venous blood is collected from its own body by the body in the dry veins, and then they are angry at the great vein of the great stake - the upper and lower empty veins. The empty veins fall into the right atrium, the blood from which, through the right ventricle, is drained into the legenev artery (small blood circulation). In legenians, the legenev artery breaks down into small needles, yak taking part in gas exchange. The blood vein becomes sour and becomes arterial. Vidtіk tsієї krovі zdіysnyuєtsya for legenevymi veins, scho fall into the lion's heart.

Heart activity and heart valve work

Let's try to find out what sequence the heart valves work. As it was said above, at the right of the atrium, from the upper and lower empty veins, there is a blood vein. As soon as the pressure of blood in the right atrium exceeds the magnitude, the right atrium is shortened, the tricuspid valve opens and the blood is drained to the right ventricle. There is a period of cardiac pause (diastol), zavdyaki like the right flank is filled with blood. For example, in the heart pause, the chairs of the tricuspid valve are closed. At the right slunochka, at your cherga, you also start a vise. In case of transvagination of the blood pressure, there is a shortness (systole) of the right ventricle, opening the valve of the legenous artery and blood coming from a small circulatory vein. From the lungs, the blood vein drains through the legenevі veins to the left veins of the heart. The circulation of the blood and the work of the left valves of the heart is similar to those that occur in the right valves of the heart. The operation of the valves in the right and left valves of the heart is also the same. At the moment of rapidity, the mitral atrium and tricuspid valves open, leaking blood from the heart valve. With whom, the aortic and legenevian valves are closed. In front of the spadix, the mitral and tricuspid valves also close. For a short hour, the mustache of the valves and the hearts become closed. Then the aortic and legenian valves open and the blood is directed to the aorta and legenian artery. After the emptying of the ducts, the aortic and legenevian valves close, and the mitral and tricuspid valves, at their sides, open.

Understanding stenosis and heart valve insufficiency

The main types of valvular heart valves are stenosis and insufficiency. In the most important cases of depression in May, a combination of stenosis and insufficiency, even though stenosis is isolated, or valve insufficiency is more common. Valvular stenosis (from the Greek word stenos - "tight, narrow") - a camp that is blamed for the total or partial growth of the stools of any valve, swayed by various reasons. As a result of the formation of valvular stenosis, the valvular stenosis sounds and the blood is forced through the valve. Shards of the robot's heart beat rhythmically, the change of the valve can't let all the blood through the ruptured body cause stenosis of the heart chamber. Stashed below the stenosis, the chamber of the heart is not filled with blood, at that hour, the chamber is not only stashed to avenge the superfluous amount of blood, but it is revantazhuetsya with a vice of that extra blood. A further development of changes, caused by stenosis, should be left in the absence of the fact that the chamber has been expanded beyond the scope of stenosis. Shlunochki hearts є pozhnіshmi anatomical utvorenniya, nіzh atrial. The tovshchina of the walls of the shlunochkiv is moving the tovshchina of the walls of the atrium. Levi's little schoonochok is the narrowest chamber of the heart, the thickness of its walls becomes close to 1 cm. In case of stenosis of the tricuspid valve, the pressure of blood is transmitted at the right atrium, and then at the upper and lower empty veins. As a result of these changes, the blood is broken from the internal organs and endings. Heaped up too much land under the law of gravity, for which the land straightens down. That is the vicious knotheads Nig, Zb_lshennya Pechіnka (hepatomegalіya), the stupid of Rіdini in the Nizhnіkh vіddіlah abdomen (ascites) here. With stenosis of the valve of the legenous artery, an overpressure of blood is transmitted from the right ventricle. The remains of the rest are anatomically weakly illuminated, then in the course of time the “vintage of evidence” with it begins to be divided even weaker right in front of the heart. This is easily blamed for stasis of blood in empty veins, bloating, hepatomegaly, and ascites are thin. In case of mitral stenosis, the revantage is tightly observed in front of the heart, as if it is overtightened for an hour. If the left atrial is no longer able to withstand such an adventitiousness, “connect” the rasterization of the left atrial vein. Ale and the stench sooner or later ceases to cope with the high equal pressure, after which a rare part of the blood, like with a wound, begins to seep into the tissue of the leg from the leg veins. As a result of such a “wire”, part of the legenev tissue ceases to take part in gas exchange. In order to compensate for the deficiency of acidity, the line of legenevy tissue to increase the strength of gas exchange - blame the back. With a distant development of mitral stenosis, the blood flow is reduced to a small amount of blood circulation, right up to the right duct. If the right slunochok is irradiated "in the solution of this problem", vinikne perepovnennya the great stake of the blood circulation, then, there will be swelling, hepatomegaly, ascites. With stenosis of the aortic valve, there is another situation to blame. Rooting more often for stenosis of the livi sac may take years and decades to pay attention, to the onset of aortic stenosis. In order to turn around z tsim navantazhennyam, the walls of the left ventricle will progressively bulge (hypertrophy). If the feasibility of the left slut begins to be exhausted, you will “help” the left in front of the heart for some hour, as if it were more weak anatomical decisions. It is not difficult to blame such phenomena themselves for stagnation of blood in a small amount of blood circulation, as in mitral stenosis. Valve insufficiency - a state that is to blame for the loss of anatomical integrity (ruining, tearing or tearing the chairs, tendon chords and in) whether there is a valve, confusion by various reasons. In a number of disorders, valvular insufficiency develops due to an increase in the diameter of the valve ring (anulectasia), to which the valve stools attach. Due to the formation of valvular insufficiency, the tightness of the chambers of the heart is broken. The valve stools cease to stool again, for that hour of the heart's heart rush, part of the blood turns into the heart chamber, and it is spread out more for the wound. In this case, like in case of valvular stenosis, there is a rule: if the chamber of the heart is “suffering” as a result of valvular insufficiency, then more often the defect can be left unremembered. In case of insufficiency of the tricuspid valve, the superfluous volume of blood under the hour of the right ventricular slump is located at the right atrium. As it was said above, the right in front of the heart is anatomically weak, for that there is too much blood to accumulate in empty veins, and then there are swellings, hepatomegaly, ascites, etc. In case of insufficiency of the leg valve, which occurs mainly in children, the main focus is on the "placement" of excess blood, the right ventricle is taken. In the hour, if the possibilities of the right slut are exhausted, it comes right in front of the heart. The shards of the right were not able to cope with trivial adversities, the blood accumulated more often in empty veins, which inadvertently caused swelling, hepatomegaly and ascites. With mitral insufficiency, excess blood accumulates in the left atrium, overgrowing it. If the heart is left to “give up one’s position”, then the accumulated blood “accepts the fate” of the judge of the small stake of the blood circulation, with which the vine is gone. Then, if the stasis of blood reaches the right heart, there will be swelling, hepatomegaly and ascites. With aortic insufficiency, there is a constant accumulation of excess blood in the left duct. In order to get into such shifts, the walls of the wall begin to sweat (hypertrophy of the myocardium), and the empty wall significantly expands (dilatation). Zavdyaki tsim compensatory mechanisms of illness trivaly hour can run unremembered. Through the fates of the possibility of the left slunochka, the left ventricle begins to droop, the repositioning of the superfluous volume leads to the left of the heart and to the aortic insufficiency, the mitral valve comes. So we can grow through the tugging of the base, to which the stools of the mitral valve are attached - the valvular (fibrous) ring. Zreshtoy vynikne stagnation of blood in both stakes of blood circulation, which manifests itself as a back, blotches, hepatomegaly and ascites. Overgrowth (dilatation) of one or both of the atrium as a result of valvular stenosis, and as a result of valvular insufficiency, can be accompanied by the appearance of various disturbances in the rhythm of the heart. Tse mozhe buti yak alone chi group interruptions (extrasystoles), and just accelerated heartbeat (sinus tachycardia). Arrhythmia is one of the most persistent disturbances in the rhythm of the heart in cases of pronounced dilatation of one or both atrium. A migotliva arrhythmia worsens the valvular heart defect, the shards are worsened by the blood filling of the lungs. In addition, especially in cases of valvular stenosis, transient arrhythmia causes thrombosis - accumulation and agglutination of blood cells between themselves, which is directly related to thrombocytosis. The problem of thrombosis is due to the fact that the thrombus as a whole (or one part) can expand with the blood stream, reaching to other organs and tissues of the body (thromboembolism). When a blood clot is spread in the left ventricles, thromboembolism of the cerebral arteries with a development of a stroke, coronary arteries of the heart with a development of a myocardial infarction, or other arteries can be blamed. As a potential thromboembolism to appear in the right atrium, it can lead to a heart attack or lead to a heart attack. The risk of thromboembolism in patients with stenosis of the mitral or tricuspid valve is significantly increased, as the disease is not recognized at the hour, or it is not recognized as a medical condition that pereskodzhayut thrombosis (anticoagulants). At the end of this division, it is necessary to indicate that there may be a decrease in valve damage, for example, mitral stenosis with aortic insufficiency. Show illness in others, they are diagnosed as having a heart defect in someone else.

