• Caesar_v roztin
• Calendar chips
• Blood tests
• Sleepy period
• Preparing for the fall

See the excavation. Archaeological artifacts that changed the world

Tse roztin a layer of the earth with the method of supplementing the memories of the large areas of the settlement. It's a pity that the whole process led to the private ruining of the cultural sphere of the soil. For review of laboratory experiments, re-examination archeological excavations month is impossible. In order to expand the roztin of the earth, rich powers need the presence of a special permit. In Russia (and earlier in the RRFSR) "Vdkrit sheets" - this is how the documented years are called - are made out at the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences. Carried out such a work of the Russian Federation for the validity of the designated document є administrative offenses.

Foundation for ground breaking

The land cover may tend to increase its mass from hour to hour, and the result will gradually acquire artifacts. The very method of their manifestation is to carry out the expansion of the globe of the earth. An increase in soil tovschі can be blamed for a number of reasons:

manager

The main meta, as a re-examination of the centuries, zdiisnyuyuchi archeological excavations, - the preservation of the monument of antiquity and the renewal of its significance for a universal, complex culturing is most important, if it is carried out outside the roztin on the whole clay. With this, one does not take into account the interests of a particular archaeologist. However, as a rule, it is less common to build a monument due to the high laboriousness of the process. Deyakі archeological excavations, fallow in їхної folding, can be trivaty rocks and inspire decades. The robots can do just as well with the help of the memory of history. Krim archeological, the only other type of excavation, which is called "protective". Vіdpovіdno before the legislation, in the Russian Federation it is necessary to carry out before the zvedennyam budіvel and other disputes. Shards in a different mood, perhaps, reminders of the old times, which are in the life of everyday life, will be spent forever.

Next date

We begin the development of a historical object based on such non-ruining methods, like photographing, measuring and describing. At times of necessity, directly and the community of the cultural sphere, soundings are rushed, trenches or pits are rushed. These tools allow you to search for an object, about the scope of which is known only from letters. However, the use of such methods to carry the obmezheniya character of zastosuvannya, shards of stink significant world psuet cultural sphere, which also becomes a historical interest.

Technology for the expansion of the earth

All stages of research and cleaning of historical objects are accompanied by photographic fixations. Conducting archeological excavations in the Russian Federation is accompanied by a lot of suvorih vimog. The stench has hardened at the vindicated "Position". At the document, there is a need for folding an armchair. In the rest of the hour, the stench is more and more often issued in electronically iztosuvannyam new computer technologies.

Archaeological excavations in Russia

Recently, Russian archaeologists reviewed the list of the most important records of 2010. The most significant discoveries in this period were the discovery of belongings in the m. Torzhok, archaeological excavations in Erikhon. In addition, it was confirmed in metro Yaroslavl. Under the leadership of the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, dozens of scientific expeditions are organized. They are spread across the entire territory of the European part of the Russian Federation, in certain points of the Asian region of the countryside and across the cordon, for example, near Mesopotamia, Central Asia and the Spitsbergen archipelasis. For the information of the director of the institute, Mikoli Makarov, at one of the press conferences, held in 2010. The Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences conducted 36 expeditions. Moreover, more than half of them zdіysnyuvalsya bіla Russia, and scho left - there. It also became known that approximately 50% of the funding is formed from the funds of the state budget, the income of the Russian Academy of Sciences and such scientific institutions, like the "Russian Fund for Fundamental Research" and at that time, as a resource management, recognized for the management archaeological recessions are seen by investors-forgetters.

Follow-up of Phanagoria

Behind the words of M. Makarov, in 2010 also, there was a significant destruction of the memorials of ancient clocks. Phanagoria is especially worthy of note - the largest ancient place known to be the city of Russia, and another capital of the Bosporus kingdom. In the course of an hour, scientific deacons built the acropolis, and a great dispute was found, which is dated to the middle of the 4th century BC. e. All archeological excavations at Phanagoria are carried out under the supervision of Doctor of Historical Sciences Volodymyr Kuznetsov. Having recognized the found dispute itself, as if at some time before, sovereign elections took place. It is noteworthy that this life is special - a fire, in which earlier the fire was raised to burn. It was important that while the light of the half-moon was still shining, the sovereign life of the ancient place could not be pinned down.

Stay near Sochi

Another significant event of 2010 was the excavations near the capital of the 2014 Olympics. A group of students, distinguished by the Doctor of Science - a leading scientific researcher at the Institute of Archeology Volodymyr Sedov, conducted a follow-up meeting of the weekday meeting at the RZ terminal near the village of Vesele. Here the remains of the Byzantine temple of the IX-XI centuries were revealed.

Excavations at the village

Tse trade-remіsniche settlement of the 10th century, roztashovan at the forests of Bilozіr'ya of the Vologda region. Archaeological excavations at the center of the mines are especially candidate of historical sciences Sergiy Zakharov. In 2010 44 coins were found here, minted in the lands of the Caliphate and at the Close Descent. Merchants їх vikoristali to pay hutra, scho especially cited at the Arabic gathering.

Archaeological excavations. cream

Historical veil of the territory of the territory rises richly, why bother with what is often seen here previous robots. Deyakі ekspeditsії trevayut already rich rockіv. Among them: "Kulchuk", "Seagull", "Belyaus", "Kalos-Limen", "Cembalo" and many others. You can join up to a group of volunteers for the purpose of working on archaeological excavations. Prote, as a rule, volunteers have to pay for their stay in the country on their own. At Krimu, a great number of expeditions are carried out, but most of them may be short-lived. And here the number of groups is small. Doslіdzhennya vykonuyutsya dosvіdchennymi robіtnikami and professional archaeologists.

