Epistolary genre - in simple words. SMS as an epistolary genre What is an epistolary genre
Epistolary genre
(Vіd greek. epistole - sheet, message) - a text that is in the form of a sheet, leaflets, telegrams, which is superseded by the addressee to inform the sung messages. The sheet is brought to the ancient-looking letter reminders, which are exchanged by the communicants, facilitating direct contact. By stretching riches to make listing was the only way to combine great victories. "The sheet is writing the same sleepy conversation, the same rozmovu mіzh vіdsutnіmi, only on paper," wrote in 1887 Sazonov and Belsky, the author of "The New Russian Writer". Then the word rule was written with light, the folding of the sheet was magical (R. Tepper), and Yege. exhilarated by a special style (div.).
Today E. Zh. experiencing not the best hours. Expansion of the functions of the movement in the modern minds led to a fast commitment to a written international communication (replaced by a telephone). Friends and relatives are the least leafed, short and phatically leafed for saints, jubilees and others of a special character. Activating, updating and developing is no longer such a genre of writing, like a business (service) sheet ( I.A. Sternin). At the same time, for new communication needs, it is possible to send messages, traditional mail, for help telefax, fax modem, electronic mail, pager.
The most important structural and stylistic signs of E. Zh.
- a sign of monologue and dialogic movement in the texts;
– subdivided the leaves near the sphere of speculation on businessі private, with the improvement of motives and goals - for the views, what to differ the current formula;
– vykoristannya movnyh zabіv, scho vіdpovіdat spheres of listing; book-letter in business and oral-rozmovny in private sheets;
– st_yka composition to the text: zhorstk_sha in official and vіln_sha in private sheets;
- more precisely, the recognition of the ruler of that possessor, animal until the rest signature executive officer;
- Dotrimannya movnogo etiquette s urahuvannyam addressee factor, the nature of povidomlennya and national "epistolary" traditions.
The way of listing is connected with distance between the hour and the space and the letter form. Qi factori impose special vouchers on E. w. So, one-line slurring means clouding, to prepare the text, so that we can clarify, reverse, reconsider and rebatch the food, clarify, turn on the unreasonable chi and other interpretation. Reaches tse porіvnyalnogo movnih constructions, razgornutіstyu and posledovnіstyu viklad, domineering monologic movement.
At that very hour, the presence of the addressee and the recognition of the intellect, the appearance of the mind, the appearance of a sign, the power of the dialogue, as an animal, nourishment, slander, description of the gesture ( hug, squeeze hand and etc.). In this rank, in the texts of Yege. elements of monologue and dialogue are combined (A.A. Akishina, N.I. Formanovska). For a moment, there is a thought that a distant monologue is being discussed from the leaves (L.E. Tumina).
Sheets, yak and leaflets (open sheets), telegrams (information by telegraph), as well as fax, pagerograms, electronic sheets are variously classified as different substations. So, in the sphere of spіlkuvannya they see business (ranks are also service) and private (official and unofficial) leaves (A.A. Akishina, N.I. Formanovska).
Business (service) lists to establish listing of powers, establishments, enterprises, organizations in the process of diplomatic, administrative, social, industrial activity. Such a sheet can be addressing a singing landowner, however, the type of vodnosin between them, when official, the addresses of the addressee and the addressee act as legal issues– representatives of those other organizations and abstracted from their own individuality.
Business leaves may have legal significance, tobto. є documents, schopravda, less regulated are compared with other genres of official-business style. SPECIATSIY SERVICE LISTIV TA VIMOGY TO ÁX SPLANDY SUPPLY MISTENTING IN COURSES DILOVO SKORNIE, within the framework of и и и и и ризні заміст смістовательный, и отовую со свигатьі сталів: ростованняя, ромольнення, інфореціні форменняя подвищь безівіді, Writing, squeezed , propositions, etc. papers, which are directed by lower organizations. The storage of business leaves is dedicated to a lot of help and advice.
Private lists are shared on official and unofficial. First direct from the name of a private individual to the organization; organization to a private individual; private individual to private individual. Officially mentioned between correspondents - obov'yazkova signs of these lists to be found in the listing of private osibs, as if they don't know little they know one by one.
Unofficial private lists are respected by the messengers of well-known people, friends, relatives, us, who support informal, international relations. L.G. Antonov's works include special writings to writing genres in the general-romantic sphere of compilation (order from student's notes, notes then). Like all kinds of genre, sheets of a special character of the taman: insensitivity, natural vikladu; freedom of choice of contributions; zatsіkavlenіst, Іndivіdіualінії of the author, pronounced in the text clearly; pevna (non-zhorstka) structure; appearance of "epistolary" traditions (N.I. Formanovska), accepted by writers. The sheet, writing in accordance with these principles, testify about the author’s uniqueness as a specialty, reflecting the moral image of the writer, serving as a guide to illumine that knowledge.
On the vіdmіnu vіd іdіlovih, privіtіnі sheets not nastіlki stаlіnі, wanting to mаyut nezhorstku stіyku structure. The leaf begins with a beginning, to avenge the date, mist, the stars are straightened out, that animal is wounded. Then we will expand the main informative part, in which we will be informed about what is the drive for writing the sheet. The culture of the leaf is seen in the texts of the endings of the meanings of the essays, which start from the red line (paragraphs). Kіntseva sheet to avenge the words of farewell, prokhannya, pobazhannya, signature, postscript.
The shape of the "epistolary traditions" at the hour of writing special leaves means we will rethink such maxims in Russian. movable etiquette, as if showing pre-rechnoy vvіchlivostі, good promotion to the correspondent. Sazonov and Bєlsky, who were already guessing, they meant that in private lists the tone "becomes shanobly to the older and spitting, hot - to the equal and loving - to the lower ones. ".
