Nobel laureate for literature 1914. Russian writers and poets - laureates of the Nobel Prize for literature
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"... and one more part for the one who creates in the gallery of literature the most perfect tvir in the idealist direction ..."
From the order of Alfred Nobel
The winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature is nominated by the Swedish Academy. The won bula was founded in 1786 by King Gustav III for "the development and regulation of Swedish language and literature".
Nobel Prize for literature in numbers
prizes for literature from 1901 to 2014
13 women became laureates
4 times the prize was distributed between two candidates
42 rocky bulos for the youngest winner
64th anniversary of the middle age of the laureate on the day of the award announcement
Nobel committee
The statute of the Nobel Committee says that "literature is not only fiction, but also create other things, like for form or for style to represent literary value."
We were weakened by the rest of the hour until the works presented for the Nobel Prize were weakened. And now you can look not only at creation, written for the last century, but even more early works of the same author, as "their significance was estimated before recently."
Why is Alfred Nobel on the map?
As far as physics, chemistry and medicine are more or less understood, then literature, in the first place, is not a science, but in a different way, it is important to drive away from the zhorstka between objective criteria.
Lawyer illustration Getty Images Image caption The Swedish Academy for a long time could not swear, why should Alfred Nobel be on the verge of "idealism"The Swedish Academy, in its choice, is bound by the statute of the Nobel Foundation (a robot, presented for a prize, can bring the maximum benefit to all people), and let us commend Nobel for those that literary tvir can give good to the "idealistic directly".
Having offended the criteria, it was vague, especially the other, as if calling out a super-cheek. What did the same maw at the Nobel’s uvazit pіd іdealіzm? Forgive the story of how the interpretation of Nobel's command was changed by the Swedish Academy, even more smoothly, more, according to the statute of the foundation, all documentation that listing may be kept secret for 50 years.
Today's interpretation of the command still reaches these points of dawn, which under Nobel's idealism is not directly idealistic in literature, but, rather, ideally vikonannya, I move that style of creation, like shying yoga is significant.
From European idealism to literature of the whole world
At the first stage of the foundation of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1901-1914), great respect was given to idealism itself as a literary trend. The British Redyard Kipling and the German Paul Heise, and not Leo Tolstoy, became the Nobel laureates for that.
Lawyer illustration Hulton Archive Image caption Through folding in the interpretation of Alfred Nobel's command, Redyard Kipling became a Nobel Prize laureate, and Leo Tolstoy did notIn the 20s of the 20th century, the Academy saw a narrow definition of idealism, and passed on to the creations of that authors, who inspired the ideas of "broad humanism". Anatole France and Bernard Shaw have become Nobel laureates for the last few years.
In the 30s, fates began to be given to writers, as if they described the life of modern society with a lot of pluses and minuses to the point of "good for all people". So the first Nobel laureate for literature was Sinclair Lewis.
After another svetovoy war, the Chergovy change was made directly, and the candidates became especially popular, like they "blazed new paths" among the literature. Such pioneers were, for example, Hermann Hesse and Semuel Beckett.
Lawyer illustration Istock Image caption The Swedish Academy of Pragne recognizes European authors and earns an award in the right way of the world.AT stay rocky The Swedish Academy began to give respect to little-known authors from the lands of the world, so that they would win the Nobel Prize for the literature of Iakomog universal.
Dobrovilno and primus
In the entire history of the Nobel Prize for Literature, only two women were inspired by it.
Lawyer illustration Hulton Archive Image caption Boris Pasternak had a chance to win the Nobel PrizeFirst in 1958, Boris Pasternak waited a while to be accepted, and then moved through the vice from the side of the Radian power.
Another Nobel Prize winner in 1964 was Jean-Paul Sartre, who, by the end of his life, successively saw whether there were official signs of recognition.
The Nobel Prize for Literature is the only one, for any candidate, he does not accept both.
Why is language important?
Lawyer illustration istock Image caption How important is it for the Nobel Prize, so that my writings are widely expanded?Alfred Nobel gave special respect to those who are candidates for the literary prize are not guilty of going exclusively from the Scandinavian lands of Europe.
To show the scale of the work, which was called on the members of the Swedish Academy, as if it were small to get to know literary works from all over the world?
The Nobel Prize for Literature was repeatedly said that it is "European". In 1984, the Swedish Academy declared that it was possible for everyone to work, so that the prize would truly slander the writers of the whole world.
English leader with the great wind
Lawyer illustration istock Image caption Most of the works of Nobel laureates written in English languageIn the first place among the laureates of the literary prize go English writers (27), followed by the French (14), Germans (13) and Spanish (11).
Russia has been known for five years of Nobel laureates in its fifth place.
Prize for that genre
Among the literary genres, the absolute leader is prose (77), then poetry (33), dramaturgy (14), literary and philosophical works (3) and historical practice (2).
Lawyer illustration istock Image caption Winston Churchill won the Nobel Prize in Literature for outstanding oratory and historical practiceLaureate of the Nobel Prize for Literature for historical TV becoming British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1953. In the summary of the awarding of the prize, it was literally said: "for mastery in historical and biographical descriptions, as well as for brilliant oratorical art, which protects the gentry of human values."
The best of the best
Lawyer illustration Hulton Archive Image caption Mikhailo Sholokhov won the Nobel Prize for "Quiet Flows the Don"Although the Swedish Academy of Sciences does not want to evaluate all the works of authors, in nine cases they have shown a specific literary work, awarded the Nobel Prize.