Causes of that breadth of heart valve defects

Heart valve defects (i stenosis, i insufficiency) can be congenital and nabutim. In case of congenital stenosis, all valve stools do not expand until the child is born. As a result of such a congenital anomaly, for example, a double-nosed aortic valve is most often established, or more commonly, congenital mitral or tricuspid stenosis. Mitral insufficiency is the most common cause of congenital insufficiency due to valvular insufficiency. Congenital mitral insufficiency may be due to a disproportionate or supra-mundane development of one or both mitral stools, as well as due to pathological sagging of the tendon chords (myxomatous degeneration). Sometimes, the stools of some kind of valve are splintered, or the papillary stools are abnormal, to which the tendon chords of the valves are attached. Anuloectasia, about which it was said more, may be congenital (Marfan's syndrome and in), so it's possible (syphilis and in) morbidity2. Among the reasons naboutih vad hearts one of the guiding mist take away rheumatism, which is the result of a previously transferred so-called streptococcal infection (tonsillitis, scarlet fever, etc.). Rheumatism can torment like a heart, and th sglobi, m'yazi. The rheumatic action on the chairs of the valves of the heart calls out to their strengthening, soldering between themselves. The tendon chords also become narrower, growing with papillary mucks. Rheumatism can viklikati yak chastkove, and outwardly ruining one of the few chairs. In this way, rheumatism can take on venous stenosis, as well as valve insufficiency. The peculiarity of rheumatic valve injury and its symptoms (calcinosis), change the valve until it becomes unknown. Valvular calcification is also possible in congenital valvular disease, especially in congenital aortic stenosis. In an old organism, it most often develops as calcification of the valves, and arteries. Calcification (forever degeneration) of the aortic valve and the aorta is the most common cause of aortic stenosis in frail patients. Mitral insufficiency of congenital and rheumatic disease can also be blamed on the past ischemic disease heart (IXC), which indicates damage to the bleeding of papillary m'yazyv (dysfunction of papillary m'yaziv). Mechanism of development of mitral insufficiency in different cases of impaired zamikalny function of the valve. In a number of ailments, for no apparent reason (spontaneously) they can be blamed for the development of tendon chords due to the development of mitral insufficiency. Rarely, but still, there may be a case of aortic valve disease with syphilis, which will treat the development of aortic insufficiency. Infectious endocarditis is not safe for the life of illness, as a result of which one or the other heart valves often collapse with a development of valvular insufficiency. There are also traumatic wounds of the heart, for example, as a result of a knife injury to the chest wall, which can lead to the appearance of valvular insufficiency. Dobryakіsna swell of the heart myxoma can lead to the development of stenosis, as well as valve insufficiency. Tsya puhlina sings out of the heart partitions, often between the anterior heart. When myxoma is wedged into the valvular opening, stenosis develops, even as with fixation of myxoma one or more valve stools - this deficiency. Lіkuvannya miksomy heart zavzhdy khіrurgichne.

Skargi sick from the vadas of valves in the heart

The blame for that progression of the skarg with the valve waters of the heart is rich, which is why the development of the waters is distinguished. With a trivial malformation, changes in the heart and organisms are progressively observed step by step (more rheumatic malformations, congenital aortic stenosis and others.). In cases of raptous malformation (infectious endocarditis, injury to the heart, tendon chord ruptures), changes may have a blissful character. In case of stenosis of the tricuspid valve, ailments sound turbulent, and there is a noticeable expansion in the area of the liver (near the right subcostal), the sounding of the overlapping of the lower empty vein with blood. As a result, a decrease in the pumping function of the heart can lead to sickness. In addition, ailments can signify the pulsation of the vessels (in front of the veins) of the shi, if the stench looks at the mirror. Dana scarga is of an important cosmetic nature and is evoked by sharp shaking of the blood flow during this heart condition. In times of arrival, fleeting arrhythmia ailments can suffer from interruptions in the robotic heart. In case of tricuspid insufficiency, it is the same as in stenosis of the tricuspid valve. Maybe, only the pulsation of the cervical veins is more memorable. Stenosis of the valve of the legenous artery is most often congenital, it manifests itself more importantly in a child. The main scars in case of any ailment are: shvidka stomlyuvanity, heaviness in the area of the liver, an increase in the obligation of the abdomen for the rahunok, too much radish, as well as rashes. In addition, these ailments are marked by unpretentiousness, they are tied to it, that the body is constantly suffering from sourness. In case of insufficiency of the valve of the legenous artery, the same scars are indicated, which in case of tricuspid insufficiency: stoma, as well as swelling of the lungs, liver enlargement and ascites, and consequential stagnation of blood in the vessels of the great stake of blood circulation. In case of mitral stenosis, the most common scars are the buttocks and shvidka, as well as the reduced pumping function of the heart and the overflowing of the blood of the venous bed of the leg. On the back of the back and vіtomy are indicated in case of significant adventures (bіg, shvidky pіdyom descents). In the world, the progression of illness and skarga become memorable with everyday preoccupations, that is, in peace. With a pronounced mitral stenosis, it is indicated that there is an accelerated palpitation of the lower back with increased tension, and then at rest. If the left heart is expanded, become significant (sound over 5 cm). ), sound like a quick arrhythmia. Most of the sick people are disgusted to endure transient arrhythmia, especially the lower arm, if they are blamed for visual attacks (paroxysms). In the course of a year, the arrhythmia is fleetingly becoming fast in nature, so the frequency of slunotochkovy soon with this arrhythmia becomes 60-100 beats per quill, the illness can be tolerated as a whole. The greater high frequency of shunochkovyh is soon accepted as an unacceptable “trip” in the chest klitz on aphids and general weakness and tediousness. Mild arrhythmia, as it was said above, can eliminate thrombi in the left atrium, which can threaten thromboembolism. In a number of ailments, mitral stenosis periodically causes hemoptysis in the aftermath of the rupture of other vessels of the leg, especially after the bleeding. In that case, as with mitral stenosis, the anterior heart is significantly increased, it can also compress the nerve, which is responsible for the work of the left vocal cord, which causes the voice to become hoarse. In the cases of mitral stenosis, which is far from zaishov, to the point of re-listing more skargs, skargs are heard, tied to the damage to the work of the right duct: swelling of the nose, heaviness in the area of the liver, etc. The main ailment for mitral insufficiency is an accelerated heartbeat, sometimes arrhythmic. Some ailments can be turbulent in hoarseness for the same reasons as in mitral stenosis. The back, as a rule, is indicated for mitral insufficiency. Only in cases of mitral insufficiency, which has gone far, there may be more signs of damage to the work of the right ventricle. Skargi ill for aortic stenosis sound like that, if the old ailment dies out with fate. The most characteristic for aortic stenosis of scarga are: pain (angina pectoris) or inability to feel (discomfort) in the middle of the chest cavity, as well as inconsistency and buttocks for an hour of physical anxiety (big, shvidka walking skinny). The listings of scarga are blamed on a number of objective reasons. On the right, in the fact that in patients with aortic stenosis, the area of the opening of the aortic valve is significantly changed, and it is necessary to get blood from the left duct into the aorta gradually. Later, in the view of healthy people, in those with aortic stenosis, it is not possible to increase the blood count from the left ventricle for an hour of urgency. That is, if the coronary arteries, which bleed the heart, do not take enough of the physical effort necessary for the endeavour. additional quantity I sour, I blame. Angina pectoris in aortic stenosis may not be related to angina pectoris in IHS. In addition, the presence of angina pectoris in patients with aortic stenosis does not include the occurrence of heart disease with ICS. The reason for the appearance of insomnia is a lack of blood supply to the brain, which is to blame for the vacancies. The back of patients with aortic stenosis is obumovlennaya stagnation of blood in a small amount of blood circulation, the shards of the levial tube are not able to pass all the amount of blood that comes up to the new. Posilyuєtsya tsey zastіy at vikonannі physical navantazhennia. In depressions far away from aortic stenosis, ailments can be disturbed by the rhythm of the heart (extrasystole, fleeting arrhythmia, etc.), which may change the heart. Ailments in aortic insufficiency may not present daily scars. And only through the fates of that decade they can get their ass kicked when they lose their physical ambition. In some cases, it may be possible to attack a pronounced ass - cardiac asthma - for a sharp decrease in the pumping function of the left duct. Attacks are blamed more often at night, at the hour of sleep through the repositioning of a small stake of the blood circulation in the horizontal position of the sick person. With aortic insufficiency, which has gone far, it is also possible to break the rhythm of the heart. Skargi in patients with rapt (gostro) valvular heart defects, which vinicles, as a rule, appear after a non-trivial period of an hour. That's why the body does not adapt to the speed of internal heart changes. A lot of these defects mean an indispensable surgical intervention for a poor life of an ailing person.

