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The main literary method is social realism. Socialist realism in literature

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socialist realism, socialist realism posters
Socialist realism(Social realism) - a light-seeing method of artistic creativity, which is distinguished in art Radyansky Union, and then in other socialist lands, which have been introduced into artistic creativity by means of state policy, including censorship, and inspire the vision of socialism.

Vіn buv praises in 1932 by the party organs of the literature and the arts.

In parallel with it, neo-official mysticism arose.

* artistic depiction of action "exactly, it is true to a specific historical revolutionary development."

encouraging artistic creativity with the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, actively educating the working people in everyday socialism, affirming the key role of the Communist Party.

1 History of vindication and development
2 Feature
- 2.1 Appointment at a glance of official ideology
- 2.2 Principles of social realism
- 2.3 literature
3 Criticism
4 Representatives socialist realism
- 4.1 Literature
- 4.2 Painting and graphics
- 4.3 Sculpture
5 Div. also
6 Bibliography
7 Notes
8 Posilannya

History of vintage and development

Lunacharsky was the first writer, who laid his ideological foundation. Back in 1906, roci vin uzvichaїv was also understood as “proletarian realism”. Until the twenty years, one hundred years of understanding, becoming accustomed to the term "new social realism", and at the beginning of the thirty years, devoting "dynamic and intensely active socialist realism", articles that were published by Izvestia.

term "socialist realism" first proponated by the head of the Organizing Committee of the SP SRSR I. Gronsky at the Literary Gazette on May 23, 1932. Vіn vinik u zvyazku z nebhіdnіstyu send RAPP and avant-garde to the artistic development of Radyansk culture. The recognition of the role of classical traditions and the emergence of new semblances of realism became the highlight of its own. 1932-1933 Gronsky and head. sector artistic literature The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks V. Kirpotin strongly propagated this term.

On the 1st All-Union Award of Radian Writers in 1934, Maxim Gorky affirmed:

"Socialіal_stichny Realіz Diannya, Yak Creative, Meta Jacob - Overcomproof Distimitations of Nits_nіnіy's Іndivіdualzhnyy Sodibilities People's Radi Pads її Over the Forces of Narodi, Zakami їїlya that DoviGolіttyya needs, if you want to make it all, how beautiful the life of the people, united in one family.

The strengthening of this method as the main power is necessary for the shortest control over creative specialties and the shortest propaganda of one's own politics. The previous period, twenty years, were founded by Radian writers, who had different aggressive positions a hundred and fifty prominent writers. For example, the RAPP, the organization of proletarian writers, actively criticized non-proletarian writers. RAPP was formed mainly from written letters-pochatkivtsiv. the period of the creation of modern industrialism (rocks of industrialization) Radiansk vlad was necessary to create a mysticism that lifts the people to “labor feats”. To finish with a lined picture was the image-making art of the 1920s. the new one saw a sprat of grouping. The largest bula group was the Association of Artists of the Revolution. The stinks pictured the current day: they beat the Red Army, the workers, the villagers, the children of the revolution and the workers. The stinkers respected themselves with the fall-off of the "Wanderers". The stench went to factories, backwaters, to the Red Army barracks, so that they could indiscriminately guard the life of their characters, “cover up” yoga. The stench itself became the main backbone of the artists of Socialist Realism. It happened more importantly to the lesser traditional maisters, zokrema, members of the OST (Tovaristvo stankovistiv), who had juveniles united, as they graduated from the first radian artistic ceremony.

Gorky in the natural environment turned to the emigrants and especially the works of the Union of Writers of the SRSR, where the writers of the poets of radyansk straightness became more important.

Characteristic

Appointed at a glance of official ideology

Formerly, the official designation of socialist realism was given by the Statute of the SP SRSR, adopted on the First Star of the SP:

Socialistic realism, being the main method of radian art literature and literary criticism, emphasizes the artist's view of a truthful, historically concrete image of action in his revolutionary development. Moreover, the truthfulness and historical concreteness of the artistic image of the action is due to change from the ideological situation and the shift to socialism.

This destination became a departure point for all further interpretations right up to the 80s.

Deeply living, scientific and advanced artistic method, we blame the results of the success of the socialist life and the development of the radian people in the spirit of communism. The principles of socialist realism ... have become a further development of the Leninist vchennya about the party spirit of literature. (Great Radian Encyclopedia, 1947)

Lenin, with an offensive rank, vented a thought about those who can art can stand on the side of the proletariat:

“Mustectstvo to apply to the people. The most important sources of art can be found among a wide class of workers ... Art can be based on their feelings, thoughts, and strengths and can grow together with them.

Principles of social realism

Nationality. It’s small on the uvazi, like the understanding of literature for the common people, so is the versatility of the people’s current turnovers and adjectives.

Ideation. Show the people the peaceful way, search the ways to the new one, short life heroic efforts to achieve a happy life for all people

Concreteness. the depicted action to show the process of historical development, which, in its own right, is guilty of supporting the materialistic understanding of history (in the process of changing the minds of their butt, people change their own identity, setting it up to the point of being naive action).

As a sign of the appointment of a radiant handicapper, the ability to honor the succession of the fall of light realistic art, and not just as an inheritance of great minds, but with a creative approach. “The method of socialist realism signifies a deep connection between the works of art and contemporary activity, the active role of art in socialist life. The leader of the method of socialistic realism is to look at the skin artist of a true understanding of the sensations that are experienced in the country, to evaluate the phenomena of a suspenseful life in their development, in a collapsible dialectical relationship.

The method includes the unity of realism and radyansky romance, more heroically and romantically with "realistic assertions of right truth and realism". It was strengthened that in such a rank the humanism of critical realism was supplemented with socialist humanism.

The state gave prayers, strengthened the creative work, organized exhibitions - in such a manner, stimulating the development of a necessary layer of art.

Literature

Pismennik, behind the Vistula Y. K. Olesha, є “engineer of human souls”. With his talent, he can pour into the reader like a propagandist. Vіn vikhovuє chitacha on kshtalt vіddanostі pії і pіdtremuєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєє їх at borobi I will overcome communism. The subjective nature and aspirations of the specificity of the fault were indicative of the objective course of history. Lenin wrote: “Literature can become party ... Get rid of non-party writers. Get rid of superhuman writers! Literary on the right can, in part, be a part of the savage proletarian right, with “gvintik and ringlets” of one single great social-democratic mechanism, which is directed into the rux by the avant-garde of the entire robotic class.

Literary TV in the genre of social realism may be inspired “on the idea of non-humanity, whether there are some forms of exploitation of a human being, victorious wickedness to capitalism, spalling the minds of readers and staring with just anger, pushing them to the revolutionary struggle for socialism.”

Maxim Gorky, writing about socialist realism:

"For our writers in life and creativity, it is necessary to think, from the heights of which - and only from the heights - you can clearly see all the evil spirits of capitalism, all the vileness of this crooked name and you can see all the greatness of the heroic work of the proletariat-dictator."

Vіn same stverzhuvav:

"... the writer is guilty of mother garne knowledge of the history of the past and knowledge of the social phenomena of the present, in such a wine of invocations, simultaneously play two roles: the role of the midwife and the burial ground."

Gorky vvazhav, scho headlines socialist realism є vyhovanni socialist, revolutionary look of the world, vіdpovіdnogo vіdchutya svіtu.

Criticism

Andriy Sinavsky from his own ECE "Scho Sochіal_stichny Realіm", analyzed by the Іdeologіyu that Istorіyu izvittka socialized, and Torkey Rici Yoy Tyoviki was creative at L_teuri, the sight of the visunok, Scho Tsei style, I am not Maja Vіdranny to the Diantht . Takozh in tsіy robotі vіn stverdzhuvav scho through pomilkovu orієntatsіyu Radyans'ka mittsіv on realіstichnі Express Yourself XIX stolіttya (Especially on the criticality realіzm) gliboko Stranger's klasitsistichnіy prirodі sotsrealіzmu - i otzhe through nepripustimy i kuryozny synthesis of classicism that realіzmu in one tvorі - stvorennya vidatnih tvorіv Mistetstvo whose style is inconceivable.

Representatives of socialist realism

Mikhailo Sholokhov Petro Buchkin, portrait of the artist P. Vasiliev

Literature

Maksim Gorky
Volodymyr Mayakovsky
Oleksandr Tvardovsky
Veniamin Kaverin
Anna Zegers
Vilis Latsis
Mykola Ostrovsky
Oleksandr Serafimovich
Fedir Gladkov
Kostyantin Simonov
Caesar Solodar
Mikhailo Sholokhov
Mikola Nosov
Oleksandr Fadeev
Kostyantyn Fedin
Dmitro Furmanov
Yuriko Miyamoto
Marietta Shahinyan
Julia Drunina
Vsevolod Kochetov

Painting and graphics

Antipova, Evgeniya Petrivna
Brodsky, Isaac Izrailovich
Buchkin, Petro Dmitrovich
Vasiliev, Petro Kostyantinovich
Volodimirsky, Boris Eremiyovych
Gerasimov, Alexander Mikhailovich
Gerasimov, Sergiy Vasilovich
Gorelov, Gavrilo Mikitovich
Deineka, Oleksandr Oleksandrovich
Konchalovsky, Petro Petrovich
Maevskiy, Dmitro Ivanovich
Ovchinnikov, Volodymyr Ivanovich
Osipov, Sergiy Ivanovich
Piznєєv, Mykola Matviyovich
Romas, Yakiv Dorofiyovych
Rusov, Lev Oleksandrovich
Samokhvalov, Oleksandr Mikolayovich
Semenov, Arseniy Nikiforovich
Timkov, Mikola Yukhimovich
Favorsky, Volodymyr Andriyovich
Franz, Rudolf Rudolfovich
Shakhrai, Serafima Vasilivna

Sculpture

Mukhina, Vira Ignativna
Tomsky, Mikola Vasilovich
Vuchetich, Evgen Viktorovich
Konenkov, Sergiy Timofiovich

Div. also

Museum of Socialist Art
Stalinist architecture
Suvori style
Robotnik and Kolgospnitsa

Bibliography

Lin Jung Hua. Post-Soviet Aestheticians Rethinking Russianization and Chinization of Marxism//Russian Language and Literature Studies. Serial #33. Beijing, Capital Normal University, 2011, No. 3. R.46-53.