On this list are Mikhailo Sholokhov with "The Quiet Don", John Galsworthy with "The Forsythy Saga", Thomas Mann with "Buddenbrooks" and Ernest Hemingway with "The Old and the Sea".
Literary medal
Lawyer illustration Getty Images Image caption Nobel Prize Medal for LiteratureOn all Nobel medals on the obverse there is an image of Alfred Nobel, and on the reverse - an allegory of the most advanced sciences and technologies.
On the medal of literature, a young man is depicted sitting under a laurel tree. Vin intently listens and writes down those notes that youmu seems to be a muse.
I wrote in my Latin to say: "Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes". This line is taken from Virgil's poem "Aeneid" and in an approximate translation it sounds something like this: "I tі, who has adorned life on Earth with his new-found maisternistyu."
The medal was created by the Swedish sculptor Erik Lindberg.
Briton Kazuo Isiguro.
According to the order of Alfred Nobel, the city is awarded "who has created the most significant literary work of idealistic directness."
The editors of TASS-DOSS prepared material on the procedure for awarding the prize and the laureates.
Prizes awarded and nominations of candidates
The prize is awarded by the Swedish Academy near Stockholm. 18 academies enter before it, and they occupy tsyu tenant dovіchno. I prepare the work for the work of the Nobel Committee, members of which (chotiri-five osib) are collected by the Academy from their warehouse for a three-year period. Candidates may be members of the Academy and similar establishments of other countries, professors of literature and linguistics, laureates of the award and the head of writing organizations, who have taken special requests from the committee.
The process of hanging the applicants three times from spring until the 31st day of the advancing fate. At the quarterly committee, a list of the 20 most worthy writers is compiled, then we will quickly shorten up to five candidates. The laureate is nominated by academicians on the cob of the most votes. About the award of the award to the writer, tell him for the first year before the announcement of his name. In 2017, 195 people were nominated.
Laureates of five Nobel Prizes are becoming the leading protagonists of the Nobel Day, which starts from the first Monday of the day. Their names are deafening in this order: physiology and medicine; physics; chemistry; literature; world prize. Volodar's award to the State Bank of Sweden for the economy in memory of Alfred Nobel is called the coming Monday. In 2016, the order was destroyed, the name of the honored writer was crowded into the rest of the city. For the tribute of the Swedish ZMI, regardless of the delay in the procedure for choosing a laureate, there was no super-earner in the middle of the Swedish Academy.
Laureate
Within an hour of awarding the prize, 113 writers, and 14 women in the middle, became laureates. Among the honored people are such all-worldly authors, such as Rabindranath Tagore (1913), Anatole France (1921), Bernard Shaw (1925), Thomas Mann (1929), Herman Hesse (1946), William Faulkner (1949), Ernest Hemingway Pablo Neruda (1971 ), Gabriel Garcia Marquez (1982).
In 1953, I was awarded the honor of the city "for the high mastery of works of historical and biographical character, as well as for the brilliant oratorical art, for the help of which all human values \u200b\u200bstand" Churchill was repeatedly nominated for the 1st prize, in addition, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace, but never became a Volodar.
As a rule, writers take away the prize from the totality of the reach of the gallery of literature. Prote dev'yat osіb was rewarded for a specific tvіr. For example, Thomas Mann was awarded for the novel "Buddenbrooks"; John Galsworthy - for "The Forsythy Saga" (1932); Ernest Hemingway - for the story "The Old and the Sea"; Mikhailo Sholokhov - in 1965 roci for the novel "Quiet Don" ("for the artistic strength and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia").
Krim Sholokhov, among the laureates of our other sponsors. So, in 1933 Ivan Bunin won the prize "for strict mastery, for developing the traditions of Russian classical prose", and in 1958 Boris Pasternak "for great merits in modern lyric poetry and great Russian prose".
However, Pasternak, who was criticized in the USSR for the novel "Doctor Zhivago", published abroad, under the pressure of the government, moved in the city. The medal and diploma were presented to the sons of Stockholm in 1989 in the infants. In 1970, Oleksandr Solzhenitsyn became a laureate of the prize (“for moral strength, for which he followed the unparalleled traditions of Russian literature”). In 1987, I was awarded the Nominated Josyp Brodsky "for all-season creativity, for the clarity of thought and passion for poetry" (I emigrated to the USA in 1972).
In 2015, the Belarusian writer Svitlana Oleksiyovich was awarded the Belarusian writer for "polyphonic creation, a monument to suffering and masculinity in our hour."
In 2016, American poet, composer and victor Bob Dylan became a laureate for "the creation of poetic images in the great American song tradition."
Statistics
The Nobel website states that out of 113 laureates, 12 wrote under pseudonyms. This translation includes the French writer and literary critic Anatole France (referenced by Francois Anatole Thibaut) and the Chilean poet and political gamer Pablo Neruda (Ricardo Elieser Neftali Reyes Basoalto).
The greatest honor (28) was awarded to writers, as they wrote in English. For the French books, 14 writers were awarded, German - 13, Spanish - 11, Swedish - seven, Italian - six, Russian - six (including Svitlana Aleksiyovich), Polish - chotiri, Norwegian and Danish - three individuals, and Greek Chinese - two. Authors of works in Arabic, Bengali, Ugric, Icelandic, Portuguese, Serbo-Croatian, Turkish, Occitan (Provençal dialect of French language), Finnish, Czech, and also in Hebrew were awarded one Nobel Prize each.
Written writers were most often rewarded, like in the genre of prose (77), another field - poetry (34), the third - dramaturgy (14). Three writers took the prize for work in the gallery of history, and two for philosophy. If so, one author can be rewarded for work in a number of genres. For example, Boris Pasternak won the prize as a prose writer and as a singer, and Maurice Maeterlinck (Belgium; 1911) as a prose writer and playwright.