In the text, it is manifested in the choice of forms of bribery, war, farewell, special borrowers ti, in and that іn vydpovidno stylistic tonality chosen by the author, the specific situation and the influence of national etiquette. We see that the sphere of animal life is in and in English and German language, lower in Russian; tsі f mov and vіdpovіdno їх іх іхі іхі іх іх іх іх іх іх іх іх іх іхі аѕ аrе, nіzh russian, allow abbreviated names (div.). So, in Russian private lists, the choice of names according to the father, the same or changing forms of the name, as well as the names and names of disputes with motley suffixes are distinguished by the mutual names of the correspondents, the degree of their proximity, the character of the name.
Widely expanded form of encouragement with a word dear, moreover, it should not be of a neutral nature, which becomes clear in the case of equal reasons with lag, intimate words dear, dear or with the words of official zabarvlennya shanty, shanty. Porivn. for animals of an intimate nature dear miy or my dear.
On the vіdmіnu vіd sluzhkovyh vіdmіnu vіd sluzhkovyh vіdmіnu vіd sluzhkovih, vіdmіstyh sheets zastrіchayutsі vіtanny type Good day)! Good afternoon! Hello! I bring you from Sochi! Quite often, we get used to animals at the same time, for example: Dear Romo, hello! Dear son, my Mishenka, I send you motherly greetings!
The signature on the sheet in the form of the letter in the beginning: correspondents, who call one by the name of the father, say goodbye, sound the same to say by the name of the father, sometimes - at once with the name; those who fight one to one, living the names, names of controversy, prizvyska, and other prizvischa, or only just initials, apparently so self and signed: Your Sashko. Get your Andriy Viktorovich. Your godfather O. Chekhov. Academician Toto. Your friend Quiet.
In such a way, in the sheets of a special nature, the most distinctive verbal forms of the introduction, support and completion of the contact, are distinguished by the nature of the mutual correspondents, their mood, the theme of the introduction and the other.
Private lists are also promoted to classify from the point of view of the motives and purposes of their writing in such a way, like: welcome, sorry, cast, true, vibachennya, praise, compliments, prohannya, please, propositions, podiaki, podomlennya (іnformatsiyny ta), vіnі. (A.A. Akishina, N.I. Formanovska). The writers of the late XVIII-early XX centuries. streaks of special leaves - friendly, vital, philanthropist, prohalnyh, vibachlivyh, satirical, significant, and other. (Up to 20 varieties).
The leathery appearance of the leaf is reminiscent of a modern formula - a steady turn, a phrase that stereotypically expresses the recognition of the message. The most reported number of formulas, implanted in sheets as a business (div.), and a special character, described by A.A. Akishinoya and N.I. Formanov's connection with the teachings of foreign scholars on the peculiarities of Russian listing. So, the stereotyped congratulations on private sheets will be the phrases: Vіtayu (th) (you, you) with the holy (with the New Rock, with the anniversary); I send (sholom) to you (you) my blessings; apparently stereotyped appear and seem to be vaccinated with good, for example: Warmly (hot, from a wide heart, from a wide heart) to you (to you) for the welcome (for those who have given (-la,-li) me) and etc. You are more loving, what ...; Tse douge nice from your side ... With the help of a set of stable turnovers, to reach a wide one, the addresser may have his own ordering ability to choose, which is greater in the sphere of private, inter-society communication and less in the sphere of business.
Modern formulas of specific semantics are also typical for leaves, different for their purpose, for example, what to inform (type of reminder, reminder): I want to tell the news about ...; I wanted to tell you about our help; My help to go well; At a note on your sheet No. ... at a ... remembrance (we want to bring to your information); spontaneous (e.g. prohannya, zapiti, vimogi): We ask (you) to hang out required documents; We can be chirped by your propositions…; I want to ask you an axis about what ...; Let's chat and discuss our right.
At the present-day helpers, the folding of the leaves sounds between them with a look of less business-like listing, which, obviously, is important for the practitioners in the sphere of management, business and others. Prote posіbnikіv type іz zrazkami, zokrema i privatnymi іє, today nemaє. Before the revolution, there was a practice of acquainting a wide circle with bright sheets of wonderful people, in order to win the relish at packing private correspondence. For whom, in the help of writing, leaves of high-ranking osibs were sent, royal deacons, creative intelligence. Z 1917 This tradition of learning how to fold like a leaf of a different character, and to other genres of letter business communication was interrupted for a while, savings from this galusi dosvid rich in what is left unclaimed.
Lit.: Lyapunova V.Є. Private List as a Genre of Russian Literary Movie (Material of Chekhov's Sheets) // At Chekhov's creative laboratory. - M., 1974; Akishin A.A., Formanovska N.I. Etiket of the Russian sheet. - M., 1981; Akishin A.A. The sheet is one of the sights of the text. Stattya persha: Zagalni vіdomosti about the epistolary genre, "РЯР", 1982. - No. 2; Friend's article: Characteristics of sublingual, vibachal and vital leaves, ibid., 1982. - No. 4; Sergeeva I.F. Check sheet for evidence: a book of thoughts, a super-check and evidence. - M., 1985; Formanivska N.I. You said: "Hello": Our etiquette is ours. - M., 1987; Її f: Business sheet etiquette. - M., 1988; Veselov P.V. Daily business sheet. - M., 1990; Yogo Zh: Axioms of a business list: Culture of business communication and official listing. - M., 1993; Tepper R. Yak opanuvati mistetstvo business sheet: 250 sheets and notes to help the manager. - M., 1994; Romanov A.A. Grammar of business roses. - Tver, 1995; Koltunova M.V. What is needed to know the styling. - M., 1998; Pedagogical movement. Slovnik-dovidnik. - M., 1998; Storing and formalizing service documents: A practical guide for commercial firms, public organizations and state structures. - M., 1999; Gulyakova I.G. The peculiarity of writing in yoga sheets (moving aspect) // Mova, culture, interpretation for the minds of short-line teaching. - St. Petersburg, 2000; Dobson E. How to write business papers: A practical guide for everyone. - Chelyabinsk, 2000; Piz A., Dunn P. Mova letters. - M., 2000; Kirsanova M.V., Anodina N.M., Aksionov Yu.M. Business correspondence. - M.; Novosibirsk, 2001.