Notes

A. Barkov. M. Bulgakov's novel "Maister and Margarita"
M. Gorky. About literature. M., 1935, p. 390.
BSE. 1st edition, Vol. 52, 1947, page 239.
Kozak V. Lexikon of Russian literature of the XX century = Lexikon der russischen Literatur ab 1917/. - M.: RIK "Culture", 1996. - XVIII, 491, p. - 5000 approx. – ISBN 5-8334-0019-8. – S. 400.
History of Russian and Radian art. For red. D. V. Sarab'yanova. Vishcha school, 1979. S. 322
Abram Terts (A. Sinyavsky). What is socialist realism? 1957 rec.
Child encyclopedia (radianska), v. 11. M., "Osvita", 1968
Socialist realism - an article from the Great Radianskaya Encyclopedia

Posilannya

A. V. Lunacharsky. "Socialist realism" - Update on the 2nd plenum of the Organizing Committee of the Writers' Union of the USSR on February 12, 1933. "Radyansky Theatre", 1933 No. 2 - 3
Georg Lukacs. SOCIALISTIC REALISM TODAY
Catherine Clark. The role of socialist realism in radian culture. Analysis of the intellectual radyansky novel. The main plot. Stalin's myth about the great family.
Short literary encyclopedia of the 1960s/70s: v.7, M., 1972, column. 92-101

socialist realism, socialist realism in music, socialist realism posters, what is socialist realism

Socialist realism

"Socialist realism" - the term of the communist theory of literature and mysticism, which lies in the daily political installations, since 1934 has been used as a guide for Radianian literature, literary criticism and literary studies, as well as for the entire artistic life. The first term was alive on May 20, 1932. I. Hronsky, head of the organizing committee Compilations of writers in the USSR(Vidpovidna party resolution dated 23.4.1932, Literaturna Gazeta, 1932, 23.5.). In 1932/33, Gronsky and the head of the sector of artistic literature of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks V. Kirpotin strongly propagated this term. Vіn otrimav vorotnuyu power and buv extensions on the number of works of radian writers, recognized by party criticism: the stench became the butts of socialist realism, starting from Gorky's novel "Mother".

Boris Gasparov. Socialist realism as a moral problem

The designation of socialistic realism, given to the first statute of the Speech Writers of the SRSR, for all the vagueness, was abandoned as a point of departure for the best interpretations. Socialistic realism was regarded as the main method of radian art literature and literary criticism, which makes it possible for the artist to present a truthful, historically concrete image of activity in the revolutionary development. Moreover, the truthfulness and historical concreteness of the artistic image of the action is due to change from the ideological situation and the shift towards socialism.” The final division of the statute of 1972 said: “We try in a creative way the Radian literature and socialist realism, which relies on the principles of party membership and nationality, a method of truthful, historically concrete depiction of reality in a revolutionary development. Socialist realism secures the radian literature of the highest reach; cherishing the inexhaustible richness of artistic works and styles, vindicating all the possibilities for showing individual talent and innovation in whatever genres of literary creativity.

Thus, in the basis of socialist realism lies the revelation about literature as an instrument of ideological infusion CPRS, which surrounds the task of political propaganda Literature is guilty of helping the party to fight for the victory of communism, for formulas that are attributed to Stalin, writers from 1934 to 1953 p. looked like "engineers of human souls."

The principle of partisanship should be taken into account by the truth of life, which is empirically guarded, and replace it with “party truth”. Pismennik, critic and literary scholar could write not those who recognized themselves and were sensible, but those who were slandered by the party as “typical”.

Vimog "a historically concrete image of activity in a revolutionary development" meant the presence of all the phenomena of the past, the present day until the future historical materialism in the remainder of the party editorial office at that time. So, for example, Fadeeva I had a chance to rewrite the novel "Young Guard", which won the Stalin Prize, oskolki retroactively, vykhodyachi from the propaganda-mirkuvans, the party encouraged, so that the partisan Russia had a more important role.

The image of modernity "in the її revolutionary development" is not enough on the vіdmov’s vіdmov vіd the description of incomplete activity for the sake of the perfected іdeal suspіlstvo (proletarian paradise). One of the leading theorists of socialist realism, Timofiev, wrote in 1952: “The future is revealed like tomorrow, which is already born today and hangs with its light.” From such, alien to realism, reconsiderations, the viniclo was announced about the “positive hero”, who is guilty of serving as a bright wake-up caller of a new life, advanced specialty, not squishy until the day of the day, and it was clear that this ideal character of the communist tomorrow will become the main heroic socialist creative work. Vidpovidno to the thogo socialist realism vimagav, schob vitvir mystekstva zavzhdya being in ambush "optimism", which is guilty of bringing the communist faith into progress, so itself like zapobigati apprehensiveness that misfortune. The description of the shocks of the Other World War and the fire of human suffering superchilled the principles of socialist realism, or, admittedly, it is not enough to overestimate the image of the victory of the positive sides. The sense of internal super-phrasingness of the term has a ostentatious name for Vishnevsky's p'єsi "Optimistic Tragedy". Another term often used in conjunction with socialist realism - "revolutionary romance" - helped to extinguish the air and action.

In the 1930s, "populism" came to the point of socialist realism. Turning to the trends that were founded by the middle part of the Russian intelligentsia of the other half of the 19th century, it was not enough for the understanding of the literature for the common people, so the popularity of the people's current turns and adjectives. In addition, the principle of nationality served to strangle new forms of experimental art. Hoca sotsіalіstichny realіzm for svoєyu іdeєyu not znav natsіonalnih kordonіv i, vіdpovіdno to mesіanskoї vіri in zavoyuvannya komunіzmom usogo svitu, pіslya Druha Svіtovoї vіyni CCB eksponovany to kraїn radyanskoї spherical vplivu against to Yogo printsipіv nalezhav takozh patriotism, tobto obmezhenіst in zdebіlshogo CPCP yak mіstsem dії that podkreslennya perevagi vsogo radyanskogo. If the understanding of socialist realism has stagnated to the writers of the lands that are developing, there is little positive assessment of their communist, pro-radiant orientation.

In fact, the understanding of socialistic realism is brought to the sublime side of the verbal creation of mysticism, and not to its form, and it has led to the fact that the formal tasks of mysticism were taken over from the Radyansk writers, critics and literary scholars from a profound mind. Since 1934, the principles of socialist realism, with a different world of intransigence, have been clouded and have been needed until the end. Khimennya Vіd Slіduvannya їM could Sprichiniti in herself a member of the right to ilitate the "Radyantissy writing", Vinyokov Iz SP, Navіt Pozbulennya Volі і Death, Yakschko Zobrennaya Dіisnostі Animals of the Pose "їο how to apply beats to the Radianian formation. Criticism of the fundamental order, especially in the forms of irony and satire, is far from socialist realism.

After the death of Stalin, there were a lot of people speaking out with an indirect, but sharp criticism of socialist realism, laying the blame for the fall of the Radian literature. Z'appeared in the rocks Khrushchev's League greatness, life of current conflicts, images of people, as if doubting and suffering, creating, rozvyazka which would not be known, hung from the side leading writers and critics and witnessed that socialist realism is someone else's reality. What more and more vimogi zdіysnyuvalis at deyakih creations of the period of "Vіdliga", more energetically they were attacked by conservators, moreover, the main drive was an objective description of the negative manifestations of radian activity.

Parallels to socialistic realism are overridden by the realism of the 19th century, and, rather, by the classicism of the 18th century. The versatility of understanding has taken away the blame for some pseudo-discussions and the boundless growth of literature about socialist realism. So, for example, on the cob of the 1970s, there was a power, in which spivvіdshennye znaydayutsya so raznovidi socialistic realism, like "socialistic science" and "democratic science". Ale tsі "diskusії" it was impossible to obscure those that socialist realism was a manifestation of the ideological order, subordinating politics, and that at the main base did not take into account the discussion, as the very core of the role of the Communist Party in the SRSR and the "democratic peoples".

The film "Circus" directed by Grigory Oleksandrov ends like this: a demonstration, people in white robes with soothing guises go to the song "My country is wide". This frame, after the release of the film, 1937, will be literally repetitions of Oleksandr Deyneka’s monumental panel “Stakhanovtsy” – how to replace a black child, how to sit on the shoulder of one of the demonstrators, here on the shoulder of a Stakhanovka plant a bila. And then the same composition will be featured in the gigantic canvas “Noble People of the Krayina Glad”, written by a team of artists under Vasil Єfanov’s curation: a collective portrait, de presented at once by the heroes of the practice, polar explorers, pilots, akins and artists. Such a genre of apotheosis - and vіn nabіlshe daє zorovÔ vozvlennya about the style, which is practically monopoly panuvav radyanskom mystetstvі more than two decades. Socialist realism, or, as critic Boris Groys called yoga, "Stalin's style."

A frame from Grigory Alexandrov's film "The Circus". 1936 rik Film Studio "Mosfilm"

Socialist realism became an official term of 1934, after that, like Gorky, he was alive in the First World of Radian writers (until he was vipadkovi vzhivannya). Then it wasted to the statute of the Composite of Writers, but it was explained in a more inconspicuous and even more trite way: about the idea of people moving into the soul of socialism, about the image of activity in the revolutionary development. The axis of the vector is the directness of the future, the revolutionary development is a moment of stagnation to literature, to the extent that literature is Timchas' mysticism, in it there is a plot sequence and the evolution of heroes is possible. And how zasosuvat tse figurative art- did not understand. The prote term has expanded to cover the entire spectrum of culture and has become obov'yazkovym for everything.

The power was the head deputy, the addressee of that kindly art of social realism. Vono looked at culture like agitation and propaganda. Obviously, the canon of socialist realism of the goiter of the Radyansk artist and writer depicts even those who want the state to be able to. Tse stosuvalos yak subjects, and th form, the way of the image. Obviously, a direct prayer could not be, the artists worked as if by the call of the heart, but over them it was as if accepting an instance, and it was viruvala, chi buti, for example, paintings on exhibitions and chi meritorious, the author was interested or zovsim navpaki. Such is the power of the vertical in the supply of procurement, zamovlennya and other ways of looking. creative activities. The role of the receiving authority was often played by critics. In spite of the fact that there were no regular normative poetics and crypts of rules in the socialist realist science, criticism kindly caught and broadcast the supreme ideological fluences. Behind the tone, this criticism could be mocking, impoverished, repressive. Vaughn ruled the court and hardened the virk.

The system of sovereignty took shape over the course of twenty years, and the main hired artists were members of the AHRR - the Association of Artists in Revolutionary Russia. The need to victorious social security was written down in their declarations, and the sovereign bodies were appointed as deputy: the Revolutionary Krad, the Chervona Army and so on. However, even though the replacement of mysticism arose in a varied field, among the anonymous calls for other initiatives. Boulli spilnoti zovsіm іnshoy shtibu - avant-gardist and not entirely avant-garde: all stinks competed for the right to be the main art of modernity. AHRR had a win in this struggle, to that which the yogo aesthetics gave to the relish of power, and the relish of the masses. A painting that simply illustrates and protocols the plots of action, all the minds. And naturally, after the primus dissolution of all artistic groups in 1932, aesthetics itself became the basis of socialist realism - obov'yazykovogo up to vikonannya.

Socialist realism zhorstko evoked a hierarchy of pictorial genres. On the її vertex - this is the name of the thematic picture. Tse figurative explanation with correctly placed accents. The plot may be brought to the present, and if not to the present, then until the quiet situations of the past, as if we were to celebrate the beautiful present. As it was said by the appointed socialist realism: the efficiency of the revolutionary development.

In such a picture, there is often a present conflict of forces - even though the power of law is demonstrated ambiguously. For example, in Boris Yoganson’s painting “At the Old Ural Plant”, the position of the worker is being rebuffed in the light, and the position of the exploiter-manufacturer is numbed in the shadows; before that, the artist had heaped up yoga with an irritating tone. In Yogo, the painting “Finishing the Communists” is more like a white officer's pottery, which he will finish, - fat and folded.