Excavations

(archaeological) - plating of earth layers for the maintenance of archaeological monuments that are found in the earth. Metoyu R. є vvchennya this monument, yogo parts, speeches, and reconstruction of the role of the object in the historical. processes. Scientific zavdannyami, staging istorich. Problems are shown as a choice of the object of R., so the order of the wedding of one part (as R. is insured for a lot of years). R. is not a self-killer, the skin of R. is guilty of giving evidence of nutrition, connected with the history of the community, having created a monument to Denmark. R. redoing archaeological research. Archaeologists rozrobili low special. priyomіv, shcho vrakhovuyut specificity of the skin object and allow in detail to doslіdzhuvati yogo osobennostі. R. the settlement is connected with the ranks of the cultural sphere, which in itself is also an object of science. guard. Therefore, the fixation of all stages of R. is superimportant. On the basis of laboratory evidence, the process of R. is not repeated, it is not possible to dig the same cultural ball. Bazhano outside the opening of the dosledzhuvanny archeol. object, oskolki vono give the most complete picture of this past life. The prote process of R. is laborious and expensive, and sometimes the pieces of the monument are surrounded by rosettes; a lot of monuments are dug up by fates and decades.

The results of the contrary for R. of the object are based on measurements, photographs and descriptions.

In other words, the comradeship of a cultural ball, even directly chi whispers of some kind of object, about the basis of some kind of writing dzherel (wall, budinok, temple toshcho.), on the archaeological. to the monument, soundings (pits) or trenches are shattered. This method is more admissible for the more obedient looking - with the method of exploration, tk. The pits and trenches create a cultural sphere and do not give the opportunity to file a full statement about the settlement.

For the establishment of the facts of the past life on the settlement of Bazhany, one hour a large sizable square was planted. Prote area may be super-great, tk. it is not necessary to keep watch over the roses of the cultural sphere and the distant land. Those obmezhene place, on which R. viroblyayutsya on the settlement, sound. excavation. Rozmіri yogo are appointed by the assigned tasks, technical. and material possibilities. Having chosen a place for excavation, they directly designate its sides as the edges of light and that її camp is absolutely unbreakable and permanent point on the mine (benchmark). The top of the excavation is leveled. Naychastіshe for whom zastosovuyutsya geodetic. tools. The area of ​​the excavation is divided into squares (mostly 2x2 m). Roztin of the cultural ball should be carried out in layers of 20 cm of leather and squared with fixation on the plan of all old speeches and spores. R. viroblyayut less by hand with shovels, and sometimes with knives. Mechanical diggers (scrapers, bulldozers, etc.) to stop the ballast of the river from the great mounds. Digging with shovels and moving with hands, the cultural ball is seen from digging with conveyors, electric winches. Sometimes, up to the month of R., a high-collar railway is laid. d.

Crimean horizontal plans for excavation, obov'yazkovo are folded stratigraphically. (Div. Stratigraphy) vertical armchairs of the yogo walls and armchairs of roses of the cultural ball (so-called "profiles") at the boundaries of the rozkopu skrіz, de stinks can be fixed. Watching for the drawing of cultural versions, which were observed in each area, allows us to establish a clear chronology in the middle of the entire cultural stratification and to state its one-sphericity (that is, the one-hour nature of all manifested objects). Like life on the bagatoshar monument, a trival hour was interrupted, then mizh archeol. balls are so-called. sterile prosharki, yakі do not avenge cultural surpluses. The profiles also allow you to clarify, if the sequence of stratification was destroyed, if the sequence of stratification was broken, if the diggings were made, the appearance of such a complicating chronology was established.

Odnієyu z neodminnykh vymog at R. є roztin tsіlkom cultural sphere stretching the earthy yogo glybin, nezalezhno vіd tsgogo, yak z istorich. epoch and part of the ball to tickle the very last. For a complete understanding of all periods of life of this settlement, the archaeologist is obliged to attach the same respect to all faiths.

Nedolіkom method of conducting R. with horizontal layers and those that sound, archeol. balls do not spіvpad іz layers; tse folded guards and visnovkas. To that, as the balls on the monument are clearly stitched and the front opening (by trenches or pits) is installed straight ahead, then the monument is laid out along the balls, without a hem on the layer, with the registration of signs and spores at the borders of the ball.

On the bagato-ball monument, the balls are numbered in the world of their separation, then to the beast down, and then the order of wrappings until the hour of the ending of the balls: the ball is older, the lower the wine lies. When publishing a story about R., they sometimes call the most recent ball of this memo the first ball, at that hour, the most recent ball was named the first ball by R.'s student. Tse I create swindle. The next culture of the cultural phase, shown to this monument, should be numbered in order from early to late.

A special technique can be used to vikoristan with R. zalishkіv ancient budіvel. Doslednik to know one of the walls of life, following it, step by step searches for it. Tse allow without zayvoi vitrati forces z'yasuvati plan budіvlі. However, the need to establish a link between sharpened walls, date them, establish a weekly period, an hour of ruining, etc. cultural ball.

The tree is in the sun, and the trees are green, they are saved only in especially friendly minds: in the arc of watery soil (for example, in peat bogs), or in the arc of dry climate (for example, in Egypt). The best tree in the land of the earth. In our country, in the greater part of the city (Crimea, for example, Novgorod and some other places), trees are not saved and are marked by ice marks on the ground.