O.V. Protopopov
Russian stylistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M:. "Flinta", "Science". Edited by M.M. Shkiroy. 2003 .
Wonder what the "Epistolary genre" is in other dictionaries:
epistolary genre- Div. Epistolary Literature… Terminological dictionary-thesaurus of literary studies
EPISTOLARY- epistolary, epistolary, epistolary (lit.). dod., by value tied with epistles, with literary creations at looking leaves, a message. Epistolary genre. Epistolary style. Epistolary novel (in the form of leaves). Tlumachny dictionary of Ushakov. Tlumachny dictionary of Ushakov
- (from Greek epistola - leaf, message) - stylistic feature of leaves (message) as one of the different types of letters. promote (div. Epistolary genre). Nomination E. s. win in one of the possible meanings of the term style (div.), ale ... Stylistic Encyclopedic Dictionary of Russian Movies
epistolary- oh, oh. epistolaire adj.1. Writings at the sight of the sheet, messenger; є epistol. BAS 1. Poetry was divided into lyrical, epic, dramatic, descriptive, epistolary and other. Belinsky Woe to Griboyedov's mind. Skіlki in tsomu… Historical Dictionary Galicism Russian language
Epistolary novel- The title page of the first edition of the novel by Afri Ben "Lovingly listing the nobleman and yoga sister" (1684)
Leaf yak genre- - viniklo in the past attached form of a special and business listing for the needs of journalism. Being published, the sheet became a banner for the audience, and only such sheets can represent the genre in the whole world, like ... Encyclopedic dictionary
Entry
2.1 Start list
2.2 Information part
2.3 Sheet termination
Visnovok
Literature
Entry
We learned how to write leaves, as if it were possible, and the epistolary mysticism fell sharply, the ease of a telephone call, the rhythms and the pace of modernity, - at the school of future historians, biographers, literary scholars and linguistics. It’s less surprising, looking around at the monuments of people’s non-selfish pragmatism, like joking arguing. We choke, re-reading the volumes of the leaves of Pushkin, Tolstoy, Chekhov. I earlier - hours of Ancient Rome. Zaluchay їх form and zmіst, and by itself is designed - to read, vivirene, neatly, for whom it is respectful to the addressee.
The leaf represents the share of genius. Ilyuziya, scho it is possible at some point to look at the right image and feel the voice of a unique specialness, calmly. Tsya spokusa is so charming that the authors of the lists widely lay claim to special knowledge. Nom knows that the stench will lead with an all-seeing glance.
Such knowledge and such a look of a patch cannot be made. Zherela, documents, guess, encourage the mind that the insight of the soul does not turn the one that you yourself have discovered about yourself on your sheets. They blamed their companions and accustomers, taking everything else with them, which no one and no one guessed, could not resurrect and did not know. Kozhen read it and feel it in the sheets of a brilliant writer, those that you read and feel today.
"What do you know about the sheets? Special intonations, a lively voice - as if speaking, not talking about verbal phrases, details, confusions of thoughts. It's time for a share of specialness, which enchanted my soul for a long time, is especially significant, with a sound mood. inclinations, unrealized potentials are left behind - we know them behind the sheet ".
epistolary genre Czech list
All the more vikladene vyznaє up-to-dateabout st rabout boots.Looking back at you, we were forced to turn to the epistolary recession of A.P. for the need. Chekhov.
The sheet of the writer, especially, was given to those who were assigned the stench, the stench to the future, the stench is overlaid with the leaves. Why don’t we joke about them - explain to the creativity that special biography of Chekhov, pictures for an hour or the winged words, while reading them, it’s a bit overwhelmed, about saying if S.V. Rakhmaninov: "I am reading Chekhov's sheet. Having already read a couple of volumes, and with a deep thought, I only lost two of them." The epistolary genre provides the richest material for the development of Chekhov's individual style.
Rereading the sheet of Anton Pavlovich, catch yourself, ale thoughts, that today you can copy it for sure. We appreciate it more importantly, that it’s richly someone who, without taking up a pen, observes destruction, not being able to know the current issues of etiquette and to a large extent zastosuvat їх at the recommendation, or at the vislovlyuvanny of speech. By such means, there are epistolary parts - situationally intelligible, communicatively directed, thematically related, mutually interrelated, and interdependently stilted formulas. Spravzhnya culture that etiquette splkuvannya prostzhuetsya itself at the sheets of the past. To that for nіs, people of electronic povіki, garniy butt can not be wound up.
Objectabout mbut nyaserved as a leaf O.P. Chekhov to A.S. Suvorin, O.L. Knipper, L.S. Mizinova and K.S. Stanislavsky.
Subjectabout m- epistolary parts.
meta dataabout th rabout boots- Reveal the peculiarities of epistolary particles in the sheets of A.P. Chekhov to resurrect more addressees.
The follow-up meta says so task:
- Familiarize yourself with the selected literature on the topic;
- Vivchit and analyze the epistolary recession of A.P. Chekhov, leaf zocrema to A.S. Suvorin, O.L. Knipper, L.S. Mizinova and K.S. Stanislavsky.
- Systematize the analysis of the material per sheet;
- Significance and recognition of the peculiarities of epistolary units in the sheets of A.P. Chekhov to addressees.