In 1901-2016, the prize was awarded 109 times (in 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940-1943, academicians could not name the best writer). Only chotiri once the city was divided between two writers.
The middle age of laureates is 65 years, the youngest is Rudyard Kipling, who won the prize of 42 years (1907), and the oldest - 88 years Doris Lessing (2007).
Another writer (following Boris Pasternak), who won the prize, became in 1964 the French novelist and philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. Vin stating that "it doesn't matter, that they were reworking it into a public institute", and expressing dissatisfaction with it, that the academician's prize was awarded "ignoring the merits of revolutionary writers of the 20th century."
Vіdomі writers-candidates, yakі did not take away the prize
A lot of great writers, who hung on a prize, did not take it away. Including Leo Tolstoy. Our writers, such as Dmitro Merezhkovsky, Maxim Gorky, Kostyantin Balmont, Ivan Shmelov, Evgen Yevtushenko, Volodymyr Nabokov, were not rewarded. The famous prose writers of other lands - Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina), Mark Twain (USA), Henryk Ibsen (Norway) did not become laureates.
Dedication to the great Russian writers.
From 21 harvest days to 21 leaf fall 2015 The library and information complex will request an exhibition dedicated to the work of Nobel laureates in literature from Russia and the SRSR.
The Nobel Prize for Literature in 2015 was awarded to a Belarusian writer. The city of Svitlani Oleksiyovich was awarded with offensive formulas: "For її rich voice, creativity is a monument to suffering and masculinity in our hour." At the exhibition, they presented the works of Svitlana Oleksandrivna.
From the exposition you can find out at the address: Leningradsky Prospekt, 49, 1 over, room. 100.
The prizes, started by the Swedish craftsman Alfred Nobel, are respected by the most honorable people in the world. Їx is awarded with honorary title (since 1901) for distinguished work in medicine or physiology, physics, chemistry, create literary, For a contribution to the right of the world, economics (from 1969).
The Nobel Prize for Literature is awarded for reaching the gallery of literature, awarded by the Nobel Committee near Stockholm on 10 December. Vіdpovіdno to the statute of the Nobel Foundation, the following individuals can nominate candidates: members of the Swedish Academy, other academies, institutes and partnerships with similar tasks and purposes; professors of history of literature and education of universities; laureates of the Nobel Prize in the gallery of literature; heads of author's compilations, which represent the literary creativity in different lands.
Members of the Swedish Academy are to decide on the awarding of the Nobel Prize for Literature for other prizes (for example, for physics and chemistry). The Swedish Academy will open on the 18th in Sweden. The warehouse of the Academy includes historians, linguists, writers and one lawyer. The stench is in the house at the suspіlstvі like "Vіsіmnadtsyat". Membership in the academy is dovіchnym. After the death of one of the members of the academician, a new academician is elected by secret ballot. The Academy collects from its warehouse the Nobel Committee. The very wine and the food awarded the prize.
Nobel laureates for literature from Russia and the Soviet Socialist Republic :
- I. A. Bunin(1933 p. "For suvor mastery, with yakim vin developing the traditions of Russian classical prose")
- B.L. Parsnip(1958 p. "For the significant achievement of modern lyric poetry, as well as for the continuation of the tradition of the great Russian epic novel")
- M. A. Sholokhov(1965 p. "For the artistic strength of that honesty, for such a fault in his Don epic, imagining a historical era in the life of the Russian people")
- A.I. Solzhenitsyn(1970 r. "For moral strength, for which guilt following the indestructible traditions of Russian literature")
- I. A. Brodsky(1987 p. "For the all-season creativity, for the lucidity of thoughts and passion for poetry")
Russian laureates of literature are people with different, sometimes opposite looks. I. A. Bunin and A. I. Solzhenitsyn is the persecuted opponents of the Radian power, and M. A. Sholokhov, now, is a communist. Prote їх rіdnіt smut - an unparalleled talent, for which stench they were awarded Nobel Prizes.
Ivan Oleksiyovich Bunin is a leading Russian writer and singer, an eminent master of realistic prose, an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1920 Bunin emigrated to France.
The best thing for a writer in exile is to be left alone. It’s like that, having left the Batkivshchyna through the need to go to a doubtful compromise, to kill the spirit again, to survive. Fortunately, Bunin has passed the lot. Irrespective of every day of testing, Bunin is always deprived of his true self.
In 1922, Ivan Oleksiyovich's team - Vira Mykolayivna Muromtseva recorded in the student's book that Romain Rolland put Bunin's candidacy for the Nobel Prize. From that hour, Ivan Oleksiyovich is alive with hopes, if he will be given a prize. 1933 rec. All newspapers of Paris on the 10th of the fall of the fall appeared with great headlines: "Bunin - Nobel laureate". Russian leather at Paris, navitazhnik at the Renault factory, having never read Bunin, they took it as special holy. For the best, natalanovitishim appeared spіvvіtchiznik! At the Parisian taverns and restaurants of that evening there were Russians, for an hour they drank for "their own" for the rest of the pennies.
On the day of awarding the prize on the 9th leaf fall, Ivan Oleksiyovich Bunin at "Sіnemy" was marveling at "merry foolishness" - "Baby". Raptom temryava hall pierced vozka prominnya likhtarika. They joked Bunin. Yogo was called by phone to Stockholm.
"I'm about to shave my whole lot of life. I'm going to finish my house at home, but I don't see anything, I'm sorry that I didn't get to watch the film. ... This is a turning point in my life, "- guessing I. A. Bunin.