Yami in the form of dugouts, lokha, kolodyazі and іn. they take care of traces of wooden fastenings, on the walls, on which the whole spore is reconstructed. Even more important, watch out for the pits in the stovpiv.

R. zіtlіlih derev'yanikh spores to become a great difficulty, lower R. budіvel іz lilac (not singed) cegli. The collapse of the walls from such a little troch breezes through the rich earth, in which the spore is buried. It is necessary to v_dtinki clay, vіdtinki vologostі, domіshka straw, yak buvaє in since tseglі, and so on.

The R. of the greats founded the settlement for a long time, it is necessary to strictly plan, because. chaotically followed, as it would mean. the area was not stunned, not to let the zmogi reveal the historical. picture of the life of the settlement.

Krіm graphic., photo and film documentation, the process of R. and vіdkritі ob'єkti are reportedly described by the students of the study. Under R. pokhovan (div. Burial grounds), wanting the stink of the zdebіlshy not to wash in the air of the cultured, that is the ball of life, which is settled by the stretching of dozhins. hour, also necessary stratigraphic. caution. The mounds are not just a stubble piled over the grave, but folded and ritualistic for their design. At the structure of the mound, the peculiarities of the funeral rite are observed, so that you can remember more for the sake of taking the whole mound out for removal. For the construction of the structure on the pile near the center of the mound, one or two transverse earthen walls, sov. "Eyebrows", as they know only in the very beginning of the R. Sometimes, for those who want to open the mound, not in a row over the entire area, but in succession, round the segments. At the children, on the armchairs and photographs, there are signs of the inlet of the funeral, which open in the nasip or under it, follow the funeral benquet (feast), the pit, the lining of the stones and all the funeral spores; wooden and stone crypts, earth graves and stone graves, stone chests are empty R. of earth burial grounds, so that there may not be any spores on the surface of the earth, they vibrate with great squares. Tse gives the opportunity to designate between the burial ground, to know the graveyards and establish mutual innocence.

When manifested in the cultural sphere, about three speeches, spores, graves, or their next, the spades are replaced by knives, tweezers and penzliks. The skin is known to be cleansed with a penzle, painted over, or photographed in the same position as it is in the earth, the point of signification is resolutely fixed. Reciprocally, the interpretation of speeches is given to the archaeologist in the sense of reconstruction of the past no less than the speeches themselves. A lot of subjects, especially organic ones. speeches - wood, shkіra, fabrics, when winded, they shvidko ruynuyutsya. For the preservation of such knowledge, negaine conservation is required right there in the rozkoptsi. They are poured with gypsum or covered with melted paraffin, sometimes they are sunk into the water or rozchin. Deyakі objects zovsіm ruynuyutsya near the earth, ale deprive follow like empty chi vіdbitkіv. The emptiness, cleared of wear and tear deposits, is filled with gypsum and removes the evil of spoken speech.

When excavating, they should pick up all the speeches and surpluses that tell about natural and other minds, in which the ancient population was known. Three different balls of the cultural ball take a sample for the chemical. analysis. Khimich. analysis allows you to understand, from any organic. the speeches, having become rotten, like the breeds of trees, they have deprived the ash and the vugillya toshcho. Reconstruction of the landscape may be especially important for other distant eras, for example. Paleolithic, if natural minds sharply perked up in modern times. Pick up sawdust roslin, brushes of creatures and from them reconstruct the ancient flora and fauna, the climate is thin. Anthropological. vvchennya okremih skistok and tsilih skeletons of people spryya installed physical. type of ancient population.

In the rest of the hour, everything is becoming more and more important for dating the monument of radiocarbon and paleomagnetic methods. The archaeologist is guilty of taking samples of wood, wood, organic matter for analysis. zalishkіv that scorched clay vіdpovіdno to spec. instructions, rozroblenny taking such zrazkіv. After the completion of the R., the materials are produced for restoration and conservation, as well as for the presentation of the laboratory in the minds. As a result, R. can buti vіdkritі raznі sporudi, arhіt. monuments, owing to the savings on the site. Your conservation is even more foldable, especially in that case, if it is necessary to protect it from ruining the wall painting, carving thinly.

Excavations in the Soviet Socialist Republic are only explored by fakhivtsy archaeologists with special permission - t.z. v_dkritim arkush, which are seen by the In-Volume of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the SRSR on the right of R. monuments, which may have a sig- nificant union of significance and are listed to the powers. lists of the SRSR, and navit mem'yatok, scho є terr. RRFSR. For R. pam'yatok Rep. The values ​​of the indicated lists are seen by the Academy of Sciences of the Union Republics. The last goiter of the tax was called about R. for the job of seeing the leaves. Calls are taken from the archives and represent the state. fund of documents about the preservation of monuments.

Lit .: Blavatsky St. D., Antichna polova archeology, M., 1967; Avdusin D. A., Archaeological exploration and excavation M., 1959; Spitsin A. A., Archaeological excavations, St. Petersburg, 1910; Crawford O. G. S., Archeology in the field, L., (1953); Leroi-Gourhan A., Les fouilles préhistoriques (Technique et méthodes), P., 1950; Woolley C. L., Digging up the Past, (2 ed.), L., (1954); Wheeler R. E. M., Archaeology in Earth, (Harmondsworth, 1956).

A. L. Mongait. Moscow.

Radianska historical encyclopedia. - M: Radianska Encyclopedia. For red. Є. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982 .