Boris Yoganson. At the old Ural factory. 1937 rik

Boris Yoganson. Dopit komunistіv. 1933 rikPhotograph by RIA "News",

Thematic paintings with a historical-revolutionary zmіst stooled with battle paintings and well-historical ones. Historical ranks were the main rank after the war, and the stench behind the genre is close to the descriptions of apotheosis paintings - such is the aesthetics of opera. For example, in the painting by Alexander Bubnov "Wound on the Kulikovo Field", de Russian military check for the cob of the battle with the Tatar-Mongols. Apotheoses were created and mentally current material- such are the two “Kolgospnі svyata” of 1937, Sergiy Gerasimov and Arkadiya Plastova: a triumphant prosperity for the last film “Kuban Cossacks”. Vzagali, mystetstvo socialist realism to love prosperity - all can be rich, because prosperity is a joy, all the time that vikonnanny spodіvan.

Oleksandr Bubnov. Ranok on the Kulikovo field. 1943-1947 rockyDerzhavna Tretyakov Gallery

Sergei Gerasimov. Kolgospne is holy. 1937 rikPhotograph by E. Kogan / RIA "News"; Derzhavna Tretyakov Gallery

Socialist realist landscapes also have an important scale. Even more often, the panoramas of the “Russian rozdollya” are like a bi image of the Ukrainian country in a particular landscape. The painting by Fyodor Shurpin “The Wound of Our Fatherland” is a vivid example of such a landscape. Truth be told, the landscape here is nothing more than ashes for the post of Stalin, and in other similar panoramas, Stalin is invisibly present. It is important that the landscape compositions are horizontally oriented - the vertical is not straight, the diagonal is not dynamically active, but the horizontal static. Tse light is imminent, which is already seen.

Fedir Shurpin. The wound of our fatherland. 1946-1948 rocky Derzhavna Tretyakov Gallery

From the other side, even more popular are hyperbolic industrial landscapes - forget-giganti, for example. Batkivshchyna is going to be Magnitka, Dniproges, backwaters, factories, power plants. Gigantism, pathos of quantity - this is also important for socialist realism. It is not formulated without a middle ground, but it manifests itself not only on equal terms, but in fact, as everything is painted: the fault of the fabric is important and strengthened.

In the meantime, among the painting industrial giants, there are many “jacks of diamonds” flourishing, for example, Lentuliv. The dominance of their painting, the materiality showed itself even more pre-river in the new situation.

And in portraits, this material pressure is even more noticeable, especially in women. Already not only on equal malovnichoy texture, but on the entourage. Such a fabric vaga - oxamite, plush, hutra, and everything is lightly stained, with an antique look. Such, for example, is Johanson's portrait of the actress Zer-Kalova; Illya Mashkova makes such portraits - a whole salon.

Boris Yoganson. Portrait of Honored Artist of the RSFSR Daria Zerkalova. 1947 rik Photograph by Abram Shterenberg / РІА "News"; Derzhavna Tretyakov Gallery

And in general, the portraits of Mayzha in the enlightened soul are looked at as a way to glorify prominent people, as if they deserved their practice for portraiture. Other methods of practice are presented in the text of the portrait: the axis of Academician Pavlov is stressed in the laboratory and the work of the biostation, the axis of the surgeon Yudin is performing the operation, the axis of the sculptor Vira Mukhina is sculpting the statuette of Boreas. All portraits created by Mikhail Nesterov. In the 80s and 90s of the 19th century, he was the creator of the monastic idyllic genre, later on the castle, and in the 1930s he became the leading Radyansk portrait painter. I was the teacher of Pavel Korin, whose portraits of Gorky, the actor Leonidov, and Marshal Zhukov, according to the monumental order, monuments already make up.

Mikhailo Nesterov. Portrait of the sculptor Vira Mukhina. 1940 rikPhoto by Oleksiy Bushkin / РІА "News"; Derzhavna Tretyakov Gallery

Mikhailo Nesterov. Portrait of the surgeon Sergiy Yudin. 1935 rikPhotograph by Oleg Ignatovich / РІА "News"; Derzhavna Tretyakov Gallery

Monumentality expands to look at still life. And the stench is called, for example, by the same Mashkov, epically - “Snіd moskovska” or “Radyanskі bread” . A lot of "jacks of diamonds" went up first in the part of subject richness. For example, in 1941, Petro Konchalovsky wrote a painting “Oleksiy Mykolayovich Tolstoy visiting the artist” — and in front of the writer, okist, scribbles of red ribi, baked birds, cinders, tomatoes, lemon, cups for fresh drinks… Ale, the trend towards monumentalization is wild. Everything is important, solid. In Deineka, the sports bodies of yoga characters are heavy, gaining weight. Oleksandr Samokhvalov at the series "Metrobudivki" and other masters from a large community"Colour of Artists"the motif of the "great figure" appears - such women of the deity, which emphasize the earthly power and the power of creation. And the painting itself becomes important, dense. Ale thick - at the world.

Petro Konchalovsky. Oleksiy Tolstoy visiting the artist. 1941 rik Photograph by RIA "News", Derzhavna Tretyakov Gallery

The fact that fading is also an important mark of style. From one side, there may be a commemorated brush stroke - a sign that the artist has worked. If the texture is smoothed out, then the author's work is not visible - but it can be remembered. And, let's say, at the same Deineka, who previously operated with large color areas, now the surface of the picture becomes a relief. From the other side, the maestri’s zayva does not want to want - it’s immodest, it’s not for yourself. The word “vipinannya” is more ominous to sound in the 1930s, if there is a campaign to fight against formalism - in painting, in children's books, in music, and in flames. Do not fight with the wrong infusions, but really, fight in the fire, be it in some manner, be it in some tricks. Adzhe priyom put under the doubtful width of the artist, and width - ce absolutely angry with the subject of the image. Shirіst not maє on uvazі zhodnogo mediation, and reception, infusion - tse mediation and є.

Tim is no less, for different heads, they learn different methods. For example, for lyrical plots, it is quite suitable for a bare-bones, “wooden” impres-sionism. Vin manifested itself not only in the genres of Yury Pimenov - in his painting “Nova Moscow”, the girl in a car in the center of the capital, transformed by new life, or in the “New Quarters” - a series for the everyday life of outlying microdistricts. Ale and, let's say, at the majestic canvas of Oleksandr Gerasimov "Joseph Stalin and Kliment Voroshilov at the Kremlin" (popular name - "Two leaders sent a message"). The atmosphere of the board means human warmth, openness one to one. Obviously, such an impress-Zionist language cannot be found in the depicted parades and tracts - everything is there, as before, borderlinely suvoro, academically.

Yuri Pimenov. New Moscow. 1937 rikSvitlina A. Saykova / RIA "News"; Derzhavna Tretyakov Gallery

Oleksandr Gerasimov. Josip Stalin and Kliment Voroshilov at the Kremlin. 1938 rikPhotograph by Viktor Velikzhanin / TASS Newsreel; Derzhavna Tretyakov Gallery

It has already been said about those that socialist realism can have a futuristic vector - directing the future, up to the result of revolutionary development. And the shards of the victory of socialism are inevitable, then the signs of the future, which happened, are present in the present. Come out, what an hour socialist realism will collapse. Today is already a future day, moreover, there won’t be any kind of offensive future. History has reached its greatest peak and has risen. The Deynekiv Stakhanivtsy in white robes are no longer human beings—they stink as celestials. And the stench is not surprised to strike at us, but curl up at eternity, as if already here, already with us.

Here, approximately in 1936-1938, there was no residual sight. Here is the best point for socialist realism and obov'yazkovym hero flock Stalin. His appearance in the paintings of Efanov, or Svarog, or whether you look like a diva - this is the biblical motif of a miraculous manifestation, traditionally inflicted, naturally, with other heroes. Ale, so practice the memory of the genre. At this moment, social realism truly becomes a great style, the style of a totalitarian utopia - only a utopia, that it has grown. And if the utopia is zbulas, then the style is caught in the monumental academization.

And every other kind of art, as if grounded on a different understanding of plastic values, is shown by the art of forgetfulness, "under the cupboard", invisible. Zvichayno, the artists were small as a sinus, in which it was possible to build, de escaping and cultivating newcomers. For example, in 1935 at the Academy of Architecture, a workshop of monumental painting was founded, led by the artists of the old school - Volodymyr Favorsky, Lev Bruny, Kostyantyn Istomin, Sergiy Romanovich, Niko-lai Chernishov. Ale, all similar oases feel bad.

There is a paradox here. The totalitarian art in its verbal declarations is more animalistic than the people - the words "people", "people" are present in all manifestos of social realism. But really, social realism often continues the axis of this month's pathos of the avant-garde with its myth-creating pathos, with its apology for the result, reshaping the whole world out of practice - and in the midst of such pathos, the mass of human beings is not depleted. And the “quiet” painters, who do not write declarations, but really stand on the defense of the individual, the frivolous, the human, — stench is doomed to an invisible reason. I myself, in this "closet" mysticism, people continue to live.

Try to attract the new social realism of the 1950s. Stalin - a cementing figure for style - is no longer alive; a great deal of pіdleglі perebuvayut at ruined - in a word, the epoch has come to an end. In the 1950s and 1960s, the fates of social realism should be social realism from human guises. There were more than a few years earlier - for example, Arkadii Plastov's paintings on rural topics, and especially his painting "Fascist Flying" about a stupidly hammered shepherd boy.

Arkady Plastov. Fascist proletiv. 1942 rik Photograph by RIA "News", Derzhavna Tretyakov Gallery

Ale naipokazova - the painting by Fyodor Reshetnikov "Arriving on a kanі-kuli", de juniy suvorovets at the new yalinka honored the didovі, that "New Dviyka" - about a naughty schoolboy "Arrived on vacation" - a rather shocking detail). All the same, socialist realism, all the same, and the speech of the report - but a sovereign thought, like a bula in the basis of all explanations earlier, transforms into a family thought, and the intonation changes. Social realism is becoming chamber, now it's about the life of ordinary people. Here you can see the different genres of Pimenov, here you can find the creativity of Alexander Laktionov. Yogo-sama picture at home“Leaf to the Front”, which appeared in rich leaflets, is one of the leading ones. Radyansk paintings. Here there is pompousness, and didacticity, and sentimentalism - this is such a socialist realist philistine style.

Socialist Realism (Prof. Gulyaev N.A., Assoc. Prof. Bogdanov A.M.)

Socialist realism originated at the beginning of the 20th century, in the era of imperialism, if superbility, power in the bourgeois society, reached its borders, if the proletariat, stunned by communist parties, having ignited the struggle for the conquest of power, for social welfare Further development of this method was taken after the Zhovtnevoy revolution and the formation of a secular socialist system, having won the hearts and souls of the most advanced writers not only in socialist, but in capitalist lands. In this hour, under the ensign of a new realistic art, they fight best artists world. Socialist realism is a good artistic method of modernity, a new stage in the artistic development of humankind.

The method of that revolutionary struggle of the era

The innovation of the creativity of socialist realists stands before their deep understanding of the new truth. Heroic performances of the robotic class, the national-voluntary movement of the colonial and fallow peoples, the life of socialism and communism in the SRSR were created in the XX century. so mind for creativity, such as did not know human history.

The revolutionary struggle gave the advanced writer the material of vinyatkovo ї esthetic value: tenseness, not running out of supportive conflicts, the right heroes - people of the revolutionary spirit, who mourn the poignant characters, suspense and individuality. Vaughn cast yoga with a clear, supple-aesthetic ideal. Everything allowed communist thinkers to create the art of great passions, great social and psychological drama, deep people for their daily life.