Diagnostics of the vad valves of the heart

Diagnosis of the valvular heart valves begins already at the first contact with the disease. So, for example, an ailment with aortic heart veins “sees” the blemish of skin curves, just like ailments with mitral valve veins - cyanosis (cyanosis) of the shkiri. In addition, in patients with mitral stenosis, there is a characteristic blush for the chest features of the individual's blood flow when the heart is open. When looking at the sick person, the nature of the obvious swelling, the presence of hepatomegaly and ascites are also indicated. Carry out auscultation (hearing) and percussion (tapping) leg, to assess the camp of a small amount of blood circulation. Invaluable information in the diagnosis of all heart diseases is given by auscultation of the heart and the increase in power to the pulse. Zavdyak that in case of skin vadі heart is characteristic only for new impaired valve function, it appears in the appearance of characteristic pathological murmurs of the heart. In case of skin fluctuations, the heart sounds change in their own way as well as the tones of the heart - sound phenomena that mimic the work of the heart at the moment of cardiac contraction and cardiac pause. Pulse, its frequency and frequency are also typical for the skin wadi of the heart. For the help of electrocardiography (ECG) for indirect signs, you can let the obviousness of the heart's heart beat, judge about the expansion of some chambers of the heart, establish the obviousness of the disruption to the rhythm of the heart. Previously, for the diagnosis of heart failure, the method of phonocardiography (PCG) was actively used. This method, the foundations for the interpretation of sound waves, allowing you to reveal noises, clarify their behavior, and also change the tones of the heart.
In this hour of FCG, the method of echocardiography (EchoCG) is practically more viable. Only in these clinics, where the method of echocardiography is still little known, FCG has retained its relevance. EhoKG - ultrasound examination of the heart - can be vikonana for any ailing person, in whom one suspects the presence of a valvular heart valve. Echocardiography allows to detect abnormalities of the heart valves, clarify the indications of the pumping (short) function of the heart, establish the presence of thrombi in the empty heart, calcification of the valves of the jejunum. . With multiple valvular heart defects, EchoCG helps to restore, the damage to which of the valves is most perturbed by normal heart function. The most accurate analysis of the features of valvular heart disease allows the method of transcranial echocardiography. During the first hour of the procedure, insert the ultrasound transducer the same way as during gastroduodenoscopy, only install it in the stravohod (on the equal heart). Vyvchennya radiological picture of the organs of the thoracic cell obov'yazkovo in case of revealed heart valves. The contours of the heart, which have changed, and the blood supply of the vessels of the small stake of the blood flow allow us to judge the presence, variety and severity of heart disease. The method can be used to reveal calcification of the valves in the heart and vessels. For additional probing (catheterization) of the heart, it is possible to identify the pressure in empty hearts and the peculiarities of the intracardiac blood circulation in case of various heart defects. This surgical procedure sounds like a path to puncture (puncture) of peripheral (stegnovyh, subclavian and in) vessels under general anesthesia. Through the puncture site, insert a special tube-catheter (probe), which is passed on to the empty heart. The method is fixed under constant X-ray television control.

Medical treatment of the valves of the heart

At this hour, medical (conservative) and surgical treatment of the valves of the heart is carried out. If there is a reason for the obstruction, if the water is turned around, or in the next hour it can progress sharply, then a nutrition about the surgical correction is put. Sound, this thought expands on the valve vadi, as it manifests itself in the presence of good intentions. The operation may be vikonana in all depressions, if the risk is complicated due to the progression of the disease, it outweighs the risk of surgical mortality. With a number of heart failures, for example, with aortic insufficiency, regardless of good tolerance to illnesses, the operation may be vikonan until the development of irreversible changes in the body. Medicamentous treatment of heart valve valves - ce, first for everything, treatment of manifestations of heart failure and disruption of the heart rhythm. Likuvannya is carried out not only in ailments, as they do not require operations. Navpaki, in the wake of the fact that ailments sometimes go straight to the operation out of time, you can bring about permanent changes in the body. Therefore, after the usunennia of the valvular heart of the heart, you may need more medical treatment of your past. In the present hour, there are such main groups of medicinal drugs: the so-called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Numbers (drugs) that are prescribed for fasting, block the pathological biochemical reaction that occurs in nirks. The essence of this reaction is a constant support promoted equal arterial pressure (AT) and increased vessel tone in the body. Inhibitors of ACE allow normalization of arterial pressure and tone of the vessels, which improves the pumping function of the heart. The main representatives of this group of drugs: captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, perindopril, ramipril and in;

sechoginnі preparations (diuretics). The stench is necessary to use too much light in the body. Diuretics are vilified for virazhenistu and trivality of action. More diuretics are also prescribed for fasting. Main representatives: furosemide, aldactone, hydrochlorothiazide, triamterene and in;
so called heart glycosides. Qi preparations vіdomi vzhe kіlka stolіt. First of all, before the appearance of ACE inhibitors, they were prescribed for high blood pressure, which is due to heart failure. At this hour, heart glycosides are prescribed for the rapid functioning of the heart, we are ill with heart valves in the daytime with a fleeting arrhythmia. To be afraid that heart glycosides can change the frequency of heart rates (HR). Main representatives: digoxin, cyanide toshcho;
antiarrhythmic (protiarrhythmic) preparations. Most of them are prescribed to change the heart rate (?-adrenergic blockers, calcium ion antagonists and others.). Other antiarrhythmic drugs and vicorist for the treatment of extrasystole and other disorders of the heart rhythm (amiodarone, quinidine, sotalol). A number of adrenoblockers can be used to treat heart failure (carvedilol, bisoprolol);
anticoagulant drugs (warfarin and in.). Cі likarski zasobi zastosovuyt in ailments with valvular heart valves and fleeting arrhythmias for the prevention of thrombosis in empty hearts.

