• Caesar_v roztin
• Calendar chips
• Blood tests
• Sleepy period
• Preparing for the fall

Romani Turgenev: Peculiarities of the Poetics of Life and Turgenev's Creativity

Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev was born to a noble family in 1818. It is necessary to say that from the middle of the world all the great Russian writers of the 19th century were written. In this article we can see the life and creativity of Turgenev.

Batki

Accept the familiarity of Ivan's fathers. In 1815, a young and handsome cavalry guard Sergiy Turgenev arrived to Spassky. On Varvara Petrivna (the mother of the writer), he had a strong reaction. Following the words of a close to honed contemporary, Varvara ordered to pass it on to Sergius through a friend, so that he had formed a formal proposition, and he would be happy to wait. Zdebіl tse buv Turgenev lying down to the nobility and being the hero of the war, and Varvara Petrivna is a small great camp.

The blues of the newly minted sims were stretched. Sergiy Navit did not try to compete with the sovereign gift of the entire future. At the booth, there was less familiarity and a little streaming of each other. The only one who made friends - at the right place to give my children a better light. And on the price of the stench, neither strength nor pennies failed.

Moving to Moscow

That is why the whole motherland moved to Moscow in 1927. At that time, the nobles gave their children up to and including private primary mortgages. Axis and June Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev was admitted to the boarding house at the Virmensky Institute, and after a few months of transfers to the Weidenhammer boarding house. Two years later, the lights were switched off, and the fathers no longer tried to try to rule the sin until I bet. Getting ready to enter the university, the future writer, having continued at home with tutors.

Navchannya

Entering the Moscow University, Ivan made it through there more than once. In 1834, the rozі vіn moved together with his brother and father to St. Petersburg and transferred to the master's initial mortgage. Yuni Turgenev finished yoga in two years. Ale, in the future, often win the Moscow University, giving it the greatest honor. We appreciate that the St. Petersburg Institute is watching the students side by side with its zhorstkoy look. Moscow did not have such control, and volitional students were more than satisfied.

First create

It can be said that the creativity of Turgenev rose from the university lava. Although Ivan Sergiyovich himself does not like to think about literature until that hour. On the cob of his writing kar'єri vin rahuvav 40 years. That is why the majority of the yogic university works did not reach us before us. How to respect Turgenev as a great artist, having done it correctly: the essential features of his creations belong to the category of literary education. The interest of the stench can be presented only for the historians of literature and those who want to understand why Turgenev's creativity began and how his gifted writing was formed.

Zakhoplennya philosophy

In the middle of the 30s, for example, Ivan Sergiyovich wrote richly for the sake of understanding the writing novice. On one of his creations, he took away the critical opinion of Belinsky. This podia has already spilled onto the work of Turgenev, which is briefly described in this article. Adzhe on the right was not only in the fact that the great critic corrected the pardons of the “green” writer who did not get the taste of the “green” writer. Ivan Sergiyovich, having changed his mind, look at the art, and at life itself. A way to guard that analysis of wines, vivichiv vichchit real diysnist in all її ipostasyakh. To that, to take up the literary work, Turgenev choked on philosophy, moreover, the flooring was serious, thinking about professorial work at the department of such a university. Bazhannya podtyagnuti tsyu galuzan knowledge led yogo already to the third university - Berlin. With the great breaks of the wines, there were about two fates and even more kindly victorious works of Hegel and Feuerbach.

First success

In the years 1838-1842, Turgenev's creativity did not abound with boisterous activity. Vin wrote a little and a little more lyrical. His publications did not win the respect of critics or readers. At zv'yazku z tsim Ivan Sergіyovich virіshiv more time to add to such genres, like the drama of that poem. The first success in this field came to the new one in April 1843, if the “Powder” light was pumped. And yet, a month later, in the "Vitchiznyaniye Zapiski" it was entrusted with a laudatory review of Belinsky.

In fact, the poem was not considered original. The neperesіchnoy won became less than a zavdyaka in response to Belinsky. That one at the very review of wines spoke not so about the reason, as about the talent of Turgenev. But all the same, Belinsky did not show mercy, he seemed to be surprised at the young author of prominent writings.

If Ivan Sergiyovich himself read the review, she called out to him not with joy, but rather with zbentezhennya. The reason for this was doubting the correctness of the choice of your call. The stench gave the writer an ear of the 40s. All the same, the article yogo pidbadioril and zmusila raised the bar and could up to its viability. At this hour, Turgenev's creativity, briefly described in the school program, took away the additional incentive and went uphill. Ivan Sergiyovich became vigilant in front of critics, readers and ourselves in front of himself. For this reason, diligently working on the improvement of the writing navitch.

Aresht

Gogol died in 1852. That creativity of Turgenev strongly influenced life. I on the right here I am not in emotional experiences. Ivan Sergiyovich having written a “hot” article out of tsієї. The Censorship Committee of St. Petersburg її zaroniv, calling Gogol a lackey writer. Todi Ivan Sergiyovich sent a statue to Moscow, with the efforts of his friends, he was instructed. At the same time, they appointed an investigation, and at the next hour Turgenev and his friends were denounced as guilty of national turmoil. Ivan Sergiyovich took a look at the month of warning about the advancing hangings on the fatherland. Everyone understood that the article was only a drive, but the order came from the very top. Before the speech, at the hour of the "review" of the writer, one of the best excuses went into circulation. On the edge of the leather book, there was a beautiful inscription: “Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev “Bizhin Meadow”.

After the letter, the writer went to send to the village of Spaske. There vin provіv mayzhe pіtora rocky. On the back of nothing could vomit: no watering, no creativity. Vin has written little. Today's leaves of Ivan Sergiyovich lit up with skargs on selfishness and squalor even if it's not too late to come to the new one. Vіn having asked brothers in the craft to see yogo, having seen the strong need of the splurge. Ale buli th positive moments. As a reminder of the chronological table of Turgenev's work, at that hour the writer had the idea of ​​writing "Batkiv and children". Let's talk about this masterpiece TV.

"Fathers and children"

After the publication of this novel in 1862, after a raging controversy, in the course of which the majority of readers called Turgenev a reactionary. Tsya polemіka aggravated the writer. Vіn vvazhav, scho youmu not vdasya know razuminnya s young readers. Aje same їm buv addressing tvir. Zagal, heavy hours experienced the creativity of Turgenev. "Fathers and children" became the cause of this. Like on the cob of a writing card, Ivan Sergiyovich hesitated at his call.

At this hour of wine, having written the story “Primari”, it was as if miraculously conveyed to him the thoughts of that sumniv. Turgeniev mirkuvav, that the writing fantasy was powerless before the secrets of the people's knowledge. And in the post "Dosit" I began to doubt the platitude of the okremoi people for the benefit of the suspense. There was an outrage that Ivan Sergiyovich no longer had success with the public, and he thought about the completion of the writer's career. Change your mind Turgenev was helped by the creativity of Pushkin. Ivan Sergiyovich, having read the mirkuvannya of the great poet to the public's thoughts: Ale spravzhnіy sings forever to get to the public, given to share. Yogo obov'yazok - awaken good feelings in her.

Visnovok

We looked at the life and work of Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev. From quiet fir Russia has changed a lot. Everything that the writer put in his creations on the table was lost in the distant past. Already there are no more pansky sadibs that are featured on the sides of the author's works. That theme of evil helpers and the nobility is no longer socially hostile. The first Russian village at once is known elsewhere.

Prote shares of heroes at that hour continue to destroy the current reader's inexplicable interest. It appears that everything that Ivan Sergiyovich hates is hated by us. And those who have been kind to you, are so in our opinion. Obviously, you can not wait with a writer, but it’s unlikely that you’ll be able to compare with him, that Turgenev’s creativity is an hour away.

Books to read

Screenshot of the classics

Biography of the writer

Analysis of creativity and ideological and artistic originality of creations

Ivan Sergiyovich TURGENEV (1818–1883)

The creativity of I.S. The writings of the writer always called out the grumpy reaction of the souls. The novel "Fathers and Children" "provoking" such a controversy in criticism, is similar to what is important to know in the history of Russian thought. A letter to a new skin creation in the social life of its hour. Pilny interest in the actual problems of modernity is a typological characteristic of Turgenev's realism.
M. Dobrolyubov, pointing out the peculiarity of Turgenev’s creativity, writing at the article “When will the next day come?”: “Live the setting to the point of success has marked Turgenev’s success with the public, what you read. We can boldly say that Turgenev, having clasped the food at his own povisti, as if he depicted a new side of the suspіlnyh vіdnosin, - we can serve as a pledge for those who are chіch nіmaєєy or soon will be coming from the side of the newly-blessed saint. .. soon hang in front of everyone's eyes.
For such a "live" link with an hour of specialness to the light-gazer, political glances of the writer played an important role
appeared in the artistic types created by him of the “zayvoi lyudina” (Rudin, Lavretsky), “new lyudiny” (Insarov, Bazarov), “Turgenivskaya maiden” (Liza Kalitina, Nataliya Lasunska).
Turgeniev leaned to the camp of liberal nobles. The clerk took the last anti-krіposnitska position, hating despotism. The closeness of 40 years to Belinsky and Nekrasov, the cooperation of 50 years with the journal "Suchasnik" brought the same closeness to the advanced supra ideology. Prote important razbіzhnosti in nutritious ways change life (vin categorically denounced the revolution and supported the reform of the beast) called Turgenev to the opening of Chernishevsky and Dobrolyubim, to exit from the Sovremennik magazine. The reason for the split in "Suchasnik" was Dobrolyubov's article "When will a good day come?" about Turgeniv's novel "Forward". Smiling revolutionary frills of criticism lashed out at Turgenev. In 1879, he wrote about his political and ideological similarity: “I have always become a “gradualist”, a liberal of the old style in the English dynastic sensi, a human being, like a check of reforms, just burn out, a principled opponent of the revolution.
Today's reader of the lesser world, lower modern writers, praise the political gaudiness of his creations. Turgeniev Tsikavy us before us as a realist artist, who has made his contribution to the development of Russian literature. Turgenev pragniv up to the fidelity and again the fermentation of the action. At the heart of this aesthetics lay the power of the “reality of life”, vin pragniuv, behind yoga words, “strength and wisdom, summarily and unperturbedly depict and fit in the proper types and those that Shakespeare calls “the image and the pressure of the hour”, and that physionomy of the Russian people, which changed quickly, a cultural sphere, which served as the subject of my warnings.” Vіn having created his own style, the splendid manner of opovіdі, in such a style, conciseness, did not superimpose the folding conflicts and character.
Turgenev's creativity developed under the influx of Pushkin's words in prose. The poetics of Turgeniv's prose was inspired by the orientation towards objectivity, towards the literary nature of the language, towards the style of different psychological analysis and the way of capturing. A great role is played by yoga creations on the butt background, denmarks in contrasting and laconic painting. The Turgeniv landscape is the artist's recognition of Russian realism. The lyrical landscape of Turgenev, garden poetry with motifs of the "noble nests" made their way into the work of writers of the 20th century - I. Bunin, B. Zaitsev.