Happy days in Sweden. AT concert hall in the presence of the king, following the addition of a writer, a member of the Swedish Academy Peter Halstrem about Bunin's work, he was presented with a folder with a Nobel diploma, a medal and a check for 715 thousand French francs.
When Bunin was presented with the award, he announced that the Swedish Academy entered more boldly, having awarded the migrant writer. Among the contenders for the prize of this fate was the second Russian writer, M. Gorky, however, it was rich in what happened to the other book "The Life of Arseniev" the bowl of the tereziv was shattered all the same in the life of Ivan Oleksiyovich.
Turning to France, Bunin feels wealthy and, without ill-treated pennies, distributes "help" to emigrants, donates money to support various welfares. Nareshti, for the sake of good-natured people, invests the sum that is left out of it, in the “free right” and is left with nothing.
Bunina's friend, poet and prose writer Zinaida Shakhovska at the memoir book "Vidobrazhennia" respected: "With such a small part of the practicality of the award, it is not enough to reach the end. Ale Bunini did not buy any apartments, or villas..."
On view of M. Gorky, A. I. Kuprin, A. N. Tolstoy, Ivan Oleksiyovich did not turn to Russia, not respecting the appeal of the Moscow "messengers". Chi did not come to the Batkivshchyna in any way, to become a tourist.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890-1960) was born in Moscow famous artist Leonid Yosipovich Pasternak. Mother, Rosaliya Isidorivna, was a talented pianist. Possibly, the future child sings the dream of becoming a composer and learning music in Oleksandr Mikolayovich Skryabin. Prote overcame love to the top. Glory to B. L. Pasternak was brought by yoga poetry, and the most famous was "Doctor Zhivago", a novel about the fate of the Russian intelligentsia.
The editors of the literary magazine, which Pasternak, having propagated the manuscript, recognized Tver as anti-Radian and encouraged to publish it. The same writer handed over the novel overseas, to Italy, de u 1957. vin buv sightings. The very fact of publishing at Zakhodі Radyansk's colleagues from the creative workshop was sharply condemned and Pasternak was included in the list of writers. Prote sama "Doctor Zhivago" having killed Boris Pasternak as a Nobel laureate. The writer was awarded the Nobel Prize starting in 1946, and was awarded only in 1958, after the novel was published. The Visnovka of the Nobel Committee said: "... for the present, as in modern lyrical poetry, so in the gallery of the great Russian epic tradition."
In the Batkivshchyna, the award of such an honorable prize to the "anti-Radian novel" called out to the power of the storm, and under the threat of being seen from the writer, they were forced to move out of the city. Less than 30 years later, Yevgen Borisovich Pasternak took off the diploma and medal of the Nobel laureate for his dad.
The share of the other Nobel laureate, Oleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, is no less dramatic. Vin was born in 1918. near Kislovodsk, and my childhood and youth passed at Novocherkassk and Rostov-on-Don. After graduation from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Rostov University A.I. Solzhenitsyn studied and studied in absentia at the Literary Institute in Moscow. When Velika started Vitchiznyan war, Future writer pishov to the front.
Not long before the end of the war, Solzhenitsyn was arrested. The reason for the arrest was the critical respect for Stalin's address, the sheets of Solzhenitsyn known by the military censorship. They called yoga after the death of Stalin (1953). In 1962 the magazine "Noviy Svit" published the first story - "One day of Ivan Denisovich", which tells about the life of those who were wounded by the camp. Most of the upcoming creations of literary journals were encouraged. There was only one explanation: antiradian straightening. Prote the writer did not come forward and sent the manuscripts over the cordon, they saw them. Oleksandr Isaevich did not confine himself to literary activity - he won the freedom of political connections with the SRSR, speaking out of sharp criticism of the Radianian mode.
Literary practice and political position of A. I. Solzhenitsyn were kindly seen outside the cordon, and 1970. he was awarded the Nobel Prize. The writer did not go to Stockholm for the ceremony: he was not allowed to leave the country. Representatives of the Nobel Committee, who wanted to present the prize to the laureate, were not allowed into the SRSR.
In 1974 A.I. Solzhenitsyn was hung from the country. A handful of wines are alive in Switzerland, then moving to the USA, deyom and bula, from significant zaznennyam, awarded the Nobel Prize. At Zakhodі they were instructed to do so, like "At the first time", "Gulag Archipelago", "Serpen 1914", "Cancer Ward". In 1994 A. Solzhenitsyn turned to the Fatherland, having passed through Russia, from Vladivostok to Moscow.
In addition, the share of Mikhail Oleksandrovich Sholokhov, the only Russian laureate of the Nobel Prize for Literature, was supported by the state authorities. M. A. Sholokhov (1905-1980) was born in Pivdni Russia, on the Don - at the center of the Russian Cossacks. His little fatherland - hutir Kruzhilin of the village of Veshenskoy - we later described in rich creations. Sholokhov graduated from the secondary school. Vіn took an active part in the undergrowth of the hromadyanskoy ї vyyny, cherubov with a food ration, so he took the surplus bread from the rich Cossacks.
Already in his youth, the future writer became wise before literary creativity. In 1922 Sholokhov arrived in Moscow, and in 1923. having started publishing in newspapers and magazines of the first publication. In 1926 vyyshli collections "Donskі opovіdannya" and "Azure Step". Work on the "Quiet Don" - a novel about the life of the Don Cossacks in the era of the Great Turn (Persha light war, revolutions and gromadyanska war) - began in 1925. In 1928 wijshla first part of the novel, and adding Yogo Sholokhov in the 30s. XX Art. "Quiet Don" became the pinnacle of creativity of the writer, and in 1965. he was awarded the Nobel Prize "for artistic strength and completeness, for such a fault in his epic work about the Don, having imagined a historical phase in the life of the Russian people." "Quiet Flows the Don" translated in 45 countries of the world for a few dozen mov.