Surgical treatment of heart valves

The dawn of the emergence of this method of jubilation, the trivality of the life of the ailing from the valves of the hearts of the nin significantly increased. The first operations to drive the valves of the heart were successfully completed in the middle of the twentieth century. The lower back was called a closed operation, it is important for mitral stenosis. With a path to open the chest cell under the left breasts behind the surgeon's helper fingers or special outbuildings, the valve opening is widened. Closed operations for valvular stenosis are still being performed in our days, mostly for the additional procedure of balloon valvuloplasty. The essence of this procedure is that in the middle of the heart to introduce a special balloon, when rozdmuhuvanni any valvular stenosis is eliminated. Balloon valvuloplasty is indicated for valvuloplasty with valvular stenosis that does not aggravate valvular insufficiency and severe calcification. Technically, the procedure is victorious as it is, like sounding the heart. Through rocky development, having eliminated the method of piece blood circulation, which allowed the operation to be carried out on the open heart under the control of the eye. In this hour, reconstructive (reconstructive or plastic) operations, as well as replacement (prosthesis) of valves, are performed at modern cardiosurgery of the valve hearts.
The basic principle of cardiosurgery of valve hearts is to say: "Just as the valve of the diseased can be reconstructed (save), but it can be vikonano." Under the hour of reconstructive operations, the growth of stools, tendon chords and papillary malignancies is used, as well as the special supporting structures of the kilts are added in case of anuloectasia and they are created piecewise tendon chords. Reconstructive operations are the same as with stenosis, and with valve insufficiency. In that case, as if the valve of an ailing rudely changed and it is impossible to reconstruct it, the valve is removed from the coming prosthetics. In this hour, various models of mechanical and biological heart valve prostheses are being developed and victorious. Mechanical prostheses of the valves of the heart have worked for three generations. They are made from superior types of steel. The mechanical prosthesis is folded from the cuff at the sight of the ring, braided with synthetic fabric, and the so-called zamkayuchy element, which makes the shape of a kuli, a disk or two napіvdiskіv. The mechanical prosthesis of vlashtovaniya in such a way, schob povnistyu іmіtuvat work of the natural valve. Biological prostheses, as is obvious from their name, are made from different tissues of a creature's likeness. You can also use donor (human, pig) and construct prostheses from fabricated creatures. The main advantage of mechanical prostheses is durability. Insufficiency of mechanical prostheses is the need for pre-admission to take anticoagulant drugs, as well as the possibility of their infection. On the right, in the fact that without taking anticoagulant drugs, as a special procedure, they repair the blood, while working on a mechanical prosthesis, thrombosis can be established on the surface of the prosthesis (thrombosis of the prosthesis). This complication is especially pronounced in case of lack of regular intake of anticoagulants, or in depressions, if the dose of anticoagulants is insufficient. Thrombosis of the prosthesis may lead to repeated heart surgery. In order to avoid thrombosis of the prosthesis, it is necessary for all patients after valve prosthesis with a mechanical prosthesis not only to constantly take anticoagulants, but also consult a cardiologist to determine the adequacy of the dose of the anticoagulant that is being taken. For dotrimannya tsikh rules risk of thrombosis prosthesis can be reduced to a minimum.
If there is an infection, then there is a possibility of settling on a synthetic cuff of a mechanical prosthesis of various microorganism, which can lead to the destruction of the prosthesis (prosthetic endocarditis). Penetration of infection in the body becomes possible, for example, after the removal of a tooth, the destruction of an empty uterus, and also as a result of suppuration of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, etc. The advantages of biological prostheses are the need to take anticoagulants for a long time (because of mild fluctuations, if the arrhythmia is fleeting), and also good resistance to infection. Not a lot of biological prostheses and shortcomings, on average, close to 10 years, which can help to replace them. Fistula is one of the non-infectious complications after prosthetic heart valves, both mechanical and biological prostheses. Vono polagaє at the appearance of a leak (paraprosthetic or naukoloprosthetic fistulas) between the cuff of the prosthesis and the tissue of the heart. Fistula is most often the result of gross calcification, which changes the tissue of the heart, or a late infection. If a fistula is not produced until severe valvular insufficiency appears, the presence does not require repeated heart surgery. The cream replaces the reconstruction of the valves during the first hour of the operation, thrombi, calcification are removed from the heart, concomitant implantation (coronary bypass surgery, implantation of piece water to the rhythm and others.). At the right side of the heart, implantation of biological prostheses and reconstructive surgeries are being carried out. This is due to the fact that the speed of blood flow in the right hearts is significantly lower, lower in the left, which can be caused, regardless of the regular intake of anticoagulants, to thrombosis.

Prevention of valvular heart valves

At whom we have shared the time, persh for everything, about prevention, the valves of the heart are swollen, oscals of prevention vrodzhenikh vad sertsya vіdnositsya to genetic problems. Shards in our country, among the causes of swollen valves in the heart, are rheumatism, it is necessary to detect that susceptibility of streptococcal infection at the same time. Zokrema, who suffers from chronic tonsillitis with occasional sore throats (tonsillitis), then, perhaps, it is necessary to think about the end of the tonsils. Such a pіdkhіd can be true, like in practically healthy people, and like the prevention of new diseases in patients with rheumatism. Dodatkovo in osib, yakі suffer from rheumatism, at the present time to carry out color bicillin prophylaxis, which means in the first month of administration the antibiotic Trivalo dії (bicilin). It is necessary for the fact that the concentration of an antibiotic, which can resist streptococcal infection, was constantly raised in the body. We tend to be ill with calm waters of the valves of the heart, because we do not accept surgical exuberance, so we should regularly check with a cardiologist. It is necessary both for the selection of necessary medical therapy, and for the timely selection of ailments for surgical treatment.

mitral valve prolapse

Mitral valve prolapse (PMV, from the Latin word prolapsus - "waving") - ill, which is due to the fact that one or the other insulting the chairs of the mitral valve sag under the hour of cardiac contraction (systole) in the empty left atrium. On the basis of illness, for various tributes, 1 to 6% of the population are ill. At the base of the disease lie the expansion of the valve ring, which is attached to the valve stools. In a number of ailments, there is also a superficial dozhina stool or tendon chords, which normally surround the fragility of the stools, as a result of the so-called myxomatous degeneration. In some cases, there may be an incorrect attachment of the tendon chords to the valve stools. In a small part of the ailments, MVP is transmitted in the recessions with anomalies in the development of the skeleton (funnel-shaped chest, S-like curvature of the ridge, superficial friability of the spleen). In patients suffering from MVP, there are various disturbances in the rhythm of the heart, which is connected with the increased activity of the so-called sympathetic nervous system of the heart. In these ailments, they can be seen as one by one, safe for life, interruptions in the robotic heart (extrasystoles), and in the region, rarely unsafe for life, arrhythmia, which means serious exultation. Most of the arrhythmias are provoked by mental overstrain. The most effective in treating arrhythmias in patients with MVP β-blockers (anaprilin, atenolol and others).

