Golovna > Yak vibrati > Archaeological artifacts that changed the world. The most terrible archeological excavations Discover what "Explorations" are in other dictionaries

Archaeological artifacts that changed the world. The most terrible archeological excavations Discover what "Explorations" are in other dictionaries

Having first marveled at the film about Indiana Jones, having respected some of us for archeology in a way that was hoarse and romantic, they later realized that being an archaeologist does not mean re-investigating the Nazis, but getting into risk-taking. Tim is no less, his profession is more than a cicava. Vaughn podіlyaєtsya on impersonal vidіv; doslidniki, yakі carry out excavations, can finish the university specialization.

In order to be taken into account by archaeologists, excavations are carried out according to the method of physical traces of the basis of a group of civilized people. Tse vіdrіznyає archeology z іnshih sumіzhnyh areas, like anthropology. The appointment of science can change, but all archaeologists are joking about specific objects, in a fragmentary state they would not stink.

Under water, archaeologists cover the depths of the ocean near the search for relics that have sunk long ago. Deyakі spetsializuyutsya on deep-water marine excavations, іnshі occupied by the main rank of lakes, rivers and stakes. The stench can work in the places of ship accidents, but the same stench grows in places and settlements flooded with the slow waters of the Earth. Exploration of the seabed can be a profession or a hobby; Some of the ships sank, but they still need to be cleared for the best divers, while a lot of others still don’t.

Viysk archeologists methodically look at the skin of an inch of field battles, trying to find armor and armor. Krіm tsgogo, stench joking artifacts, for which you can understand, which was the everyday life of soldiers at the military camps.

Prehistoric archeology has developed the primary culture, zokrema ti, where there was no writing yet. Navpaki, historical archeology slanders everything that happened after the appearance of writing. It is also divided into different groups, including classical (Ancient Greece and Rome), Egyptian and Biblical. Fahіvtsі in the region of the rest try to know the mysteries, guessing in the Bible and proving the biblical podias.

Although it’s marvelous, but they also explore “modern” types of archeology. Garbologists trace those that people discover and recognize patterns and change the sign of civilized society. Industrial archaeologists are looking at the evolution of the landscape and its development, and fakhіvtsі z mіs'kyh dolzhennyah look at the evolution of places, especially old ones.

Experimental archeology is also a practical area. It is not enough for them to know and document artifacts and other historical knowledge, and one by one, one by one, the frames of the podias are shown, which show each other the different stages of the history of the people.

It is also ethnoarcheology. Tsya galuz vivchaє cultures, yakі sche іsnuyat tsegodnі, but live approximately the same way, yak і richly stіlіt. For example, these modern nomadic tribes, sensible-choosers and suspіlstva, yakі do not have access to rich modern opulences. Let ethnoarchaeologists victorious their results of researching already existing cultures.

Another one current looking archeology - povіtryana. Vaughn is neimovirno cicava, but with whom it is foldable. Those, who know what shukati, can reveal the mounds earlier, build and build the settlements. Aje the beast can look at objects, like it is important to remember, perebuvayuchi lands.

4.1. Archaeological excavations - Polish archaeological work, which is carried out with the method of universal research, accurate fixation and scientific assessment of the monument of archeology with a complete description of its topography, stratigraphy, cultural sphere, spores, archaeological material, etc.

4.2. Vykhodyachy z zagalnopriynyatih principle v privagi bіzicheskogo sberezhennija ob'ektіv archeologicheskoї spadschiny yak vіdchenі іstoricheskikh epochs і tsivіlіzatsіy, zakrіplenih іn federal legislаvі іt yakі іst іn international treaties, participant є Russian Federation, digging, nasampered, exposing archeological reminders, as if peresbuvayut under the threat of ruination and the hour of the formation of buddіvelno-gospodarskih robіt, or influx of other anthropogenic and natural factors.

Carrying out archeological excavations on the objects of archaeological decline, which does not threaten ruin, is possible for the evidence of the applicant for the removal of the Great Arkush of the argumentative scientific evidence of the need to conduct research for the solution of fundamental scientific problems.

4.3. Carrying out stationary excavations of a monument of archeology can be changed to the stage of detailed furnishing, like a monument of archeology, as well as a lot of extravagance, familiarization with historical, archival and museum materials that are used for these objects, as well as for laying out a planar instrumental warehouse scale not less than 1:1000 is universal. photographic fixation of the monument of archeology

4.4. Selecting a place for laying the excavations on the monument of archeology and the hour of carrying out the field work for the Certificate sheet for the form No. 1 is determined by scientific assignments. At the same time, the interests of the preservation of the memory of archeology may be protected, and it has been seen that the excavations of quiet diggers are the most dangerous, which is the most threatening to the danger of suffering from natural processes and anthropogenic influx.

4.5. Excavations of settlements and soil burial grounds are carried out in areas, which ensure the possibility of the most complete characteristics of stratigraphy, spores and other archaeological objects.

Excavations of monuments of archeology for additional pits and trenches are categorically zaboronyayutsya.

The laying of small excavations is being fenced over the ancient objects - living pits, living maidanchiks, toshcho graves. All the stench is guilty of entering into the interstices of the excavation, which suffocate the expanse of objects.

Non-ruinous reminders of archeology are not due to re-exploration. When digging these monuments of archeology, it is necessary to reserve a part of their area for future studies, depending on the fact that the thorough methods of sexual research can give the future one a greater total of that universal education.

4.6. The next step is to lay down one monument of archeology of the minimum number of excavations.

It is fenced in between the excavations of insignificant plots, or smuga of an unrevealed cultural sphere.

4.7. If it is necessary to lay a number of excavations at different parts of the monument of archeology, trace them for a single fixed white coordination grid for ensuring the alignment of excavations and data of geophysical and other investigations.

It is recommended to put such a grid on the monument on the cob. It is necessary to link the high marks on all the excavations, for which there may be installations of the only standing ones on the monument benchmark. The place of roztashuvannya of the rapper is obov'yazkovo fixed on the plan of the monument. Bazhan binding of the benchmark to the Baltic system of vertical badges.

4.8. One of the priorities of archaeological research is a comprehensive review of archeology and the study of natural sciences (anthropologists, geophysicists, geologists, geologists, geomorphologists, paleobotanists, etc.) During the research process, the maximum selection of paleoecological materials and other studies of the study was carried out in laboratory minds.

4.9. The preservation of the cultural sphere of the settlement, the soil burial grounds and the burial is carried out only with a hand tool.

The choice of earth-moving machines and mechanisms is categorically defensible. Such machines can be used exclusively for additional work (transportation of the treated soil, the removal of a sterile or technogenic ball, which crosses the monument too). During underwater excavations, the use of ground-breaking equipment is allowed.

4.10. At the end of the mounds, carry out the selection of the pile with a hand tool.

The use of earth-moving machines is allowed only when excavating burial mounds of singing types (epochs of paleometal - middle steppe and forest-steppe zones). Raising the ground by mechanisms is carried out guiltily in thin (no more than 10 cm) layers with the organization of an uninterrupted relay guard behind the area, which opens up until the first signs of burial, funeral spores, pits, funeral feasts and so on, after which the selection is carried out manually.

4.11. The excavations of the mounds are only discovered by the excavations of the earthen sill and the whole expanse that is located under it, as well as the nearest territory, on which ditches, sips, feasts, remnants of ancient rills can be found.