The proletarian revolutions, having clearly shown all the best that is laid down among the working people and the communist avant-garde (the selfless freedom of freedom, humanism, the purity of moral sponukane, willpower and vinyatkovu masculinity), they themselves have maximally revealed the aesthetic richness of life, having created a realistic rethinking about new type

It is quite a natural fact that socialist realism has become the culprit of Russia. The Russian proletariat had the greatest revolutionary activity, on which the true revolutionary Marxist-Leninist party stood, as before, for others, it led the people to storm capitalism and inspired them to fight for the promotion of socialist and communist supremacy. The heroic struggle of the Russian robotic class for power, for socialist supremacy until 1917. took away her artistic expression from the works of M. Gorky ("Mother", "Vorogi", "Leto"), A. Serafimovich ("Bomb", "Misto" near the steppe), D. Badny and other representatives of the new realistic art.

The formation of socialist realism in Russia was designated as a revolutionary and volitional movement, but also by the advanced artistic traditions of Russian literature and high level development of the Russian aesthetic thought. Special meaning the creativity of Russian classics of the 19th century is small. those aesthetic ideas of Russian revolutionary-democrats.

In the work of socialist realists, for the first time in the history of literature, they took away the clear expression of the leader of the robotic class, which led to communism. Suspіlny іdeal rozumіvsya by them like a dream, and th thіѕ аlky meta in the fight against the socialist transformation of suspіlstva.

Socialist realism is a science that actively campaigns for the introduction of a socialist revolution, for a communist life, for the freedom of that happy people on earth. Yogo vizvolna, gumanіstichna mіsіya (nasampered i nadaє Yomou novatorskі RISS. Borotba for іdeal from happening sotsіalіstichnih realіstіv zdіysnyuєtsya in formі truthful vіdtvorennya dіysnostі, zhivih. Protsesіv іstorії. Sotsіalіstichnomu realіzmu for samoyu Yogo by nature chuzha іlyustrativnіst. Wee spriyaєte peremozі novih in її borotbі freedom "- wrote to the founder of socialist realism M. Gorky in the first century of the revolution, American writers and artists * The cold sweat "was more worthy of me, and I remembered what wines befits all the best fighters; such a revolutionary day has become a requirement ... Many proletarians become impatient, it squeezes our" hearts ... Therefore, read "Zalіzny potіk means to take the fate of the Revolution, to come to the human flow, which nothing can lead to" ** .

* (Cit. for the book: "Radyansk Literature Beyond the Cordon". M., "Science", 1962, page 48.)

** (Radianska literature there, stor. 54.)

Historically authentic and artistically striking in the episodes of the front peaceful life our people, the radian writers scribbled away the vikrittya of the riveting tricks of the bourgeois press about our action. "If you want to know what kind of work you are in the socialist society, read V. Azhaev's novel "Far Out of Moscow" - turning to your spіvvіtchiznikі English D. Lindsay. klepnikіv about the primus practice in the Radyansk Union and "totalitarian control" any book, as if it would break up the theme of practice so all-consuming, dramatic and human-worshipping”*.

* (Cit. for the book: S. Pilipovich. The book goes light, stor. 71.)

Books of writers of socialist realism actively intrude and intrude into the thick of life, helping to improve the folding food of life practice. The role of those who have a very important role is played by Sholokhov's novel "Pidnyata Tsilina".

Leonov's novel "The Russian Forest", like a lot of other books of the Radian writers, inviting the host of discussions and among the fakhіvtsіv-lisіvnikіv, and among the wide kіl of the Radyansk community. "Meni, i yak lіsovomu fahіvtsyu, hotіlosya vіdznachiti scho gliboko proanalіzuvavshi camp lіsovogo Gospodarstwa i nevіdkladnі require lіsіv, author of" Rosіyskogo lіsu "zumіv bezpomilkovo vіdshukati in nyoma hvorі Georeferencing i ogoliti Rani scho bleeding in lіsovomu organіzmі" - wrote Dr. sіlskogospodarskih Sciences M.N. Anuchin *. Tsya book shrugged off the struggle to save the " green friend " . From the position of the communist party spirit, the artists of socialist realism revealed the serious shortfalls in the strong state, helped the people of that order to find ways of their subdivision.

* (Readers about L. Leonov's novel "The Russian Forest". "Literaturna gazeta", 1954, 23rd birch.)

Uminnya correctly understand the tendencies in the supple rozvitkov and give the opportunity to the radian writers to clearly orientate themselves in the collapsible variety of political approaches.

The Marxist-Leninist light-gazer gives the artist the opportunity to understand the wisdom of Russia before communism, to appreciate the poetic nature of the heroic revolutionary struggle, the beauty of the new socialist visions. Vono gives the writer a tі krіla, yakі help yomu to support life in a new historical perspective.

Genesis of socialist realism

The new socialist art historically evolved from the improvement of the rich artistic heritage of the peoples. Vono took in both realistic and romantic traditions of writers in different countries and nations. The searches for them by the artists for a deep reflection of the truth of life were continued by the socialist realists.

One of the most important turns of the new art was the work of proletarian poets, associated with Chartism (Linton, Jones, Mass), with the revolution of 1848. in Nіmechchinі (Heine, Herweg, Weirt, Freilіtrat) and especially with the Parisian Commune (Poti, Michel and іn.).). The Russian revolutionary poetry of the proletariat is close to the works of socialist realism by the songs of L. Radin, R. Krzhizhanovsky and other participants in the Marxist movement of the 90s. Tіsny zv'yazok іz socialistic ideology, the tendency is clearly expressed, the revolutionary and propagandist directing of the creativity of foreign and Russian proletarian poets - all the while transferring the literature of socialist realism. Not vipadkovo and "Internatsional" Potye in the Russian translation by A. Kots, and "Smilingly, comrades, in step", and "Varshavyanka" by G. Krzhizhanovsky became the favorite songs of the robots and dosі zberіgayut their mighty propaganda power.

Prote istotnoy pardon є ototozhnennia vsogo proletarian art and the past and the present socialist realism. Really, the understanding of "proletarian art" is richer and wider: it includes the creativity of artists, who stand on socialist positions, but far from realistic principles in the improvement of life. Thus, the proponents of socialist realism, Zokrema and Radin, and Kots, stood on positions of progressive romanticism. Way through the method early creativity Gorky, Tikhonov, Malishkin, and Vishnevsky, representatives of various stages of Radyansk literature, passed to socialist realism.

The important significance of the formation of a new art is little enchanted by the artistic achievements of critical realism. Proletarian writers learned from L. Tolstoy, Chekhov and other classics as a miraculous craftsmanship of realistic typification, they continued and developed their humanistic and democratic traditions. M. R. Chernishevsky and his comrades-in-arms are especially close to them. In Chernishevsky's novel "Who Works?" that in other works of the revolutionary democrats of the 60s it was shown that the fate of the struggle for the future spiritually transforms people. However, in the best of these books, there were always elements of abstractness, allegory and fantasy in the depicted paths of struggle for socialist ideals. Chernishev's turmoil goes either to strains, shortcomings (in the context of Rakhmetov's biographies), or to utopian fantasy (scenes by Vira Pavlivna). More specific image community activity"new people": the organization of sewing workshops, enlightenment visits, etc., - utopianity was resurrected and the action was far away. Not all try to organize like the commune of V. Sleptsov and other followers of Chernishevsky were doomed to failure. Everything was evidence of the apparent exchange of critical realism in the images of parostkiv of the new, that which had only become popular and hardened.

Giving great importance to the new proletarian socialist art, K. Marx and F. Engels criticized its representatives for lack of historical concreteness and depth of depiction of life. The stench perspicaciously prophesied the denunciation of a new artistic method, which would lead to their own socialist ideas due to the richness of realistic forms. The drama of the future, according to Engels, can be "externally angered by the great ideological deepness, enlightened by the historical mind ... with Shakespeare's vivaciousness and richness of diy" * .

* (K. Marx and F. Engels about art, vol. 1, page 23.)

A new realistic art, according to the idea of the founders of scientific communism, the growth of the soil of the born willful struggle, it is possible to imagine the historically specific trends in the development - the crisis of our capitalist society and the inevitable victory of the socialist revolution. These developments are confirmed by the birth and development of a new artistic method in Russia, since the end of the 19th century. moved the center of the revolutionary proletarian movement and de bulish the strongest realistic traditions.

The development of socialist realism in the literature of other lands

Prote absolutely unprimed - try to reveal socialist realism only to the bannym of Russian literature, as if to explain it further away in the whole world with a bez-median influx of radian art. The creativity of the artists, who denounced the new method behind the cordon, gave rise to life itself, the practice of revolutionary and willful struggle. Regardless of the richly ripened rice, the visvolny ruh develops in the skin region in its own way, having a number of specific features that appear in the literature. "Methods, developed in the socialist region," said D. Lindsay at his speech on the Other Star of Radian writers, "cannot be adopted mechanically, without analysis. .

The denunciation of socialist realism there was felt like under the influx of a powerful revolutionary message, and under the influx of their own artistic traditions. The formation of a new method in Iceland is also due to the creative transformation of the sleep-poetic recession to the people, and to us before the sag. About tse arbitrarily compare the work of H. Laxness, whose creativity, behind its objective lens, is close to socialist realism. In yoga novels and stories "Independent People", "Islandic Dzvin", "Salka Valka", "Nuclear Station" and other central places are occupied by people of great masculinity, who inspire the heroes in ancient sagas. Vіn ocholyuє people's struggle for the national independence of their fatherland, speaking out against the foreign policy of the United States, taking the fate of the proletarian Russia, maintaining fidelity to the socialist ideal.

In the literatures of the lands of Africa, which have recently won national freedom, the new method is hardened in even more foldable minds. Influx of folklore here sticks with the influx of tradition, which comes from the literature of many metropolises.

Socialistic realities are spiraling in creativity on progressive traditions and different directions and methods. At the development of creativity I. Becher, a great role was played not only by proletarian poets and classics of the XVIII century, but also by German romantics. "If we are talking about our beautiful German language, we are thinking about Goethe, Schiller, Hölderlin, Hein ..., - stverzhuvav wine. - All the stinks ... generously bestowed our people with masterpieces of verbal art ..." *.

* (I. Becher. My love, poetry. M., 1965, page 80.)

Vindication and approval of socialist realism in Russia did not take place in isolation there. The great significance of A. M. Gorky and V. V. Mayakovsky in the development of a new method at the Arrival and Departure. Your creations have helped leading foreign writers to establish themselves in new creative positions.

The socialist realities of all lands are one great goal - the establishment of communism. In the minds of creative people, the interplay between writers of different nations is found to be the best and the best.

International literary contacts in the most manipulative forms especially expanded after the Other World War, under the hour of the establishment of the world socialist system. The era of war was marked by a close interplay of national cultures, an intensive exchange of the spiritual values of all peoples, as if they were on the path of a new life. Let the literary protege be the first clerk in the development of the arts. Literature is progressing ahead of us under the influx of quiet changes, like in life itself, in the practice of revolutionary transformations. Podіbnі suspіlnі umovi vyklikayut until the life of the native literary process.