For patients with MVP, pain in the left half of the chest is prickly in nature, not associated with physical stress. Most of the vipadkіv tі pain is not unsafe for life and does not seem to be any kind of glee. Also, in patients with MVP, migraine-like headaches and congestion may appear, resulting in a sharp decrease in arterial pressure when the position of the body changes from horizontal to vertical (orthostatic hypotension). Cardinally, all ailments with mitral valve prolapse are subdivided into quiet, who may have pronounced mitral insufficiency, and quiet, who has no symptoms. In cases of severe mitral insufficiency, surgery may be needed. Diagnosis of MVP is mainly based on auscultation (hearing) of the heart and EchoCG. On auscultation of the heart, the sounds are more characteristic of prolapse, clattering in the region of the apex of the heart and the noise of mitral insufficiency, which is obvious. Echocardiography in most cases of depression allows to reveal prolapse of stools and yogo features. The prognosis for life in patients with PMK is friendly.

The heart is an empty organ, divided by special partitions into 4 chambers. It ensures uninterrupted blood supply to the body by the vessels. Blood in succession to pass a large and small colo krovobigu. Sob she collapsed in one direction, the heart avenged the valve system. The skin valve of the heart passes the motherland only in one beat and zapobigaє її rush back.

See valves

The valve set includes the following:

Indications and contraindications before valve replacement

The valve of the heart can be shocked under the influx of some ailments. In the aftermath of this, the damage to the heart activity is blamed. The valve does not secure the tight closing of the atrioventricular opening or it will open again. Who needs heart surgery. The valve may be replaced. However, not in all situations it is possible to carry out prosthetics. Є deakі contraindications:

Such infectious diseases, such as sinusitis, pyelonephritis, cholecystitis, can be perestroika to replace the valve. However, after the sanitation of the infection of the infection, the operation, better for everything, will become possible.
Illness of leg, nirok, liver at the stage of decompensation. The patient may not be affected by the influence on the body due to chronic anesthesia and the device of piece blood circulation.

Types of valve prostheses:

Mechanical. The design of these valves is made of synthetic materials, metal alloys, graphite. Mechanical valves are not strong enough to wear out. However, stench can lead to the establishment of microthrombosis on valve stools. Such blood clots can cause thromboembolism. For the prevention of such ailments, patients should take preparations to reduce blood pharynx.
Biological. Such prostheses are subdivided into different types. For the production of vicorous xenotransplants, the Kinsky or porcine pericardium is used. Another type of biological prosthesis is alograft. And here the heart valve is modeled from the organic tissues of the patient himself. Biological prostheses are safe to wear. However, it is important for people of a frail age, for patients with a fleeting arrhythmia or with a high risk of thrombosis.

The heart of a person’s life is pumping blood, enriched with sourness, providing care for all internal organs and tissues of the human body.

Superbly great is the clarity of a direct stream of blood. This process is regulated by heart valves.

Features of the functioning of the CCC

By stretching 1 heartbeat, the heart pumps approximately 5-6 liters of blood. With an increase in physical and emotional pressure, your blood will increase, and when you become calm, it will change.

The heart is a mucus pump, the main role of which is in pumping the blood flow behind the veins, vessels and arteries.

The CCC is represented by two kіl kіl kіl kіl kіlоbіgu: great and small. Along the aorta, it is straight from the left half of the heart. From the aorta potik pass through the arteries, capillaries and arterioles.

In the process of blood circulation, oxygen is given to tissues and internal organs, taking them carbon dioxide and products of the exchange process. Blood, which the sour has seen, transforms from arterial to venous, straight in the heart. Through the empty veins of the vain, enter at the right heart of the heart, satisfying the great blood flow.

From the right half of the heart, it goes up to the leg, de vodbuvaetsya її sourness rich. The ring is repeated anew.

Mіzh lіvim i pravim shlunochki znahoditsya septum, scho dividing їх. Hearts of anguish and shlunochki mayut different recognition.

The blood accumulates in the atria, and at the hour of the heart systole, it flows under the pressure of the ventricle. Blood flow through the arteries spreads throughout the whole organism.

In addition, the heart valves should function correctly, as well as the right blood stream, without intermediary deposits of the health of the heart-vascular system.

Variety of valves

Heart valves are responsible for proper blood circulation. CCC includes a few types of valves of the heart, functions and life of various types:

The skin from the valves of the human heart makes its anatomical life and functional significance.

Heart valve pathology

Damage to the work of one or more heart valves causes a change in the functioning of the cardiovascular system. To compensate for the lack of blood supply, the myocardium of the heart begins to work with more energy.

As a result, after a certain hour, there is an increase in that tension of the m'yaza of the heart. It should lead to the development of heart failure (arrhythmia, thrombosis, erosion, etc.).

Varto signify that on the cob the pathology of the anatomy of the heart develops without a clear manifestation of symptoms. One of the first signs that indicates the development of an illness is an ass. The main reason I will show is the lack of blood sourness.

The patient may also experience the following symptoms:

heavy breathing, as if there is no mutual relationship with the increased physical challenge;
zamorochennya;
weakness;
unobtrusive camp;
feel pain in the thoracic cavity;
swelling of the lower abdomen.

Valve defects can be congenital.

Among the widest waters you can see the following:

stenosis;
zvorotny sweat of blood, po'yazany z nepovny zakrivannyam;
MK prolapse.

For the selection of an effective scheme for the treatment of valve pathology, it is necessary to detect disease associated with the pathology of the SS of the heart, at an early stage of its development.

For whom it is necessary to periodically pass medical look in fahіvtsіv, as well as follow the way of life, get used to food, rich in vitamins and essential for the normal functioning of all body systems, minerals, more collapse and rest on fresh ground. Be healthy!

vseoserdce.ru

Valve assignment

The valve apparatus of the heart is intended to ensure the direct flow of blood, which is its main function. The valves of the heart vibrate with singing periodicity, giving way to blood flow, and they curl, blocking the way of the blood flow.

The device has 4 heart valves. In anatomy they are divided into 2 types:

Anterior-shlunochkovy: double-barreled and tristucular.
Pivmіsyachnі: aortic and legenevian valves of the heart.

At the moment of pumping blood, all components function according to the singing circuit. Blood, which is collected from the right chamber, and itself in the atrium, de її zatrimu tricuspid valve. Vіdkrivayuchis, vіn directing the blood flow at the shunochok tієї and chambers and less reaching the legenian valve, vishtovhuyutsya at the upper distal path behind the rіsnitsa rієї in a vise.

If the blood reaches the leg, it sours there and turns to the heart, and then in the left chamber (in front of the heart), it accumulates, and the mitral valve of the heart is reduced. At that moment, if the veins are found in the veins of the body, the blood enters the tubes inside the left chamber and for the help of the aortic passage into the aorta and starts a spiral path through the human body.

The projection of the valves of the heart is shown on the baby.

Functions of the mitral valve

Tsey stolkovy heart valve roztashuvavsya in the left chamber between the valve and the heart. At the vіdkritom stanі vіn vykonuє funktіu - vkhіd for the flow of blood in the tube. If the heart matter is interrupted at the systolic phase, the valve blocks the blood flow.