Habout knowledge of the dataabout th rabout bootslyagaє in the fact that the leaf is scorched - the manifestation is little vivchene. Їх doslіdzhennya perebuvayut at the periphery of a number of disciplines, є object of history, literary studies , philosophies and other sciences. Linguistics continued only a few features of the other types of leaves, and then, a complete picture of the literary activity of the science of the day. Needless to say, the leaves of the mayzhe did not fit the linguistic interpretation either in the modern or in the modern plan. The mid-wife, who spoke to A.P. Chekhov on the materials of yoga sheets, we name Zakharov V.I., who continued the metaphor (1976), Zhigarov E.A., who was engaged in the author’s new creations and functions in the sheets of the writer (1994), and Kudryavtsev M.I., who spoke introductory -m. (1995).
Dzhereloabout mbecame epistolary spadshchina A.P. Chekhov, philosophers and literary scholars and scholars-philologists. Between the investigations of the work and the analysis of the leaves to A.S. Suvorin, O.L. Knipper, L.S. Mizinova and K.S. Stanislavsky. More widely followed listing with other addressees deserves special respect and warehouse for the work.
In the process of work with a theme, the following methods were used:
biographical (whispering when linking the intensity of listing, embedding special epistolary parts (letter, saying goodbye) with the elements of the biography of the writer);
interpretative genetic (there are fragments from the history of the development of the epistolary genre);
povnyalnyy (vykoristovuetsya when povnyannі vimog, which are presented before special listing in different hours; when povnyannі epistolary odiny at sheets to different addressees);
statistic (vicariate when the child is rarely living and the most living epistolary singles on the basis of the total number of surviving leaves);
analytical (victorious at the uninterrupted commemoration of epistolary loneliness).
theoretical significancethe one who has a robot to conduct a systematic analysis of epistolary units; one can see the peculiarities of their functioning in a fallow manner depending on the addressee and the nature of the sheet.
Practical significanceIt is important to note that the theoretical and practical material of the work can be used by students of the pedagogical college in the preparation of the lessons of the language etiquette and optional lessons in Russian language and literature at various stages of professional practice.
structuralabout Rabout botskladaєtsya of start (in Money Does daєtsya obґruntuvannya obranoї those viznachaєtsya aktualnіst i novelty, is the subject of ob'єkt doslіdzhennya, namіchayutsya osnovnі Etap robot viznachaєtsya theoretical nature that practical znachimіst) dvoh rozdіlіv (at Perche rozdіlі rozglyadaєtsya Istoria doslіdzhuvanogo power, teorіya epіstolyarnoї tvorchostі, epistolary spadshchina) by A.P. Chekhov: another branch analyzes epistolary items, reveals their peculiarities, invariably according to the addressee (sheet), laying down, a list of vicarious literature (30 dzherel), in which there are diagrams that allow one to file single singularities at the sheets; presentations of didactic material to lessons from Russian language, elaboration based on A.P. Chekhov; the lists were sorted, for those A.P. Chekhov gives estimates to the works of artistic literature, speaks about his own creation, about writing.
Section 1. Theoretical ambush of the epistolary genre
1.1 From the history of the epistolary genre
"Leaf" as a literary genre expanded during the hours of antiquity in Greek and especially in Roman literature. The sheet of Cicero, Seneca, Pliny the Younger are examples of early epistolary literature. Ale on the Skhodі, in Greece, Rome, Ancient Russia, Middle Europe, the art of writing a sheet has reached a high development. The Romans carried the art to the thinnest and the freest, it became a part of the wickedness.
In ancient epistolary theories, the sheet was called "half of the dialogue" (that is, a dialogue without a spelling), but with it, the authorship of the sheet was added as a letter form, movi vіd movi rozmovnoї: "... the sheet will require more relativistic processing, but the dialogue is said: without preparation, impromptu, the sheet is written and overpowered like a gift ". .
"The sheet was found to remind one's thoughts of the day," - found in the "New and modern writer, or a secret secretary, to take revenge on one's own sheet: to encourage, to give, to vikrivalni ..." 1829. And then: "They serve as the deputy of oral speech and, as if before the eyes, represent people, in the distance one and the same.
The authors of the writer compare the sheet of a person with a well-groomed portrait, which is easy to call one wrong rice. The stench vvazhayut, scho "letter warehouse is guilty of but not too high, but not too much blasphemy, guilt is guilty of buti similar to the great Rozmov."
Old-time rhetoricians and "scribes" gave the rules of listing and writing the art of writing a sheet and attacked the fact that the task of the sheet is to call speeches by their own names, to be left with documents, buttovim yascha with all the master's registration. The wild plot of the sheet can be seen daily. Before the composition of the sheet, there is nothing of the language, everything is laid down in the form of writing, the wines can break the word on the word and turn to those that are broken on the cob. Nasamkinets may not put signatures.
For equalizing with these vimogi, as they were presented by ancient rhetoricians and "writers" to a special listing, they seem to be powerful, as they were presented at the 19th century. From the book "Life in the light, at home and at the court", seen in 1890, it was understood that there was a lot in what was the right of conscience, strictly to follow the rules of decency, and a lot in which our followers were small, that they were trying to etiquette. The authors think that "... next write about that person, which is assigned a sheet, and stick objects, like you can say something, then you can remind yourself, describe your situation and the hour spent, at the end, go back to the person of the correspondent , tell about the differences, set up what you can think of until a new date, and then hang up the banquet of a swedish wedding.
In the 19th century, no less meaning was put on the sheet, lower now. About tse tell and earlier, visions of 1881, collection of "Harny tone" by Herman Goppe. Є sense zapozichiti and deyakі rules, yakі todі іsnuvali. More than a part of good manners is not a given fashion, not a mitte of vіyanny, but a polished rule by the hour, dotrimannya of which allows the nose to be unhanded, bringing joy to the intercourse.
So, "Selection of joys and times", issued in 1889 by the roci, was literally a bedside book in its own time. The main provisions are accepted and at once, the stench is reborn (the rules of the animal, the design of the leaves is thin). The book tells about those who "fold a sheet in the arts, it is very important to remember the one to whom we write, to give a new tone to your sheet, so that such a tone, which is completely satisfied with these feelings and notes, to whom we write." And then: "Be it a leaf, Kim bi, it wasn’t written Bulo, reflecting the moral image of the writer, illuminating it. moral goodness".