Дослідження курганних могильників з погано вираженими, сильно розпливлися або перекривають один одного насипами, необхідно вести суцільною площею, як і дослідження ґрунтових могильників, з розбивкою сітки квадратів і однієї або декількох бровок (залежно від площі розкопу) на найбільш виражених у рельєфі ділянках.

4.12. Excavation at the ancient settlements of all types (parking lots, villages, settlements) can be divided into squares, rozmiri such fallows according to the type of monument are folded: 1x1 m, 2x2 m and 5x5 m. 'yatnik.

Excavations of ancient settlements of all kinds are carried out behind stratigraphic balls and layers, the existence of which to lie like a monument, but is not guilty of exceeding 20 cm.

Stratified monuments are better left for the balls. It is necessary to showcase all the peculiarities that dominate the cultural sphere and this settlement.

Surpluses of all spores, cavities, cavities, pits, soil pits and other objects, as well as the expansion of knowledge in coordination with various spores, must be applied on ball or layer plans. The depths of the flood of objects and signs that appear, obov'yazkovo are fixed behind the help of a level or a theodolite.

When separating the cultural ball with a high concentration of other artifacts, it is necessary to carry out washing or filtering the cultural ball through the fine-mesh metal screens.

4.13. The installation of a metal detector is only possible on areas that are uninterruptedly carried out by excavations, as well as for additional regular re-checking of shafts.

In addition to the metal detector, signs were revealed (including the signs of the discovery), as well as objects taken away as a result of washing the cultural ball, due to inclusion in the field description and safety explanations about the trip.

4.14. When excavating rich-ball archeological monuments, the last burial in the lower balls is permissible only after detailed engraving of the upper balls and archeological fixation on the entire area of the excavation.

4.15. Cultural contributions are due to be continued, so that they do not change, excavations of future and architectural remnants of first-rate significance are revealed in the excavations, the preservation of which is necessary.

4.16. When digging monuments of archeology with everyday and architectural relics, it is necessary to get used to entering in a safe way until their full manifestation and universal fixation. At the time of recent excavations on one monument of archeology with redundant architectural remains, it looked like it was necessary to live in, and you should come in for their protection and conservation.

4.17. During the conduct of protective excavations, the last step of the goiter was to be transferred to the total obligation of all the villagers of the monument of archeology in the boundaries of the permanent or timely arable farming there, where the earthlings, robots, or ruh tekhniki zdatnі poshkodite, or find the monument of archeology.

Vibіrkové descent of part of the monument of archeology, which is at the border of the land surveyor, is unacceptable. At times, you need for a complete recovery of the archaeological object, the researcher can work a prize to the excavation, to go beyond the borders of the villages of earthworks and earthworks.

4.18. In case of further accumulation of burial mounds due to safety: revealing that fixation of all objects that are located in the settlement (inlet funerals, funeral feasts, other signs and other), features of the design and the warehouse of the settlement itself, the alignment of the burial ground, in the middle of the nasipu, under the nіy or on the side of it. All vimir glibin should be kept in the form of a zero mark (benchmark), stashed on the largest point of the indentation. Before the removal of the beam, de-stashing the benchmark, the posture of the digger, wine benchmarks are restored, making accurate bindings to the main benchmark; nadal, all vimir glibin vibrate in the vino reperіv.

On the plans of excavated kurganіv, krіm pohovan', all prosharki and objects are documented.

When excavating more or less frequently plundered graves from graphic documentation, the discovery of the mystic and the depths of all signs, including relocations, is important for the restoration of the bud funeral complex.

4.19. For the purpose of fixing the stratigraphic guards in the middle of the great excavations, logs may be left out.

When excavating mounds for the help of equipment, one or a piece of parallel (at the straight path of the mechanisms) brows are left, fallow in size and the size of the mound.

When excavating mounds, two mutually perpendicular beams are left by hand.

When excavating great mounds (more than 20 m in diameter), it is necessary to fill at least two or three brows with obov'yazykovoy fixation of all profiles.

The brows of the shoes are sorted out after their armchair and photographic fixation, and in the process of their selection, the materials are fixed on the appropriate plans.

4.20. During the process of excavation of monuments of archeology of all types of shoes, the leveling of the current surface (excavation, mound), profiles, mainland surface and all objects (spore, equal footing, prosharkiv, caves and other, burial, surplus tay) is carried out , as well as knowledge of the single zero benchmark of the skin monument.

4.21. At the end of the day, the next work is to conduct a polly worker, where the report texts of the descriptions of cultural strata, which are being developed, ancient spores and funeral complexes, are recorded.

Schodennikov's data is the basis for the development of scientific knowledge.

4.22. All the rest of the excavations, knowledge, life materials, osteological, paleobotanical and other remnants are fixed in the field bag, shown on armchairs, and most of the shows are photographed.

4.23. The results of the excavation work are fixed by armchair and photographic documentation.

Armchairs (plans and expansion of excavations, stratigraphic profiles, plans and profiles of mounds, plans and expansion of funerals and other) are responsible for vikonuvatsya without intermediary on the site of the work carried out and as accurately as possible in all the details, in addition, such as: up to the tall sign, warehouse, structure and farbuvannya balls, the appearance of gruntovyh, ash-colored, ugly and other flames, spread the signs, wash that depth of their magic, the camp of the stone and speeches at the grave is thin.

Plani, rozrіzi and profiles of rіzkopіv vykonuyutsya in a single scale no less than 1:20. Plani mounds - no less than 1:50. Plans and layouts of the graveyard are folded at a scale of at least 1:10. With the sting of speeches of a small size, the relatives from the large placements of funeral equipment and belongings, there is a large amount of painting them at a scale of 1: 1. On the plans, you can see all the details, fixed in the profile. On the rozrіzі (near the profile) the real clay to the rozkop is fixed.

4.24. Obov'yazkovoy є photographic fixation of the entire process of excavation, starting from the sacred view of the monument of archeology and yogo dilyanka, taken for a wedding, excavation on different levels of the ball, as well as all objects, which are excavated: pohovan, sparse and stratigraphic details, profiles and more.

Photofixation is necessary to carry out for the help of a scale rail.

4.25. Znahіdki, zіbranі pіd hіd excavation, owe buti brіgannі for museum zberіgannya podshlої scientії obrobki.

At the same time, the collection includes the widest possible range of speeches, including fragmented subjects and subjects of unclear recognition.

4.26. Materials that need to be included in the collection are due to be included in the Polish description and secured with labels due to the appointed date and the exact location of the passage of a skin object or a fragment: a monument, a rozkop, a dilyanka, a layer or a ball, a square, a pit (No.), a burial ( No.), dugout (No.), number of knowledge, її nіvelyuvannya vіdmіtka аbo іnshі mind vyyavlennya. The heir is responsible for ensuring the correct packing, transportation and collection of collections before their transfer to the sovereign part of the museum fund of the Russian Federation.

I continue the theme of the impossibility of versions of the community and the warehouse (clay) of cultural balls, which are exposed during archaeological excavations
Previously published materials:

Kostenki
At the beginning of 2007, a sensation struck the fate of the scientific world of the planet. Under the hour of excavations in the village of Kostenki, Voronezka region, it was revealed that the knowledgeable people knew about 40 thousand years ago.

Mabut, tsyu date archaeologists guessed through the depths of the slab of knowledge. Because navit z urakhuvannyam suh conducted radiocarbon dating - for a long time for one reason: for all dosі do not know zmіstu radioactive carbon in the atmosphere of the past. Chi used to be a showcase by a constant chi changing? І v_dshtovhuyutsya in the form of modern data.