Mayzhe vodnochas from Russia socialist realism originated in Denmark, de in 1906-1911. in. M. A. Nekse created the novel "Pelle the Warrior", which took a positive assessment of V. I. Lenina *. The appearance of which creation was called out to us in front of the revolutionary struggle of the Danish people, zokrema by a tight strike of 1898. Plіdny vpliv on yoga creation is also progressive traditions of Scandinavian literature. Parents of a new art have made their way on the national soil at the work of A. Barbusus "Vogon", de talent shows the awakening of the revolutionary consciousness of the masses.

* (Div: F. Narkir'er. M. A. Nekse and Vindication of Socialist Realism in Denmark. In Sat: "The Genesis of Socialist Realism in the Literature of the Lands of Zakhod". M., 1965.)

Lively by the juices of the willful movement, socialist realism in our epoch has become a guiding artistic method of modernity. Vіn zіbrav pіd іn іt's ensign of the most progressive writers in the world - D. Aldrіdzha, D. Lindsey (England); A. Style, P. Dex, P. Eluard (France); N. Hikmeta (Turechchina); P. Neruda (Chile); J. Amado (Brazil) and others.

Development of socialist realism in Russian literature

Particularly great successes were achieved by writers of socialist realism in the SRSR and other socialist lands. A. M. Gorky, V. V. Mayakovsky and a lot of other Russian prose writers, poets and playwrights made the most important contribution to secular literature and plunged into the development of a new artistic method behind the cordon.

On the basis of the successful and intensive development of a new science, it became possible to theoretically comprehend.

The Marxists turned back to the end of the basic principles of socialist realism even after V.I. Lenіn in svoїy genіalnіy stattі "Partіyna organіzatsіya that partіyna literature" obґruntuvav basic principle of the new method - komunіstichnu partіynіst - i oharakterizuvav viznachalnі RISS novoї lіteraturi: phone reception іz revolyutsіynoyu Borotba robіtnichogo Klas, іz sotsіalіstichnoyu іdeologієyu, sluzhіnnya working people. "There will be, - writing V.I. Lenin, - the literature is free, which fills the rest of the word of the revolutionary thought of the people with the living work of the socialist proletariat ..." *.

* (V.I. Lenin about literature and art, page 90.)

A. V. Lunacharskiy, V. V. Borovsky, M. Olmіnska Ta Insі Marxistskі Critics from your states, TaPhomov Vladovytva Tyochtari Tu Visnoya's new Mussettva, I visited Yochіdnіtnіst: Socialіstichna ідідиніst, zdatniytiyi zittya at a wide prospect. In 1907 p. at the article "Zavdannya social-democratic artistic creativity" Lunacharsky uttered a thought about blaming proletarian realism from social-democratic fiction. And in 1914. Olmіnskiy Vіdtvdakovaya SAI NIVAZHLYSIKI SPECIATE METHODE OF PROCHETARSKOE LITEATURI, Yak Uminnya on the basis of Glibokova Vivchennya Dіisnostі Посийтий теденції ї Ukraine: "Tilki Mayuchi in front of the cleansing ... Lighthouse Kіntsevo Meti, We do not lather the ruugh on the fear of Metushnі. People of TOL , call your meta utopia - do not fight the words. Abi your "utopia" was the fruit of the summation of that unanticipated development of tendencies and development - you can be convinced that your own staunch opponents appear as false-resht unsupported utopians themselves"*.

* (M. Olminsky. From literary nutrition. M., 1932, page 64.)

M. Gorky generously pre-revolutionary fates began to give a theoretical clouding of the features of the new artistic method. Ascertaining the originality of the new realistic art in the new, there was a struggle with decadence, with these attitudes of pessimism, anger at the future, as if they were hoarded by the Russian intelligence at the rocky reaction. Nairischukhih ukhin Zaddzhuychi writing a writer, Yakі Zapuyutn about Svіy Muddyansky Obokovka, Gorky Zaklikov ї ї ї ї з Сольки ключики the stench of wandering comes from the swedishness, as it is unlikely that the history of the past has predicted "*. Everything is truly great and beautiful to know among the people, the proletarian middle class. "... For me, a revolution, - write Gorky to S. A. Vengerov in 1908. , - so very lawful and blessed is the manifestation of life, as if it were not judged in the womb, and the Russian revolutionary ... is a phenomenon equal to that for the beauty of the spiritual, for the power of love to the world I do not know "**.

* (M. Gorky. Zibr. tv., v. 29, page 23.)

** (M. Gorky. Zibr. tv., v. 29, page 74.)

The new realistic literature is perceived by Gorky in front of him in his supple-transforming function, as an arduous motive force of social progress. Її acknowledgment of wines to succumb to the fact that rozdmukhati sparks of the new in the fire of fire, to prepare the working people for a revolutionary assault on the old world.

At the ledges of Lenin, Gorky, Vorovsky, Lunacharsky, the formation of a new socialist art is being comprehended as a manifestation of objective historical demand. The voluntary proletarian movement, which is the result of the Marxist-Leninist spirits, will inevitably give rise to a new type of artistic creativity at its present stage. Socialistic realism is the culprit of the historically matured class, aesthetic needs of the proletariat, and if it is not the result of “instructions burn”, as if to love to speak of revisions in the form of aesthetics, which can only be attributed to the birth of the method until the 30s of the 20th century. Similar theorists interpret Gorky's view of the new art, deafeningly pursuing the traditional classics of critical realism.

In fact, socialist realism was lauded under the influx of songful historical environments, and not the legacy of a strong-willed decision about the specificity. Vіn was formed a long time ago, as it was known the terminological definition in 1934, as it only legitimized the basis of the method among the creativity of the Radian writers.

The concept of "socialistic realism" did not vibrate at all. Back in the 20th century, in the discussions on the sides of newspapers and magazines, there were whispers about the appointment, as if they imagined the ideological and aesthetic originality of the new art. Some (Gladkov, Libedinsky) called the method proletarian realism, others (Mayakovsky) - tendentious, others - (A. N. Tolstoy) - monumental. A number of other people got used to the term "socialistic realism", which has been gaining a deep breadth.

The definition of socialist realism was first formulated in the 1st edition of the writers of the SRSR in 1934. i dosі not vtratilo Svoge core values: "Sotsіalіstichny realіzm, being the main method of radyanskoї hudozhnoї lіteraturi that lіteraturnoї criticism vimagaє od artist truthful, іstorichno The image-specific dіysnostі її revolyutsіynomu rozvitku.Pri tsomu pravdivіst that іstorichna konkretnіst hudozhnogo The images dіysnostі povinnі poєdnuvatisya іz zavdannyami іdeynoї reworking and training of workers in the soul of socialism". It has been appointed by the year that this method of transferring the writer's mind to the main tasks, like standing before the Radian people; at this stage - the life of communism, the development of an active fighter for the new, the people of future prosperity.

Socialist realism is active by its nature. Describing his features, M. A. Sholokhov, stating in his promotional speech at the Nobel Prize awarded to him: the ability to touch the celestials, close to millions of people, to show them the ways of struggle.

Socialist realism, the introduction of the Marxist-Leninist ideology, is the art of the party. Vono vіdkrito protects the interests of the robotic class, all the working masses. Communist party spirit is the core of its aesthetic strength. Vaughn will ensure deep penetration into suspension processes, at the thought and in a sense of people, the truest and the most objective revelation of the essence of life.

The subjective exercise of communist-minded writers tends to give an objective logic to the suspenseful development. Marxistsko-Leninsky Svіtoglyad Dzvollaє Sotzіalіstichny Realisti Prosvіtiti, Nomov X-ray, Life to їna Potaєmnny Glyubin, Ogoliti їїly Khovanii Sv'IZMU, Zirvati Mask Hybnaya Gumіsmu Z "Facarev Nazhivi", the testimony of Moral Schyatnіst і Velik Heroїv proletarskiy і і ицінольно-.

Writers of socialist realism in a new way visvitlyuyut the path of struggle for future. The stench will bring it on, like an enlightened activity, like a moral renewal of the court. A new era is seen by them, as a natural result of a sustained progress, which prepares for the hour of revolutionary battles of the robotic class and the reaction of allies. Yakshcho mitzi XVIII and XIX cent. Radyansk literature virishal force of the historical process infuse the struggle of the people's masses. At the link with the cim, the battle for the future is raging in those creations in the sphere of ideas, but it’s like real strikes, battles on barricades, just wars.

The new look of the Suspіlstvo showed the socialist realists the best prospects for a realistic image of the people of the revolutionary movement. These perspectives are revealed in creativity, in the practice of a living revolutionary struggle, in various environments. The mustache made it possible to paint the image of a positive hero in a historically specific, artistically vivid way, to show like a full-blooded human specialty.

The Marxist-Leninist thought to rob a writer is perspicacious. Vono gives the opportunity to a talented artist to truly know not only the tired, but the manifestations of life that are born, transferring their masses to the future. To their own minds, they perspicaciously reveal the prospects of future developments that are developing, the representatives of socialist realism overturn critical realists, because, by virtue of their historical coexistence, they far from faithfully showed the trend of suspile development, and thus, when the principle of New Year’s Eve was depicted, they often celebrated. I. A. Goncharov, having created richly rich life-worthy images of Oleksandr Aduev, Oblomov, Raisky in his novels. Zvichayna istoriya", "Oblomiv", "Shaving", which profoundly depicted the life of the nobility, at the same hour of turmoil, they became very schematic, one-sided, adding to the historical concreteness of the images of Stolz and Tushin - representatives of a new type of bourgeois delicacies, which Mark Volokhova, having fallen into obvious caricature, twisting the rich figure of the participants in the squishy rush, everything was put in front of Goncharov’s weak eyesight, as if he had outgrown the method of critical realism in the display of new phenomena, which are folded together, the validity of Turgen. "Fathers and Children", "Nova"), L. N. Tolstoy ("Resurrection"), A. P. Chekhov ("The Name") and other artists of the word - right up to A. I. .Kuprin, I. A. Bunina, L. Andreeva, did not understand more and more clearly visualize the vicious ruh mas on the cob of the XX century.

Writers, Ovolodіli Shatoali-Al-Fistic Realіzmu, aforementioned Svіtovo L_Teaturi Zumіli Іstorically, Specifically, the bunks of the bunks of the people for his deevement, Scho, Scho Woni spirals from their own Yak from the Movie Social Social Socialіzmu, and the Dosvіd Masovoy Ruhu, removing Rosіya the Great Roshima. Gorky, Serafimovich, Bedniy, Andersen-Nexe, Barbusse did not declare, as an early socialist poetry, the idea of revolutionary struggle; the stench artistically shifted in their creations the dynamism of the soul itself, revealed the characters of the heroes themselves in such a way that it became clear to the reader that the fate of the struggle for socialism was enriched by the individuality of the people, as it is manifested in the revolutionary spirits best capacity how to grow spiritually. Types in this plan include Nilovnya and Pavel in Gorky's story "Mother", Mar'ia in his own account of Serafimovich "Bomb", Pavel Korchagin in the novel "How the Steel Was Made" by M. Ostrovsky and others.