A list of attachments before the transfer of possibly more and different information to a possibly smaller obliga- tion of the message. Similar "economnist" commemoration began to sound historically: more privately, it reflects all the everyday life of people in the posture of their official banknotes, but a grand complex of emotions, reflections, and vchinkivs.
The meaning of private lists is greater, the shards of intimacy of Rozmov allow you to speak loudly, to destroy food, as it is not possible to put it publicly - political, philosophical, historical. That is why the epistolary literature exclaimed the possibility of exchanging thoughts with problems, which were not discussed by them.
Children's cultures and mysticism raised the language of the language and the language of the language of artistic creation. Won't navіt published deyakі their lists as artistic and journalistic creations. For example, articles by N.V. Gogol's "Selected verses from listing with friends" with passages from the author's special lists. Features of O.S. Pushkino, P.A. Vyazemsky, V.A. Zhukovsky and other writers read their hour at the gurtkas and salons as a literary work. And the authors themselves wrote the sheet with no less effort, but create their own art. The worm of the workers of the acts of actors were omitted by Mussettva, the robot over the zm_stom, the warehouse of Letail.
Everything is especially important if you talk about the epistolary recession of great people, writers, shards of the old leaf and historical documents to characterize the authors themselves of that modern era, their movie.
Zvernennya to epіstolyarnoї spadschini tvorchoї іntelіgentsії Je nevipadkovim, oskіlki druzhnі Listi pismennikіv, theater dіyachіv, hudozhnikіv kіntsya XIX - cob XX stolіt Got great significance for suchasnoї culture yak at Vlasnyi movnomu vіdnoshennі (Especially in svіtlі suchasnoї movnoї situatsії) so i in cultural іstorichnomu .
The creative intelligentsia was the bearer of an elitist modern culture, which manifested itself, persh for everything, in a special modern relish, so that in the system of ideological, psychological, aesthetic and other attitudes of a person or a supple group, you should move and move on given phrases Have a clear self-control of moving behavior. At the very friendly sheets, the characteristic rice of which is "brightness", zmistovna freedom, trustingly friendly among the communicants, the "secret" of the music is revealed, the system of moving likenesses is revealed.
Friendship listing was not only intimate in nature, but became a kind of form of suspense-journalistic and literary conversations, being a creative "laboratory", in which Russian literary language was molded, most of all, the language of specialty was revealed. Friendly leaves of the creative intelligentsia are the original documents of the era.
In different times, the epistolary genre has attracted writers with its majestic abilities. A.I. Herzen wrote: "I love the shape of the leaves most of all for the steps and for the bows ... - you can not hesitate to write what is in the head of recession." And so: "I'm starting with a kind of trepidation, I'm like a sickly, nervous, thick and, maybe close to fear marveling at a scarlet leaf. warm nights, and those that went out to the ages of ages, from them you guessed about the gilling oak, from which the wind blows, but do not make noise over your head and do not press with all your strength, like embossing in the book. , with open support ... everything is fixed, everything is marked on the sheets ... without rouge and embellishment.
In this case, the sheet is designated as a private, informal writing of the osib (addresser and addressee), which is characterized by sufficient freedom of speech, the presence of standard epistolary elements (letter, signature, and also the date, place of writing), the list for publication was given to the authors. For a friendly list, it is of great importance to post an individual of the addressee to the authors of the list, "drinking" of the material, and its autobiography.
The sheet of writers is an important dzherelo, which is of great significance for the development of the specialness and creativity of their authors, for an hour, in such a stench they lived, people, as if they were alienated, they entered with them at the uninterrupted intercourse. Ale, a written sheet is no less than a historical record: it may have its own authority in the form of another written memo, an archival record, or to swipe other epistolary documents. The sheet is in close proximity to artistic literature and can sometimes transform into a special look artistic creativity, modifying its forms to a literary development, accompanying the rest and outperforming the future genres and stylistic features.
1.2 Feeding the genre designation of the lists
The publications in the rest of the decade of theoretical studies have shown that, despite the long-established theory of genres, the genre theory is fundamental to the topical and most debatable field of development, that it is foldable and that in scientific literature the genre has not developed in such a way. Tse vplivaє on the development of the theory of specific literary genres, at the time of the epistolary.
Modern science has practical everyday practices, and those who have deeply developed the theory of this genre.
First, in the daytime reading and outside, the designation of the leaves as one of the forms of the epistolary. Є vіdomosti about the history of the sheet, songs of written writers about the qiu literary form, as well as statements of vchenih and deyakі features of the sheet.
In a different way, let's put it together, the food for the genre purpose of the daily life of leaves, notes, schodenniks. Some vcheni bring literary works to the forms of memoir literature (A.G. Tartakovsky, N.L. Leidermon, A.Ya. Gurevich, L.D. Lyublinska, T.A. Morokhovo). Others, like M.P. Aleksiev, Yu.I. Aikhenvold, A.M. Molakhov, B.L. Modzalevsky and others, there are thoughts that the epistolary decadence of the writers is its own genre of artistic creativity.
Deyakі vchenі vvazhayut the most bright rice leaves їhnyu straightening ale of a particular reader. And the addressee's oskіlki may not be one person, but a group of osіb, then at the other end of the sheet, food can be broken not only of a special character, but also suspіlnі, sovereign problems. To that (deposit of the addressee, recognition of the sheet) one can see the diversity of the epistolary genre, which is also observed in the epistolary of A.P. Chekhov, a sheet of what is the object of our research.