At the time of the Nobel Prize withdrawal, the bibliography of Josyp Brodsky contained six selections of verses, poems “Gorbuniv and Girchakiv”, song “Marmur”, anonymous (written in English language). However, in the SRSR, the stars sings from 1972 to the year of 1972, your creations were widely spread among the samvidavs, and they took away the premium of wines, even being a huge man of the Successful States of America.
For the new one, a spiritual connection from the fatherland is important. Like a relic, having saved the wine of Boris Pasternak, they wanted to win a nod for the Nobel Prize, but they did not allow the rules of the protocol. Prote Brodsky did come from Pasternak's bed in the gut. After the break, Brodsky was repeatedly requested to Russia, but once again, having not arrived in the fatherland, I saw him. "It is not possible to go into the same river as the Neva," - having said the wine.
From Brodsky's Nobel Lecture: “A person with gusto, literary zokrema, is less sympathetic to repeating those rhythmic incantations, powerful forms of political demagogy. On the right, it’s not so with someone who’s honesty is not a guarantee of a masterpiece, like with someone who is evil, especially political, always a filthy stylist. We have a rich aesthetic sense of the individual, we have a firm yogo relish, we have a clear yogo moral choice, we have a good choice - if we want, maybe, and not happy. In the same way, more applied, lower Platonic sensi, following Dostoyevsky's respect for "beauty of the world", or Matthew Arnold's admiration for "poetry is lying to us." Holy, ymovіrno, vryatuvati already do not go away, but I’ll be able to wake up a person forever. ”
The Nobel Prize was founded by a craftsman, winemaker and chemical engineer from Sweden, Alfred Nobel, and named after him. She is respected by the most prestigious in the world. The laureates win a gold medal, which depicts A. B. Nobel, a diploma, as well as a check for a large sum. The rest is accumulated from the expansion of pributkіv, yakі otrimuє Nobel fund. In 1895, roci clave zapovit, for which yogo capital was used for premises in bonds, shares and positions. Dokhіd, which brings qі pennies, is divided equally into five parts that hundred prizes for achievement in five areas: in chemistry, physics, physiology and medicine, literature, and also for activity in the world.
The first Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded on December 10, 1901, and from that hour it seems that the date will be marked by Nobel's death. Rewarding the peremozhtsіv vіdbuvaєtsya near Stockholm by the Swedish king himself. Since then, the winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature can continue to give a lecture on their work for 6 months. Tse neodminna umova otrimannya hedge.
The decision about those who will be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature is accepted by the Swedish Academy, which is located near Stockholm, as well as the Nobel Committee itself, which denounces only a small number of applicants, without naming their names. The procedure itself is classified as a secret, which calls out to some evil critics and unkind people, as they say that the honors are awarded for political reasons, and not for literary achievement. The main argument, which is aimed at confirming, is that Nabokov, Tolstoy, Bokhres, Joyce were not awarded the prize. Prote list of authors, yakі її otrimali, all the same remains significant. From Russia, Nobel Prize winners for literature - five writers. Read the report about skin diseases below.
The Nobel Prize for Literature 2014 was awarded to rock 107 times, including Patrick Modiano, screenwriter. Tobto since 1901, 111 writers became volodarians of the city (shards of chotiri razi won were awarded to two authors at the same time).
To resurrect all the laureates and to know the skin ones of them is to do it for a long time. Most famously, the Nobel Prize winners for literature and their creations are praised to your respect.
1. William Golding, 1983 rec
William Golding won the prize for his famous novels, which his work has 12. The most popular, "Volodar flies" and "Spadkoєmtsі", are some of the best-selling books written by Nobel laureates. The novel "Lord of the Flies", which was born in 1954, brought world fame to the writer. Critics often compare yoga with Salinger's novel "Over Life in Life" for the level of yoga significance for the development of literature and modern thought in a flash.
2. Tony Morrison, 1993 rec
Laureates of the Nobel Prize for Literature are not only people, but also women. Before them lie Tony Morrison. Tsya American writing was born at the robotic family, in the state of Ohio. Having entered Howard University, she studied literature and English language, she began to write her own creations. The first novel, "Nayblakitnishi ochі" (1970), was written on the basis of an opi- nion she compiled for the university group of writers. Vin is one of the most popular works of Tony Morrison. The last її novel, "Sula", published in 1975, was published on the National USA.
3. 1962 rіk
Biggest create at home Steinbeck - "On the way to paradise", "Get out of anger", "About bears and people". In 1939, the novel "The Throne of Wrath" became a bestseller, sold over 50 thousand copies, and today its number is over 75 million. Until 1962, the writer was awarded the prize 8 times, and he himself recognized that there was no such award. That and a lot of American critics pointed out that this novel was significantly weaker than the previous one, and they reacted negatively to the drive of that award. In 2013, when the secret documents of the Swedish Academy were released (they are kept secret from the suvorim for 50 years), it became clear that the writer was rewarded with the one who turned out to be "the best of the filthy company".
4. Ernest Hemingway, 1954 r_k
This writer, having become one of the nine Volodya prizes for literature, was awarded not for creativity, but for a specific TV, but for the story itself "The Old Sea". The same tvir, earlier than publications in 1952, brought the writer of the offensive, 1953 rock, and one more prestigious award to the city - the Pulitzer Prize.