The medical history of the sphere of cardiology suggests that for the rahunok of one’s life, the mitral snort (double-headed) is the first to be recognized by ultrasound. The experts of their anatomy are good at seeing the ultrasound signal. Due to the fact that the front chair of the snort can be plastic and friable, medical facivists can look in detail at the valve body.

Tristool valve

Mіstseznakhodzhennya - the camera is right between the shlunochkom and in front of the heart. Yogo Budova - three chairs. I give a "green light" to the blood stream in my short-sleeve. At that hour, if the chamber is closed, and the m'yaz is shortened, the valve closes and protects the heart from the penetration of blood.

aortic valve

Aortic roztashuvavsya in the left chamber between the duct and the aorta. The main function is to block blood circulation. Budov aortic snort is similar to legenev, tobto. may have three chairs:

Persha is a pivm_syachna shutter. Її anatomy - the posterior part of the aorta.
Another and third anatomy - open the aorta from the anterior part.

At the systolic station there is a slug, if the vice moves, the veins do not allow the blood flow to go into the aorta. After that, at the diastolic station, the people’s hearts are muffled, the stench blocks itself, by the very same it protects the heart from the blood turning.

Before speech, the heart of a toad can be very similar to human rice. So, for example, the spiral valve is responsible for the work of the ships, which protect the lungs and sour.

In this way, the spiral snort of the toad mirrors the aortic circulation in humans.

Wanting a freshwater sacker with only one slug, they cope with the visibility of the spiral valve, with the necessary functions that support life.

legenevy snort

At the stolen camp of the three-stool snart, the only way for blood is the legenevy stovbur. The Danish valve, as far as anatomy, is located at the entrance. Yogo Budova is like that, when the pressure of the veins is lifted, it is released and the blood flow in the artery is released. Under the direction of the turn to the flow, in the relaxed state of the slug, the veins are blocked, identical to the aortic one, protecting the legenevic stovbur from the blood flow.

The right camera is the whole system, de tisk of reductions. That budova snort here m'yaksha, equal to the aortic. At the moment of listening to a person in good health, the doctor feels legenevia and aortic valve heart.

Illness

In patients who may be healthy, the valve apparatus of the heart functions clearly and stably. When the valves of the heart are changed, they are subject to the onset of pathologies:

ringing chair of some snorts;
zvorotny bloody sweat;
continuum of both anomalies.

In response to those that the functions of the nasal snorts and the atrioventricular snorts are affected in a different period of time, the sounding and insufficiency are manifested in a different way.

The ringing of the pivmіsyachnyh valves causing the sounding of the noise. Anterior-shlunochkove zvuzhennia is manifested in a visual noise in the two-barrel and 3-bar snort. Deficiency in the first category is associated with diastolic murmur and is called aortic and legenevic.

Such an illness, like a deficiency, calls for pathological changes, with such a flow of blood, it begins to turn back, regardless of the closed valve. In this manner, the body begins to work in the development of tension, and at the same time it is a stimulus for the development of illness.

Medical assistance for valves

Heart valves, scalable to pathological changes without proper therapy, may require surgical insertion. Such a jubilation is seen in two ways: plastic and the installation of a prosthesis. Dani, come in and think of a big name - valve preservation. Showing how such surgical manipulations can damage the functions of heart snorts of a person.

Before pathologies, for which plastic or prosthetics are prescribed, є:

inflammation of the endocardium and valve apparatus (for example, rheumatism);
snort infection (for example, bacterial endocarditis);
strengthening of valve walls;
genetic defect.

Heart defects are most often blamed on stenosis or valve insufficiency, with some kind of m'yaz working in a stressed mode, the volume of pumped blood decreases and heart failure develops.

In medicine, there are two main types of snorts, as a substitute for natural ones: mechanical and biological. Mostly, the rest, vibrate from the valve apparatus of creatures, in solitary cases from human tissues. Such snorts are best suited for their everyday life and anatomy. The middle term of the robotic biological snort is 13 years. The mechanics may have a threefold term of service, prote vimagayut regular reception of special likings. In lonely vipadkas, it’s better to make it easy.

It's a pity that during plastic surgery and prosthetics, there is a risk of complication, so that you can still see all the indications, and the operation was carried out by qualified facsimiles on modern technology.

To such complication one can see:

beat heart rhythm;
bleeding;
damage to the integrity of ships;
development of pneumonia;
stroke;
lethal end.

At the link with the patient, before the plastic surgery, the prosthesis must undergo a trial of obstezhennia. And the post-operational period is rebuked under the supervision of the medical staff. After the prescription of ailments, it is taken medical preparations, the correct regimen and all orders of the doctors are taken.

Repeated operation can be carried out only in extreme depressions and the reason for this is the inadequacy of the operated valve. Varto indicates that the overexposure is more complicated than it is important to stop it with medication.

On the basis of the foregoing, indicate the importance of the scrupulous obstezhennya to the body. Heart valves are the basis for stable functioning of the organ. In order to get directly on the plastic of the prosthesis, it is necessary to respectfully hear the body. As soon as a person feels discomfort in the chest, they should make an appointment for a consultation with a doctor.

cardiologiya.com

Diseased valves

Most of the heart valves and mend ailments, if a person exceeds 60-70 years of age. In a similar person, the body wears out, which makes the work of the heart apparatus easier. Aloe vadi hearts can be blamed as a result of infectious ailments that affect the heart-vessel system. With any expansion of infectious bacteria, it is necessary to take a fast and borrow from 2 to 5 days.

The heart meat of a person can be 4 empty, 2 hearts and 2 slunochki enter into the yak. Itself in them drains the blood from the veins, and the stars of the outside are spread behind the arteries of the body. The valves of the heart are located in the heart of the heart with vents. It helps to boost the blood flow directly.

At the heart valve characteristic rice, which signify changes in yoga, which are subdivided into 2 main groups. At the first stroke, the valve apparatus of the heart closes in full obsya, which causes the blood to return to the mass (regurgitation). To the other group, the rupture should lie unevenly across the valves (stenosis). With a meaningful world, it is easier to cross the bloody motherland, which strongly navantazhu the heart that calls out before that.

Valves wadi - tse dosit wider sickness. Stinks become 25-30% of all ailments of the cardiovascular system. With this, the mitral valve and the aortic valve are most commonly affected. Similar diagnoses can be installed in children for a century, shards can mother the viral nature of the trip. Before infectious ailments, which can damage the work of the heart, one can include endocarditis, myocarditis and cardiomyopathy.

Most often, doctors make a diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse, in which the robot's heart is accompanied by third-party noises and clatters. There is a similar damage through those that do not close at the moment of slunotchal fastness. This is the reason for the emptying of the heart, which leads to a blood flow in the bloodstream directly.

Prolapse is primary and secondary. The first is congenital disease that develops through a genetic defect in good tissues. Secondary prolapse can be attributed to mechanical failure of the chest, myocardial infarction or rheumatism.

Symptoms of illness and yoga

If a person has a badly working heart valve, then someone will be wary of the onset of symptoms of an ailment:

strong at the same time;
nabryak nіg and homіlkostopіv;
painful feeling and back when walking and heavy heaviness;
zamorochennya, scho accompany unpretentiousness.

In case of manifestation of similar symptoms, one should turn for a consultation to a qualified doctor. You will help to understand why the valve apparatus of the heart does not work and to choose the necessary course of healing. On the other hand, patients are prescribed conservative treatment methods. The stench is directed at reducing the pain sensations, correcting the heart rhythm and fearing possible complications. Similar methods are prescribed after undergoing surgery of the cardiovascular system, stench helps to prevent relapses.