Art reflects on a topic relevant to the epoch, creating a psychologically reliable character, lyricism of an opportune manner and purity of the movie are the main drawings of Turgenev's realism. The significance of Turgenev goes beyond the borders of the national writer. Vin was a kind of mediator between Russian and Western European culture. Since 1856, the fate of the mayzhe is permanently alive beyond the cordon (so the surroundings of this special life were formed), that the antrohi did not respect the you, as it was already loud, but in the midst of the Russian life. Vin actively propagating Russian literature in the krains, and Russia - European. In 1878 he was elected vice-president of the International Literary Congress in Paris, and in 1879 Oxford University awarded him the degree of doctor of natural law. For example, the life of Turgenev, having written a verse in the prose of "Russian language", in which the power of yoga love for Russia is expressed and faith in the spiritual mission of the people.
The creative way of I.S. I wanted to write poems until midnight in a romantic spirit (“Vechir”, “Stino”, “Parasha”), and justify that (“Andriy Kolosov”, “Three Portraits”), but this publication marked the birth of the writer Turgenev.
For a long life in the literature of Turgenev, having created significant works in various genres of the epic kind. Krіm zgadanih antikrіposnitskih opovіdan, vіn becoming the author of the novels "Asya", "First Kohannya" and іn., united by the theme of the share of the nobility of the intelligentsia, and social novels "Rudin", "Noble Nest" and іn.
Turgenev, leaving a trace in Russian dramaturgy. Yogo p'yesi "On the Khlibnik", "Moon in the countryside" dosi enter the repertoire of our theaters. Naprikintsi zhittya vіn turned to a new genre and created the cycle "Virshі in prose".

The name of Turgenev's novel is not related to the protivation of heroes in the family-century plan. In the novel, the idea of ​​the struggle of doby is interpreted in an artistic way: the antagonism of the positions of the liberal nobles ("fathers") and the rіznochintsіv-democrats ("children").
Dobrolyubov in 1859, roaming about the current situation in Russia, ironically characterizing the generation of the fortieth years as "a wise party of people of a frail age ... with high, but sometimes abstract exercises." “Saying “years,” the critic-democrat respected, “we understand people, as if they have lived their youthful strength and no longer have the mind current roc she needs a new hour; so people are chatting and between twenty types. There, Dobrolyubov rozmirkovuє and about the representatives of the "new" generation. The stench shied away from the present, albeit abstract principles. “The rest of the meta has not been completed by slavish fidelity to abstract real ideas, but by bringing “may be more worthy of people,” the critic writes. The polarity of ideological attitudes is obvious, the opposition of "fathers" and "children" has matured in life. Chuiy until today, Turgenev the artist, did not look at the new one. Zіtknenny Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov as a typical representative of the generation of the 40s with Evgen Bazarov, the bearer of new ideas, inevitably. Their main lives and luminous positions are revealed in the dialogues-disputes.
Dialogues occupy a great place in the novel: their compositional panuvannya reinforces the ideational, light-seeing nature of the main conflict. Turgenev, as it was intended, for his conversions as a liberal, which made you show in the novel the incompatibility of heroes - liberal nobles - to prevail in all spheres of life. The clerk was very eloquently judging the generation of "batkivs". At the leaf to the Sluchevsky wine, signing: “My whole story is straightened against the nobility as an advanced class. Marvel at the guise of Mikoli Petrovich, Pavel Petrovich, Arcadia. Weakness and fragility and obmezhenist. Aesthetically, it bugged me
Take the very good representatives of the nobility, so that you can bring my topic to a better place: it’s like an inch of filth, what’s the milk? The stench of the best of the nobles - and the same thing I have chosen by me, in order to bring my incompetence. Batko brativ Kirsanovykh - a fighting general of 1812 rock, a simple man, navit rude, "all life taxed its webbing." In a different way, the life of yoga blues is shaping up. Mykola Petrovich, a viyshov from the university in 1835, having served under the patronage of the father at the “ministry of supplies”. Prote nevdovzі poslya її zalishiv. Laconically, but a little, the author tells about his family life: “Befriending friends, they lived more kindly and quietly, the stench never parted. Ten years have passed like a dream... I Arcadia rіs ta rіs - also good and quiet. Opovіd pofarbovana m'akoy author's irony. Mikoli Petrovich has no lucrative interests. The university youth of the hero took place in the era of Mykolaiv reaction, and kohannya, sіm'ya became the only sphere of sustenance of his forces. Pavlo Petrovich, a glittering officer, having left his career and light through romantic love to the enigmatic princess R. Vidsutnist social activity, social tasks Mikola Petrovich, not knowing where to get pennies, selling wood. Being a soft-hearted person for a change, liberal converts, she tries to reform the state, to lighten the camp of peasants. Ale yoga "farm" does not give ochіkuvanih pributkіv. The author respects this drive: “The state rippled, like an unoiled wheel, cracked, like home-made furniture made of orphan wood.” Virazny and richly meaningful description of the miserable forces that lead the heroes to the cob of the novel. Nature is clear to them: "Like zhenki in lahmitti stood roadside rokity with shabby bark and broken off hilts ...". Vinikala is a sumptuous picture of Russian life, as if “the heart was clenched”. All this is a legacy of the unfavorable social order, the impossibility of the landlord class, the zocrema and, subjectively, the likeable Kirsanov brothers. Hope for the strength of the aristocracy, high principles, dear Pavel Petrovich, to help change the social and economic camp of Russia. The sickness has gone far. Need strong support, revolutionary transformation, respect the "democrat of the rest of the nigtiv" Bazarov.
Bazarov is the central character in the novel, he himself is the hero of the hour. Do the right person, materialist-naturalist, democrat-educator. The person for all parameters is antagonistically opposed to the Kirsanov brothers. Vin from the generation of "children". However, in the image of Bazarov, the greater world was marked by the destruction of the light-gazer and the creativity of Turgenev.
Politically look at Bazarov to take revenge on the figures of the figure, the authorities in the leaders of the revolutionary democracy of the 60s. Vіn zaperechuє suspіlnі pіdvalini; to hate the "master of curses"; pragne "clear the place" for the future rightly groomed life. But still, nihilism was the original in yoga’s political views, like Turgenev from the revolution. At the sheet to Sluchevsky wine and writing: "... and as a wine is called a nihilist, you need to know: a revolutionary." Nіgіlіzm buv vremіnіm vіgіgom іn revolutionary-democratic rusі і neznachalnym yogo. But the absolute nihilism of Bazarov is a hundred years of art, love, nature, spiritual experiences, but to the author's alterations. Such a world is transcribed by the light-gazers of the sixties.
Bazarov makes his exercises to the point of practical activity, mri "get richly right," it's true, we don't know any ourselves. Yogo ideal - do the right thing. At the mother of Kirsanov's wines, they constantly take care of natural dosvіdom, and when they arrive before the fathers, they begin to exult the navkolishnіh villagers. For Bazarov, the day of life is important, for that blame is so unimportantly put to the її zvnіshny side - his robe, zvnіshny look, demeanor.
Celebrate the cult, Bazarov’s ideas of the coriste are transformed into bare utilitarianism for an hour. For directing the light-gazer, the closer to Pisarev, lower to Chernishevsky is Dobrolyubova.
Super-clear words of Bazarov from the common people. Undoubtedly, the wine is closest to the new, lower perfumes, the manners of Pavlo Petrovich, but the peasants do not understand yoga behavior, nor yoga goals.
Bazarov testimonies of Turgeniev in someone else's own middle, wine, good, no one of the same mind. Arkadiy is a Timchasovy companion, a kind of pіd pouring in a strong friend, yogo perekonannya on the surface. Kukshina and Sitnikov are epigones, a parody of the “new people” and those ideals. Bazarov self-sufficient, to rob yoga figure tragic. Ale є yogo specialty and internal dissonance. Bazarov will vote for integrity, but in yoga nature її yakraz and mute. At the heart of this light-gazing lie is not only the obscurity of the knowledge of authorities, but also the upliftment of the absolute freedom of the authorities, that mindset, perekonan. I demonstrate my own freedom of wine at the super-echoes with Pavel Petrovich after evening tea, at the tenth novel. Ale axis zustrіch іz Odintsova and love before her, it is impossible to show you that there is no freedom in the new one. Vіyavlyаєєєєєєєєєєєє powerlessness stubbornly z these pochuttyam, the very reason for such іні so easily and amiably zaperechuvav. Being an ideological maximalist, Bazarov is not built to look out for his troubles, but to overcome his heart's guilt is not in his strength. Tsya razdvoenistvo zadaє yoma majestic suffering. Feel the air, the life of the heart gave a terrible blow to the yogic string of the light-seeing system. Before us is no longer a person who is inspired by himself, ready to ruin the world, but, as Dostoyevsky said, "restless, tedious Bazarov." The death of Yogo Vipadkov, and yet his life showed a regularity. Bazarov's masculinity at death confirms a non-Abbiak's nature and instills a heroic cob in a new one. "Die the way Bazarov died, all the same, to achieve a feat," wrote Pisarev.
Turgenev's novel about the hero of the hour, the "new people" of Bazarov's writings with a hopeless master. Nasampered it appeared in the created images of the characters. The analytical portrait of the hero gives a socio-psychological characteristic. So, “a hand with old erysipelatous nails is beautiful, a hand that was made even more beautiful in the face of the lower white of a mitten buttoned with self-opal ...” reinforces the aristocracy of Pavel Petrovich, at once with other details of the portrait showing the romantic nature of this character. “A long-time hoodie with penzlyami” and “a bare red hand”, as Bazarov did not give Mikola Petrovich a favor, - and the portrait details are promotional to talk about Bazarov’s democracy and independence.
With the great maisternistyu, the author conveys the originality of the promoter