Why did the Nobel Committee include Hemingway on the list of candidates, and that time Winston Churchill became the protégér of the city, who at that time was already 79 years old, and that was not to delay the awarding of the prize. And Ernest Hemingway, having become a well-deserved hero of the offensive, in 1954.
5. Marquez, 1982 rec
Laureates of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982 included Gabriel Garcia Marquez in their works. Vin became the first writer from Colombia, who was honored with the honor of the Swedish Academy. His books, among which there are especially noteworthy "The Chronicle of a Stunned Death", "The Autumn of the Patriarch", as well as "Love at the Time of Cholera", have become the most popular creations written by my Spanish, in all of yoga history. The novel "One Hundred Rocks of Selfhood" (1967), Pablo Neruda, who was the second Nobel Prize winner, called Cervantes's novel "Don Quixote" the greatest work of Spanish, the transpositions were greater than 25, and the great circulation of the work was great.
6. Samuel Beckett, 1969 rіk
The Nobel Prize for Literature in 1969 was awarded to Samuel Beckett. This Irish writer is one of the most important representatives of modernism. Same wine at once from Ezhen Ionescu having fallen asleep famous "the theater of the absurd". Samuel Beckett wrote his work in two languages - English and French. The most famous child of the yoga pen was the song "Checking for Godot", written in French. The plot is coming. Golovnі geroї protyazhu sієї p'єsi ochіkuyut like Godot, which can make a singing sensation in їkhnє іsnuvannya. However, that one doesn’t appear like that, that reader who looks at it has to independently virishuvate that it’s for the image.
Beckett hooted in checks, mav succeeded in women, prote in dosit closures way of life. Come to the ceremony of awarding the Nobel Prize for wines without waiting, having replaced your old friend Jerome Lindon.
7. William Faulkner, 1949 r_k
Vin also half-heartedly moved to Stockholm beyond the city, but vreshti-resht yogo was put on the chain by her daughter. John Kennedy amended the request for insult, organizations to honor the Nobel Prize winners. However, Faulkner, who, having respected himself all his life "not as a writer, but as a farmer," for his great Vistula, decided to accept the request, sent to old age.
The most famous and popular novels of the author are "Noise and Fury" and "If I was dying". However, success before these creations did not come once, for a long time the stench was practically not sold. The novel "Noise and Fury", publications in 1929 roci, for the first 16 years after publication, sales were less than three thousand copies. However, in 1949, roci, at the time of otrimanna the author of the Nobel Prize, his novel was a clear classic literature of America.
In 2012, Great Britain saw a particular creation, in which the text was instructed in 14 different colors, which was broken up for the writer’s bazhanny in order to enable the reader to mark the different hours of the day. The circulation of the novel was reduced, becoming less than 1480 copies and rozіyshovsya in the next post-release. By far the quality of the book of this rare publication is estimated at about 115 thousand rubles.
8. 2007 rіk
The Nobel Prize for Literature in 2007 was awarded to Doris Lessing. This writer and poet from Great Britain took over 88 years in the city and became the oldest її volodarka. Vaughn also became the eleventh woman (from 13), as she took the Nobel Prize.
Lessin's great popularity among critics, she rarely wrote on those devoted to vital social needs, she was often called a propagandist of Sufism, a religion that propagates wisdom in worldly suєti. Prote, for the version of the magazine The Times, tsya writer occupies the fifth place in the list of the 50 greatest British authors that have been seen since 1945.
The most popular work of Doris Lessing is the novel "Golden Zoshit", which was published in 1962. Deyakі critics bring yoga to zrazkіv classical feminist prose, prote writing itself with such a thought categorically does not fit.
9. Albert Camus, 1957
The Nobel Prize for Literature was also awarded to French writers. One of them, a writer, a journalist, an esseist of the Algerian campaign, Albert Camus, is "I swear by Zakhod". The most famous work of yoga is the story "Third Party", which appeared in 1942 in France. 1946 English translation, sales began, and already for a few years the number of sold copies became over 3.5 million.
Albert Camus is often considered to be a representative of existentialism, prote himself vin iz sim not pogodzhuvavsya and strongly zaperechuvav such appointment. So, in promotions, awards at the Nobel Prize, vin declaring that in their creativity, having succumbed to "hide in the door of nonsense and resist gnoblennia."
10. Elis Munro, 2013 r_k
2013 Nobel Prize nominees for literature were included in their list by Elis Munro. Representative of Canada, this novelist became famous in the genre short notice. The writing of them began early, from the early years, the first collection of their works under the name "Dance of Happy Shadows" made light of more than 1968, if the author was already 37 years old. In 1971, an offensive collection appeared, "The Life of Girls and Women," which critics called "a novel of vihovannia." Other literary practices include books: "Who the hell are you?", "Utikach", "Too much happiness". For one s її sbіrok, "Hatred, friendship, zalitsyannya, zakokhanіst, shlyub", seen in 2001, navit viyshov Canadian film under the name "Valinі vіd neї", directed by Sarah Polli. The author's most popular book is "Dear Life", which was published in 2012.
Munro is often called the "Canadian Chekhov", and the stilts of these writers are similar. As in the Russian writer, wines are characterized by psychological realism and clarity.
Laureates of the Nobel Prize for Literature from Russia
For the whole hour, Volodar's prizes are five Russian writers. The first of them became the laureate I. A. Bunin.