In the literature of socialistic realism, the supple-aesthetic ideal has been omitted earlier in the history of the world's art of its most advanced, and the smut is exactly the same as the very life of inspiration in the image of a positive hero. Adzhe is not a richly rich artist of the past, not knowing the hero in modern action that is similar to their ideals, but they have gone back to the historical past, clearly modernizing his representatives (Don Carlos and the Marquis Pose in Schiller's "Don Carlos", Derzhavin and Tamenarovsky in one by Gogol), or they created idealizations, bolstering the authenticity of the image of the co-participants (Kostanzhoglo and Murazov in another volume) dead souls"Gogol").

On the basis of the method, Scho Vіdvyuє Livya in їstorії, the artists in the Istorії Svіtovoi L_Teaturi rose nosіm і with a divergence of a bobbin - robber-revolutionary hero, chattering about Svyatby's SHIKI, SOTRIFY, SKIMI, STIT'YAK SPECION . The very features explain the miraculous power of the hostile spirit of the devil on the readers of Davidov, Meresyev, Voropayev and rich other heroes of the Radian literature.

Not interspersed with images of ordinary representatives of the people and those prominent scientists, socialist realities profoundly and variously showed the masses of the people as the destroying power of history. No other mass scenes have occupied such an important central position in the works of the most highly manipulative genres, and they have not given such a direct tapping infusion to the height of the central conflicts, like in the science of socialist realism. Let's show him Serafimovich's "Zalіzniy potіk", "Good!" Mayakovsky, "Optimistic Tragedy" by Vishnevsky.

Obtained the fair-in-law of the Supilian Life, setting up in the position of the revolutionary people, was in the position of the revolutionary people, the one of the advanced charts - the Comunion of Nartії, the writings of Zmogli Chіtko Rospevati Tu Otsіnuvati Naigolnіshі Zhittєvі Conflіkti in the minimum of T. Sudgorodniy, please infirm Γ. So, for example, like the Russian writers - critical realists on the cob of the XX century. - at the center of respect there was an image of a zіtknen of "little people" - villagers, remіsnikіv, democratically trained іntelіgіnіv - with okremi rotteners - kulaks, helpers, bourgeois supporters, then at Gorky and Serafimovich, who performed at this hour "Thieves" ", "A place in the steppe," was revealed to the smut of the era - between the revolutionary proletariat and the peasantry, on the one hand, and the autocratic-bourgeois way of that yogo defenders - from the other side.

Socialistic realism gives boundless possibilities for a sharp, unreconciled, victorious image, as obvious and attached to the enemies of the people, so quiet people, who deeply pardon and pardon, as if they play into their hands. It is confirmed to us by the satirical images of the works of Gorky, Mayakovsky, Bidny, Ilf and Petrov, Marshak, Korniychuk and other radian writers.

To develop such a genre, which has rich traditions, like a bike, D. Bіdniy vіdrodiv and signifi- cantly innovate from the position of socialist realism. Tse signified, zokrema, in the strong political directness, class intransigence in the works of the poet, who wrote the royal hours ("Budinok", "Clarinet and Horn", "Lapot and Chobit" and others.). Vіdnnakyuyuyi Svzkiyovyovy's Creative Creative Creation of the Creative RealіSMU in Rosіyskiy Lіteurі і.А.Krilova, D. Bіdniy Miro Suddzhuvav: "Skotiv, I've-like Gaganov on Watering, I am pleased with the living" (Vіrsh "on Zahist tales "").

However, in quiet creations, in which there is not enough respect for the baptized negative characters, clearly and clearly shown the prospects of a strained and unreconciled struggle with them and with those minds that give birth to them. Navit then, if positive heroes recognize the defeats in the fight against enemies, the artists of socialist realism by all means beat the readers out of the regularity and inevitability of the victory, they fought for the stench. To finish the fortune-telling with the spirit of historical optimism of the finale to "Rozgrom" by Fadeev or Sholokhov's "Dawn of the Tsilin".

Socialistic art is profoundly optimistic and life-like. It’s vmіє sawy look at the new, progressive in our life, with talent that clearly show the beauty of the world, in which we live, the greatness of the goals and ideals of the people of the new society. However, it is not guilty to go through the shortcomings, the power of our activity. Criticism of them in the windows of the art is necessary and necessary, it helps the radian people to pay their share.

Socialist realism is increasingly critical of directing against everything alien to our system from the affirmation of its basic principles. This life-giving character of literature is not declarative, it does not have anything to do with laconic life. The optimistic pathos of delusions of deep knowledge of the laws of the historical development and development, confirmed by the rich evolution of humankind, in that which is rightly advanced, democratically, zreshtoyu, forever defeat the forces of reaction and despotism, even if the stench was strong. The lifelike character of socialist realism with narration manifested itself in such genres as tragedy and requiem, which marked their innovative character ("Optimistic Tragedy" by Vishnevsky, "Death of the Squadron" by Korniychuk, "Requiem" by Rizdvyany).

The main task of the Radian literature is the non-intermediate image of the new life, specifically, the creation of all those who pass on communist vodnosiny to the workers, to the buty, to the svedomost of people. Zvіdsi pragnennya khistovіv to fix the reach of everyday life of a classless society, promote all the best that people have in life.

Modern critics have thoughts that for a writer of socialist realism can be a good material, for sure. It is important to take a look at the image, your assessment from the position of communist party membership. A similar conception took away the aphoristic formulation: "There is no tribnote, it is tribnodumstvo". Obviously, the greatness of our epoch can be grasped in small things, it is impossible to procreate it, as the artist walks only along the paths and stitches, swaying along the main roads in the suspensory development. The new is especially clearly manifested in conflicts of a great scale, which are emerging from the tension of the public struggle for the life of communism.

In prominent creations of the Radian literature - in "Young Guards", "Rise of the Tsіlіnі", "Russian Fox" that іn - the character of a right person is distorted in the subdivisions of history. The hero undergoes trials with them for mіtsnіst in the fire of the military, in the battles on the labor front, in the battles of science.

Romance in socialist realism

The life-affirming pathos of the literature of socialist realism is alive with the present, beautiful manifestations of action, deep reconciliation of writers in the residual triumph of communism, as difficult as they did not reach the path to its reach. Depicting the current day, the Radian writers are inspired to look at the tomorrow of the Radian people. Dreaming about the future is based on a solid culture of today, trends in its development. The very image of the heroic, given by the people to fight for the communist future, that shows the essence of socialist romance. Vaughn can’t do anything with bezplidny fantasies and projecting. Її dzherelo - the very life of your uninterrupted Russia forward.

Romance, as if pragnennya before the present, has passed the whole long way of the historical development of humankind, swelling the skin era with a new color. Її zmіst po'yazaniya іz the greatest blows of people to freedom, love, friendship, to fight for the happiness of people. In the minds of the antagonistic class suspense, romanticism gradually entered into an irreconcilable super-humanity from the pan-feudal and bourgeois order. Private mode suffocates all human beings, calling for beautiful and wonderful dreams. Stars and that accident of illusions, like the power of the heroes of Shakespeare, Balzac, Pushkin and Flaubert. The classics of world literature hostilely showed the confinement of beautiful, romantically laced heroes with the laws of life of feudal and bourgeois society.

Romanticism takes on a different character in the Radyansk Suspіlstva. Utopichni in the past, the dream of people about the truth of human mutually, and happiness becomes a reality. The struggle of the robotic class and the villagers, their heroic practice in our country has never been created in history, as the basis for the creation of artistic creations, realistic and romantic at the same time. Romance gives realistic literature the necessary immediacy, emotional vibrance, ryatuyuchi writer in the form of objectivism and naturalistic description.

"Romanticism is the same hormone that raises the artistic craft to the level of the right art," wrote L. M. Leonov.

* (L. Leonov. Shakespeare Maydannist. "Radyansk art", 1933, No. 5 (112), 26 September.)

The romanticism of the radiant writers' light is growing with the lively radian action and "acts as a necessary and most important element of be-such a great, right", "winged realism" *. In the new side of the life of the Radian people, the new realist mysticism can enter naturally and organically. The tension of "existent" and "necessary" in this literature is becoming the nature of a new regularity, the shards are based on the creation of real processes of self-actuality. The very stars blame the synthetic nature of socialist realism.

* (A. Fadeev. For thirty years, p. 354.)

The romance of life is mysticism in a different way. Romanticism is the most adequate її fermentation method. Not vipadkovo, and M. Gorky, and M. Tikhonov, and V. Vishnevsky, and other prose writers, poets, playwrights, in their effort to show the hero of the struggle, turned back to the same method in their early work and were deprived of the best ways to support them. realism.

At once, about those lives, romance can be inspired by the methods of realistic art.

The very development of creative development of artistic development of progressive romanticism and critical realism among Radyansk artists gave theorists the opportunity to put food about the two main stylistic currents in a single direct contemporary literature of the peoples of the SRSR. To one of them, which develops that tradition of progressive romanticism, which widely vindicates and stylistic forms (zocrema, clever compositions, symbols and allegories, synthetic genres, too), bring the creativity of Vishnevsky, Svetlov. To the other, offensive to the traditions of critical realism in stylistic devices of objective expression of action, Fedin and many others lie. Slid podkresliti, scho on kshtalt his svetoglyady, scho to become the basis of the artistic method, representatives of both stylistic currents do not quarrel with each other. І for O. Dovzhenok, offensive romantic traditions, and for K. Fedіn, which is heavy to realistic, characteristic insolent rise to the assessment of life phenomena from the position of the Marxist-Leninist svetoglyad.

In the house of stylistic unity of writers of realistic and romantic stylistic currents, it is explained by the similarity of their artistic ideas, as it is enchanted by the peculiarities of their light perception. Being Marxists in a roaming society, its internal processes and development, they stink radiant spirit from different sides. Thus, the artists of the romantic stylistic trend have a special interest and a special stupendousness to everything that is presented, heroic, extraordinary. The stink to try to know "unbeknownst to the splendid" (K. Paustovsky), to embody in the images the most vivid, hostile to the character of the Radyansk people.

Vіdbivayuchi tsіlkom real things in fact, the stench often excites them in the spirit of the most dribbling, everyday life, in the sight of the most important thing, which ignites the revelation of their romantic daily life. In such a plan, for example, a lot of episodes of the "Young Guard" Fadeeva are written, which depict the duels between the radyansky patriots and the fascist guardsmen. The author filled Andriy Valko and Matviy Shulga with rice of Kazakh heroes - fearlessness, mighty strength, high feelings of camaraderie. When describing their exploits, the heroes of Gogol's "Taras Bulbi" seem to wonder. And the famous heroes themselves recognize their closeness to the faces of the "Zaporizka Sich": "And you strong Cossack, Matvey, God give you strength!" - Valko said hoarsely and in a rapt voice, throwing his mustache into his hands, bellowing in such a way that the insults stink at will. I Shulga repeating you with a hoarse, good-natured laugh: "You are a good sichovik, Andriyu, oh kind!" In the new silence and darkness, the terrible Bagatir regita shook the walls of the prison barracks.

Gogol's romantic intonations are felt and there, de Fadeev, Shulga speaks about the Radyan people: "Who in the world is more beautiful for our people? - without speaking, standing at the reconstruction at the cherga, wearing frayed robes, and not having exchanged his radian birthright for haberdashery.