Beetle formula. Turgenev

"Fathers and children" is the most notorious and most scandalous book in Russian literature. Avdotya Panaeva, who didn’t like Turgenev anymore, wrote: “I won’t forget that I literary TV amassed a lot of noise and destroyed a lot of roses, like Turgenev's story "Fathers and Children". It can be said positively that "Fathers and Children" were read by such people, as they did not pick up books from school.
The very same environment, which at this hour to take the book to hand on the school lava, and only a little later, gave Turgeniv's river a romantic halo of overwhelming popularity. "Fathers and children" are accepted as a social, service tvir. And just such a work of novel and є. Just follow, maybe, share those that winklo zavdyaki conceive the author, and that - all in all, by virtue of the very nature of the art, as it is most likely to repair opir attempts to put yoga at the service of whatever.
Turgenev, in his book, succinctly described the new phenomenon. Yavische pevne, specifically, today. Such a mood of tasks is already the very beginning of the novel: "- What, Petre? Can't you see it yet? - Having started on May 20, 1859, they went without a hat on a low gank ..."
For the author, for the reader, it was already a matter of fact that such a river was standing in the yard itself. Bazarov would show up earlier. Until the 40s of the 19th century, yoga paraphia was prepared. On the suspіlstvo, a stronger natural reaction was celebrated: the law of conservation of energy, the climate of life organisms. It was clear that all the phenomena of life can be reduced to the simplest chemical and physical processes, which can be seen with an accessible formula. Foght's book, the same one, yak Arkadiy Kirsanov let him read to his father - "Strength and Matter" - vchila: the brain saw a thought, like a liver - zhovch. In this way, the most active activity of a person - a thought - turned into a physiological mechanism, which can be simply described. The mystery didn't stop.
Therefore, Bazarov easily and easily transforms the main foundation of the new science, attaching it to different lifestyles. "You study the anatomy of the eye: the stars here take, as you say, a mysterious look? All this is romanticism, nіsenіtnitsa, rottenness, mysticism," - say the wines of Arcadia. I logically conclude: "Let's go faster than the marvelous beetle."
(Bazarov rightly opposes two light-watchers - scientific and artistic. Only a few things end up wrong, as it seems inevitable. Well, about Turgenev's book - more precisely, in this case, the role of the history of Russian literature.)
In general, Bazarov’s ideas go so far as to make the “beetle marvel” - to think over the enigmatic glances. The beetle is the key to all problems. The bazarіvskom spryyatti world panuyat biological category. In such a system of thought, the beetle is simpler, the human being is more foldable. Suspіlstvo - tezh organіzm, іlki bolsh razvinenі і folded, nizh svoobistіst.
Turgenev looked at the new sight and glared at yoga. In these non-working people, there was a strange strength. In order to understand it, win and start writing down: "I painted all the faces, like I painted mushrooms, leaves, trees; they smeared my eyes - I and the soil of the armchair."
Obviously, not a whole lot of trust in the author's coquetry. But rightly so, those who Turgenev tried to try to achieve objectivity. І access to whom. Vlasne, the very same thing happened to be so strongly hostile to the same suspense: it was unreasonable - for whom Turgenev?
The outer tissue itself is marginally obstructed. For the whole hour, one observes a zero degree, uncharacteristic for Russian literature, where there is a social phenomenon. In the wake of the reading of "Batkiv and children" is overwhelmed with marvelous innocence to the plot, plumpness of the composition. This is also the result of an attitude towards objectivity: it is not a novel to be written, but notes, notes on a riddle.
I understood, it’s not varto to reevaluate the meaning of the idea in the development of literature. Turgenev is an artist, and tse brand. The characters in the book are alive. Language is yaskrava. How miraculous to say Bazarov about Odintsova: "The body is rich. I want it at the same time at the anatomical theater."
The prote scheme shows through the fabric of words. Turgenev wrote a novel from the trend. Not in the fact that the author stands on the right book, but in the fact that it is based on social problem. Tse novel on the topic. Tobto, as they would say at once - the engagement of the mystic.
However, here the zіtknennia of the scientific and the artistic svetoglyads are trapping, and the same marvel is seen, like a get-cleanly recounting Bazarov. The book is not exhausted by the scheme of contrasting the old and the new in Russia in the 50s of the XIX century. And not to the fact that the author's talent has been built up on a sensible brush as a kind of artistic material, which has self-sustaining value. The solution to "Batkiv and children" lies not above the scheme, but under it - in deep philosophical problems that go beyond that century, that country.
The novel "Fathers and Children" is about the zіtknennya of the civil rift with the order of culture. About those who are light, zvedeniya to the formula, transform into chaos.
Civilization is a vector, culture is a scalar. Civilization is formed from ideas and perekonan. The culture of subsumovu accepts that newbies. Vinahid of the cistern is a sign of civilization. Those who are in the skin booth - a zmivny tank - a sign of culture.
Bazarov - vіlny i razgonisty nosіy idey. Tsya yogo sharpness is served in Turgenev's novel with gluzuvannyam, and th іz zahoplennyam. The axis is one of the primitnyh roses: "- ... However, they philosophized. "Nature induces sleep," said Pushkin. Until the speech, wines, maybe, serving in the military service. - Pushkin was by no means a military one! - Have mercy, on the skin of a new one: for the honor of Russia!"
It dawned on me that Bazarov was carrying a mischief. Ale, at the same time, it’s definitely guessed at reading that mass acceptance of Pushkin by Russian suspense. Such a smiliness brought a free mind. Myslennya zakrіpacheni operates with ready-made dogmas. My thoughts turn the hypothesis into hyperbole, hyperbole into dogma. Tse i є nayprivablishim at Bazarov. Ale and the scariest - tezh.
Such Bazarov and zoom miraculously show Turgenev. Yogo the hero is not a philosopher, not a thinker. If the wines are already reported, call out the tabs from popular scientific works. If it's short, it speaks sharply and sometimes warmly. Ale on the right is not in the ideas themselves, as Bazarov speaks, but in the very way of thinking, in absolute freedom ("Raphael is not a farthing from the heart").
And to resist Bazarov is not his main opponent - Pavlo Petrovich Kirsanov - but the way, order, povaga to which Kirsanov speaks ("Without principles accepted on faith, you can't take a step, you can't breathe").
Turgenev to destroy Bazarov, zishtovhuyuchi yogo from the very idea of ​​\u200b\u200bway of life. The author guides his hero to the book, consequently the power to sleep in all spheres of life - friendship, fortune-telling, kohanna, family ties. І Bazarov consistently fails everywhere. Low tsikh іspіtіv i skladє plot to the novel.
Irrespective of the visibility in the surroundings, Bazarov knows the blows for one and the same reasons: they invade the order, sweeping like a lawless comet - and burn.
This friendship with Arcadia will end in failure, so faithful and dear. Attachment does not seem to be tested on mіtsnіst, scho carried out by laying in barbaric ways, as a slander of Pushkin and other authorities. Precisely the formula is called Arkadiya Katya: "Wine is a hick, and we are handy with you." Manual
otzhe, scho live by the rules, yakі dotrimuyutsya order.
Way of life sharply fortune-telling Bazarov and yoga love to Odintsova. At the book, it’s uncompromisingly podkreslyuetsya - let’s just repeat the words themselves, literally. "What do you want Latin names for?" - Having asked Bazarov. "Everything needs order," she said.
And further more vividly it is described "the order that she brought into her house and in life. Vaughn suvoro yogo was trying and frightening others to cheer. , "like on the slats kotish", - sang vin.
To Odintsov, we swear by Bazarov’s rozmakh and unceremoniousness, and the biggest ringing in his mouth sounds the words: “I begin to suspect that you are strong enough to get over.” Hyperbole - the strongest and most effective trump card of the Bazarian thought - looks like a broken norm.
Zitknennya chaos with the norm is even more important in the novel, the theme of witchcraft. Pavlo Petrovich Kirsanov - tezh, like Bazarov, not a thinker. Vіn not able to oppose the onslaught of Bazarіvskomu skіlki-nebud articulated ideas and arguments. Ale Kirsanov is keenly aware of the fact that Bazarov’s reasoning is not safe, focusing not on thoughts and not on words: razumіє, scho dribnits - and є culture. That culture itself, in a way that is naturally divided by Pushkin, Raphael, is pure nothing, that evening walk. For all that, Bazarov carries a threat.
Civilizer Bazarov is aware that this is the best formula for kindness and happiness, as it is only necessary to know and propagate to people ("Be right goodness, and there will be no sickness"). For the sake of vodshukannya tsієї formulas and deakim nesuttєvimi drіbnitsy can and donate. And the shards, be it a civilizer, can always be right with an established, shaped light order, then go by the method of the contrary: not creating anew, but ruining the cob again already.
Kirsanov perekonaniy, scho dobrobut
and happiness and rely on the accumulated, summed and saved. The unambiguity of the formula is opposed to the variability of the system. A new life is not possible from Monday.
The pathos of ruination and re-budding of the flooring is unacceptable for Turgenev, but Bazarov’s fault is to ruin the program for Kirsanov.
The climax of the podia - the fight scene is subtly written. It is depicted in a flash like a stupidity, a duel, Tim shonaimshe - Kirsanov is not out of place. Vaughn is a part of yogo nadbannya, yogo world, yogo culture, that "principles" ruled. Bazariv, at the duel, looked at Skoda, because the distant view of the system itself, which gave rise to such phenomena as a duel. Vіn here torment borotis on someone else's territory. Turgenev suggests that against Bazarov it is more important and stronger, lower Kirsanov with a pistol: "Pavlo Petrovich appeared to you as a great fox, but still he fights against him." In other words, bar'er is nature itself, nature, order of light.
And there are still Bazarov’s accomplishments, if it became clear why Odintsova was saying: “Vona dared herself to go to the singing boundary, she dared herself to stare at her - and she ran after her to fill the day, but I’ll empty ... otherwise dissimilarity.”
Tse important vyznannya. Turgenev inspires chaos, which Bazarov brings, instills in greatness, depriving only one goal of laziness.
That's why Bazarov is petulantly that Skoda. Even here the author takes the objectivity again, showing the strength of the spirit and the hero's masculinity. Pisarev navit vvazhav, that with his behavior before death Bazarov put that remaining weight on the vag, yak pulled, zreshtoy, at Yogo Bik.
Ale, it is significant that the cause of Bazarov's death is a splinter on the finger. The paradoxical nature of the death of a young, fluent, non-transverse person in the presence of such a useless drive creates a scale that makes you think. Bazarov was driven not by a scoundrel, but by nature itself. Vin again invaded with his rough lancet (literally this time), turning the order of life and death into pledges - and falling victim to it. There are not many reasons for this, only to support the nervousness of forces. Tse razumіє
And Bazarov himself: "So, go and try to recount death. There you will be recounted, period!"
Turgenev, having driven in Bazarov to the wrong person, he didn’t realize how to stick around Russian Suspіlstva the price of a new manifestation, to that having shown that one law, which, theoretically, would not be taken to ask the nihilist.
The novel "Fathers and Children" was created in the heat of controversy. Russian literature was rapidly democratized, priestly blues were embossed quietly, who rested on the "principles" of the nobility. Inspired were "literary Robes'eri", "cookers-vandals", as if to pragmatically "wipe poetry from the earth, refined art, all the aesthetics of salt and settle your seminar rude principles" (all - the words of Turgenev).
Tse, obviously, perebіlshennya, hyperbole - that is a tool, which, naturally, is more suitable for a ruin-civilizer, a lower cultural conservative, like a buv Turgenev. Vіm, vіn tsim іnstrument koristuvavsya in private conversations and listings, and not in the red writing. The publicistic idea of ​​the novel "Fathers and Children" turned into a reconciliatory artistic text. The voice of the author, but of culture itself, does not sound like a voice, like a formula in ethics, and for aesthetics not to know the material equivalent. The onslaught of civilization breaks down about the foundations of the cultural order, and life is different, you don’t dare to call to the beetle, what you need to go to marvel at, to understand the world.