For the purpose of the effective method, the doctor is responsible for the severity of the illness, the patient and all individual contraindications. Patients are prescribed medicinal preparations, which increase the intensity of the work of the heart, with which it may be possible to reduce its functionality. In that case, if the medical methods of healing do not help, an operation is prescribed.

Surgical methods of treatment

Illness of the valvular apparatus of the heart with physical illnesses, for a complete restoration of the work of the heart, it may be recognized as an operation. The most common time of such operations is the replacement of broken valves.

Before the operation, a diagnostic obstezhennia of patients is prescribed, as it helps to determine the valvular weakness and to reveal the severity of the illness. In addition, in case of such obstezhennya doctors are guilty of taking away information about the heart and contagion of the organism.

In order to improve the efficiency of surgical insertion, I will similarly follow the procedure from a one-hour bypass, to treat aortic aneurysm or atrial fibrillation.

In this hour, there are two main types of surgical insertion for the examination of the heart-vessel apparatus. The first view is merciful. Vіn transferring replacement of defective valves. Another type of operation is collapsible: at the beginning of the hour, the replacement of the damaged organ is carried out.

Just as cardiologists prescribe an operative confirmation, then no more than one part is transferred to this type of victoria. The mitral valve is best similar to that. Some restorative surgeries help improve the functioning of the tristool and aortic system.

Under the hour of the first surgical intervention, the levels of possible infection to the body are reduced, and the shards of the third-party materials are traded. In addition, patients do not need to take anticoagulants for a long time, as they help to repair the blood.

Valve replacement surgery

A new replacement of the heart shutters is assigned at times, if the renewal procedure is not possible. Most often, replacement is needed in case of failure of the robotic aortic valves.

Under the hour of such a surgical intervention, a replacement of the injured organ is carried out. In the course of a similar process, the flap is changed, as it is sewn to the native ring. For whom the biomass materials with the tissues of the body are required, so that they are not traded.

After a new replacement of the internal screenings of all patients, obov'yazkovy is prescribed to take pills, as a way to restore the blood. Among such medicinal preparations, Kumadin, Marevan chi Warfarin can be reconsidered. The stench will help to speed up the fastening of the great clots of blood and zatrimati їkh gortannya. Such a quality will help you to avoid the vindication of strokes or heart attacks. In addition, all patients after the operation are guilty of blood tests, which will help to assess the heart rate and the effectiveness of the drugs taken.

Prostheses of the cardiac organs can have a different structure: biological and mechanical.

Biological preparations are made from bioprosthetic tissue based on the internal organs of cows or pigs. Rіdshe can win human donor material. To facilitate their installation, a piece of piece components is installed, which will help to expand and attach the organ to be implanted.

Biological prostheses work for a long time, without causing disturbances in the heart rhythm. The duration of their work can reach 15-20 years, in which case the patient will not require an adequate dose of anticoagulants.

Mechanical and alografts

Alografts - donor tissue is alive, like it survives ailments of people after the rapt death of the donor. Such operations follow Ross's methods, which allow not only to easily carry out the operation, but also to postpone a further recovery period.

The engraftment of tissues must be done quickly, moreover, there is no possibility of regrowth of the donor organ. Most of the patients who were operated on using the Ross technique are quickly confirmed, with whom it is not necessary for them to constantly beware of doctors who are rejoicing, and accept positive faces.

Mechanical shutters are prepared from piece elements. The material, from which the stench is prepared, takes root well in the human body. For this, a copper alloy with carbonaceous particles is best suited. A similar design can be done over and over and can be safely propagated for 10-12 years.

The widest mechanical design is a two-stool valve, which is made from the metal ring and the carbon chairs. The upper part of such a valve is covered with polyester fabric. The minus of a similar mechanical shutter is those that, during the hour, the robots are afraid of mechanical clatter. In addition, patients are recommended to take regular medication.

The starting period after the surgical intervention should be 60 to 90 days. After 8-10 months, a person can already travel for kerm without getting caught by the second certificate. In the course of the initial period, smoking and alcohol intake are contraindicated for patients. Eating may be dietary, but it does not include products, which are important to conquer, and help to reduce cholesterol levels.

1posercu.ru

Heart valve surgery | Heart valves - the life and functions of the heart

The heart is a life-important empty m'yazovo-fibrozny organ, rotting the levoruch at the chest cleft and ensuring the blood stream through the vessels. As a matter of fact, it is a kind of mud pump, which can function automatically and works behind the mechanism of “wetting-wishing”. For whilin the heart pumps about five or six liters of blood, in peace it will change things, and if a person is more physically motivated, it will increase.

At once, from the vessels of the heart, I establish the heart-vascular system, which makes two stakes of blood circulation: the great one and the small one. From the heart of the blood, go to the aorta, then collapse along the great and smaller diameters of the arteries, move along the arterioles to the capillaries, devastating the tissues of the oxygen and a number of other vital speeches necessary for the body and taking in carbon dioxide and exhaling products. So the blood is from the arterial venous line and straight back to the heart: on the back of the venules, further along the other veins and the great venous stovburs. Behind the lower and upper empty veins, the blood is drained at the right front of the heart, flashing a great amount of blood. I’m starting to get sour at the legs again, where you need to go from the right heart valves along the leg arteries (small blood circulation).

In the middle of the human heart, it is divided by septa (partitions) on chotiri around the chambers: two front hearts (left, right) and two shlunochki (also left and right). Functions in skin care. At the atrium, blood, which is located at the heart, accumulates and, having reached the singing pledge, prostovhuetsya into the vents (from the right atrium into the right vent, from the left atrium - into the leviy vent). Shlunochki marry the blood of the great arteries, as they are, and collapse throughout the whole organism. The stench wins more importantly to the robot and to that, tovstіshiy, the m'yazovy ball is blamed, lower the heart.

Between the skin side of the heart (okremo from the left, okremo from the right) ventricles and atrium are assisted by the atrioventricular (atrioventricular) opening. In the chambers of the heart, the blood is collapsing all in one straight line: from the left atrium in the norm, you should always come to the left vent, start walking along the great stake of the blood circulation and drink it in the right atrium, then from the left ventricle to the right vent and into the colo, from which I will come again in the lion anterior.

Properly directing the blood stream, the veins of the healthy robotic valvular apparatus of the heart, represented by the mitral, tricuspid, lung and aortic valves, are cured, and they close at the right moment, reversing regurgitation, so that the blood flow is reversed.

The mitral (double-chaired) valve is folded between the left anterior hearts and the ventricle and is folded from two chairs. If the veins are open, blood should come through the atrioventricular opening in the left ventricle from the left atrium. Under an hour of systole (tobto with shortness) of the left valve, the valve closes, so that the blood does not go back at the atrium, but vents through the aorta to the vessels of the great stake of the blood circulation.

The tricuspidal (three-chair) valve is located between the right atria and the valve and may, apparently, three chairs. Yakshcho vіn vіdkritiy, blood from the right atrium through the atrioventricular opening near the right ventricle. If it remains, it will rush, under the pressure of the blood, the tricuspid valve closes, transiently regurgitation of blood in the atrium, and the blood can only flow out through the stovbur of the legenev, and from the small stake in the legenev artery. At the entrance to the legenevy stovbur one more valve is localized - legenevy. It curves under the onslaught of blood in the systole of the right duct, in the diastole of yoga (when relaxed), under the influence of the serum blood stream it curls, turning the blood from the legenic stovbur to the right duct.