Marvel at what "Rozkopki" is in other dictionaries:

Rozkopuvannya, vykopuvannya, vіdkrittya Dictionary of Russian synonyms. excavations n., kіl synonyms: 3 excavations (5) ... Glossary of synonyms

Archaeological excavations on the territory of the Kremlin in Uglich.

Excavations- Pol'ov vyvchennya archeol. commemorative, forwarder vikonannya specif. mind of earthen robots. Such robots are accompanied by the inevitable ruination of all memory. chi yoga parts. Repeat R. sound impossible. Therefore, accept vivch. wash booty max. precise... Russian Humanitarian Encyclopedic Dictionary

Archaeological, div. Great Radianska Encyclopedia

The way of surviving the ancient settlements, budіvel, the graves is empty, that you conduct your journey in the sight of vipadkovy znahіdok or on the navmisnyh, with the method of taking away the material wealth, poshukіv near the earth, graves, under the foundation thinly. The science system of R. has been established ... Encyclopedic dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

I. METHODS OF ROSCOPOK R. on the Close Descent Marietta in Egypt (1850 1980 pp..), P.E. This method was used to bring money to Europe. museums as far as possible Brockhaus Bible Encyclopedia

Mn. 1. Robots, created behind for a prank and foraging, nailed to the ground, snow, under the ruins, thinly. 2. Roztin plastіv zemlі z metoyu obluchennya reminders of antiquity, scho znahoditsya in zemlі. 3. Misce, de work is being carried out... Modern gloomy glossary of Efremova

I continue the theme of the impossibility of versions of the community and the warehouse (clay) of cultural balls, which are exposed during archaeological excavations
Previously published materials:

Kostenki
At the beginning of 2007, a sensation struck the fate of the scientific world of the planet. Under the hour of excavations in the village of Kostenki, Voronezka region, it was revealed that the knowledgeable people knew about 40 thousand years ago.

Mabut, tsyu date archaeologists guessed through the depths of the slab of knowledge. Because navit z urakhuvannyam usіh conducting radiocarbon dating - for a long time for one reason: for all dosі do not know zmіstu radioactive carbon in the atmosphere of the past. Chi used to be a showcase by a constant chi changing? І v_dshtovhuyutsya in the form of modern data.

I have turned my attention to the archaeologists' mission, to the depths of artifacts' stagnation. The very stench - to talk about the cataclysm. How can archaeologists themselves not succumb to this objective fact?
I want to write about it myself, and omit the visnovki:

It appears that under the hour of the cataclysm-flood, the volcanic activity was strong! The ball is ripe - solid, looking at those who are thousands of kilometers away from the nearest volcano. So, through such a smoky atmosphere - bula trival and Suvora winter!

The brushes of the creatures. Yak and at the vipadku with mammoths - a majestic zvintar.

“Kinskiy” ball IV “a” from the Kostionki site 14. Rozkopki O.O. Sinicina

Shar of mammoth brushes from the Kostionki site 14. Rozkopki O.O. Sinicina

At the 2004 conference, it is time to look around the section of the Kostenki parking lot.

Excavations on the river. Angara (Irkutsk region - Krasnoyarsk Territory)
Here, the tovshchina of the “cultural ball” can be explained by bottling the river near the past. Ale, such a quantity of clay and a small river can’t be applied, there’s a big snake and it’s carried lower down the stream. I know that the water stood for a long time, and then the river ran out of its loan in these deposits. Father:

Excavation at the monument Okunivka

Archaeological excavations of Ust-Yodarma

Excavations at the site of life of the oil pipeline Kuyumba-Taishet at the sites of the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras "Yelchimo-3" and "Matviyivska Square" near the Lower Priangar on the left and right banks of the Angara.

And you knew the axis:

Zalіznі arrowheads! In the Paleolithic and Neolithic epochs!!??

Nearly 10 yews were excavated in Usyi Bulo. sq. m, excavation depth - 2.5 m.
At the excavations, archaeologists knew about 10 arrows of the 13th-15th centuries with saline tips. Mustache arrows were in one place, which aroused the archaeologists.

I immediately rejuvenated the connoisseur to the XIII-XV century! Tobto. you look like this. Even before the hour of excavation, archaeologists know less about brushes, stone primitive objects and znaryaddya pracі - the Neolithic or the Paleolithic. And yakshcho virobi from bronze - a bronze age. From the hall - not earlier than the XIII century! And then after the arrival of Europeans, after Yermak.

Axis on such a depth:

know the axis of the same way from the hall:

Remains of stone budіvel on the Angara under a ball of clay

If you turn to look like a comrade and look like a cultural ball itself, then marvel at this photo:

Excavations near Novgorod

Mayzhe vshchent rotting zrub in humus on the surface of the earth - everything is like and guilty buti (Novgorod)

Excavations of the sanctuary of Ust-Poluy, YNAO

The wall, parkan from the decks was simply glimpsed by a stream of water or mudflow masses. Tobto. they didn’t burn the wall, it didn’t rot, the decks at once broke the foundations

Archaeological Museum of Berestye, Belarus

"Berestie" is a unique archaeological museum near the town of Brest (Belarus), on the mission, established by the river Zakhidny Bug and the left arm of the river Mukhavets, on the territory of the Volinsky fortification of the Brest Fortress. The Museum was opened on February 2, 1982 at the site of archaeological excavations that had been carried out since 1968. The basis of the museum is the discovery of the remains of the settlement of the ancient Brest, the settlement of the handicraft settlement of the 13th century. On the territory of "Beresttya" at a depth of 4 m, archaeologists excavated streets, paved with wood, remnants of buds of various recognition, which are located on an area of ​​about 1000 m². The exposition presents 28 logs made of logs of budivels - one-surface cuts of logs of coniferous trees (in addition, two of them were saved for 12 vines). Wooden buds and details of the bridges were preserved with specially broken synthetic rivulets.