The cob of literary activity In 1841 Turgenev turned to the Fatherland. On the cob of 1842, having submitted to the Moscow University a prohannya about the admission of yoga to sleep on the stage of the master of philosophy; But in Moscow there was not even a full-time professor of philosophy, and it was gone. As can be seen from the publications in "Bibliographia" for 1841 "New materials for the biography of Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev", Turgenev in the same 1842, as a whole, was quite happy to see the master's degree at St. Petersburg University. Youmu now had no more to write a dissertation. Tse bulo zovsіm not important; for dissertations of the Faculty of Literature at that time, there was no need for solid scientific training.

Ale in Turgenev had already caught a cold to a professional age; yogo daedals start to get more literary work. Vіn other small verses in the “Vitchiznânih zapiski”, and in the spring of 1843 they published a booklet with letters, under the letters of T. L. (Turgenev-Lutovinov), therefore “Parash”. In 1845, the fate of going out with a well-kremy book is another poem of yoga, "Rozmov"; in the "Vitchiznyany Notes" of 1846 (No. 1) there is a great poem "Andriy", in the "Petersburg Collection" by Nekrasov (1846) - the poem "Helper"; In addition, other verses of Turgenev were scattered according to the “Vitchiznyanim notes”, various collections (Nekrasov, Sologub) and “Suchasnik”! rrg Z 1847 the fate of Turgenev ceased to write verses, so do not take to the respect a little zealous message to friends and “baladi”: “Croquet at Windsor”, inspired by the beaten Bulgarians in 1876. Do not marvel at those who stepped into the territory, but were suffocated by Belinsky, Ivan Turgenev, having turned around in their chosen works to bring up the weakest of their own dramatic works , completely excluding from the new verse. “I have a positive, little physical antipathy to my verses,” even in one private list, “and I can’t even sing my own copy - but I gave it dearly, so that they didn’t wake up in the world.” Tse suvore znevaga rіshuche unfairly. Turgenev has a great poetic talent, but with some small yoga verses, and under the okremi mіstsy, we sing yoga without being inspired to put your own name, be it from the glorification of our poets. The pictures of nature are the best for you: here you can clearly see that stingy, melancholy poetry, which becomes the main beauty of the Turgenev landscape. Turgenev's poem "Parasha" is one of the first samples in Russian literature to describe the smokiness and diminishing power of life and life's vulgarity. The author, having seen his heroine zamіzh for the one who he was worthy of and bestowing її “happiness”, the unturbulent look of someone, prote, zmushuє yogo vigukuvati: “Ale, God! chi then I thought, if the vicons of the silent deification, її souls I prophesied the fate of the holy vydachny suffering. "Rozmova" was written by a miraculous verse; є rows and stanzas are straight Lermontov's beauty. For the honor of his poem, for all his legacy, Lermontov is one of the first “civilian” works in our literature, over the last signification, he screeches about the inadequacies of Russian life, and the sensei cry to the roboti scorched melancholy. One special life offended by diyov individuals should be respected by the insufficient method of a comprehended reason; the skin person is guilty of doing some kind of "feat", serving "my god", being a prophet and "punishing weakness and vice". The two other great sings of Turgenev, "Andriy" and "Helper" signifi- cantly sacrifice the first. “Andriy” has a rich verbal and tedious description of the increase in the sense of a hero sing to one zamіzhnoї zhіnki that її almost at a friend; "Helper" of spellings in a humorous tone and є, for the terminology for that hour, "physiological" drawing of the landlord's life - ale shoplenі seldom zvnіshnі, smikhovinnі її risi. Having written a number of poems overnight with Turgenev's poems, Lermontov's infusion was clearly marked among some of them. Only in the era of the serene charm of the Pechorin type could the worship of a young writer before Andriy Kolosovym, the hero of the story of his own name (1844), be established. The author sees yoga for us as an “incomprehensible” person, and he is truly invisible ... he is a st, who does not see the joyful zbentezhennya, marvels at the whole human race as if at the object of his fun. The word “borg” doesn’t mean anything for him: I’m throwing the girl I loved him, with more lightness, I’m throwing my old mittens, and I’m more unceremoniously corying with the servants of my comrades. It is especially meritorious for you to be blamed for those who “do not stand on stilts”. He has a halo, like a young author, having honed Kolosov, undoubtedly recognized the infusion of George Sand, with the help of full breadth in love vodnosinah. But just here the freedom of the stosunki has nabula of its own kind: those who for Kolosov were vaudeville, for the girl, who fell in love with yoga, turned into a tragedy. Don't be fooled by ambiguity outrageous anger, to wear a trace of a serious talent in one's own. Another story by Turgenev, "Bretter" (1846), is the author's struggle between Lermontov's infusion and the practice of discrediting posturing. The hero of the story, Luchkov, frowns with his cryptic frown, for which he rises in a supra-lingually deep way, inflicting a stronger attack on the alien. І Axis, author to put me at the test, Shaho Nimludim_t Breater, Yogo Tajmnich Movchaznіst Dresses Provenly explaining to the non-locomotion of the Nizajadlivіšoy Sideshore Bethi Osmіyanoy, Yojo "Broadcasting" Lovі - Rough Naturi, Baiduzhіst to Livya - Kalmitskiy soot, SEREEDNIM MІZHA APATІєYUT TAYA. The third story of Turgenev: "Three portraits" (1846) is gleaned from the family chronicle of the Lutovinovs, and yet it concentrates all the unimaginable chronicles. Zitknennya Luchinov with his father, a dramatic scene, if you are blue, clenching your sword in your hands, with evil and unbowed eyes marvel at your father and ready to raise your hand on a new hand - everything would be richer for my children’s novels from foreign life. It’s too thick like a farby, overlaid on Luchinov the father, like Turgenev zmushu 20 fates not to say the right word with the retinue through a vaguely pronounced in povisti pіstі pіstі pіstі pіstі pіdozri in podruzhnіy nevirnіnostі. Turgenev is trying his hand at the dramatic field. Of the most dramatic works, the greatest interest is written in 1856 by a lively, funny and scenic genre picture “Snіdanok u vátаk”, as a dosi was reduced in the repertoire of theatres. Zavdyaks, especially for the garni stage vikonnanny, were also successful in “Nahlibnik” (1848), “Bachelor” (1849), “Provincial”, “Monster in the countryside”. The author is especially blessed with the dear success of The Bachelor. Before seeing 1879, Turgenev, “not knowing his dramatic talent”, guessed “for the sake of a profound feat, that the genius Martinov honored the honor in chotirokh z yogo p'єs і, mizhіnshim, before the very end of his own card, it’s brilliantly interrupted, too early “Having transformed by the power of a great talent, I’m going to put Moshkin in The Bachelor on the life of that outrageous guise.”

Philosophy of I.S.TurgenevProblems of sub'activism and objectivism in I.S.Turgenev's creativity.