1. Ivan Oleksiyovich Bunin, born in 1933
This famous Russian writer and sings, an eminent master of realistic prose, an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1920, Ivan Oleksiyovich emigrated to France, and when he was awarded a reward, he announced that the Swedish Academy had acted boldly, rewarding an immigrant writer. Among the contenders for the prize of this fate was the second Russian writer, M. Gorky, however, it was rich in what happened to the other book "The Life of Arseniev" the bowl of the tereziv was shattered all the same in the life of Ivan Oleksiyovich.
The first vіrshi Bunіn started writing at the vіtsі 7-8 rokіv. Come out of the city and create: the story "Village", the collection "Sukhodil", the books "Ioan Rydalets", "Pan from San Francisco" and others. In the 20s, they were written (1924 r_k) and "Sonyachny blow" (1927 r_k). And in 1943, the pinnacle of creativity of Ivan Oleksandrovich appeared in the world, a collection of tributes to "Dark Aley". This book was dedicated to only one theme - love, to the "dark" and gloomy sides, as the author wrote in one of his sheets.
2. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, born in 1958
Laureates of the Nobel Prize for Literature from Russia in 1958 included Boris Leonidovich Pasternak on their list. Poetov was awarded a prize at a difficult hour. Vіn buv zmusheniy vіdmovitsya vіd neї under the threat sent from Russia. The Prote Nobel Committee awarded Boris Leonidovich's decree as a death in 1989, handing over the medal and diploma after the death of the writer of John's son. The famous novel "Doctor Zhivago" is a true artistic commandment to Pasternak. This TV was written in 1955. Albert Camus, laureate of the 1957 year, has learned about this novel in a huff.
3. Mikhailo Oleksandrovich Sholokhov, born in 1965
In 1965, M.A. Sholokhov was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Russia in some time brought the whole world, that there are talented writers. Having begun his literary activity as a representative of realism, who depicts a deeply degraded life, Sholokhov, the prote, in some works, leans on a full of socialist currents. On the eve of the presentation of the Nobel Prize, Mikhailo Oleksandrovich spoke out the promo, stating that in his creations he praised the praise of "the nation of workers, workers and heroes."
In 1926, roci vins started their own head novel, "Quiet Flows the Don", and having completed yoga in 1940, long before he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. The works of Sholokhov were published in parts, the “Quiet Don” zokrema. In 1928, a friend of Mikhail Oleksandrovich, A. S. Serafimovich, a friend of Mikhail Oleksandrovich, appeared at the press the first part. Already offensive fate Bulo saw another volume. The third book of publications in 1932-1933, already for the support of M. Gorky's support. Remaining, fourth, volume shaking the light of the 1940s. This novel is of great importance both in Russian and in light literature. Vіn buv translations bagatma mov svіtu, becoming the basis of the famous opera by Ivan Dzerzhinsky, as well as numerical theater shows that movie.
Deyakі, prote, zvonuvali Sholokhov in plagiarism (zokrema A. I. Solzhenitsyn), considering that most of the work was rewritten from the manuscripts of F. D. Kryukov, a Cossack writer. Other contributors confirmed the authorship of Sholokhov.
Krym tsієї pratsі, Sholokhov in 1932 having created "The Day of the Qilin", tvir, which speaks about the history of collectivization in the middle of the Cossacks. In 1955, the first chapters of another volume appeared, and on the cob of 1960 the rest were completed.
On the eve of 1942, the third novel, "The stench fought for the fatherland," was ordered to fate.
4. Oleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, born in 1970
The Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970 was awarded to A.I. Solzhenitsyn. Oleksandr Isaevich, having accepted її, prote at the awarding ceremony, was not called, the shards were afraid of the radian order, which rated the decision of the Nobel Committee as "politically a fortune teller". Solzhenitsyn, fearing that he might turn to the Fatherland after his trip, wanting the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1970, taken away by him, promoted the prestige of our country. In my creativity, I had a lot of suspense-political problems, I actively fought against communism, yoga ideas and politics of the Radian power.
Before the main works of Oleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn one can hear: "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" (1962 rec.), description " Matrenin dvir", At the cruise first" (written from 1955 to 1968), "Gulag Archipelago" (1964-1970). The first publication was the essay "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", which appeared in the journal "Noviy Svit". great interest and numer- ical reviews of readers, which suffocated the writer of the creation of the Gulag Archipelago. In 1964, the first time Oleksandr Isaevich received the Lenin Prize.
Prote already through the rіk vin vtrachaє prihilnіst radyanskoї vlady, and yogo create to fence others. His novels "The Gulag Archipelago", "At the First Time" and "The Cancer Ward" were seen across the cordon, for which in 1974 the writers were spared by the enormities, and the emigruvaty were embarrassed. Less than 20 years later, youmu far away turn to the fatherland. In 2001-2002, the great work of Solzhenitsyn "Two Rocks Together" is coming. Oleksandr Isaevich died in 2008.
5. Josip Oleksandrovich Brodsky, 1987
The Volodarians of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1987 added to their fate I. A. Brodsky. In 1972, the writer emigrated to the United States, and the All-World Encyclopedia Navit calls it American. Among the youngest writers, they took the Nobel Prize, and the youngest. With his lyrics, he conceived the world as a single cultural and metaphysical goal, and also pointed out to the community the adoption of people as a subject of knowledge.
Josip Oleksandrovich wrote not only Russian, but also English my poetry, yes, literary criticism. Immediately after the departure from the world at the krains of the first collection, 1965, international fame came to Brodsky. The shortest books of the author can be seen: "Embankment of the Unfortunate", "Part of the Movie", "Landscape from the Line", "The End of the Beautiful Epoch", "Zipinka in the Desert" and others.