Near the old ancient settlement, an exposition was placed, dedicated to the way of life of the words, which were inhabited in ancient times, archeological knowledge is presented, the excavations were made during the hour of excavation - metal, skla, wood, clay, brushes, fabrics, including embellishment, among others, utensils for weaving workbenches. The entire exposition is located near the closed pavilion with an area of ​​2400 m2.

After the excavation, the object was surrounded by a yard and covered with a cursed dakh. But to marvel, wines are 3-4 m lower than the current level of the surface of the earth. The old-timey bulges were wild, what were the settlements in the pits? Know the culture ball? Yak mi z'yasuvali - wines are not like that, despite the fact that vіtsі, scho proponuyut budіvlі.

The axis could look like this fort

The pavement was obviously razrobili under the hour of reconstruction from the quiet surplus coverings that they dripped, but did not know where to arrive.

Zalіzna sokir, found at the hour of excavation

Tool

Found out of sight from the shkіri. This fact is to be confirmed that the catastrophe has suddenly become here. But it is also a possible option, that the soil has been insulated in the face of sourness and that the reason for the goiter is such a safety.

Damn the bracelets. Also, which capital has had a problem?

Tsіkavy fact of knowing the skulls of a cat, dog, horse and bison. Food: they were buried in order from the life (otherwise having thrown the order of the skull of the horse's bison that horse), why did they cover all of them with a mudflow? And it’s so fast that the dogs couldn’t see the threat, like the stench sounds like earthquakes and try to get in.

The process of archaeological excavations

Archaeological excavations are superficially accurate and sound properly through the process, more or less simple digging. The right mechanism of archeological excavations is best known near the field. Є its art in the master’s volodin with a shovel, a penzle and other outbuildings for the hour of cleaning archaeological balls. Cleaning the balls, excavating at the trench, despite the apparent change in the color and texture of the soils, especially during the excavation of the pits of the pits and other objects; Kіlka years of practical work and stand thousands of words of instructions.

The metaphor of the excavator is to explain the journey of the skin ball of that object revealed on the monument, of the nature of the journey, of the creations of man. It is not enough to simply dig to describe the monument, it is necessary to explain how wine was formed. Tse reaches the path of knowledge and fixation of the balls of the monument, which are superimposed, one by one.

The main step when excavating any monument is to take one of the two main methods, wanting to stink offending victorious on that very monument.

Excavations on fixed eye balls. This method works in a separate area of ​​the skin ball, which is fixed by the eye (Fig. 9.10). This common method is called out on monuments-pechers, which often make folding stratigraphy, as well as on other monuments, such as the place for buffaloes on the American peninsular plains. There you can easily see the balls of brushes and other equals at the stage ahead: test stratigraphic pits.

Rice. 9.10. A glaring view of the head rose in Cuello, a stratified Mayan monument in Belize. Balls marked with tags

Excavations for more balls. In this case, the soil is considered to be standard for the size of the balls, the size of them to lie in the nature of the monument, sound like 5 to 20 centimeters. This kind of growth occurs in such fluctuations, if the stratigraphy is weakly marked, or when the populated spheres are displaced. The leather ball is relativly prosіvaєєtsya at the noises of artifacts, brushes of creatures, nasіnnya and other other objects.

Obviously, ideally, I would like to use a skin reminder to dig up to її natural stratigraphic balls, but in rich vipadkas, like, for example, when digging the coastal Californian shell mounds and some great life mounds, they simply looked at the natural stench . Often the balls are over thin or over doubled in order to make discrete balls, especially if the stench is mixed by the wind or rammed down by poor settlements or thinness. I (Fagan), having unearthed a number of African agricultural settlements at a depth of up to 3.6 meters, it was logical to unearth the vibrating balls, so as not richly fixed by the eye of the balls of the settlement, they indicated the concentration of fragments of the walls of the budinkiv, which collapsed. In most versts, the tricks of miners, other artifacts and rich fragments of brushes of creatures were found.

De copati

Whether or not archeological excavations start from the surface of the archeological surface and the folding of the exact topographic map of the monument. Let's put a grid on the monument. The collection of artifacts collected on the surface, collected at the same time, helps to develop working hypotheses, which are the basis for the adoption by archaeologists of the decision, decopation.

The first decision, as a next step, is to carry out a successful excavation or vibirkov. It is worth lying in the face of a monument, the inevitability of this ruin, in the face of quiet hypotheses, as if they are being overturned, and also in the face of obvious pennies at that hour. Most of the excavations are vibratory. In such a time, blame the food about the business, like a trace of digging. The choice can be simple and obvious, or it can be rooted in folding rethinks. It is quite obvious that excavations for the identification of one of the spores of Stonehenge (div. Fig. 2.2) were carried out on the afternoon of June. Buy a lot of shell excavations, which do not make a surface sign of the monument (features), will be chosen by the choice of vertical squares of the net, on which artifacts will be shuffled.