Pragnennya to the rise of images of images over everyday everyday life, to the poetization of them to become characteristic features romantic style of the "Young Guard" and create light, blessings, optimistic moods in the reader.

Orientation towards the creation of the present, heroic inevitably led other Radian artists to the romantic form of the image. To whom is the banner of "Mobіtsky zoshit" by Musi Jalіl, those sides, depicting the experience, fight to the fight and freedom of the radiant people, as if stooped at the fascist "stone bear". The inner light of the hero is such that for a moment the most profound revelation in a narrowed-symbolic plan with a vinnyat low socially-pobutovyh details. The material itself has the most romantic benefits of ventilation.

The leather writing of the building, with the introduction of different sides of life, turns to romantic, and to realistic approaches to creation. Activation of one of the types of artistic vision to lie down and in view of the subject of the image, and in view of the quiet goals and objectives, like wines to set in front of you. It is not uncommon for the same artist in some of his creations to be romantic and imaginative, and in others to be realistic. M. Gorky could simultaneously write with the romantic "Tales about Italy" in a strictly realistic style "The Life of Matvey Kozhem'yakin" and autobiographical stories. The creativity of A. Tvardovsky, A. Arbuzov and other radian writers are distinguished by their peculiarities.

In the process of typification, socialistic realities often go into mental forms in the form of exuberant action (symbols, grotesque, allegory, hyperbole, too). The mental image of creativity is sharply reminiscent of the mental images of modernists in its own zmistovnistyu: revealing the real life of the blue, merging with their deep understanding. So, at "Meetings" Mayakovsky vismuyuє people, yakі dіyshli to the point where they were once present at two meetings ("one half is here, the other is there"). He sings into a grotesque image, which helps more visibly and intentionally to photograph a real life with a method of unguarded yoga condemnation.

In the creativity of the formalists (futurists, dadaists, surrealists, too), the mental image is allowed to change, transforming for an hour into an absolutely mindless mind, becoming a sign of nothing.

Formalistic intelligence cannot be confused with romantic. Even the romantics of all the currents directly revealed the spiritual life of people, straightening them to the beautiful. Therefore, the mental image of their creativity, with all its abstractness, is like a sing-song smack.

Vikoristannya mental forms of artistic recognition can still be a sufficient basis for bringing the creativity of a writer to romanticism, which is otherwise unrealistic directly. All to the right of the character of intelligence. It can be realistic, romantic, formalistic. All TV can be "weaved" from mental images and not lose its realistic character. These are the rich satirical works of V. Mayakovsky, D. Bidny, S. Mikhalkov and the richness of other Radian artists, as they reveal the whole real, characteristic of the singing historical period of life.

Undoubtedly, in realistic creations there are also romantic mental images that appear in the quiet spheres of action, as if they emphasize their own romantic forms. Prote romantic smartness played a role in realism.

Rіznomanіtnіst stilіv in hudozhnikіv sotsіalіstichnogo realіzmu scho tyazhіyut to romantic abo realіstichnih priyomіv that zasobіv vіdtvorennya Zhittya in mistetstvі, sprostovuє naklepnitskі vigadki bourgeois kritikіv about unіfіkatsіyu, nіvelyuvannya, odnokolіrnіst lіteraturi CPCP that іnshih sotsіalіstichnih kraїn. Sufficiently written on the theme of fighting for the world of Simonov, Tikhonov, Mikhalkov and Isakovsky, so that you can change your mind at the same time.

Right now, the great art blames it only as a reflection of the truth of life in the light of an advanced supple-aesthetic ideal. All the successes of socialist realism in our country and there are explained by their voice from the people;

The biggest figure of social realism buv Maksim Gorky. Doing this in a blaze of truth gave the help to socialist realism, to which the writer turned urochist to the emigrants and christened the creations of Spilka writers in the SRSR, where the writers of that poet were mostly pro-Radian directness. They wrote in a manner that was consistent with the principles of social realism, among which there was a nationality, a party spirit, and a concreteness. The principle of the nationality of vimagavs, that the heroes of the creation were living with the people (mostly were workers and villagers). The party spirit called out to look at the truth of real life and replace it with party truth, as it glorified the heroic vchinki, the search for a new life, the revolutionary struggle for the light of the future. And the intellect, up to the principle of concreteness, was shown in the process of historical development on the basis of the doctrine of historical materialism.

Among the most famous writers in social realism Oleksandr Oleksandrovich Fadeev(1901-1956), one of the founders of the Speech of Writers of the USSR. Do something new - the novels "Rozgrom" (1926) and "Young Guard" (1945). Great support Oleksandr Serafimovich(Nast, named after Oleksandr Serafimovich Popov, 1863-1949). In his early works (the beginning of the 1900s) he wrote about the lack of rights of the working masses in Russia, about their struggle for freedom. He became a popular proletarian writer after the end of 1924. heroic epic "Zalіzniy Potik". It has shown the process of transforming the anarchic elemental mass of peasant vigilance under the influence of the “flying commander” Kozhukh on a common, soldered by a single method of struggle for the proletarian revolution, fighting force, on the “flying flow”.

The most popular writer for Radian hours Mykola Oleksiyovich Ostrovsky(1904-1936). Yogo's leading novel "How the steel was made" (1932), which, having shown the formation of a revolutionary, was crowned with majestic popularity in the country. Dmitro Andriyovich Furmanov(1891-1926), author of the novel "Chapaev" (1923), creating a cult image of the hero of the Radian era. One of the first novels about the paths of the intelligentsia in the revolution and the Gromadyansk war "The Place and the Rocks", which became a classic of the Radyansk literary, writing Kostyantin Oleksandrovich Fedin(1892-1977).

Becoming a reference classic of Radian literature Mikhailo Oleksandrovich Sholokhov(1905-1984), winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1965 for the novel "Quiet Don" (1928-1940). The main merit of Sholokhov-artist simple people bright individuality, different distinctiveness, transformed human beings are remembered to the smallest rice, easily manifested, reconciled, effectively alive image. Sholokhov is the author of the novel "Pidnyata tsіlina" about the collectivization on the Don (vol. 1-1932, vol. 2-1959), the cycle "Donskaya opovidnya", the novel "The stench fought for the Batkivshchyna".

Oleksiy Mikolayovich Tolstoy(1882-1945) having begun writing before the revolution, not accepting the revolution, Tolstoy was an emigruva. Pіznіshe vіn vvazhav tsі roki naivazhchimi zhitti. At the same hour, he wrote the story "Childhood of Mikiti" and the fantastic novel "Aelita". In 1923 p. Tolstoy turned up the SRSR. This is an active period of his creative work: the trilogy "Walking in Torment", the historical novel "Peter I", the fantastic novel "Hyperboloid engineer Garin", the child's book "Golden Key, or Go Pinocchio" (1936), created after the motives of Italian fairy tales. Being already a talented writer, having great popularity and powerfully propagating with a radiant party seal. After the death of Gorky, he took the place of the patriarch of Radyansk literature.

Creativity has become popular Oleksandr Trifonovich Tvardovsky(1910-1971), who has not only become a great poet, but is even stronger

A.T. Tvardovsky

I am driven under Rzhev,

At the nameless swamp,

At the fifth mouth, on the left,

With a stingy fever.

I don't feel open

I didn’t care about that sleeping bag, - As if in the opening of the urvish - I didn’t have a bottom, not a lining.

Vletka, at forty to another,

I'm digging without a grave.

an hour of zooming to be deprived of an honest person. Popularity before the poet came only after publication in 1936. sing "Kraina Muraviya", which tells about the jokes of the villager Mikita Morgunok of the land of wild happiness. The magazines were eagerly criticized for this, and they were lauded by the critics. Have 1939 r. the poet was called up to the army. Viysk correspondent of the proyshs of Finland and the Great Vitchiznian war. Z 1940 And until the very ї Peremogi sings without interrupting his literary work and practicing on the “Front Chronicle”, the hero is not a soldier, but a peasant, who, by will, spent his share on war. From the third cycle and the growth of the poem "Vasil Tyorkin", completed in 1945. Vasil Tyorkin - help folk hero, folklore character. Tvardovsky's poem deserved a commendable accolade to inspire such a powerful critic, like I.A. Bunin, categorically lashing out against the radiant power. Viysk's hostility formed the basis of Tvardovsky's offensive poem - "Budinok beating the road (1946), in which the motive of inexhaustible turmoil and sorrow for the loss sounds. In addition, 1946 p. sings having created his own requisition we will perish - verse "I am beaten under Rzhev".

At wartime fates, it was written the poem “For the distance - the distance”, the author of the yakіy author tries to keep honest rozmov with the reader, but even more reason, it’s impossible. Therefore, the poem "Terkin in that world" (1963) was published, but did not take away the daily opinions, and the poem "From the rights of memory" (1969), in which Tvardovsky tried to tell the truth about Stalinism, was published only in 1987 . Populism, democracy, accessibility of yoga poetry are reached by rich and varied ways of artistic diversity.

Tvardovsky played a great role as the editor-in-chief of the Novy Svit magazine, becoming a symbol of the Sixties. His help and encouragement were clearly marked on the creative biography of many writers. During the same period, the journal published works A.I. Solzhenitsyn(1918-2008) "One day of Ivan Denisovich" and "Matrenin dvir". Realіstichna chіtkіst image, іntonatsіyna gnuchkіst, bagatstvo i smіlive varіyuvannya strofіchnoї pobudovi vіrshіv, vmіlo i s thin pochuttyam mіri zastosovuvany zvukopisi, alіteratsії that asonansi - all at Tse garmonіyno poєdnuєtsya vіrshah Tvardovskogo, robit yogo poezіyu one іz nayvidatnіshih yavisch lіteraturi.

“Napivzaboronena” literature Before it, one can bring creativity. Zamyatina, M. Bulgakov, A. Platonov, M. Zoshchenko, A. Hryna, as well as other writers, who, without preoccupation with writing in a way that was ideologically powerful, went to childish literature (Yu. Olesha, K. Chukovsky) or began to write historical Romani (Yu. Tinyanov).

Evgen Ivanovich Zamyatin(1884-1937) in his youth he became a Bolshevik, taking a part in the revolutionary Russia, and yet with an hour of vision in the new. More often to write before the revolution, his works were praised by the low-ranking writers, zokrema and Gorky. In 1921 Zamyatin becoming one of the organizers of the group " Serapion's brothers"(L.N. Lunts, N.N. Nikitin, M.L. Slonimsky, I.A. Gruzdev, K.A. Fedin, V.V. Ivanov, M.M. Zoshchenko, V.A. Kaverin, E G. Polonska, N. S. Tikhonov). In its declarations, the group, in opposition to the principles of proletarian literature, spoke out on its apolitical nature, opposed ideology in the arts, in line with the old thesis of idealistic aesthetics about the lack of aesthetics of salt.

In 1921 Zamyatin created the main tvir - the novel "Mi" about life in a totalitarian state. Tsya book became the first not allowed to read. The next works of the author were also published. Have 1931 r. Youmu was far from viїhati beyond the cordon, de y bouv instructing Yogo's novel, which is a significant injection into the anti-utopia of D. Orwell, O. Huxley, R. Bradbury. My Russian novel "Mi" was published in 1952. from New York, and Russia is less than 1988.