I have turned my attention to the archaeologists' mission, to the depths of artifacts' stagnation. The very stench - to talk about the cataclysm. How can archaeologists themselves not succumb to this objective fact?
I want to write about it myself, and omit the visnovki:

It appears that under the hour of the cataclysm-flood, the volcanic activity was strong! The ball is ripe - solid, looking at those who are thousands of kilometers away from the nearest volcano. So, through such a smoky atmosphere - bula trival and Suvora winter!

The brushes of the creatures. Yak and at the vipadku with mammoths - a majestic zvintar.

“Kіnskiy” ball IV “a” from the Kostonki site 14. Rozkopki O.O. Sinicina

Shar of mammoth brushes from the Kostionki site 14. Rozkopki O.O. Sinicina

At the 2004 conference, it is time to look around the section of the Kostenki parking lot.

Excavations on the river. Angara (Irkutsk region - Krasnoyarsk Territory)
Here, the tovshchina of the “cultural ball” can be explained by bottling the river near the past. Ale, such a quantity of clay and a small river can’t be applied, there’s a big snake and it’s carried lower down the stream. I know that the water stood for a long time, and then the river ran out of its loan in these deposits. Father:

Excavation at the monument Okunivka

Archaeological excavations of Ust-Yodarma

Excavations at the site of life of the oil pipeline Kuyumba-Taishet at the sites of the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras "Yelchimo-3" and "Matviyivska Square" near the Lower Priangar on the left and right banks of the Angara.

And you knew the axis:

Zalіznі arrowheads! In the Paleolithic and Neolithic epochs!!??

Nearly 10 yews were excavated in Usyi Bulo. sq. m, excavation depth - 2.5 m.
At the excavations, archaeologists knew about 10 arrows of the 13th-15th centuries with saline tips. Mustache arrows were in one place, which aroused the archaeologists.

I immediately rejuvenated the connoisseur to the XIII-XV century! Tobto. you look like this. Even before the hour of excavation, archaeologists know less about brushes, stone primitive objects and znaryaddya pracі - the Neolithic or the Paleolithic. And yakshcho virobi from bronze - a bronze age. From the hall - not earlier than the XIII century! And then after the arrival of Europeans, after Yermak.

Axis on such a depth:

know the axis of the same way from the hall:

Remains of stone budіvel on the Angara under a ball of clay

If you turn to look like a comrade and look like a cultural ball itself, then marvel at this photo:

Excavations near Novgorod

Mayzhe vshchent rotting zrub in humus on the surface of the earth - everything is like and guilty buti (Novgorod)

Excavations of the sanctuary of Ust-Poluy, YNAO

The wall, parkan from the decks was simply glimpsed by a stream of water or mudflow masses. Tobto. they didn’t burn the wall, it didn’t rot, the decks at once broke the foundations

Archaeological Museum of Berestye, Belarus

"Berestye" is a unique archaeological museum near the town of Brest (Belarus), on the mission, established by the river Zakhidny Bug and the left branch of the river Mukhavets, on the territory of the Volinsky fortification of the Brest Fortress. The Museum was opened on February 2, 1982 at the site of archaeological excavations that had been carried out since 1968. The basis of the museum is the discovery of the remains of the settlement of the ancient Brest, the settlement of the handicraft settlement of the 13th century. On the territory of "Beresttya" at a depth of 4 m, archaeologists excavated streets, paved with wood, remnants of buds of various recognition, which are located on an area of about 1000 m². The exposition presents 28 logs made of logs of budivels - one-surface cuts from logs of coniferous trees (in addition, two of them were saved for 12 vines). Wooden buds and details of the bridges were preserved with specially broken synthetic rivulets.

Near the open ancient settlement there is an exposition dedicated to the way of life of the words that were inhabited in ancient times, represented by archeological knowledge, excavated in the course of excavation - metal, wood, clay, brushes, fabrics, including, among others, crockery, weaving verstativ. The entire exposition is located near the closed pavilion with an area of 2400 m2.

After the excavation, the object was surrounded by a yard and covered with a cursed dakh. But to marvel, wines are 3-4 m lower than the current level of the surface of the earth. The old-timey bulges were wild, what were the settlements in the pits? Know the culture ball? Yak mi z'yasuvali - wines are not like that, despite the fact that vіtsі, scho proponuyut budіvlі.

The axis could look like this fort

The pavement was obviously razrobili under the hour of reconstruction from quiet overflows of roofing, which they dripped, but did not know where to arrive.

Zalіzna sokir, found at the hour of excavation

Tool

Found out of sight from the shkіri. This fact is to be confirmed that the catastrophe has suddenly become here. But it is also a possible option, that the soil has been insulated in the face of sourness and that the reason for the goiter is such a safety.

Damn the bracelets. Also, which capital has had a problem?

Tsіkavy fact of knowing the skulls of a cat, dog, horse and bison. Food: they were buried in order from the life (otherwise having thrown the order of the skull of the horse's bison that horse), why did they cover all of them with a mudflow? And it’s so fast that the dogs couldn’t see the threat, like the stench sounds like earthquakes and try to get in.

The nutrition of the need for conducting excavations, their area and space is determined on the basis of these explorations, depending on the specific needs of the restoration and conservation of the monument. There are three types of roztiniv - trenches, pits and pits (Fig. 41, 42, 43).

41. Cathedral of Peter the Metropolitan of the Visoko-Petrovsky Monastery. The results of excavations in the inter'єrі Pribrani nasharuvannya of the XVII - XVIII centuries. at the vіvtarnіy and central parts, vіdkryto pochatkovі pіdlogi, vіvtarnі spores, zrubanі pilasters thinly.
1 - modern concrete pad;
2 - subsidy for the pidlog of the XVIII - XIX centuries;
3 - wooden tlin pіdlogi kіntsya XVII (?) Art.;
4 - pіdsipka pіd tlinom;
5 - vapnyanka pouring under the tselyan pіdlog of the XVI(?)—XVII centuries;
6 - leftovers of linings of trefoil;
7 - the foundation of the vіvtarny transition of the XVI-XVII centuries;
8 - ceglyana pіdlog vіvtarya XVI—XVII centuries;
9 - presenting the thrones of the XVI-XVII centuries;
10 - services in the future;
11 - the basis of the altar;
12 - the foundation of the vіvtarnoї crossing;
13 - pіschany wikid (mainland), pіdsipka pіd pіv XVI st.;
14 - ball of the monastery XIV - XVI cent. with traces of the oldest wooden temple;
15 - slabs-tombstones on the squares of the tsvintar of the XV century;
16 - parts of pilasters that were saved;
17 - open plan of the temple from the designated excavated parts

42. Relief of the wall of the Sovereign's court in Kolomenskoye for additional pits and trenches
Trench A - the butt of the wall opening, which has fallen, with the method of reinforcing the cob height and decor of the facade at the basement, which has been preserved;
trench B - the butt of the stitching of the wall along the rovi vіd rozіbranogo foundation;
trench B is the butt of stratigraphy dedicated to the moment of everyday life.
It’s more common to see the future surpluses on the daily surface of the laying of the foundation, and it’s better to bring it up that a single part of the wall was not built
1 - white stone foundation;
2 - wall laying;
3 - the front part of the masonry, which fell into the profile;
4 - budіvelne mіttya at the rovі vіd razіbrannogo foundation;
5 - turf of the XVIII-XX centuries;.
6 - cultural ball after the selection of the wall (XIX-XX centuries);
7 - cultural ball of the end of the XVII century. (following the argument);
8 - ball of everyday life;
9 - mainland

43. The apse of the pivnіchny vestibule of the Church of Michael the Archangel near Smolensk was excavated with excavations. Buttstock

The trench as a tool of exploration is indispensable for the completion of ensembles with a slight tightness of the ball. Won zastosovuєtsya for pohuku vtrachenyh spores or їх parts, vzatanovlennya vzaєmozv'yazku okremih budіvel i dіlyanok. From the additional trenches, the formation of the relief and the organization of the territory of the ensemble at the ancient times are laid. At the time of the manifestation of an old-time spore, it is necessary to open a trench trench into a dig, enough for a rozmіr for the її resurrection. Arranged at any time, it is not guilty to collapse with the method of destruction and the continuation of the trench. On the monuments of bugatospheric, with a narrow cultural ball (1 m and more), the trenches are shkidli, so that they start numbing the objects and cut through them, not allowing you to reach more or less what you want. Trenches vzdovzh perimeter walls, z glance of archeology, nebazhany.