In rich ways, the choice of excavations can be obvious and not obvious. When excavating the Mayan ritual center in Tikal (div. fig. 15.2), archaeologists wanted to find out more about hundreds of mounds that were laid around the main ritual sites (Koe - Soi, 2002). The mounds were stretched 10 kilometers from the center of the monument in Tikal, and they identified the vzdovzh chotirho relatively wrinkled swarms that protrude from the earth. It is obvious that it was impossible to excavate the skin mound and identify the future, so the program of digging test trenches for the selection of vertical ceramic specimens, suitable for dating, for the designation of the chronological interval of the monument, was put together. For the help of a properly stacked selection strategy, the survivors were able to select close to hundreds of mounds for excavation and take this data, as if the stinks were whispering.

The choice of place, de digging can be signified by the peace of logic (for example, access to the trench can be a problem in small ovens), by open funds and for an hour, or, unfortunately, the inevitable ruining of a part of the monument, which is located near the place of industrial activity. Ideally, excavations should be carried out there more often, where the results will be maximum and the chances of obtaining data, necessary revisions of working hypotheses, are the best.

Stratigraphy and division

We have already briefly commented on the sources of archaeological stratigraphy at section 7, de Bulo said that the basis of all excavations is the necessary order of fixation and interpretation of the stratigraphic profile (Wheeler - R. Wheeler, 1954). The cross section of the monument gives a picture of accumulative soils and spheres of living, like establishing a long-standing and modern history of the world. It is obvious that people who fix stratigraphy need to know more about the history of natural processes, like having recognized the monument, and about the formation of the monument itself (Stein - Stein, 1987, 1992). Grunts, which cover archeological knowledge, gave rise to transformations, as if radically poured into those, as they took artifacts and as stench moved into the soil. The swarming creatures, the distant vigor of the people, the erosis, the thinness that they graze - everything significantly changes the balls that overlap (Schiffer, 1987).

Archaeologic stratigraphic, call the scolder, nіzh geologiy namruvanni, to that of the sprout of the manner to wear a bilsh in a local nature, and the іntensuvniy people are great, the post -ahind is often turned on, the 198th (vila kurtin The last action can radically change the context of artifacts, if there are other signs. The monument-settlement can be rebuilt and then re-settlement with greater ease, as we will resurrect the foundations of our own buds more, and sometimes re-winning the budding materials of the front baggers. Yami like stovpiv and yami-shovishcha, as well as buried deeply in old balls. Their presence can be revealed only for changes in the colors of soil, or for artifacts that can be avenged.

Axis of activity with factors, which should be taken into account when interpreting stratigraphy (Harris and others - E. C. Harris and others, 1993).

The life of a person in the past, if a monument of settlements, that її legacy, as such, for the early stages of settlement.

The activity of a person is an orange and industrial activity, which followed the rest of the monument's redundancy (Wood and Johnson - Wood and Johnson, 1978).

Natural processes are deposited and eroded during the hours of prehistoric settlement. Monuments-furnaces were often covered with sacks, if the walls collapsed with frost and the pieces of the skel were slumped in the middle (Courty and others - Courty and others, 1993).

Natural phenomena, which changed the stratigraphy of the monument after that, as a result of deprivation (poven, roots of trees, digging of creatures).

Interpretation of archaeological stratigraphy includes the reconstruction of the history of stratification on the monument and a further analysis of the significance of natural and settlement spheres. Such an analysis means subdivision of types of activity; podіl nashuravan, scho vyyshli nasledok accumulated smіttya, surpluses of everyday life and heritage, trenches-shovisch and other objects; podіl natural naslіdkіv i vyklikaniya people.

Philip Barker, an English archaeologist and fakhivets-explorer, was a keeper of combined horizontal and vertical excavations for fixing archaeological stratigraphy (Fig. 9.11). Vіn pointed out that the vertical profile (rozrіz) gives a stratigraphic appearance less in the vertical plane (1995). A lot of important objects are shown in a line with thin lines and can only be deciphered in a horizontal plane. The headline task of the stratigraphic profile (roofing) is more important for fixing information for naschadkіv, but the next steps are less likely to affect the fact that vin (profile) is formed. Since stratigraphy demonstrates mutually between monuments and life, artifacts, natural balls, then Barker has given priority to the cumulative fixation of stratigraphy, as it allows the archaeologist to fix the balls in the plan at once. Such a fixation will help especially the main excavations. Different modifications of this method are vicorated like in Europe, and in Pivnichny America.

Rice. 9.11. Trivial stratigraphic profile (detail) of the Devil Mouse Monument in Texas, Armistad Reservoir. Folding nasharvannya koryuyuyutsya from one dig to another

All archaeological stratigraphy is trivial, one might say, that it includes the results of guarding both in the vertical and in the horizontal plane (Fig. 9.12). Kіncevoj method of archeological excavations є fixing trivumirnih vzaєmin on the monument, shards and vzaєmini ensure the appointment of exact roztashuvannya.

Rice. 9.12. Trivimirna fixation by the traditional rite (mountain). Vikoristannya vimіryuvalnogo square (measuring square) (below). Close-up view of the square to the beast. Horizontal vimir is carried out along the edge (trenches), perpendicular to the line of treadmills; vertical measurement is carried out after the help of vertical scale. At the same time, for trivimirnoy fixation, ring out the electronic devices

Fixing data

The appearance of data in archeology is divided into three great categories: writing materials, photographs and digital images, natural armchairs. Computer files are an important part of their appearance.