The aortic valve closes the entrance to the aorta. It is folded from three drunken stools and bursts at the moment of shortness of the left stool. Your blood goes into the aorta. At the diastole, the left ventricle of the veins curls, causing a vein to vein, which goes along the upper and lower empty veins, drains blood from the great stake in the right atrium.

The right atrioventricular opening may be the right atrioventricular (three-stool) valve, which consists of three chairs.

The valve is mily grown out of the splendid tissue ring; The stools of the right atrioventricular valve (anterior, posterior and septal) are folded with folds of the inner shell of the heart - the endocardium, with their bases attached to the stake of the atrioventricular opening. Up to the free edges of the stools, there are attached fibrous strands - tendon chords of papillary mucosa. The papillae m'yazi have a cone-like shape and can be clearly seen from the side of the empty tube. When the myocardium of the heart is shortened, blood flows from the new pressure of the stools to the walls of the duct. When the stool is short, the stools straighten, the atrioventricular opening closes. In this case, the chairs are trimmed from the side of the slug with stretched tendon chords and do not twist into the atrium.

Right above the cob of the legenevy stovbur on the yogo walls, the right, the left and the front flaps of the legenevy stovbur valve are studded with pvm_syachny folds of the yogo inner shell. Between the walls of the legene trunk and the skin of the flaps, there is a small intestine - the sinus of the legene trunk. When the walls of the right duct are short, the streaks are pressed by the blood stream to the walls of the legenian stovbur, without transferring the passage of blood from the duct to the legenevy stovbur. When the muscles of the stool are relaxed, the edge of the stools flicker and do not allow the blood flow from the legenous stovbur into the right stool of the heart.

The blood circulation in the organism of a person occurs two by two when they are intertwined in the empty hearts of the blood circulation stakes. The heart plays the role of the head organ of the blood circulation - the role of the pump. From the described life of the heart, there is no clear understanding of the mechanism of interaction between hearts. What is the difference between arterial and venous blood? Qiu important function can be called the valve apparatus of the heart.

Heart valves are divided into three types:

Pіvmіsyachnі; Chair parts; Mitral.

Pivmіsyachnі valves

On the anterior edge of the lower empty vein, from the side of the empty atrium, there is a septum of the lower empty vein, as it goes to the new view of the oval fossa, the septum of the atrium. The vein in the fetus is direct blood from the lower empty vein through the oval opening at the empty left atrium. At the slant, one great call and a sprinkling of small tendon threads are often missed.

Offenses of empty veins make a stupid kut among themselves; at the same time, the gap between them reaches 1.5-2 cm.

The opening of the legenian trunk is roztashovuetsya in front and levoruch, it leads into the legenevy trunk; to the yogo edge are attached to the duplication of the endocardium, three nappy valves: the anterior, right and left, the left edges protrude from the middle of the legenous stovbur.

All three valves at the same time satisfy the valve of the legeny stovbur.

Mayzhe in the middle of the valvular edge of the skin valve is small, slightly sweating - a bulge of the napical valve, in the presence of which, in the side of the valve edge, there is a thin cord, which can be called the lunula of the pitted valve. Napіvmіsyachnі valves utvoryuyut from the side of the legenevy stovbur dead - intestines, as if at the same time from the valves pereskodzhayut blood flow from the legenevy stovbur into the empty hole of the right duct.

Tristulkovy and mitral valves

According to the stake of the atrioventricular valve, the duplication of the inner shell of the heart is attached - the endocardium, the right atrioventricular valve, the tricuspid valve, which crosses the blood flow from the empty right ventricle to the empty right atrium.

At the same valve, there is a small amount of good, elastic tissue and m'azovih fibers; the rest are tied with the muscles of the atrium.

The three-stool valve is closed by a three-stool shape with chairs (shovel-teeth): a partition chair, a back chair, a front chair; all three chairs with their free edges protrude from the empty right sling.

Of the three chairs, one is large, septum, stool, ruffled closer to the septum of the ducts and attached to the medial part of the right atrioventricular opening. The back chair, smaller in size, attaches to the rear-outdoor periphery of the same opening. The anterior stool, the smallest of the three stools, bulges in front of the anterior periphery of the same opening and is angled at the arterial cone. Often, between the septum and the back stool, a small appendage prong can grow out.

The free edges of the chairs are made up of small visors. With its free edges, the chairs are turned into an empty shell.

To the edges of the chairs, thin, unequal longevity and comrade tendon strings are attached, as they begin to sound like papillary m'yazyv; threads are fixed to the surface of the chairs, wound to an empty shell.

A part of the tendon strings, with the head rank at the top of the slug, do not enter into the papillary membranes, but without the middle into the ball of the slug (in the direction of the pulpy crossbeams). A number of tendon strings, not tied with papillary mucks, are straight from the septum of the septum to the septum stool. Small spaces in the left edge of the chairs between the tendon strings are significantly thinned.

Up to three stools of the tristool valve, the tendon strings of three papillary mucus are attached so that the skin mucus is tied with its threads to two stool stools.

Three papillary mucks are differentiated in the right stool: one, fast, great papillary muck, the tendon threads of which are attached to the posterior and anterior stools; tsey m'yaz enters the anterior wall of the mucus - anterior papillary m'yaz; two others, insignificant in size, spread in the area of the septum - septal papillary m'yaz, (not always obvious), and posterior wall of the mucus - posterior papillary m'yaz.

At the stake of the left atrioventricular opening, the left atrioventricular (mitral) valve is attached; the free edges of the yogo chair protrude from the empty shell. The stench, like at the tristool valve, settles in the underarms of the inner ball of the heart, the endocardium. This valve, when the left ventricle is shortened, passes the blood from the empty back at the empty left atrium.

At the valve, the front stool and the back stool are separated, at the gaps between them, two small teeth are sorted.

The anterior stool, closing on the anterior veins of the stake of the left atrioventricular opening, as well as on the closest tissue base to it, open the aorta, expand to the right and more to the front, lower to the back. The free edges of the anterior stool are fixed with tendon strings, up to the anterior papillary meat, which begins in the anterior-left wall of the duct. The front chair is bigger than the back seat. At the junction, since it occupies the area between the left atrioventricular opening and the opening of the aorta, the free edges of the aorta lie down to the neck of the aorta.

The back chair is attached to the back of the stake of the designated opening. There is a smaller one behind the front and according to the opening to the opening, the sprat is rolled backwards and is evil. For help, it fixes more importantly to the posterior papillary membrane, which starts on the posterior-left wall of the mucus.

Small teeth, lying at the gaps between the great ones, are fixed behind the help of the tendon threads, either to the papillary membranes, or without the middle to the wall of the duct.

At the same teeth of the mitral valve, as well as in the teeth of the tristellate valve, there are dense, elastic fibers and a small number of m'ulcer fibers, which are connected from the m'ulcer ball of the left atrium.

The anterior and posterior papillary m'yazi can be skinned on a sprat of papillary m'yazyv. In the septum of the shlunochkiv, like the right baby, the stench starts very rarely.

On the side of the inner surface wall of the posterior-left side of the left duct is covered great kіlkistyu vistupiv - m'yasistikh crossbeams. Bagatorazovo splitting and z'ednuyushchisya again, tsі m'yasistі crossbeams intertwined between themselves and establish a merezha, thicker, lower at the right bunny; they are especially rich at the top of the heart in the region of the interseptal septum. Cream of the heart, napіvіsyachnі valves mіstya і at the veins.

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