The whole sheet can be classified from a few points of view. One of the types of classification - from the glance of the postal addressee, so how many leaves were addressed to a specific person and a kind of scorching tone of these leaves. You can classify the sheet and see if you can change the purpose. Cleverly, in this classification one sees such groups of material that is considered as such: private lists, business lists, journalistic lists and philosophical ones.
Different literary genres in a different way reflect the specifics of special features. The epistolary genre can be called universal;
Through the language of the writer, we know his style, his specialty, his svetoglyad. If the creativity of a certain author is preserved, then through the language the heroes are recognized, those ideas, the author himself. As if a sheet of writers melts as an object, then the stench themselves, their pictures of the world, look aesthetically and ethically, are signifi- cantly larger in the world.
Zavdyaks of singing etiquette-epistolary loneliness reveal the author's style, which shows not the style of new words and meaning, but the style of the selection of my own achievements and their own zastosuvanni. Under the etiquette-epistolary units in this robot, there are situationally rationalized, communicative directives, thematically related, mutually interchangeable and interdependent formulas of interpretation.
1.3 Label language formulas on sheets
Liszt is a special (epistolary) genre of movies. It is folded and overpowered to the addressee with a method of reminding, telling about something, remembering about it, etc.
Genre sheet dictates greater stereotyping of virazivs, lower sleepiness, zvіdsi idiosyncrasies, power of the epistolary genre of typing ethical virazivs.
Etiket sheet - the main part of the modern etiquette is in the air, the proteo of the particular part, the contacts between them, who communicate not directly, but distantly in the hour and space, in a letter form. І timchasovo-prostorova distance, і the letter form allows for the special genre of the sheet and dictates the choice of the singful movable features, which are introduced in the case of the declarative movable etiquette. Distan_tonist "Spacious" Mimіku, a gesture, іntonatsіyu, those who are pleased with the Rosuminnya ІЗ sentіvslov, Mozhlivіt turn, Titizen Pіdkrіplenіst, the fact that there is a picture of the construction of constructs, Rygogornutіst, Ambulance, Viklad, Tobo Ti Special Moven. The prote list cannot be called a monologue among the sensei, the oskіlki the presence of a specific addressee, and the smut - a guessing yoga vodpovidi yukkaє i dyalogovі form splkuvannya (wіtannya, farewell, mournful toshcho.).
The distance of "spіvrozmovnіkіv" in the open space may call out the need to describe the gesture, for example: I will embrace; whole; I press my hand.
The distance of "spіvrozmovnіkіv" at the hour of the call is necessary to tell the addressee about putting food on the first sheet, about turning to the one we named earlier (You ask, as I live ...), so that the sheet is seen as a special genre of dialogic-monologue text.
Composite sheet is made up of three parts:
) beginning
) informational part and 3) endings. The very same etiquette-epistolary units can be looked at by our robots.
1.4 Composite parts of an unofficial sheet
Beginning with a leaf about
The skin type of the leaf conveys its own characteristic type of beginnings, as it is determined by the degree of standardization of the leaf. Well, for a businessman, the standardization of the nayvischa, for a friendly one, is the best.
This type of beginning is like a statement of the missus, the stars are corrected on the sheet, and the dates written on the cob of the sheet can be found in the unofficial sheets.
Before the beginning of the Russian leaf, there is also an animal, a bath. The sequence of semantic parts at the beginning of unofficial leaves is as follows:
- Miss that date of writing the sheet (optional).
- bathing (optional).
- Zvernennya.
Missabout nbut writing that date on the sheet
The place of writing of the sheet is the geographic name: from the widest - name the state (Russia, France), to the narrowest - name the place (Moscow city, St. Petersburg city), village (V'yazniki village), village (Zhovtneviy village ) . In addition, if you can smartly name the place, the stars are written on the sheet: the Anopa sanatorium, the board of the ship Gruziya is too thin. As it is obvious from the applications, most of the victorious ones are called by the generic name of the abbreviated, which is usually unofficial leaves.
The date of writing the sheet most often includes the date, month and month. All three elements are arranged in a different way: the number can be put in the paws, the word fate is written shortly. In other types of leaves, the month can be indicated by a number, Roman or Arabic, for example: 8 / X-1978,
X.78, 8-X-78, 8.10.78 p. At the leaf of the vkazіvka ale rik may be on the day, but on the other hand the hour and day of the week may be indicated. For example: 8. X, wound; 7/VIII, week; 11 years early, Saturday.
Ringing at the leaf
The choice of etiquette forms of education is determined by the norms of Russian movable etiquette.
The choice of the name according to the father, the new change of the form of the name, as well as the name of the disputedness with motley suffixes (for example: Valechka, matusya) are assigned to the mutual addresses of the addressee and the right person, the degree of their closeness, the list of the moment, the character of the
The form of encouragement is with the word expensive and widened. Moreover, the word expensive has a neutral character. Like a neutral word, it is marked, on one side, with such a "legal", "intimate" word, like a dear, dear skinny, and on the other side, with such an "official" word, like a shanovny, shanovny skinny. It also means that the journey is accompanied by my (mine) borrower, so it should be intimate in nature (for example: My dear mother!). The order of the words is my and dear, cohany and іn can be different. For example: Dear my! My Kohana! Abo my love! My love!
Among close people, there is a wider acceptance of a large number of individual, occasional camp animals.
Vitanny at the leaf
A typical element of the beginning is a letter, as you can start private official and unofficial sheets. The sheet can start:
) Z animals;
) s vіtannya that animal;
) from the animals and the shelter;
) with regards.
The most stylistically neutral accommodations and hospitality Hello! Good day!, like you can stand like before animals, so after a new one, for example: Hello, dear Katerino Ivanivno! Dear Semyon Vasilovich, hello! Good day, my love Olenko! Dear my son, good day!
The word vіtati forms a different kind of privіtannya. For example: Allow me to beat you, grandmaster Oleksiy Mikolayovich! Such vіtannya are heard in the unofficial lists of people of the older and middle generations, for example: Dear Victor, I sincerely sing to you.