Trenches are often laid for the restoration of objects under the hour of construction. Їх sled vikoristovuvaty for archaeological research, to that scho to look at laying all the same is impossible. The trenching of the cultural ball of trenches is carried out manually to the mainland to the width of the least accepted archeology (1.5-2 m). Only after the completion of archaeological research near the communication zone can the mechanism be allowed to work. This order cannot be replaced by a simple archeological sight, for a little vipadkiv, if the cultural sphere and the plan of the territory are good in the house and the old people of the Malaymovirne are revealed.

Understanding the pit in archeology, it is strictly and zastosovno to do not until there is a pit of a sufficient shape and profile, visible on the monument. Under the pit, there is a small straight-cut pit with an area of 1x1 to 4x4 m. On the monuments of architecture, pits are allowed to be isolated from each other for the completion of engineering and technical tasks. The pits are not guilty of being overworldly numerous, the shards of stink give out little information, do not allow arranging in terms of disputes near the earth and inspiring stratigraphy.

The main reason for the archaeological research of the monument is a wide area of excavation, tobto. a straight-cut wooden surface, excavated bit by bit to the mainland (not torn by human activity on the ground). Zvichayna area for excavation - from 100 to 400 m2. The absolute expansion of the world lies in the task of completion and the tightness of the cultural sphere. Excavate the guilt of allowing you to open up the monument or the ensemble, which is being restored, linking the surrounding areas of the territory one by one and removing not only the overall stratigraphic picture, but also a detailed description of the plans of the future or future. The spent parts, even more so than the number of spores, can be extended over a wide area, tobto. excavation. Excavation of obov'yazkovy with great earthen robots (vertical planning) or digging the ground from the inner part of the monument.

The trenches and the excavations need to be roztashovuvati so that the stinks adjoined to the wall of life with their narrow side - the only thing is the ability to po'yazati shari spores with the richness of the cultural sphere. Dig in only along the perimeter, or digging out of them numerically, not connected one by one, pits hopelessly vibrate the cultural ball, not to deprive the ball like a historical dzherel, but to the very monuments of architecture, to destroy information, choose balls.

The excavations are carried out manually by the ball-by-square method, adopted in archeology, with obov'yazkovy bulkhead or earth and іz cleanings along the skin taken "shtik". The signs of the skin ball are picked up, described, painted over, and they are saved for balls and squares (or pits, cuts, and other applications). The skin sign can be accurately fixed in its place at the vertical and horizontal planes, moreover, the glybin, like a fire on the excavations, lead as a single benchmark. Choose a mustache of knowledge, including massive ceramics and everyday material, and not just “natives” - individual and architectural. (Knakhіdki are sovereign authority and are obliged to join the museum after entering the museum.) Followed respectfully for the structure of the ball, which opens up - color, consistency, kіlkіstyu sand, clay and humus, inclusions of surpluses of life (triska, Wood, stone, rozchin), slіdіv gorіnnya (vugіllya, ash, scorched soil) and іn.

The reliability and completeness of stratigraphic information is rich in what lies in the reliability of the laying and clearing of the excavations. The stench may be but planned and tied to the mass with a high level of accuracy, mothers straight cut and parallel straight sides. Walls of rozkop_v povinn_ buti ideally vertical plates for protection for fixation. Draw the scheme of touching directly on the cleanup, and then transfer the lines that you have made up to the armchair. Similarly - for spherical plans: a horizontally cleared strap allows you to read the contours of pits, wikis, and edges in the ground. The importance of the technique is important - the engraving of all layers of the cultural sphere, which are being developed, and not only to the history of the monument, which are being developed. The next memory, which can be left in the future, a memento can be raised over an archaeological object: a pagan burial ground, a stone camp, etc. Rozkop next to bring to the mainland, Navіt yakscho without intermediary tsіkavlyat arkhіtektor balls were left with things. Vignatok to become excavations of monuments near the places from the bagatometric cultural sphere, de vid foundations to the mainland can be opened a meter and more. Lowering the excavation on such a clay is not safe for saving life.

The following of the upper, lower balls is also important. The stinks carry information about the life of the monument, which is twisted, in new and new hour, to the point of despair. Material of the XVIII-XIX centuries. reveals the growing interest of historians - ethnographers, historians, museum scholars. To shy away first try the creation of a single archaeological and ethnographic scale. Doslednikiv-restorers, who work with a ball at the borders of places, who develop, have a unique opportunity to enrich science with new information. Historians better know the old stone, bronze, and flooded vіkіv, lower speech of the middle middle age (XIV-XVII centuries), which are few in museums and until recently, during excavations, they did not turn out the proper respect.

One of the main rules of the field methodology is to carry out all archaeological works only at the presence, with the participation of the Volodar Vidkryty Liszt (providing clerk). It is categorically fenced to change the vision of the robot for the viconrobes, the robotic restorers too. At the same time, it is not possible to be surrounded by the front vkazіvki pratsyuyuchy and distant fixation. Followed postiyno that respectfully twirl the course of robots, one hour zdiisnyuyuchi universal fixation of their guards and visnovkіv. Information does not go to the monument in a ready-made look, it is more likely to be blamed in the brain of the successor as a result of understanding the warning and fixed by the successor himself. That is why, with robots, at the same time, there was no hurry, the ball is guilty of being seen methodically, so that it would be an hour to fix the situation that is being discovered.

In order to understand the history of life, it is necessary to understand the order of finding the monument itself, and the cultural sphere, to understand their sequence, spivvіdnesіst, mutually stale, tobto. explore the stratigraphy. It is possible to stitch up to five of the most typical main layers. The first to go from the bottom are the balls of everyday life, for some characteristic springs of the mainland, or more than an ancient ball from the foundation ditches, which vir_vnyuyut subsidies for pidlog, pouring clay, rose, vapna, balls of stones, stones, cods and future developments . , worked, and sometimes scorching ovens, of a different kind of maisterna). Riven of this everyday life perekrivaє upper image of the foundation, and sometimes the closed part of the basement appears. At this level, we should try to arrange the construction of the first ganks and the most important gatherings (parts of the week, which often change) and early planning of the necessary territory. It is necessary to remember that the signs of the most recent underlings of that day's surface 1) behind the walls of life are far from wandering. Znahіdki in the budіvelny sphere ring out not older than the dispute itself; in such a rank, give knowledge and budіvlі mutually revіryayutsya chi signified.