Try what, what I.S. Turgenev, at first glance, is not a "writer-philosopher", his work clearly shows the closure of various philosophical currents of the 19th century. Arthur Schopenhauer's contribution to Turgenev's thought was especially well done (for example, the works of A. Batyuto, A. Valitsky, G. Vinnikova, S. Meck Loflin, G. Schwirtz and others). However, neither Schopenhauer himself, nor the interest of Turgenev to the mind of the German philosopher can not be understood, without taking to the respect of the mind of Hegel's philosophy and German idealism. It is a pity that few documents were saved, which linger on the "Hegelian period" of Turgenev's thoughts, for example, his master's work (1842) - a foldable, super-fluffy summish of Hegel's thoughts and the traditional, theist statement about God, posited in the eyes of old Schelling. These materials were collected in a systematic manner. You can only understand it on the aphrodisiac “spiritual atmosphere” at that hour (in Russia and the Nimichchina), then. on aphrodisiac fight about the correct way of philosophy to idealism, understanding of the “absolute subject”, “spirit of light” and so on. An important stage in the step-by-step "transition from Hegel to Schopenhauer" in the 1840s is t.z. "Young Hegelianism". The Young Hegelians explored abstractly and idealistically the subject and the object, the individual and the whole. The stench loved the creative, concrete individual as a destroying world force, but at one time they believed in the objective, independent of the people, the law of history and the succession. The Young Hegelians did not realize that one is tied to the other (I equally gleam the criticism of Karl Marx in the German Ideology); they did not “translate” abstract and idealistic statements about dialectics into practice, but replaced it with abstract dualism. In the wake of this individual, the objectivity is alien, to inspire menacingly with “indulgence from cold claws” (V.G. Belinsky), who needs to “fuck up” or else needs to “retract”, “ruin” (M. Shtirner, B. Bauerner) . Turgenev has a similar dualism, an abstract presentation of creative individuality and sustainability as a concept that includes one another, is shown in Faust (1845). ONTELEKTUALNY POWER - POINTER OF WASHING ISFIVIONS TO THE LIVE PRODUCTION WITH THE SHOPENGAYS OF PІDGOTVOVABOVA - in the 1840s of Chopengauri, Cherdzhuvav, Schuzіonali, Svіta Panuє Іrratzіonalna, Schіpa, Nemnynna "Will", in Porivnyannі zkao, about Schitsy history is only a deceptive illusion. From the beginning of the 1850s, the creations of Turgenev's Dedal were more and more wondrous duality, as the writers often described. Radyansky turge nevіdomy V.M. Markovich had a call to speak about "a subversive perspective", about "a different story". The image of historical images from the look of an individual is marked by another “light”, de “... swear and a hundred dumb Chaos, ... cry your blind eyes” (“Dose”). It doesn't mean that the creativity of the writer becomes rapt, thoroughly inspired by many thoughts. Navpaki: with a glance of the foregoing, such a development can develop its own logic. Turgenev did not simply adopt the metaphysics of Schopenhauer's will, but vindicated it as a metaphor for a long time, vindicating his own feelings and doubts. "Duality" in the works of Turgenev is a literary adaptation, artistic continuation of the old, still unresolved conflict between the individual and the supremacy. With Schopenhauer's "settings", the writer gives the reader's respect for this conflict, but for the opinion of Schopenhauer, he is not in any way influenced by the opinion of the individual and the sense of history. Vin the image of "Chaos" is not "reconciled", but "the viguk of the individual before the opening of the door of the unknown" (Yege. Kagan-Kants), what do you want to open. For no reason, it is impossible to call Turgenev a true master of Schopenhauer's metaphysics. Ale Turgenev also did not trust the general theories of human beings, suspecting a “new metaphysics” in some of them, a new piece of individuality and society, as if they did not see the coherence of these ties. It is especially clear in Turgenev's speech with A.I. Herzen and representatives of populism. In populist names, dualism was repeated on a supple-political level in the form of a deep understanding between the intelligentsia and the people. Turgenev, having depicted the tragedy of this revolution in his remaining novel Novina (1877). Tsikavo, who repeated the sub'activism of the revolutionaries in the literary field with a strongly individualized form of his creation. In this way, in the rest of Turgenev's novels, literature that suspense-political re-imagining of the old, sub-optimal philosophy and idealism, the problems of sub'activism and ob'activism, sticks together.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TURGENEV'S CREATIVITY

Following Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, their successor and successor, among the other great writers in Russian literature of the 19th century. passed through his old, forty-year-old creative path of Turgenev. Already on the cob of this path, in the 40s, his talent was recognized and appreciated by Gogol and Belinsky. nomu understand how about the people; as a writer, I often know yoga: I can judge how, having read, the talent of a new one is miraculous and promises great deeds of a future one. Dekіlka rokіv therefore Gogol confirming his thought: "All present-day literature has the greatest talent in Turgenev." Giving advice about the early works of Turgenev, characteristic features yoga creativity Belinsky. “Glibok is more sensitive to action”, “Virnu caution”, “cordiality, sympathy for all living things”, “consistency of the daytime, and also, the peculiarity of the skin object”, “I will store the freshness of poetry” and, nareshti, especially the value of the young writer, yak showed in the new "sin of our hour, to carry all the sorrows and nourishment of yoga at your breasts," - the axis of which Belinsky pointed out in young Turgenev. Having read the poem “Khor i Kalinich”, Belinskiy guessed with marvelous perspicacity that Turgenev’s talent had been “named high” in this little one. “The main characteristic feature” gifted by Turgenev Belinsky, having learned from the one who owns artist's guess Turgenev is creating from a well-worn and twisted in life “dice material”, that Turgenev’s strength is in the vibrancy “virno and smartly understand that it’s a real thing”, to guess the cause of that legacy, not to deprive the “ground of action”, to rebuild “Smist” in a poetic image”, creatively absorb the “material” in “I live a picture, what to say and exactly my thoughts, lower right attitude, so giving you the lead to paint this picture.” All the further creativity of Turgenev was a manifestation of his profoundly and clearly characterized Belinsky talent as an artist-realist. In the novel, povesti and evidence, giving Turgenev an artistic chronicle for a decade of Russian suspіlnogo life, "Sorrow and Nutrition" of his century and a gallery of true images and paintings, painted with the master's degree of a first-class artist. and gave a true artistic glare to yoga creations. If only the suspіlno-political zmіst of Turgenev's works were to be seen, then the stench would not have taken such an honorable place in the history of Russian literature. the most beautiful epochs of Russian life (idealists of the 30s and 40s, rіznochintsі of the 60s, populists of the 70s). Dobrolyubov wrote about Turgenev’s strangeness in the wake of life: Mi can somehow say, Scho Yakschko TurgeneyєV rushing out the Patimnae's otkchevo Ворсті, Yakschko Vіn zallovy, Jacob Novi Suspіlniy Vіdnosin, - To serve as a requalification for those, Scho Pіdnniyuyu Svіdomosti Svillary Suspali, Scho Nova Side and hang out in front of the eyes of everyone.” Turgenev was a revolutionary, so do it, having thought about the share of the fatherland, with love for the people and deep faith in his great future, helped the development of Russian revolutionaries. Why Saltikov-Shchedrin wrote: “The literary activity of Turgenev is small for our support of the core value, comparable to the activity of Nekrasov, Belinsky and Dobrolyubov.” Such Turgeniv heroines, like Olen in the novel “Forward the Day”, the girl from the verse in the prose “Threshold”, were inspired to fight, called the way of serving the people, were a butt for the rich fellow writers. “Turgenev,” said L. N. Tolstoy, “having made a great right for them, that he painted marvelous portraits of women. Possibly, such, as I wrote, I bulo, but if I wrote them, they stink. Tse - grain; I myself observed. then Turgeniv's women in life.' Spivak of Russian nature, Turgenev, with such poetic force and without middle ground, showing the enchanting beauty and beauty of the Russian landscape, like a prose writer to new. Together with their great champions - Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol-Turgenev, declared one of the creators of Russian literary movie. “Our classics,” wrote Gorky, “chosen the most accurate, clear, and powerful words from the modern chaos and created that “great, beautiful language,” serving as a far-off development of such Turgenev for the blessings of Leo Tolstoy.” Turgenev reached for the life of world glory and having grown progressively, having poured into the creativity of low-lying writers. "Notes of a Thought" became even more popular in France. They gave even more to the glory of Turgenev Western Europe yoga social and psychological novels. Progressive stakes of readers were rooted in their moral purity in the food of the kohannya, like having shown in the novels of the Turgenevs; captivated by the image of a Russian woman (Deer Stakhova), stunned by a profound revolutionary impulse; opposed to posting the warlike democrat Bazarov. Maupassant sneered before Turgenev - "great people" and "genius novelist." Georges Sand wrote to youmu: “To the reader! We are all responsible to go through your school.” The works of Turgenev appeared for the European supremacy to the true revelations about Russia, as if they were giving a wonderful artistic commentary before the Russian life of that history. rіznochintsy and revolutionaries (“Fathers and children”, “News”), with the Russian intelligentsia (among the majority of novels), with the Russian woman (Natalia Lasunska, Liza Kalitina, Olena Stakhova, Marianna ta іn.). The cultural light behind the works of Turgenev recognized Russia as a country, where the center of the revolutionary movement and the ideological turmoil of the era moved. To this day, Turgenev remains one of our favorite writers. The truth of life is alive, as it has been seen for a long time, it does not die in yoga images. V.I. Lenin was quoting Turgenev in a bagatorazy way and especially highly appreciating his “great and mighty” language. At tsyomu - yogo’s ideological gangs, but you can’t underestimate the masculinity of yogo mind, the depths of yogo thinking, the breadth of yogo looking, like drooping yogo from lanciugiv class hisism. Vikhovanets pomіshchits'koї sadibi, spadkoєmets' nobility culture, Turgenev was one of the best progressive representatives of his boisterous and folding "transitional" hour. In Yogo’s creations, it’s always - vіdkrita, schira thought, truth (like wine її rozumіv, fearing “cursed idealization of action”) and right, reasonable love to people, fatherland, nature, beauty, magic.

13. I.A. Goncharov "Oblomiv". Style features.

I. A. Goncharov - writer-realist

The pismennik virises in the atmosphere of Pushkin's realism, however, having poured in the Gogol school, it did not bypass it. Goncharov brought his own history of the era from Russian literature and saw the hour, never repeat it. Considering the artistic solutions of the writer, we know all the new examples and techniques that characterize realism. Realism is an artistic principle, the essence of what is pragmatic to a wide, rich-sided, truthful image of real life artistic TV. Goncharov himself clearly instills in his novels the most important quality of realism.