HISTORY OF RUSSIA
“Prix Nobel? Oui, ma belle". So zhartuvav Brodsky back to the Nobel Prize, which is the most important city of a practical writer. Regardless of the generous distribution of Russian geniuses in literature, only five of them were able to take in the sight of the city. Some of them, though not all of them, having taken it off, recognized the great losses in their lives.
Nobel Prize 1933 "For truthful artistic talent, for having created a typical Russian character in prose."
Bunin became the first Russian writer, having won the Nobel Prize. Special resonance tsієї podії having pressed the fact that Bunin is already 13 years old, navit like a tourist does not come from Russia. If anyone was told about the call to Stockholm, Bunin could not believe in those that had happened. At Paris, the novelty spread out. Russian leather, independent of the financial camp, and plant it, having spent your remaining pennies at the tavern, for the sake of it, the best way to see their spivvitchiznik.
Leaning at the Swedish capital, Bunin Bov, who is not the most popular Russian person in the world, they looked at her, looked around, whispered. Vin marveled, poring over his popularity that chance with the glory of the famous tenor. 
Nobel Prize Ceremony
I. A. Bunin is on the far right in the first row.
Stockholm, 1933
Nobel Prize 1958 "For significant achievements in contemporary lyrical poetry, as well as for continuing the tradition of the great Russian epic novel"
Pasternak's candidacy for the Nobel Prize was discussed in the Nobel Committee for a short time from 1946 to 1950. After sending a special telegram to the head of the committee and informing Pasternak about the city, the writer wrote in the following words: “Vdyachny, radium, proud, zbentezheny.” Ale, after a deaky hour, after the planned suspension of the writer of that friend, public persecution, the sideless strife and instilling a fortune-telling image in masks, Pasternak was inspired by the prize, having written a sheet with a larger zmist.
After being awarded the prize, Pasternak carried the whole burden of the “perverted poet” on himself not a bit. Moreover, I wear blame not for my own verses (I want the Nobel Prize for them, for my own sake), but for the “anti-Soviet” novel “Doctor Zhivago”. Nes, inspired by such an honorary award and a solid sum of 250,000 crowns. Behind the words of the writer himself, all the same, without taking the pennies, correcting them in another, more beautiful place, lower the fluff.
On December 9, 1989, near Stockholm, the sons of Boris Pasternak, Yevgen, at the urochist reception dedicated to the Nobel Prize laureates of that rock, were awarded a diploma and the Nobel medal of Boris Pasternak. 
Pasternak Evgen Borisovich
Nobel Prize 1965 "for the artistic strength and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia".
Sholokhov, like Pasternak, repeatedly appeared at the Nobel Committee's meeting. More than that, their paths, like their children, mimicry, that and rightly so, more than once twitched. Their novels, without the participation of the authors themselves, "prioritized" one by one to conquer the head of the city. Silently choose the best of the two brilliant, but such different creations. Tim more, that was given (and given) the Nobel Prize in both fields not for great work, but for a massive contribution to the whole, for a special warehouse creativity. Once, in 1954, the Nobel Committee did not attract Sholokhov to the city only through those that the list-recommendation of the Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the SRSR Sergiev-Tsensky was no less than a few days old, and the committee did not have enough time to consider Sholokhov's candidacy. It is important that the novel (“Quiet Flows the Don”) at that time was not politically viable in Sweden, but mysticism always played a different role for the committee. In 1958, when the figure of Sholokhov looked like an iceberg near the Baltic Sea, the prize went to Pasternak. Even the gray, sixteen-decimal Sholokhov in Stockholm was awarded his well-deserved Nobel Prize, after having read such a pure and honest writer, like all his creativity, promotion. 
Mikhailo Oleksandrovich at the Golden Hall of the Stockholm City Hall
before the ear of the Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize 1970 "For the moral strength gleaned from the tradition of great Russian literature."
About this prize Solzhenitsyn was recognized at the camps. І at the soul of wines, having won the status of її laureate. 1970 year, after the Nobel Prize was awarded to you, Solzhenitsyn Vydpov, that he came outside the city “specially, it’s the day for the restorations.” However, as if twelve years ago, if Pasternak was so threatened with the concessions of enormity, Solzhenitsyn told his trip to Stockholm. It is important to say that you were wrong about me. Reading the program of the urochist evening, I stumbled upon pompous details: what and how to say to you, a tuxedo or a dress coat on that other banquet. "... Why is there a white blizzard, - thinking wine, - but you can't in the tabor's tіlogrіytsі?" "I like to talk about the head of the whole life at the "banquet table", if the tables are filled with finds and everyone is drinking, eating, talking...".
Nobel Prize 1987 "For the all-season literary activity, which exalts the clarity of thought and poetic intensity."
Obviously, Brodsky would have been “easier” to win the Nobel Prize, lower Pasternak or Solzhenitsyn. At that time, he was already an immigrant, let's spare the enormity and the right to travel to Russia. The news about the Nobel Prize being awarded caught Brodsky at lunch at a Chinese restaurant not far from London. The call did little to change the personality of the writer. Vіn less zhartuvav first reporters, scho now yom happened to tremble my tsiliy rіk. One journalist having asked Brodsky, he knows himself: a Russian or an American? “I am a Jew, a Russian poet and an English esseist,” Brodsky.
With his restless character, Brodsky took two versions of the Nobel lecture from Stockholm: Russian and English. Until the rest of the moment, no one knew which writer would read the text. Brodsky sounded Russian.
On December 10, 1987, Russian poet Josip Brodsky was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature "for all-season creativity, clearing thoughts and poetic intensity."