M. Bulgakov

One of the pinnacles of Russian literature of the XX century. - creativity Mikhail Opanasovich Bulgakov(1891 - 1940). Likar for fach, starting to write in the 1920s. Until the mid-1920s, there were two novels on the creative rahunka (“The Devil”, “ fatal eggs”), Autobiographical Notes on the Cuffs, dozens of descriptions, drawings, feuilletons - all this made up three books of selected prose that were published in Moscow and Leningrad. On the cob 1925 the story was written dog heart”, Not allowed to another and blew the light less than a decade later.

In 1923-1924 rr. vіne write your head tvіr for that hour - the novel " Bila guard”(“ Zhovtiy prapor ”), biographically svіvіdnennosti z vyprobyvannymi by the author under the “skoropadchiny” and “Petliurivshchyna” near the Gromadyansky war near Kiev at the turn of 1918-1919. (The latest text of the novel was seen in the early 1920s near Paris and in 1966 near Moscow). Have 1925 r. on the canvas of the novel, Bulgakov wrote p'esu, yak in 1926. the bula was staged at the Moscow Art Theater under the name "Days of Turbines", and after 289th the bula was fenced. The same share was minted on yoga p'yesi "Big", "Zoyka's apartment", "Crimson Island", "The Cabal of the Holy Ones". Until 1929 all yoga was taken from the repertoire, the daily meeting of his creations was not friendly, they didn’t take him anywhere to work, they took him to the cordon at the train station. The creativity of this great writer was judged and accepted neither by the authorities, nor by critics, nor by brothers-in-arms. And in this situation, I began to write my main tvir - the novel "Maister and Margarita". A novel about the freedom of the artist, about the freedom of creativity, about the freedom of the people, about good and evil, about health and fear, about eternal strife of that mercy. Having started writing a book, Bulgakov obviously could not have been instructed in the SRSR, and wrote all 11 years of life that were deprived of yoma. For the fates of the work on the novel, the author's concept of the subject has changed - from a satirical novel to a philosophical work, in a satirical line, it is no longer a warehouse collapsible compositional whole. The novel has been published less than in 1967.

Great contribution to Russian literature Andriy Platonovich Platonov(Nast, nickname of Klimentov, 1899-1951). Started writing at the Gromadyanskaya Vіyny’s rock as a military correspondent. Step by step, Platonov's way through the blind wind at the revolutionary transformation to the dramatic collapse of the hope to induce a revolutionary paradise. You can clearly see it in the yoga explanations of the 1920s, in the stories of “Epіfansky sluices” and “Secret people”. In 1929 Platonov, having written the novel "Chevengur", a kind of bov zaboroneniya to another and knowing sharp criticism. In a new writer, to the point of absurdity, the idea of a communist rebirth of life, as they were small in youth, showed their tragic unlife. The drawings are truly nabuli in the novel of a grotesque character, apparently to the point of forming and surrealistic style of creation. Perebudov's life became the central theme of the novel "The Foundation Pit" (1930), which seemed to take place at the hour of the first five. "Zahalnoproletarsky booth", a foundation pit for which the heroes of the story, becoming a symbol of the communist utopia, " earthly paradise". Yak and "Chevengur", it was published only like the 1980s. In the light of the world-chronicle "In reserve" (1931), in a sort of collectivization of the strong state, the bula was shown as a tragedy, it made the publication of most of Platonov's works impossible. Publication of the works of Platonov Bula is allowed at the rocky Vytchiznyanoi war if the prose writer worked as a front-line correspondent and wrote military opinions. And after the publication of the publication of the publication of "Reversal" (1946), which, having received harsh criticism, the name of the writer was reclaimed from the history of Radian literature. The first opinion of this author was already mentioned in the 1980s.

Mikhailo Mikhailovich Zoshchenko(1895-1958) famous for his humorous and satirical explanations. Until the mid-1920s, Zoshchenko was one of the most popular writers. Yogo rozpovіdі, yakі vіn often he himself read in front of numerous audiences, he was in love with all versions of the suspіlstva. In the collections of the 1920s "Humoristic opovіdannya", "Shanovni hulks" and others. , staring at "other people". The reflection of such a hero was utterly ridiculous.

In the 1930s, the wines came out in the form of satirical explanations - write the story “Youth is turned”, in which you try to overcome your depression in the face of what is happening around. In 1935 a collection of acknowledgment of "Blakytna book" appeared, as if the writer himself had respect for the novel, a short story human stosunkiv. Vaughn called out devastating remarks and the fence to write, to go beyond the framework of satire beyond the borders of the wadi. Prote Zoshchenko began to work on his main book - the novel "Before the Descent of the Sun", in which he passed on a rich exposition of science about the unknown. Publication of the first editions of the novel in the Zhovten magazine, 1943. shouted the right scandal, streams of slander and huskies fell upon the writer. The appearance of the decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “About the journals Zirka and Leningrad” of 1946, which criticized Zoshchenko and Akhmatova, became lawful for this. Vono called to їх public tskuvannya that fence to see their creations. The drive was the publication of Zoshchenko, a child of roses, “Come on Mavpi” (1945), which put pressure on those who live better for people in the Radian region. After that important spiritual camp of the writer had grown strong, he could not write at all. Anniversary of Zoshchenko born in 1953 in Spіltsі pisannyv, like the publication of the book of 1956, could not improve the situation.

A special place in Russian literature is occupied by the creativity of a representative of romantic realism Oleksandra Hryna(now, named after Oleksandr Stepanovich Grinevsky, 1880-1932). From the childhood of Green, he loved books about seafarers, on the road, dreams of a sailor by the sea. Vin tried impersonal professions, taking the fate of revolutionary Russia. The first announcement appeared in 1906, but to its own style of wine it came only in 1909, if it was entrusted to the first romantic novel "Island of Reno". Let's do something else directly ("Colony Lanfier", "Zurbagansky shooter", "Captain Duke"). At the fate of the revolution, Grin began to write his most famous novel " crimson windows”, A book about the power of love and the human spirit (published in 1923). In 1924 Green moved to Feodosiya. Here passed the calm and happy fates of my life. At this hour, no less than half of his works have been written, including the novels “Golden Lansyug” and “The One Who Lives with Whims”. Greene is not only a marvelous landscape painter and master of the plot, but also a subtle psychologist. Vіn umіv know risi masculinity and heroism in themselves wonderful people. And it’s extraordinary, it’s rare that a writer writes so boldly about a man’s and a woman’s husband. After 1925, the writer's books ceased to speak. Stay rocky The life of the seriously ill Grin passed with penniless and ace. Right-hand glory came before a new year after death, in the 1960s, in the midst of that day, as our country experienced.

That share was a sum Yuri Karlovich Olesha(1899-1960), becoming famous for his fairy tale novel "Three Tovstuns" (1924, published in 1928). The book was immediately accepted by the children and kept on being left behind by the children's favorite readers. The genre of the fairy tale, the light of a natural-hyperbolic one, gave Olesha the need to write metaphorical prose. The novel takes over the author's romantic visions before the revolution. Prote criticism was skeptical, even if the author did not call out to heroic struggle and practice. Then they wrote the novel “Zazdrіst” (1927) about the “zayva people” of radiant activity, rozpovidi and f'esi, in some wines truthfully writing about those who live in the country. In the 1930s, a lot of friends and well-known writers repressed, the main works of Olesha himself from 1936. they didn’t make friends and didn’t hesitate officially (the fence was taken down only in 1956). Ale Olesha continued to write without any false word. Yogo autobiographical notes were instructed in 1961. under the name "Not a day without a row." Opovidalnaya manner Olesha is surprised by the chimerical sharing of farb, the lack of associative closeness.

Becoming famous with his historical novels Yury Mikolayovich Tinyanov(1894-1943), one of the creators of scientific literary studies in our country (in the 1920s, many years of work on literary studies and literary criticism appeared). Science accomplished that artistic prose was already angry at the first novel “Kyukhlya” (1925), K. Chukovsky suggested the idea of writing it, feeling Tinyanov’s brilliant lecture about Küchelbecker. The novel, written nervously, but deprived of one of the signs of the creation of the “spirit of the era” in fiction, was judged to be the flagship of the genre of the “radian historical novel”, indispensable conjuncture. Have 1927 r. after raising the light of another historical novel by Tinyanov - "The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar", foundations on the deeply rooted life and creativity of Griboyedov, which we see the TV in full with its own style. The novel "Pushkin" (parts 1-3, 1935-1943) Tinyanov allowed to finish the trilogy (Kyuchelbeker, Griboyedov, Pushkin). Step-by-step writing became another and main profession - from the end of the 1920s, the persecution of "formalists" began. Tim is no less, having dabbled in a scientifically significant work, tied up with the famous series “Library of the Poet”, conceived by M. Gorky, and also engaged in translating. Ignoring an important ailment, having worked until the rest of the day, writing a third of my novel about Pushkin.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak(1890-1960) started publishing in 1913. Vіn was a member of a small group of poets "Centrifuga", made in 1914, close to futurism, but vodchuvav vpliv symmetrists. Already, the rocky showed those peculiarities of his talent, like the general world hung in the 1920s and 1930s: poeticization of “prose of life”, calls of obscure facts of human butt, philosophical reflections about the sense of love, creativity, life and death. Although Pasternak's early poems are folded in form, densely filled with metaphors, yet they have a great freshness of breath, breadth and depth. Ale to his poetic people, Pasternak respected the summer of 1917 - the hour of the creation of the book "My Sister - Life" (published in 1922).

The literary activity of Pasternak was rіznomanіtnoy. Vin wrote prose, engaged in translations, having reached the highest level of mysticism, being the author of the novel "Spektorsky" (1925). But still the most important lyric. Vіn Volodya with the talent to express deeply and subtle human feelings and thoughts through the mediator of penetrating pictures of nature. Chopped up by the beauty of the world, pragnennya to know Pasternak beautifully everywhere. Some verses have gone up to the selections “Friend of the People” (1932), “On the Early Trains” (1943), “When You Walk” (1956-1959).

At the end of the 1920s - the beginning of the 1930s, there was a short period of official recognition of Pasternak's creativity. Vіn taking an active part in the activity of the Writer's Board in the SRSR and in 1934. having acted with a promo on the first star, on the first N.I. Bukharin called out to officially call Pasternak the best poet of the Radian Union. Ale away, the creativity of the poet Daedalus more subsided with the help of socialist realism. That is why from the end of the 1930s and until the end of his life, he was most importantly engaged in translating - translating Shakespeare, Schiller, Verlaine, Goethe.

At the pinnacle of his work, Pasternak took in the novel Doctor Zhivago, which was written from 1945 to 1955. The novel is a wide canvas of the life of the Russian intelligentsia in the midst of a dramatic period from the beginning of the century to the Gromadyan war. Vіn torkavsya secret food of human life - the taєmnitsa of life and death, nourishment of history, Christianity, Jewishness. An important part of the book was the verse of the main character, in which the writer succumbed to the pouches of his thoughts. Radyansky publishers decided to publish a novel, and vin viyshov abroad in 1957. This brought Pasternak to the right place in the Radyansk press, the inclusion of this image in the Soviet Writers' Union, the image was sent to the address of the Radyansk newspapers, at the gatherings of workers. And he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958. only the tskuvannya was able to overcome it, as if it were even up to the death of the writer.

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