Goncharov's realism sometimes qualifies as critical, sometimes as mythological (here is the basis for shying, for us forward, on "Oblomov's Dream"). It is obvious to Prote that he can be an active opponent of any kind of way out of the image of a real picture of life. One of the most important approaches for realism in the development of action is typification. This is the type of images of heroes, and the type of furnishings, as if to feel and create these heroes. Type - tse zagalnennya activity, common rice, tamannyh whole group of people, furnishing, manifestations of one individual image. A typical hero can be a hero, but a typical one can be a furnishing of a yogo apartment, and an impassioned look of a real activity. Realism is dominated by active typification. On the sides of the novel "Oblomiv" you slapped, with some incompetent thoroughness її vikoristovuє author. Goncharov - master of descriptions. The very possibility of an unhurried and reportable implementation of activity in all its details is proof of its mastery. It’s not only miraculous to dance and to create the most important details, but I can feel the peace and tact with your victories. The artistic detail is important in the creation, as it is a great detail, as it does not only carry a significant sense of the idea, but it also generates a creative association. Vaughn often helps the writer to create a portrait of a character, an emotional state through the elements of a landscape, an interior, you can accompany a dialogue, fix a gesture, a reaction, a special character’s movement, entering, in such a rank, a characterization. It’s obvious to us that it’s natural to protirichchya, what does it have to whom mystetsky accepts. From one side, the detail is one of the numerical elements of creation and is guilty of an unfathomable one, from the other side, adding to the particularity of the furnishing, it clearly claims to be ugly. The role of an artistic detail in a work is to clarify a specific image, or to make the image more understandable as a focus. Goncharov is more respectful of the nature of the details, if he is engaged in additional processing, editing of his creations. So, creating the image of Oblomov, one by one, tidying up the elements of the chairlifted “physiological” descriptions, as if they could call hostility to the next hero. The text retained the dressing gown and enviable appetite of the hero, and the irritating details were omitted. From the first options, the author often robbed the emphasis on the word recumbent, but at the same time did not forget about the stress of the hero’s inner life: he loved life, dreamed and boasted recumbent. Goncharov is respected for the master of the details. Moreover, the peculiarity of his talent is characteristic, streaming and enhanced accuracy in the best details. Stretching to such a character, the vibrancy of the action is connected with the direct realism of his creativity, with the genre of his creations, and with the individual style of the writer.

Romani Turgenev characterizes a particular type of time and space, within the framework of such a way of life. As a rule, only one or two summer months, an hour of discovery of nature and sensitive people. The author in all his novels follows the principle that was formed at the time of his formation as a writer, drawing a visible parallel between the life of man and nature. The plot is based on a story about the testing of heroes in kohanny. The quality of the heroes to a deep sense is important for the characteristics of the character. Nevipadkovo keys in the sensational episode of the explanation between the heroes are found at the fire, on the open air: by the garden (Liza and Lavretsky), the bet (Natalya and Rudin), the beacon of the garden by the garden (Odintsova and Bazariv), by the gayu (Marianna and Nezhdanov). The symbolic role is played by Turgenev and doby. As a rule, tse vechir abo nіch, if you feel like people are especially indulging in the moment of spiritual celebration and the discord of motivations is greater. In these plot knots of explanation, the writer’s thought about a person as a part of nature is clearly manifested, about an active role in the formation of a spiritual cob of specialness.

The features of the chronotope determine the composition of the images, the methods of their psychological characteristics. Turgenev to cackle the process of experiencing. Vіn nadіlyaє their heroes іv сhilnіstyu to analyze the experience, giving the reader the right to judge the scale of feelings, like a virtuous hero. Concluding the scene of the witness in Bazarov’s kohanna of Odintsovo, Turgenev briefly respects: “Odintsova stretched out her offending hands, and Bazarov rested his forehead against the slope of the window. Emotional reflection, as if having respected Turgenev, has more knowledge and aesthetic ability, lower analysis. That is why the role of the description of the inner world of heroes is so important: to engrave the description elements: a portrait and a landscape.

Turgenev - master of portrait characteristics. Vіn vvazhaє for the need to give a reading statement about the appearance of an insignificant (in the plot relation) character. Neobov'yazkovim can get away report description the beauty of the servant Mikoli Kirsanov ("... a turquoise earring at the head, and pomaded with a richly colored hair, and posting a fluffy body ..."), like "vіdkrivає" the novel "Fathers and Children". Prote to the fact that the contrast between Kirsanov’s modest, evocative look and the “blinking” effectuality of his servant, a man of the “new, thorough generation”, as Turgenev writes, already marked the main problem of the entire novel, the problem of generations, “fathers” and “children” . , aristocracy and democracy.

Presenting the readers of their heroes, Turgenev vvazha obov'azkovym to give a description of their zvnishnosti th in order to prepare the chitacha to adopt, to improve yoga in a proper way. The portrait becomes a form of expression of the author's position. In the novels of Turgenev, the hero’s appearance is the first to be irritated, it sounds, it does not change, it is confirmed by yogo chimes.

The principles of characterology are viroblyayutsya by Turgenev during the process of the first novel "Rudin" (1849). In the image of Pigasov, the author portrayed the type of an embittered helper-fool with a claim to gospel words. In the very sequence of acquaintance of the reader with Pigasov, an important law is important: Turgenev starts from the characteristics of the hero’s splendid appearance, mannerisms and behavior, then we give information about the character’s biography and the remains of the superficial philosopher’s photograph. On top of an hour in the life of a home-grown philosopher's judgments, one can see from the first breaths of yogo rozmovi z Rudіnim, smoothly passing over to the super girl. The subject of osm_yannya is the very type of critical setting to the point of action, given fragmentation in the image of Eudoxia Kukshinoya ("Fathers and Children").

While for Pigasov the fate of the dialogue-spore, that movement characteristic becomes overnight and the form of the character’s self-criticism, then for Pandalevsky Turgenev’s appearance, the hero’s description of the manner of yoga behavior. The drawings of outward nobility and good looks are fixed by the author until that hour, until it becomes obvious that the hero’s inner world is indebted, the hypocrisy of which is revealed in the subtle irony of the author’s discourse about him. The novel is fresh and starts from the episode of Oleksandri Pavlivny and Pandalevsky's recording on the road. Oleksandra Pavlivna hasn’t done yoga yet, but “vin has laughed at me for a long time”, “acting in small steps, leading her hand”, and seeing off, “taking away a smile from a disguise, may be suvoriy viraz a disguise, appearing at the new one, take Kostyantin Diomidovich’s move changed: vіn now and krokuvav wider and stepping more importantly.

A special role is given to the portrait in the works of Turgenevim female images. The stench is pierced by soft lyricism: the woman of Turgenev has a sense of urgency good order. Most of all, the women themselves and the girls in the works of Turgenev awaken the best spiritual qualities of heroes to life. So it is with Rudin, Lavretsky, Bazarov, Nezhdanov. The portraits of the heroines painted by the artist played a great role in the explanations of Turgeniev's charms of women, as well as the impression of the reader of their vchinkiv. For the reader, those whom Turgenev trusts to reveal their heroine are important. So, the portrait of Odintsova was given by the sister of Arkady, who was out, as if at the time of the first acquaintance, and became a riddle. This is supported by the situational nature of the portrait: a description of all the details that I can see that convey sounds, but not characterize the inner core of the "magical and m'akoї force", which blew in the face of її.

The typifying cob in the portrait is not so related to the hero, whose look stands in front of the reader; The portrait of the "mysterious princess R.", like the death of Pavlo Kirsanov, is the epitome of the hero's struggle before the romantic ideal of a woman-mystery. Nevipadkovo їїna Zovnіshniy Visigandy gives a scrap in Interpretatskії ARKADII, and Potimm will clarify with Pavlom Petrovich himself, P. Prothetsi Rici Knyaginі R. Protevo Historicing offended by Zovalnі Lyubo, Wizhimo, Scho Zovnі Nikhoy Schail in them Majnіshnіshni not grasp roles, oskіlki vin zaseredzheny in their own minds, but not in their own "subjects".

Liza Kalitina is also "poached" by Lavretsky's eye, a romanticist and an idealist. Panshina and Turgenev "enable" the ability to "portrait" Lisa, the shards of a new day in need of a romantic beginning; his pragmatic nature is painted sharply satirically. In such a rank, poetic, which idealizes the cob, powerfully rich to the heroes of Turgenev, an important positive characterological image.

For the poetics of Turgenev's novels, the method of step-by-step, concentric development of characters is characteristic. The meaning of this reception is manifested in the distribution, attached to the description of the visit of Bazarov and Arkady to Kukshin. The author of the "vede" chitach in the street of the provincial town, step by step approaching the heroine's booth. Turgenev in fixing the details, pierced by the author's irony: "the business card is nailed crookedly" on the door, the starry look of some cooks, some companions in a cap - "obvious signs of the master's progressive work." Passing the front, the reader opines in the room, like "looks more like a working office, lower like a vital. Papers, leaves, tovst numbers of Russian magazines, of the best uncut, lay on the sawn-down tables; cigarettes were screechingly scattered." Let's follow the portrait of Kukshina, "the lady is young, white, rozpatlanoy, in a shovkovy, not familiar okhainy, cloth, with great bracelets on her short arms and a braided plait on her head", which leads to the main plot point of the scene - assessments by Bazarov Kukshina: " Why are you jumping?" In this vernacular slang "springing" is an accurate assessment of the "democratic" zusil of people, as if they had become "fashionable" at that time, choked with advanced ideas.

The landscape in the works of Turgenev is not just a description of nature, a lonely human being, but the key to characterization. Turgenev's landscape is dominated by picturesqueness: important are those who shy away from the first impressions, who do not require the sequential ordering of the names of the phenomena. Such a landscape will be based on simple motifs of light and sound, important not by powerful forces, for fear of form, in which the hero’s enmity is shown. Vlasne kraєvid ceases to be a description of the natural human nature: vin becomes a special psychological characteristic of the hero, I will become a "picture" of my spiritual soul. Such, for example, is the function of the landscape-mood on the choli of the XX novel "The Nest of the Nobles", which was seen in the composition in the frame. Strictly seeming, the price is not the landscape, but the expanse of the inner world of the character, and at the same time one of the possible points of "Zyomka" that reveals the expanse of the reader's interpretation. Here, perhaps, Turgenev’s request is to change the type of aesthetic bachelor art: the organization of roses above the temporal (which characterizes the classical form of literature), and the spacious world, authoritative painting.