More equal of everyday life and above the earth go balls of habitation, sound of humus, visibly horizontal. The stench can include a number of new pіdlog, laid on top of the cob, with smіttyam and pіdsipka connected between them, and the bells are balls of other repairs, paving, ganks, roads, drains, etc. At this stage, the damage to the cob budding balls begins, because they have rills in them, which inspire the exploitation of the life of that territory. At the layer of habitation, balls of major repairs, private ruins, re-planning, short stays, sometimes succumbing to the appearance of the primary spore, were turned on. The remnants of old-fashioned budding materials appear in the selections and new ones, and in the reconstructions.

The advancing layer of coverings with residual ruins of wakefulness, or її parts and soothings, sound like a mass blockage. Tse buy ulamkіv vіd pokrivlі, scho failed, blocks masonry walls and crypts, sho fell, for an hour from ash and vugills, scho showing in tsmu fall on the cause of the ruin. So the balls go pohily down in the middle of the old walls of the walls and superficially perekryvayut the upper (that is the rest) life ball, so it is easy to set the date of the ruin behind it.

The fourth layer is made up, in fact, by the ruins themselves, and then step by step they are smoothed out under the influx of atmospheric phenomena. The graves between the unsheltered tricks are progressively dragging on, overgrown with turf. Under the ball of rozval, thin lines of natikiv and namiviv are established, which include tribnі budіvіlnі surpluses. This ball can be used as the mother's lenses, which were used during the periodic victorious part of the ruined life, which saved, like a stolen, timchasovy life. The rest of the layer is used to sort out the ruins for the production of everyday materials, to clear the area for new life, etc. Sound easy to stitch trenches with vibrating stones, go shukachiv treasures, follow the work of archaeologists of the 18th-19th centuries, as if they stink. Here will be the results of today's work.

It was clear that the scheme of stratigraphy is so over-the-top, so that an unbroken one looks like a monument. In order to get closer to the specific stratigraphy of the village and the possibility of revealing the life of the monument for the singing period, in archeology it is possible to understand the life tier (or the horizon), which describes the complex of spores, which were once called . In the middle of the tier one can see everyday periods, skins from such, tyings with song, a specific old-fashioned life activity on the monument, and to that skin from them I can make my day on the surface. Vstanovlennya tsikh overhead, їх vіdnosne that absolutly dated — the axis of the core of the archeological legacy of the monument of architecture. For example, first weekday

the layer is guilty of buti obov'yazkovo pіdrozdіleniya on two levels - until the beginning of life and at the time of "putting into operation" ready budіvlі. Often the stench of the day is one in the same (moreover, from different sides there will be a different picture). Traplyayutsya piece pіdsipki, sho vіvnyuyut grunt or mіnyаyut relief, іnоdі dоsіtіnі, аlе bіvayutі vіpadki zrіzannya ґruntu robіt before the cob. Sound the difference between the two surfaces, signify the number of the wickedness of the ditch (the good reading of the ocher color of the mainland, as if they got to the bottom of the new one) and remember the sight of everyday work.

Obviously, for an architectural archaeologist, there is no shortage of history, and a view of the plot until the future, which is being restored. What was there? Emptiness chi inhabit the place? How did it work out? What has life changed here for the zvedennya booth, what is it for? Chi overflowed youmu similarly to the functions and what happened to him?

In the other and the third layers, they characterize the hour of the day of the week, and then sound the darker for the first layer, the number of intermediate day surfaces increases sharply, and there are more repair and work periods here, to show in life. settlements (for example, great fires). Seeing all the intervening days on the surface and roztashuvavshi їх mid-life periods in the boundaries of one of the tiers, the last otmіnuє vіdnosne dated, that. it is known, what kind of repair is being done before, and what kind of aftermath, how it will be done one by one at the hour when the city arrives, etc. In order to take absolute dates for the surface, it is better to link up if you want to use a ball of balls from the letters of the letters. Particularly important for this process of voogillya is that ash, which marks the riven of great fires, which are designated in the chronicles and ice documents.

It is extremely important to create a chronostratigraphic chronostratigraphic grid of the future tiers of the entire complex, which, in any case, absolute dates associated with specific spores or balls, allow you to calculate the grid with some frequent proximity. This method of cross stratigraphy is sufficient for one bunker for spivvіdnesennia at the hour of various yogo elements. The layers of the fourth and fifth periods are stratigraphically richly simpler, the smut in them is instead of the blockage itself, to the very fact that here, in the baths of budivelny smittya, everything is often necessary for the renewal of the design and decor of the bud. Rosbiranna Nedvvvyvyv Rodglydati Yak Sremia Vipado archaeologic pre -Sliznnya I lead the can, Sorticiped Matheli, Scho gets caught (blocks of the riflens, Profilovani blocs, Tsella, dshed with the faces of the mole -up, , for paving, pіchna tsegla, kahli, floor tile, tile, etc.) in order to grow potіm vimіri, pіdrakhunka, zamalovka, vіdbіr collections.

The scheme of stratigraphy outlined here is practically readable by the last one, even though excavations are carried out by the beast: in the form of balls of the past, balls of rubble and sorting - to the old days. Therefore, when excavating, it is necessary to constantly remember about the setting of stratigraphic tasks and select material for their execution, reporting and fixing balls that are known. Then the material can be copied for the profiles of the excavator.

It's a pity that the picture of stratigraphy may not be as simple as it is on the diagram. Mіs'ky prosharok (close to ancient budіvel esp.) bagatorazovo digging. The most common types of excavations are the church pits of the state and the pits (kolodyaz, lyokhi, pidvali, smіttєvі yami, created, vіdstіyniki), pits and foundations of pіznіsh budіvel. For monastic and church complexes, graves are characteristic; The biggest damage to the ball is the pits, which were lost after the repair of the foundations, restoration works last work XIX-XX centuries, communication trenches are thin.

Qi poshkodzhennya ball, which is evenly deposited, lead not only to exploration in horizontal stratigraphy, but also to the penetration of new materials into early balls and into the mainland. The stench is also to blame for the early days on the surface of the early speeches at the warehouse of the vikidu from the pits. If you miss copying and not seeing, then everything is absolutely dated, that stratigraphy hopelessly gets lost. The sooner and the sooner the pits show up, the better. Sometimes the dark humus is indistinct behind the color of the filling with pits, but you can see the pit, you can see the light of the mainland interspersed, or the "colored" boundary - behind the shells of the ancient wooden sheathing, or plastering, vaping of the walls, etc. You can always be known for more fluffy fillings and other storehouses of knowledge, especially wakefulness, kitchen leftovers and lunch wikis. It doesn’t matter to make a hole in the most dug-out ball, as if it were squandering it on the profile, and also when it cuts through the bud horizontal ball. Then we will vibrate the pit, not poshkozhuyuchi navkolyshnіy ball, fix її profile, shape, rozmіri, zapovnennya, zroblenі znakhіdki. It’s even more important to set a rіven, from what a pit is dug, that period of filling. The more often you dig, the more pits (if the stench breaks one by one, it’s more important to untangle them), the more folding is the assignment of the last. Buvayut vpadki povnoї ruynatsії stratigrafiї ї dіlyanki, then it is brought to shukati bіla monument іnshe place, scho better saved; as a rule, it won't stop. As a cultural ball of supernatural zipsovaniya, ancient balls can sense to search in the middle of life or under the ruins of її parts that were not spared. Sound the stench of escaping from the ganks, the exits, the doors of the wake and along the paths, as if they hadn’t changed directly for a long time.