Letters. Under the hour of excavations, the archaeologist accumulates working notebooks, including the monument's treasures and treasures. The monument’s workbook is the whole document, for which the archaeologist fixes all the records on the monument – ​​he complied with the work of the vikonan, the work of the graphic works, the number of practitioners in the groups of explorers and whether or not they have other labor supply. All the differences and other views are also fixed. Under the patron of the monument, there is a lot of news about all the digs and digs at the excavations. It’s more, it’s just a tool to help the memory of an archaeologist, so you can give a document about excavations for the next generations of successors, like you can turn to this monument to replenish the collection of primary knowledge. It is necessary to speak about the memorial in digital form, and if it is in writing, then on paper, which can be stored in the archives for a long time. Mіzh cautions and interpretations to struggle to read the difference. Whether they are interpretations of chi mirkuvannya shkodo them, navіt ti, kakі pіslya pozglyadyutsya, relatively fixed at the student, whether it be the splendid chi digital. Important knowledge and stratigraphic details are resolutely recorded, just as the information is clearly insignificant, as if the laboratory could show life important.

Plani monuments. Plans of monuments start from contour prostiks, warehouses for burial mounds or graveyards, and end with complex plans for a whole place or a folding sequence of budvels (Barker - Barker, 1995). Precise plans are more important, to the fact that they are fixed on them not only the objects of the monument, but also the system of vimiruval network to excavations, as it is necessary for the installation of a secret scheme of tranches. Computer programs for folding maps, being in the hands of fahivtsiv, significantly eased the production of accurate maps. So, for example, for the help of the AutoCad program, Douglas Genn (1994) created a three-world map of the city of Homolyovía of the city of Winslow, Arizona, as a more accurate reconstruction of a 150-room settlement, and a lower two-world map. Computer animation allows you to be a kind of person, unknown to the monument, quickly reveal yourself, which way you were right.

Stratigraphic chairs can either be fixed at a vertical plane or they can be mounted axonometrically to the vertical axes. Whether there is a kind of stratigraphic armchair (zvіtu) of vagomia folds, and yogo vikonnannya is needed like a kreslyarsky navichki, and th significant interpretative zdіbnosti. The foldability of the fixation lies in the foldability of the monument and the yogo stratigraphic minds. Often different ages of habitation or geological phenomena are clearly identified on stratigraphic rosettes. On other monuments, balls can be richly folded and less pronounced, especially in the minds of a dry climate, if the dryness of the soil makes the colors bright. The ancient archaeologists won scaled photographs or rozvіdnі іnstrumenti, moreover, the rest are absolutely indispensable for large rozrіzah, such as rozrіzi through mіskі Vali.

Trivimirna fixation. Trivimirna fixation - fixation of artifacts and buds at the hour and space. Roztashuvannya archeological znahіdok fixed shdo sіtki monument. Trivimirna fixation is carried out for the help of electronic attachments or roulettes with a hand. Vaughn is especially important on such monuments, where artifacts are fixed at their cob position, otherwise, there are some days of everyday life.

New technologies make it possible to achieve greater accuracy with trivi- mer fixation. Vykoristannya theodolites with laser prompts allow you to sharply shorten the hour of fixation. A lot of rozkopnikіv vikoristovuyut pristroї that software, scho allow mittevo reworking їх digital fixation on the contour plan or trivimіrnі representationsії. The stench can possibly show on the monitor a subdivision of the artefacts plotted on the graph. Such data can be used as a reminder when planning excavations for the next day.

MONUMENTS

TUNNELS IN COPANI, HONDURAS

Rhythmic tunnels are rarely seen near the practice of archaeological excavations. Vignatko є so argu, like the pyramids of the Maya, de їhnyu іstorіyu can be deciphered only for the help of tunnels, for those who otherwise cannot penetrate the middle. The overly expensive process of making tunnels is also difficult to interpret stratigraphic balls, which are on the skin side of the trench.

The one who found the current tunnel of victorious pilgrimage of a series of later Mayan temples to build the great Acropolis in Copan (Fig. 9.13) (Fash - Fash, 1991). At this city, the excavators created a tunnel in the eroded pyramid scheme, the river Rio Copan, which runs through the hand. At their robots, the stinks were engraved with deciphered symbols (glyphs) of the Maya, apparently until such a political and religious center lay until the period from 420 to 820 AD. e. Archaeologists straightened ancient squares with other objects buried under a pressed ball of earth and stone. For the creation of trivial presentations of lesser future plans, the stench was made up of computer research stations.

The Maya rulers had a passion for enhancing their architecture and the rituals they accompanied with elaborate symbols. The creators of the tunnel had a letter of reference at the inscription on the ritual vvtary under the name "Vivtar K'yu", which gave a textual inscription on the ruling dynasty in Copan, which was secured by the 16th ruler Yaks Pek. The symbols on the “Altars of Q” speak of the arrival of the founder of Kіnik Yak Kuk Mo at 426 roci n. i.e. they depict the upcoming rulers, as if they embellished and took on the growth of the great place.

Luckily for archaeologists, the Acropolis is a compact royal district, which made it possible to decipher the succession of the future and the rulers of the light. The result of this project was the spіvvіdnesenі okremі budіvlі z 16 rulers of Kopan. Nayranisha Budova will lie down until the reign of another emperor Kopan. In the wake of the budinki, they are divided into okremі political, ritual and residential complexes. Before 540 AD e. qi complexes united into a single Acropolis. Only the deception of the folding history of all the developmental life needed the rocks of tunneling robots and stratigraphic analysis. Today we know that the development of the Acropolis has grown from a small stone yard, embellished with frescoes. Possibly, the residence of the founder of Kіnik Yak Kuk Mo was the residence. Yogo's successors changed the ritual complex to the point of unknowing.