In this way, to try to identify the nature of Lavretsky's emotions means to excite that emotion. The idea of ​​a scene is only touched upon by the results of the understanding of various layers of meaning in the episode. Before them, one can see the details of the sound picture of the cosmic world (“Axis here, behind the sprinkles, sing in a thin, thin voice; the mosquito nibi echo you; krіz is friendly, annoyingly lamenting the dzizhchannya of the flies, the buzz of the tovstoy dzhmel<.„>shouting on the street... rattling the breeze... and raptly know the silence is dead..."), fixing the object sphere of the near and far plans ("... the axis is here, under the window the flint burdock lize from thick grass... and ) there, far away, in the fields, shed the rye, and the oats are already pishov at the tube, and expand to the full width of their skin leaf on the skin tree ... ").

I’ll become even more symbolic as a refrain through the whole head of Lavretsky’s appointment: “If I’ve drank at the very bottom of the river ... If I’m at the bottom of the river .... . The hero of the testimony in one of the most significant periods of his life, the author zmushu pratsyuvat chitatska awake, directly entrusting the details of the sound, objective world, assigned to the heroes.

Important for characterizing the psychological look of the character is the motif of the road in the landscape scenery. Turgenev creates a particularly poetic landscape like a close space, de living people. So, the novel "Fathers and Children", indecently devoted to the hostile problems of modernity, is revealed by the landscape of the road, and ends with the landscape painting of Bazarov's grave: a philosophical thought about way of life, passing by the hero. The function of the landscape in this novel is very important, but it is not customary to say. Kіltseva symmetry ns zvoditsya less than the idea of ​​the eternal triumph of life, shards at different times appear between the compositional structure of the text.

The final landscape is also evoked by Turgeniev from the rozrachunk on the assessment of yoga sensation. This is also the landscape of the "mood", with the unruly figures of Bazarov's fathers in the role of the staff (the inclusion of the figures of people in the landscape). Landscape painting rearranges the accent at the spryyatti finale: the first plan is to get the author's appeal to the reader, disrupting his emotional reactions.

I especially play the role of Turgenev's novels as a manifestation of synesthesia - the transfer of oral and auditory hostility to the verbal image. On the cob of the 1870s. the landscape of Turgenev knows the evolution, nabuvayuchi image of the impressionistic. A writer, a kind of miraculous collection of landscape painting, created by T. Rousseau, Sh. At Romani Nova(1876) landscape mood becomes the most important form of the hero's feelings. The outlines of the subject light are poured out, which is psychologically motivated by Nezhdanov’s inner awareness in his experiences: if one cloud fell on the sun, “everything became a bit - not dark, but one-colored. : the stinks strayed, brightened, mingled with the flames of darkness ... ". Impresionistic presentations and the episode of the appearance of Maryannie, who came to the village for a bachelorette to Nezhdanov: her "whistles of light and darkness weaved along the figure from the bottom uphill ... it means that she is coming." such an important function in creation.

At the basis of the plot of all the novels of Turgenev lies a love intrigue. The experience of love marks the development of creativity in creations. Turgenev relatively "recognized" podії, scho characterize the experience of one of the characters, depriving the periphery of the respect of the chitach episode, to avenge the pobutovі zamalovі in the middle. Do not nabuvayut rozvitku and tі elementi opovіdі, z yakim pov'azana motivovannya rozvitku dії. So, in the eighth edition of the novel "Fathers and Children" Turgeniev directed Pavel Petrovich on a visit to Fenechka, without explaining the reason for the appearance of yoga at the back half of the booth. Bypassing the writer of the Movchans and the history of Mikoli Petrovich beyond Fenechka. Motivation and action, the culmination of which will come at the moment of the duel, is avenged in the words of Bazarov, which were written before Arkady, which lay nine divisions: "Have mercy! Turgenev fixed the sound of the elder Kirsanov (grass on the cello), and even the same in Mikoli Petrovich’s chitach maw “felt” the hero’s reaction to the approach of the day, which spoofed yoga: the arrival of Pavel Petrovich to Fenechka.

Another important aspect of the compositional structure of the novels is the symmetry of the arrangements diyovih osib. Turgenev repeatedly argued that the principle of the creation of the system of images is archaic, oriented towards the traditions of French classical comedy, and yet in itself in this archaic and manifests itself the deep sensation of Turgenev's reception. Symmetry to take revenge on oneself is attached to oneself, zistavlennya, as if on the verge of the activity of the reading position. So, in "Fathers and Children" the system of images consists of a couple of couples (Bazarov - Odintsova, Arkady - Katya, Mikola Petrovich - Fenechka, Pavlo Petrovich - Princess R.).

“A brilliant novelist, who has created the whole world, having known all the great people of his century, having read everything that a person can read, and speaking in all the language of Europe,” the young contemporary writer, French writer Guy de Maupassant, was so confused about Turgenev.

Turgeniev is one of the largest European writers in the 19th century, a Yaskravian representative of the “golden century” of Russian prose. For the life of wine, having earned an unparalleled artistic authority in Russia, perhaps, the most important Russian writer in Europe. Irrespective of long-term fates, carried out behind the cordon, everything is the best, what is written by Turgenev - about Russia. A lot of yoga creations for a decade were called out by super-critics and readers, became facts of a sharp ideological and aesthetic struggle. Yogo fellows V.G.Belinsky, A.A.Grigoriev, N.A.Dobrolyubov, N.G.Chernishevsky, D.I.Pisarev, A.V.Druzhinin wrote about Turgenev...

In the future, the attitude to Turgeniv’s creativity became calm, other sides of his work came to the fore: poetry, artistic harmony, philosophical problems, I saw the writer’s respect for the “secret”, unreasonable phenomena of life that appeared in his remaining works. Interest to Turgenev between XIX-XX centuries. more importantly “historical”: it seemed that it was eating the wickedness of the day, but the harmoniously vrіvnovazhen, without value, “objective” prose of Turgenev is far from a depraved, disharmonious prose word, the cult of which was established in the literature of the beginning of the 20th century. Turgenev took on like an “old man”, navit an old-fashioned writer-spivak of “noble nests”, love, beauty and harmony of nature. Chi not Turgenev, but Dostoyevsky and the famous Tolstoy gave aesthetic guidelines for the "new" prose. For a stretch of ten years on the work of the writer, all the new versions of the “textbook gloss” were groped, zavazhivayuschie not an illustrator of the struggle between “nihilists” and “liberals”, the conflict between “batkivs” and “children”, but one the greatest artists words, unfinished poet in prose.

A modern look at the work of Turgenev, and we are forwarded to the good-natured scuffling with school "parsing" the novel "Fathers and Children", may you vrakhovuvati yogo more aesthetically pleasing creed, especially vividly formulated in the lyrical-philosophical explanation "Dosit" (1865): "Venus Miloska, perhaps, without a doubt, Roman law, but the principles of the 89th fate." The sense of this is simple: you can doubt everything, instill in the “thorough” knowledge of the laws and in the “undoubted” powers of freedom, equivalence and brotherhood, if the authority of the mysticism is unshakable - you can’t destroy it for an hour, or like a nіgіlіv. The very art, but not the ideological doctrines and directly honestly serving Turgenev.

I.S. Turgenev was born on 28 Zhovtnya (9 leaf fall), 1818. in Orly. Years of the children passed by the native "noble nest" - the mother of Spaska-Lutovinova, who lived near the metro station Mtsenska Orlovskaya lips. In 1833 p. vin joining the Moscow University, and in 1834 p. transferred to St. Petersburg University, de navchavsya on the verbal vіddіlennі (finished in 1837). In the spring of 1838 p. viїhav across the cordon for the continuation of philological and philosophical education. At the University of Berlin from 1838 to 1841 Turgenev, having studied the philosophy of Hegel, listening to lectures on classical philology and history.

The most important approach to the life of Turgenev in the quiet years is closeness with the young Russian "Hegelians": N.V. Stankevich, M.A. Bakunin, T.N. Granovsky. Junius Turgeniev, slender to the point of romantic philosophical reflection, in the grandiose philosophical system of Hegel tried to find out the types of "eternal" nutrition of life. An interest in philosophy arose from a new passion for creativity. The Peterburgs were written in the first romantic verses, marked by the infusion of the popular in the other half of the 1830s. poet V. G. Benediktov, that drama "Stino". Yak guessing Turgenev, in 1836. I wept, reading Benediktov's verses, and only Belinsky did help you to wake up the charm of Chrysostom. Turgenev, having begun as a lyrical romantic poet. Interest until poetry did not fade away and the next decade, if prose genres began to thrive in creativity.

The creative development of Turgenev has three great periods: 1) 1836-1847; 2) 1848-1861; 3) 1862-1883 rr.

1)First period (1836-1847), which rose to the occasional romantic verses, culminating in the active participation of the writer in the activity of the “natural school” and the publication of the first testimonies from the “Notes of the Thought”. Two stages can be named for Newmu: 1836-1842. - the fates of literary education that escaped from the hoarding of Hegel's philosophy, that 1843-1847 pp. - an hour of intense creative explorations in various genres of poetry, prose and dramaturgy, which thrived on romanticism and numerous philosophical entanglements. At the rocky most important official of the creative development of Turgenev, V.G.

The cob of independent creativity of Turgenev, free in the form of obvious traces of learning, dates back to 1842-1844. Turning to Russia, trying to know the day of life of the earth (serving for two years at the Special Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs) and getting close to the Petersburg letters. On the cob of 1843, acquaintance with V.G.Belinsky was established. Not long before this Bulo was written to Persh to him - "Parasha", as critics turned on their respect. Under the influx of Belinsky Turgenev, you should deprive yourself of the service and devote yourself entirely to literature. In 1843 p. there was another podia, as richly in which Turgenev’s share was indicated: acquaintance with the French partner Polina Viardot, who was touring in St. Petersburg. Love for a woman is a fact of his biography, and a strong motive of creativity, which evoked the emotion of rich Turgenov's works, the foundation of his famous novels. From 1845, when he first arrived in France before P. Viardot, the life of a writer was tied up with his family, with France, with a stake of brilliant French writers in the other half of the 19th century. (G. Flaubert, E. Zola, brothers Goncourt, pіznіshe G. de Maupassant).