1) In archeology, rhubarb is called the surface of the day, which was formed in the singing period after a trivial habitation.

The process of archaeological excavations

Archaeological excavations are superficially accurate and sound properly through the process, more or less simple digging. The right mechanism of archeological excavations is best known near the field. Є its art in the master’s volodin with a shovel, a penzle and other outbuildings for the hour of cleaning archaeological balls. Cleaning the balls, excavating at the trench, despite the apparent change in the color and texture of the soils, especially during the excavation of the pits of the pits and other objects; Kіlka years of practical work and stand thousands of words of instructions.

The metaphor of the excavator is to explain the journey of the skin ball of that object revealed on the monument, of the nature of the journey, of the creations of man. It is not enough to simply dig to describe the monument, it is necessary to explain how wine was formed. Tse reaches the path of knowledge and fixation of the balls of the monument, which are superimposed, one by one.

The main step when excavating any monument is to take one of the two main methods, wanting to stink offending victorious on that very monument.

Excavations on fixed eye balls. This method works in a separate area of the skin ball, which is fixed by the eye (Fig. 9.10). This common method is called out on monuments-pechers, which often make folding stratigraphy, as well as on other monuments, such as the place for buffaloes on the American peninsular plains. There you can easily see the balls of brushes and other equals at the stage ahead: test stratigraphic pits.

Rice. 9.10. A glaring view of the head rose in Cuello, a stratified Mayan monument in Belize. Balls marked with tags

Excavations for more balls. In this case, the soil is considered to be standard for the size of the balls, the size of them to lie in the nature of the monument, sound like 5 to 20 centimeters. This kind of growth occurs in such fluctuations, if the stratigraphy is weakly marked, or when the populated spheres are displaced. The leather ball is relativly prosіvaєєtsya at the noises of artifacts, brushes of creatures, nasіnnya and other other objects.

Obviously, ideally, I would like to use a skin reminder to dig up to її natural stratigraphic balls, but in rich vipadkas, like, for example, when digging the coastal Californian shell mounds and some great life mounds, they simply looked at the natural stench . Often the balls are over thin or over doubled in order to make discrete balls, especially if the stench is mixed by the wind or rammed down by poor settlements or thinness. I (Fagan), having unearthed a number of African agricultural settlements at a depth of up to 3.6 meters, it was logical to unearth the vibrating balls, so as not richly fixed by the eye of the balls of the settlement, they indicated the concentration of fragments of the walls of the budinkiv, which collapsed. In most versts, the tricks of miners, other artifacts and rich fragments of brushes of creatures were found.

De copati

Whether or not archeological excavations start from the surface of the archeological surface and the folding of the exact topographic map of the monument. Then the monument is overlaid with a grid. The collection of artifacts collected on the surface, collected at the same time, helps to develop working hypotheses, which are the basis for the adoption by archaeologists of the decision, decopation.

The first decision, as a next step, is to carry out a successful excavation or vibirkov. It is worth lying in the face of a monument, the inevitability of this ruin, in the face of quiet hypotheses, as if they are being overturned, and also in the face of obvious pennies at that hour. Most of the excavations are vibratory. In such a time, blame the food about the business, like a trace of digging. The choice can be simple and obvious, or it can be rooted in folding rethinks. It is quite obvious that excavations for the identification of one of the spores of Stonehenge (div. Fig. 2.2) were carried out on the afternoon of June. Buy a lot of shell excavations, which do not make a surface sign of the monument (features), will be chosen by the choice of vertical squares of the net, on which artifacts will be shuffled.

In rich ways, the choice of excavations can be obvious and not obvious. When excavating the Mayan ritual center in Tikal (div. fig. 15.2), archaeologists wanted to find out more about hundreds of mounds that were dug around the main ritual sites (Koe - Soi, 2002). The mounds were stretched 10 kilometers from the center of the monument in Tikal, and they identified the vzdovzh chotirho relatively wrinkled swarms that protrude from the earth. It is obvious that it was impossible to excavate the skin mound and identify the future, so the program of digging test trenches for the selection of vertical ceramic specimens, suitable for dating, for the designation of the chronological interval of the monument, was put together. For the help of a properly stacked selection strategy, the survivors were able to select close to hundreds of mounds for excavation and take this data, as if the stinks were whispering.

The choice of place, de digging can be signified by the peace of logic (for example, access to the trench can be a problem in small ovens), by open funds and for an hour, or, unfortunately, the inevitable ruining of a part of the monument, which is located near the place of industrial activity. Ideally, excavations should be carried out there more often, where the results will be maximum and the chances of obtaining data, necessary revisions of working hypotheses, are the best.

Stratigraphy and division

We have already briefly commented on the sources of archaeological stratigraphy at section 7, de Bulo said that the basis of all excavations is the necessary order of fixation and interpretation of the stratigraphic profile (Wheeler - R. Wheeler, 1954). The cross section of the monument gives a picture of accumulative soils and spherical dwellings, which represent a long time ago current history mistevity. It is obvious that people who fix stratigraphy need to know more about the history of natural processes, like having recognized the monument, and about the formation of the monument itself (Stein - Stein, 1987, 1992). Grunts, which cover archeological knowledge, gave rise to transformations, as if radically poured into those, as they took artifacts and as stench moved into the soil. The swarming creatures, the distant vigor of the people, the erosis, the thinness that they graze - everything significantly changes the balls that overlap (Schiffer, 1987).

Archaeologic stratigraphic, call the scolder, nіzh geologiy namruvanni, to that of the sprout of the manner to wear a bilsh in a local nature, and the іntensuvniy people are great, the post -ahind is often turned on, the 198th (vila kurtin The last action can radically change the context of artifacts, if there are other signs. The monument-settlement can be rebuilt and then re-settlement with more sleep, so that the foundations of their own houses are built deeper, and sometimes re-winning the budding materials of the front baggers. Yami like stovpiv and yami-shovishcha, as well as buried deeply in old balls. Their presence can be revealed only for changes in the colors of soil, or for artifacts that can be avenged.

Axis of activity with factors, which should be taken into account when interpreting stratigraphy (Harris and others - E. C. Harris and others, 1993).

The life of a person in the past, if a monument of settlements, that її legacy, as such, for the early stages of settlement.

The activity of a person is an orange and industrial activity, which followed the rest of the monument's redundancy (Wood and Johnson - Wood and Johnson, 1978).

Natural processes are deposited and eroded during the hours of prehistoric settlement. Monuments-furnaces were often covered with sacks, if the walls collapsed with frost and the pieces of the skel were slumped in the middle (Courty and others - Courty and others, 1993).

Natural phenomena, which changed the stratigraphy of the monument after that, as a result of deprivation (poven, roots of trees, digging of creatures).

Interpretation of archaeological stratigraphy includes the reconstruction of the history of stratification on the monument and a further analysis of the significance of natural and settlement spheres. Such an analysis means subdivision of types of activity; podіl nashuravan, scho vyyshli nasledok accumulated smіttya, surpluses of everyday life and heritage, trenches-shovisch and other objects; podіl natural naslіdkіv i vyklikaniya people.