The privitans often use the formula send (sholom) privit. Tsya formula is typical for unofficial leaves. For example: Sending a warm hello, dear Klava!
Vitannya often avenges the message and the place, the stars overpower the sheet, for example: I bring you from the Crimea! I send you greetings from the ship!
Vіtannya, which are formalized by the words vіtayu, privіt, are often accompanied by favors and privіtannyami, as if the theme of the sheet is conveyed. For example: Kostya! Greetings from Crimea, that best blessing! I warmly welcome the participants of the International Scientific Conference.
Informational but I am part
For the transition without a middle to the informational part of the stereotyped phrase. The stench harmoniously introduce reminders (for example: In a few words, let's talk about help, or I'll hurry to tell the news, etc.). Є th stereotyped phrases that lay down informational messages (for example: Ale, I will finish. Abo Well, from all the news, etc.).
Before the elements of the informational part of the sheet, there are also creaks - formulas that allow you to enter a new, significant additional sheet. Transition from paragraph to paragraph, from one thought to another, as a rule, is implemented for additional creaking, creaking, creaking.
Skrіpa-priednannya to introduce additional reminders, for example: To add to what has been said, let's remind ...; So, I want to add that ...
Skrіpa-protistavlennya to introduce reminders to avenge the exchange, or to put it before what has been said, for example: In this rank, we are better off with your mind. However, I can clarify the series.
Skrіpa-uzagalnennya, as a rule, to introduce a subbag of reminder before what was said earlier, for example: Vyhodyachi z vishchevykalennya, you can go on the offensive vysnovka.
Beforeabout leaf coloring about
The beginning of the sheet is the same, like the beginning, I can standardize the sequence of elements.
On the basis of an unofficial sheet, the following parts are sorted out:
) pіdsumkovі phrases;
) repeated vibachennya, podyaky, vіtannya;
) pripuschennya, that the listing will be regular;
) prohannya to write and vouch for the food (often the food is overworked);
) instill that prohannya transmit instillations;
) farewell;
) PS - (post scriptum - literally: after what was written) - dedicate those that were deliberately omitted in the text of the sheet.
The sequence of semantic parts, like a leaf, is offensive:
- Podsumkovi phrases.
- Fucking write.
- Pripuschennya, that the listing will be normal.
- Repeated vibachennya, bathing, pobazhannya.
- Podyaki.
- Invite that prohannya to convey invitations.
- Farewell is that vislovlyuvannya that suprovodzhuyut farewell.
- Singing at the vase, friendship, love.
- Signature
- Postscripts.
In this case, not all elements of the scheme are guilty but present in the leaf of obov'yazkovo. Rozkriёmo deakі z them, scho vymagayut roz'yasnennya.
Signature y toabout no listings about
The signature for example sheet confirms the forms of the animal adopted by the correspondents. If the correspondents name one one after the name after the father, then the right-hand writer writes in the end of the sheet of his own name after the father, and if they name one after the name or after the name of the dispute - then they write to them or the name of the dispute , moreover, the changing form is often different, as it is significant for correspondents.
Non-standard addressee signatures on a friendly list also indicate the assignment of the author of the list to the addressee, serve as an insertion and support of communication, "increase" the pragmatic effect of communication. For example: Your Coconut (K.S. Stanislavsky - to N.K. Shlezinger; 12 December 1886).
about no listings about
Postscript - text, which is posted after the signature. The first postscript can be entered with the sign PS (postscript), and the secondary postscript - PS (postscript), after which the phrases can go: Dodatkovo I remind you ..., Another novelty ... and in.
Private lists can have postscripts without the PS sign.
1.5 Epistolary Spadshchina A.P. Chekhov
The sheet of artists' word is to present to readers as a historical and literary, and aesthetic value. This plan has a great interest in calling the epistolary recession of A.P. Chekhov. If in 1912 - 1916 the first sheet was published, the contributors called them other selections of the writer's works. All Chekhov's prose is correct, profoundly perfected by the artist's vision, unsatisfied with style.
The Czech listing in slander has its own unity, so you don’t get to dobirok windows and quotes. In the indistinct, impersonal sides, which were written from different sources to different people, but with rich fates, there are no joys, or tedious - "skin is either beautiful, or it is necessary." You can re-read it again and again, and tse hoarsely reading.
Suspension of that special life of Chekhov, setting up with writers (among them the senior letters of L.M. Tolstoy, and the youngest - I.A. Bunin and M. Gorky), reviews about hundreds of books read, medical activity, more expensive in Sakhalin, history of work on With powerful explanations of those stories, over the "Seagull" and "The Cherry Orchard", the history of life, so unfortunate and so significant, that, yes, the day is not empty, the day has not passed without a trace and darma - everything was known in the leaves. Everything that Chekhov said about his life in the epistolary recession was true from the first to the last word, and at the same time they have nothing similar to that unsolicited, with the soul open, open, like a spantelier for all sorts of nonsense.
Chekhov's sheet can be re-read regularly and always know not just what is new, what sounds especially special today. "Chekhov's leaves are unique. Addressed to one person, while reading the stench, they celebrate the subtle effect of the beast especially for you. Here, Chekhov speaks especially for you tête-à-tête, trusting you only your own, hiding, intimidatingly your soul" .
Chekhov wrote his list not for a friend. Vin and reveal not a moment that the stench will be seen, that millions of people will be read by them. Chekhov did not shy away from the daily command orders for the drive of his listing. "Everything will turn out if we die," - having said to Bunin not long before death. Vin died in 1904, and not long after his death, six volumes of his lists were seen. The leaves have gone into the treasury of spiritual dosvіdu people and have taken their rightful place there. The stench was read with the same respect, with such deep interest, with which everything that was signed to the name of Chekhov was accepted in Russia. The hour brought: "Chekhov's epistolary decay is not less significant, do it lower. Yogo leaf is a messenger of the world. Trusting joy. Guarding. ... I should dispose of this rare spiritual wealth, as much as possible."