Acropolis of Copan є an extraordinary chronicle of the royal power and the dynastic policy of the Maya spiritual light, vіdkritiy pіd hour deciphering symbols. Vіn is also a triumph of remote excavations and stratigraphic interpretations for well-adjusted minds.

Rice. 9.13. Artistic reconstruction of the central district in Copan, Honduras, painted by the artist Tetyana Prokuryakova.

At the heart of the whole process of fixation lie nets, singles, forms and labels. The nets of the monument ring out for the help of the bunkers and the coils, which stretch over the trenches, so that fixation is necessary. With small-scale fixation of folded signs, they can vikoristovuvatsya navіt dіbnіshі grids, as if they shove only one square of the grid.

At the Boomplaas stove near Pvdenniy Afritsy Hilary, Deacon victoriously set the exact grid, as they put the position of small artifacts in the oven to fix the position of small artifacts, objects and data in the middle (Fig. 9.14). Similar grids were made over the scenes of maritime disasters near the Mediterranean (Bes - Bass, 1966), although laser fixation was carried out step by step using such methods. Different squares near the sitz and on the equal parts of the monument are assigned their own numbers. They allow you to identify the position of the signs, as the basis of their fixation. The labels are attached to the leather bag or applied to the sign, they indicate the number of the square, which is also entered in the monument's box.

Rice. 9.14. A pedantic fixation on excavations at the Boomplaas cave near Pivdennia Africa, where the survivors uncovered dozens of the most subtle versions of living and crying data about the mind dovkilla, which can be seen before stone vіku. Under the hour of excavation, thin balls moved in the deposit, and the position of the few artifacts was fixed behind the help of the fence, raised from the wall of the oven.

Analysis, interpretation and publication

The process of archeological excavations is completed with the filling of ditches and transportation of knowledge and documents along the monument in the laboratory. Archaeologists turn around with a new light about excavations and all the information necessary to re-verify quiet hypotheses, as if they were hanging before leaving the field. But on the other hand, the work is far from finished. In fact, it doesn't get better. The next stage of the final process is the analysis of knowledge, which can be found at divisions 10-13. After the analysis is completed, the interpretation of the monument begins (Chapter 3).

Today, the number of other workers is too high, so it’s impossible for me to publish materials about a small reminder. Fortunately, a lot of systems for the search of data allow you to save information on CDs and look at microfilms, so fahіvtsі may be able to gain access to them. The most important is the distribution of information on the Internet, but here there is food for moreover, the cyberarchives are real.

Crimea publishing materials, archaeologists have two important goals. First - put the knowledge and documents in such a collection, de stench will be safe and de stench will be available to the coming generations. Another is to make the results available to both the general public and professional colleagues.

PRACTICE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

DOCUMENTATION FOR THE MONUMENT

I (Brian Fagan) keep notes in my notebooks. The most important ones.

scammer about the excavations, I begin to tell from that moment, as we arrive in Tabir, and I will finish that day, if we work hard. This is a great worker, in which I write about the overrun of excavations, I fix the deep reflection of that anger, I write about the robot, which is a kind of occupation. This is also a special sound, in which I am writing about discussions and discussions, about other “human factors”, such as the villains among the members of the expedition from theoretical nutrition. Such a student is absolutely inestimable when working in the laboratory and preparing publications about excavations, for those who in the new place have forgotten a lot of details, the first hostility, who could not sleep on the thought, otherwise they would have been spent. I lead the students for the hour of my services, and also for the hour of the memorial service. For example, my student told me about the details of the excavations in the center of the Maya in Belize, they lied out of my memory.

At Chatal-Hyuyuku, the archaeologist Ayen Hodder, having asked his colleagues not only to conduct scammers, but also to place them at the internal computer network, so that he knew about the skin, about which the other participants of the expedition were silent, and also in order to support the post-discussing space. knowledge and problems of excavations. Judging by my own special evidence, I am smart enough to think that it is a miracle way to continue without interruption between theoretical discussions and practical research and documentation.

Monument holder a formal document, which includes the technical details of the excavations. Information about excavations, methods of selection, stratigraphic surveys, records about unknown signs, main objects - everything is recorded in the worker of the Crimea. This is a richly organized document, a reference logbook of the surviving students on the excavations. The keeper of the monument is also the exit point of all the documents of the monument, and the stench is fought one on one. I will sound a vicorous notepad with inserted arches, then you can insert notes about objects and other important words in the necessary place. The shchedennik of the monument is traced on the “archival paper”, shards and a long-line document about the expedition.

Material and technical worker, I sing out the name of this document, de I fix the accounts, the main addresses, the different information, which are necessary for the administrative and post-butovy life of the expedition.

When I began to take up archeology, everyone scribbled with pens and paper. Today, a lot of people are busy with portable computers and send their notes to the base for an additional modem. The choice of a computer can have its own meaning - the ability to duplicate it is even more important to add your information to the materials of reference, transferring directly to the monument. At the excavations near Chatal-Hyuyuku, there is a computer network for the free exchange of information, which was impossible for an hour of pens and paper. As I enter my documents into the computer, I obligatorily save them for about a quarter of a year and for the most part of a working day in order to protect myself from a computer failure, if the results of a good day's work can be reduced by a few seconds. As I am shriveled with a paper pen, then I obviously make photocopies of all documents, and I save the originals from the safe.