Philip Barker, an English archaeologist and fakhivets-explorer, was a keeper of combined horizontal and vertical excavations for fixing archaeological stratigraphy (Fig. 9.11). Vіn pointed out that the vertical profile (rozrіz) gives a stratigraphic appearance less in the vertical plane (1995). A lot of important objects are shown in a line with thin lines and can only be deciphered in a horizontal plane. The headline task of the stratigraphic profile (roofing) is more important for fixing information for naschadkіv, but the next steps are less likely to affect the fact that vin (profile) is formed. Since stratigraphy demonstrates mutually between monuments and life, artifacts, natural balls, then Barker has given priority to the cumulative fixation of stratigraphy, as it allows the archaeologist to fix the balls in the plan at once. Such a fixation will help especially the main excavations. Different modifications of this method are vicorated like in Europe, and in Pivnichny America.

Rice. 9.11. Trivial stratigraphic profile (detail) of the Devil Mouse Monument in Texas, Armistad Reservoir. Folding nasharvannya koryuyuyutsya from one dig to another

All archaeological stratigraphy is trivial, one might say, that it includes the results of guarding both in the vertical and in the horizontal plane (Fig. 9.12). Kіncevoj method of archeological excavations є fixing trivumirnih vzaєmin on the monument, shards and vzaєmini ensure the appointment of exact roztashuvannya.

Rice. 9.12. Trivimirna fixation by the traditional rite (mountain). Vikoristannya vimіryuvalnogo square (measuring square) (below). Close-up view of the square to the beast. Horizontal vimir is carried out along the edge (trenches), perpendicular to the line of treadmills; vertical measurement is carried out after the help of vertical scale. At the same time, for trivimirnoy fixation, ring out the electronic devices

Fixing data

The appearance of data in archeology is divided into three great categories: writing materials, photographs and digital images, natural armchairs. Computer files are an important part of their appearance.

Letters. Under the hour of excavations, the archaeologist accumulates working notebooks, including the monument's treasures and treasures. The monument’s workbook is the whole document, for which the archaeologist fixes all the records on the monument – he complied with the vikonan work, he works on the work schedules, the number of practitioners in the groups of explorers and whether or not they have other labor supply. All the differences and other views are also fixed. Under the patron of the monument, there is a lot of news about all the digs and digs at the excavations. It’s more, it’s just a tool to help the memory of an archaeologist, so you can give a document about excavations for the next generations of successors, like you can turn to this monument to replenish the collection of primary knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to write about the monument in digital form, and if it is in writing, then on paper, which can be stored in the archives for a long time. Mіzh cautions and interpretations to struggle to read the difference. Whether they are interpretations of chi mirkuvannya shkodo them, navіt ti, kakі pіslya pozglyadyutsya, relatively fixed at the student, whether it be the splendid chi digital. Important knowledge and stratigraphic details are resolutely recorded, just as the information is clearly insignificant, as if the laboratory could show life important.

Plani monuments. Plans of monuments start from simple outlines, warehouses for burial mounds or graveyards, and end with complex plans for a whole place or a folding sequence of buds (Barker, 1995). Precise plans are even more important, because not only the objects of the monument are fixed on them, but the system of vimiroval network before excavation is necessary for the installation of a tranche scheme. Computer programs for folding maps, being in the hands of fahivtsiv, significantly eased the production of accurate maps. So, for example, for the help of the AutoCad program, Douglas Genn (1994) created a three-world map of the city of Homolyovía of the city of Winslow, Arizona, as a more accurate reconstruction of a 150-room settlement, and a lower two-world map. Computer animation allows you to be a kind of person, unknown to the monument, quickly reveal yourself, which way you were right.

Stratigraphic chairs can either be fixed at a vertical plane or they can be mounted axonometrically to the vertical axes. Whether there is a kind of stratigraphic armchair (zvіtu) of vagomia folds, and yogo vikonnannya is needed like a kreslyarsky navichki, and th significant interpretative zdіbnosti. The foldability of the fixation lies in the foldability of the monument and the yogo stratigraphic minds. Often different ages of habitation or geological phenomena are clearly identified on stratigraphic rosettes. On other monuments, balls can be richly folded and less pronounced, especially in the minds of a dry climate, if the dryness of the soil makes the colors bright. Deyakі archaeologists won scaling photographs or rozvіdnі іnstrumenti, moreover, the rest is absolutely necessary for large rozrіzah, such as rozrіzi through mіskі wali.

Trivimirna fixation. Trivimirna fixation - fixation of artifacts and buds at the hour and space. Roztashuvannya archeological znahіdok fixed shdo sіtki monument. Trivimirna fixation is carried out for the help of electronic attachments or roulettes with a hand. Vaughn is especially important on such monuments, where artifacts are fixed at their cob position, otherwise, there are some days of everyday life.

New technologies make it possible to achieve greater accuracy with trivi- mer fixation. Vykoristannya theodolites with laser prompts allow you to sharply shorten the hour of fixation. A lot of rozkopnikіv vikoristovuyut pristroї that software, scho allow mittevo reworking їх digital fixation on the contour plan or trivimіrnі representationsії. The stench can possibly show on the monitor a subdivision of the artefacts plotted on the graph. Such data can be used as a reminder when planning excavations for the next day.

MONUMENTS

TUNNELS IN COPANI, HONDURAS

Rhythmic tunnels are rarely seen near the practice of archaeological excavations. Vignatko є so argu, like the pyramids of the Maya, de їhnyu іstorіyu can be deciphered only for the help of tunnels, for those who otherwise cannot penetrate the middle. The overly expensive process of making tunnels is also difficult to interpret stratigraphic balls, which are on the skin side of the trench.

The one who found the current tunnel of victorious pilgrimage of a series of later Mayan temples to build the great Acropolis in Copan (Fig. 9.13) (Fash - Fash, 1991). At this city, the excavators created a tunnel in the eroded pyramid scheme, the river Rio Copan, which runs through the hand. At their robots, the stinks were engraved with deciphered symbols (glyphs) of the Maya, apparently until such a political and religious center lay until the period from 420 to 820 AD. e. Archaeologists straightened ancient squares with other objects buried under a pressed ball of earth and stone. For the creation of trivial presentations of lesser future plans, the stench was made up of computer research stations.

The Maya rulers had a passion for enhancing their architecture and the rituals they accompanied with elaborate symbols. The creators of the tunnel have a letter of reference in the inscription on the ritual vvtar under the name "Vivtar K'yu", which gave a textual inscription on the ruling dynasty in Copan, which will secure the 16th ruler Yaks Pek. The symbols on the “Altars of Q” speak of the arrival of the founder of Kіnik Yak Kuk Mo at 426 roci n. i.e. they depict the upcoming rulers, as if they embellished and took on the growth of the great place.

Luckily for archaeologists, the Acropolis is a compact royal district, which made it possible to decipher the succession of the future and the rulers of the light. The result of this project was the spіvvіdnesenі okremі budіvlі z 16 rulers of Kopan. Nayranisha Budova will lie down until the reign of another emperor Kopan. In the wake of the budinki, they are divided into okremі political, ritual and residential complexes. Before 540 AD e. qi complexes united into a single Acropolis. Only the deception of the folding history of all the developmental life needed the rocks of tunneling robots and stratigraphic analysis. Today we know that the development of the Acropolis has grown from a small stone yard, embellished with frescoes. Possibly, the residence of the founder of Kіnik Yak Kuk Mo was the residence. Yogo's successors changed the ritual complex to the point of unknowing.

Acropolis of Copan є an extraordinary chronicle of the royal power and the dynastic policy of the Maya spiritual light, vіdkritiy pіd hour deciphering symbols. Vіn is also a triumph of remote excavations and stratigraphic interpretations for well-adjusted minds.