In 1844-1847 rr. Turgenev is one of the most important participants in the “natural school”, a community of young St. Petersburg realist writers. With the soul of sympathy, buv Belinsky, who respectfully follows the creative development of a writer-pochatkivtsya. Turgenev's creative range in the 1840s. even wide: z-pіd of the yogo pen appeared and lyrical verses, і sing ("Rozmova", "Andriy", "Helper"), і p'єsi ("Nekorezhnіst", "Lack of money"), ale, mabut, most important in creativity In Turgenev, these fates have become prose creations - such descriptions as "Andriy Kolosov", "Three portraits", "Breter" and "Pivnik" are said. Postupovo vyznavsya prima facie directly yogo literary activity - prose.

2)Another period (1848-1861) buv, ymovіrno, most important for Turgenev: after the success of the “Notes of the Mind”, the popularity of the writer grew steadily, and the skin of the new tvir was taken as an artistic inspiration on the basis of the supple and ideological life of Russia. Especially commemorate the changes in yoga creativity in the middle of the 1850s: in 1855. the first novel “Rudin” was written, which was the beginning of a cycle of novels about the idea of ​​life in Russia. According to "Faust" and "Asya", which followed him, the novels "Noble Nest" and "Forward the Day" marked the glory of Turgenev: Yogo was rightfully respected as the greatest writer of the decade (named after F.M. sent, bulo under the fence, the creative path of L.N. Tolstoy was barely beginning).

On the cob 1847 Turgenev was relocated beyond the cordon, and before leaving, he handed over to the Nekrasivsky magazine "Suchasnik" (the main organ of the "natural school") his first "thoughtful" admonition-Naris "Chorus and Kalinich", inspired by the storms and the battles of summer and autumn 1846 ., if the writer polyuvav in Oryol and Susidnіh іz her provinces. Instructed in the first book of the journal for 1847. at the distribution of "Sumishka", which published a long series of publications of Turgeniv's "Notes of the Mind", which was stretched for five years.

Enlightened by the success of his own bells and whistles, he showed off the traditions of the “physiological drawing”, popular among young Russian realists, the writer continued his work on “myslivsky” explanations: 13 new works (Zokrema “Burmistr”, “Kontora”, “Two translators) were written vzhe vltku 1847 from Nіmechchina and from France. However, two strong shocks, tested by Turgeniev in 1848, slandered the work: there were revolutionary signs in France and Germany and the death of Belinsky, who Turgenev respected as his mentor and friend. Lesser at Veresni 1848 vіn znovu znarevsya to work on the Notes of thought: were created Hamlet of Shchigrovsky povіtu and Lys and step. Naprikintsi 1850 - on the cob 1851 r. cycle popovnivsya sche chotirma opovіdnyami (among them such masterpieces, such as "Spivaki" and "Bizhin meadow"). After seeing the Notes of Myslivtsya, until the 22nd notice was gone, the year 1852 appeared.

"Notes of a Thought" - a turning point in the work of Turgenev. Vіn know better new topic becoming one of the first Russian prose writers, yakі vydkril unseen "mainland" - the life of the Russian villagers, but also virobiv new principles of explanation. Documentaries and vigadans, lyrical autobiography, and excercise of the objective artistic record of the life of strong Russia were organically angry at the descriptions-drawings. The Turgenov cycle became the most important “document” about the life of the Russian village ahead of the rural reform of 1861. artistic features"Notes of the Mind":

- The book does not have a single plot, the skin is completely independent. The documentary basis of the whole cycle is that okremih opovіdan - zustrіchі, guarding and opposing the writer-myslivtsya. Geographically, the locality is precisely designated: the pivnіchna part of the Oryol province, the pivdenni districts of the Kaluz and Ryazan provinces;

— literary elements are reduced to a minimum, skin underwear may have a number of sub-prototypes, images of heroic indoctrination — the result of Turgenev’s stories. real people- Mislivtsy, villagers, helpers;

— the whole cycle of posting an admonition, a thoughtful poet, respectful both to nature and to people. The autobiographical hero marvels at the light of the watchful, obsessed follower;

- More works - social and psychological drawings. Turgenev is occupied as a social and ethnographic type, and the psychology of people, where they should not penetrate, respectfully admire their outward appearance, embodying the manner of behavior and the nature of cooperating with other people. The works of Turgeniv are inspired by the “physiological drawings” of the writers of the “natural school” and the “ethnographic” drawings of V.I.Dal and D.V.Grigorovich.

Turgenev's smutty speech at the "Notes of Myslivtsya" is the soul of a Russian peasant. Village world Vіn showing like a world of special features, vahomo supplementing the old "voice" of the sentimentalist N.M. However, the Russian helpers are portrayed in a new way by Turgeniev, which is clearly seen in the similar heroes of the "Notes ..." with Gogol's images of helpers Dead souls". Turgenev, having tried to create a reliable, objective picture of the Russian poms panstvo: not idealizing the assistants, but not respecting them with vicious reasons, which merit only a negative opinion. I peasantry, and assistants for the writer - two additions to the Russian life, none of the neglected "know" by the writer-myslivka.

At the 1850s. Turgenev is a writer of the “Suchasnik” stake, the best magazine for that hour. Until the end of the decade, the ideological difference between the liberal Turgenev and the democrats, who formed the core of Sovremennik, clearly appeared. The programs of the aesthetic installations of the leading critics and publicists of the journal - N.G. Chernishevsky and N.A. Vіn not recognizing the "utilitarian" approach to the art, podtrimuvav thought representatives of "aesthetic" criticism - A. V. Druzhinina and V. P. Botkina. Rizke rejection of the writer called out the program of "real criticism", from the position of such criticism of "Suchasnik" they interpreted your power. The reason for the residual development of the journal was the publication, in spite of the "ultimatum" of Turgenev, presented to the editor of the journal N.A. Nekrasov, Dobrolyubov's article "When will a good day come?" (1860), dedicated to the analysis of the novel "Forward". Turgenev wrote that he was taken as a strange diagnostician of everyday life, prote categorically instructed him in the role of “illustrator” imposed on him, it was a baiduzhe to posterify, as if his novel was victorious for propaganda of other people’s yomu looking. Having opened up Turgenev with a magazine, having instructed him to do his best work, becoming inevitable.

3)Third period (1862-1883) having started with two "weldings" - with the journal "Suchasnik", with Yakim Turgenev having ceased to practice in 1860-1861, and with "young generations", with the publication of "Batkiv and children". A biting and unfair analysis of the novel was scolded by the critic M.A. Antonovich at "Suchasnik". The controversy about the novel, like a sprig of fates smelled, was taken by Turgenev very painfully. Zim, zokrema, there is a sharp decrease in the speed of work on new novels: the upcoming novel "Dim" was published only in 1867, and the rest - "News" - in 1877.

Kolo artistic interests of the writer in the 1860s-1870s. having changed and expanded, his creativity became “big-ball”. At the 1860s. I reverted back to the “Notes of the Thought” and supplemented them with new explanations. Even on the cob of a decade Turgenev, having set before himself the task of cheering in the daily life, not only "kick the days", as if taking away the hour, but "forever", zagalnolyudske. At the article "Hamlet and Don Quixote" there was a note about two protracted types of setting before life. On the other hand, analysis of “Hamletian”, rozumous and skeptical, luminous and “donky”, sacrificial, type of behavior - a philosophical basis for a more profound understanding modern people. The significance of philosophical problems in the works of Turgenev has sharply increased: being an artist, respecting to the social and typical level, ignoring the co-workers of the common people, spiving them from the "eternal" images of art. In the stories “The Brigadier”, “The Steppe King Lear”, “Knock... knock... knock!...”, “Punin and Baburin”, Turgenev the sociologist gave way to Turgenev the psychologist and philosopher.

At the mystical "hidden stories" ("Primari", "History of Lieutenant Yergunov", "The Song of Death (Klara Milich)" and others.), roaming over the mysterious manifestations of the life of people, unaware of the positions of the mind of the camps of the soul. The lyrical-philosophical trend of creativity, which appeared in the description "Dosit" (1865), for example, the 1870s. nabula new genre-stylistic form "verses in prose" - so Turgenev called his lyrical miniatures and fragments. Over chotiri roki bulo was written over 50 "vіrshiv". In this rank, Turgenev, who, having begun as a lyric, sings, for example, life is reborn to lyricism, vvazhayut the most adequate artistic form, which allows you to express your best thoughts that sense.

Turgenev's creative way, having developed a major trend in the development of "high" realism: in the form of artistic research of specific social phenomena (only 1840s, "Notes of the Thought") through a deep analysis of the ideology of modern life and psychology -x rr. a writer of understanding the philosophical foundations of human life. Philosophical nature of the works of Turgenev in the other half of the 1860s-early 1880s. allows you to use it as an artist-thinker, close behind the depths of posing philosophical problems to Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. Mabut, smut, that inspires Turgenev in the light of these writers-moralists, - "Pushkin's" guide to moralization and preaching, to create recipes for a huge and special "sorry", to impose your faith on other people.

Remain two decades of the life of Turgenev in the provinces of the land beyond the cordon: in the 1860s. alive near Nimechchina, for a short hour coming to Russia and France, and from the ear of the 1870s. - in France at once from the family of Polina and Louis Viardot. Among the circles Turgenev, who had become the most artistic authority in Europe, actively promoted Russian literature in France and French literature in Russia. Tіlki naprikintsі 1870s. vin "reconciled" with the younger generations. The new readers of Turgenev snarled at them in 1879;

In the years 1882-1883. Seriously ill Turgenev worked on his "farewell" creations - the cycle of "verses in prose". The first part of the book was seen a few months before his death, which happened on 22 Sickles (March 3), 1883. in Bougie Val, near Paris. Trunu with the body of Turgenev was sent to St. Petersburg, on the 27th of spring a grandiose funeral took place: they took the fate, according to the co-workers, about 150 thousand people.