Rice. 9.13. Artistic reconstruction of the central district in Copan, Honduras, painted by the artist Tetyana Prokuryakova.

At the heart of the whole process of fixation lie nets, singles, forms and labels. The nets of the monument ring out for the help of the bunkers and the coils, which stretch over the trenches, so that fixation is necessary. With small-scale fixation of folded signs, they can vikoristovuvatsya navіt dіbnіshі grids, as if they shove only one square of the grid.

At the Boomplaas stove near Pvdenniy Afritsy Hilary, Deacon victoriously set the exact grid, as they put the position of small artifacts in the oven to fix the position of small artifacts, objects and data in the middle (Fig. 9.14). Similar grids were made over the scenes of maritime disasters near the Mediterranean (Bes - Bass, 1966), although laser fixation was carried out step by step using such methods. Different squares near the sitz and on the equal parts of the monument are assigned their own numbers. They allow you to identify the position of the signs, as the basis of their fixation. The labels are attached to the leather bag or applied to the sign, they indicate the number of the square, which is also entered in the monument's box.

Rice. 9.14. A pedantic fixation on excavations at the Boomplaas cave near Pivdennia Africa, where the survivors uncovered dozens of the most subtle versions of living and crying data about the mind dovkilla, which can be seen before stone vіku. Under the hour of excavation, thin balls moved in the deposit, and the position of the few artifacts was fixed behind the help of the fence, raised from the wall of the oven.

Analysis, interpretation and publication

The process of archeological excavations is completed with the filling of ditches and transportation of knowledge and documents along the monument in the laboratory. Archaeologists turn around with a new light about excavations and all the information necessary to re-verify quiet hypotheses, as if they were hanging before leaving the field. But on the other hand, the work is far from finished. In fact, it doesn't get better. The next stage of the final process is the analysis of knowledge, which can be found at divisions 10-13. After the analysis is completed, the interpretation of the monument begins (Chapter 3).

Today, the number of other workers is too high, so it’s impossible for me to publish materials about a small reminder. Fortunately, a lot of systems for the search of data allow you to save information on CDs and look at microfilms, so fahіvtsі may be able to gain access to them. The most important is the distribution of information on the Internet, but here there is food for moreover, the cyberarchives are real.

Crimea publishing materials, archaeologists have two important goals. First - put the knowledge and documents in such a collection, de stench will be safe and de stench will be available to the coming generations. Another is to make the results available to both the general public and professional colleagues.

PRACTICE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

DOCUMENTATION FOR THE MONUMENT

I (Brian Fagan) keep notes in my notebooks. The most important ones.

scammer about the excavations, I begin to tell from that moment, as we arrive in Tabir, and I will finish that day, if we work hard. This is a great worker, in which I write about the overrun of excavations, I fix the deep reflection of that anger, I write about the robot, which is a kind of occupation. This is also a special sound, in which I am writing about discussions and discussions, about other “human factors”, such as the villains among the members of the expedition from theoretical nutrition. Such a student is absolutely inestimable when working in a laboratory and preparing publications about excavations, who in the new place has a lot of forgotten details, the first hostility, who uncontrollably slept on a thought, otherwise they would have been spent. I lead the students for the hour of my services, and also for the hour of the memorial service. For example, my student told me about the details of the excavations in the center of the Maya in Belize, they lied out of my memory.

At Chatal-Hyuyuku, the archaeologist Ayen Hodder, having asked his colleagues not only to conduct scammers, but also to place them at the internal computer network, so that he knew about the skin, about which the other participants of the expedition were silent, and also in order to support the post-discussing space. knowledge and problems of excavations. Looking back at my special knowledge, I am smart enough to think that in a miraculous way to go through the theoretical discussions without interruption with practical diggings and vedennyannym dokumentatsii.

Monument holder a formal document, which includes the technical details of the excavations. Information about excavations, methods of selection, stratigraphic surveys, records about unknown signs, main objects - everything is recorded in the worker of the Crimea. This is a richly organized document, a reference logbook of the surviving students on the excavations. The keeper of the monument is also the exit point of all the documents of the monument, and the stench is fought one on one. I will sound a vicorous notepad with inserted arches, then you can insert notes about objects and other important words in the necessary place. The shchedennik of the monument is traced on the “archival paper”, shards and a long-line document about the expedition.

Material and technical worker, I sing out the name of this document, de I fix the accounts, the main addresses, the different information, which are necessary for the administrative and post-butovy life of the expedition.

When I began to take up archeology, everyone scribbled with pens and paper. Today, a lot of people are busy with portable computers and send their notes to the base for an additional modem. The choice of a computer can have its own meaning - the ability to duplicate it is even more important to add your information to the materials of reference, transferring directly to the monument. At the excavations near Chatal-Hyuyuku, there is a computer network for the free exchange of information, which was impossible for an hour of pens and paper. As I enter my documents into the computer, I obligatorily save them for about a quarter of a year and for the most part of a working day in order to protect myself from a computer failure, if the results of a good day's work can be a matter of seconds. As I am shriveled with a paper pen, then I obviously make photocopies of all documents, and I save the originals from the safe.

From the book of the Taєmnitsa of the burning pagorbivs author Ochev Vitaliy Georgiyovich

Prodovzhennya excavations V_dkrite V. A. Garyanovym miscseznahodzhennya psevdozuhіy at Rozsipnoy turned out to be great. B. P. V'yushkov virishiv vlastuvati offensive lita - in 1954 roci - general excavations. I'll take him back to the expedition, but now I'm already a graduate student. Veliko

author Avdiev Vsevolod Igorovich

The History of Archaeological Records

From the book History of the Ancient Descent author Avdiev Vsevolod Igorovich

The history of archeological evidence The ancient Egyptian culture, which influenced the development of the ancient civilization, often turned to itself the respect of the European mandrivers and scholars. This interest was especially strong in the era of Renaissance, if in Europe steel

From the book History of the Ancient Descent author Avdiev Vsevolod Igorovich

History of excavations Poluvanya on a deer. Relief from Malatya Shche in the XVIII century. The European mandrіvniki, who saw the descendants of Asia Minor and Pivnіchnu Syria, paid respect to the ancient monuments, covered with images and inscriptions, zokrema on hієglіfіchnі khetskі.

author Werwick-Smith Simon

From the book Cycle of cosmic catastrophes. Cataclysms in the history of civilization author Werwick-Smith Simon

6. Artifacts of the epoch of excavations of Chobot SLEEPING SHIELD ON Blakitnoye Lake In search of another excavation month of the epoch of cloves near Canada, I went straight to the pіvnіch from Calgary, to Edmonton, Alberta, and went to Budinkov, to marvel at Lake Buck. Checking in at the coastal motel,

From the books of Pompeii author Sergienko Maria Yukhimivna

Part II HISTORY OF RESEARCHES In the history of sciences, which are engaged in the past, the excavations of Pompeii lie down to collect rare facts, knowledge of which fills in the soul and deep satisfaction, and calm hope, that people did not miss them

3 books of Troy the author Schliman Henry

§ VII. The results of the excavation of 1882 Now I will tell you the results of my five-month-old Trojan campaign of 1882. I have concluded that a great place arose at the distant old place in the valley of Troy, zruynovane behind the old hours after a terrible catastrophe; I knew Gissarlik on the hillock

by Fagan Brian M.

Part IV Nabuttya archeological facts Archeology is the sole eye of anthropology, demi zhischuemo dzherela information in the process of education. Kent St Flannery. Golden Marshalltown