Epistolary prose of A.P. Chekhov, who let through all the problems of modern society, - part literary decline writer and all culture of Russia. These words confirm one more truth, confirmed by the General Director and Artistic Curator of the National Academic Theater of the Russian Drama. Lesi Ukrainki Mikhail Reznikovich, about those that Chekhov's sheet for rich representatives of the creative intelligentsia became "without further ado, another Bible."
Obsyag listuvannya majestic. Nearly 10,000 pages addressed to you appeared in his archives, as if they were saved in the greatest order. Obviously, A.P. Chekhov saved everything that was addressed to him by his protracted life. If one is worthy of his correspondents, then only the deacons of them understood the meaning and value of Chekhov's leaves and took care of them - here there are not hundreds, but less than a thousand inaccurate stories.
Chekhov's respondents were not only members of the family, friends, but also unknown people, different for their huge camp, profession, century, nationality. Anton Pavlovich was among writers, editors and vidavtsy, composers and artists, directors and actresses, theater critics, villagers and state officials, doctors.
1.5.1 Listuvannya A.P. Chekhova and A.S. Suvorina
A lot of leaves are addressed to Oleksiy Sergiyovich Suvorin - a fiction writer, playwright and feuilletonist, creator of "The New Hour". Їхнє special listing trivalo 17 years. For the respect of E.A. Polotsk, Chekhov's leaf to Suvorin - it is possible, naizmistovnіshі at all Chekhov's leafing.
Seeing Suvorin and the writer Chekhov showed friendship and mutual friendliness. Nosh co-worker, the English Slavist Donald Reyfield, writing that Suvorin's right spiritual comfort was seen by his friends, and his friendly friendship showed him to Chekhov.
The acquaintanceship of Chekhov and Suvorin lasted until the end of 1885, if the newspaper "New Chas" reached the height of glory, as if seen and bookshops expanded out of the country and occupied one of the first places in the Russian book trade. Suvorin and Chekhov at once rose in price in Europe in 1891 and 1894. The famous books of Chekhov's works were brought to light by the famous Suvorin. The collections "At Days" (1887), "Opovіdannya" (1888), "Pohmuri people" (1890), "P'єsi" (1897), deakі іnshі.
For the first time, acquaintance with Suvorinim Chekhov had high thoughts about the new one, about the people and the Kremlin position, like the position of the Novy Chas newspaper. But it’s true, Suvorin was the most famous speaker, to which Yogo’s majestic erudition took hold. Suvorin was a master of theatrical art, I'm addicted to the theater. Vin himself wrote p'esi.
The friendship of Chekhov and Suvorin called out to the fellows in a super-chlily way. So, D.S. Merezhkovsky wrote: "Suvorin and Chekhov are against nature: the worst and the lowest. Let Suvorin's evil right Chekhov be innocent (Suvorin in the position of a liberal and move a democratic journalist to nationalism and shovinism);"
In 1898, between Chekhov and Suvorinim, there were differences. In the song of Dreyfus, Suvorin showed himself an obvious accomplice to anti-Semitism and started to fight against all sorts of "foreigners". The sights of Suvorin and Chekhov have taken on a formal character, their paths have grown.
At the sheets, up to the crowd of people, there are already rich food - literary, theatrical, impersonal supple problems. The sheet is connected with a deep thematic sequence and logic. Ale stretching for a whole ten years, Chekhov pragmatically poured into Suvorino, waving yoga in the soul of that stern and streaming protest, which marked yoga in the water of life. At the sheets to the new Chekhov, we’ll open up and indulge in the defense of his light-gazer and his own truth.
Re-reading the sheet to Suvorin, it doesn’t matter to remember that the stench is sharply political, that Chekhov is far from always competing with him especially, often with the program, the devil’s number, or the song article of the New Hour.
For whom the listings had special sides, they were filled with their own lyrics and warmth. Here they discussed the thoughts and plots of the future opovіdan and p'єs, іnshі їх were transferred to write at once.
Vіd velikoї, trivaloї richly rokіv listuvannya z A.S. Suvorinim saved only one part of Chekhov; That is why the history of the mutually foldable, dissimilar to one and the same, and yet close people stand in an inconsistent, miraculously one-sided light. The image of Suvorin-a man is clearly and obviously, without any pre-emptiveness seen on Chekhov's sheets. Therefore, the evolution of the Chekhovian setting to Suvorin seems to be quite clear: on the cob the knowledge of wines was given by the "wonderful person of our hour" (A.S. harsh remarks. About the relationship between Chekhov and Suvorin, he wrote to his student V.G. Korolenko: "... Everything turned out good for the new one, - to make friends with Suvorinim, to be friends with such vines and we grew up later. And everything is clear to clarity: why I was friends and why I grew up."
1.5.2 Listuvannya A.P. Chekhov with O.L. Knipper
Z in the summer of 1899, the exchange of sheets between the playwright and O.L. Knipper, who continued intermittently until the spring of 1904. There are 433 leaves and telegrams from Chekhov to Knipper and more than 400 leaves from Knipper to Chekhov - the most expensive listing in Chekhov. Most of all, Chekhov's life is reminiscent of the rest of the fates.
Olga Leonardivna Knipper (in Chekhov's entourage) - an actress in the Art Theater from the beginning to death. The first roles played in Chekhov's performances of the Moscow Art Theater: Arkadynoy ("The Seagull"), Deer Andriivny ("Uncle Vanya"), Masha ("Three Sisters"), Ranevskaya (" cherry orchard"), Sarri ("Ivonov"). People's Artist of the USSR (1936). Author of poems "Kilka slov about A.P. Chekhov", "Stop the Rocks", "About A.P. Chekhov".
The first springs from Chekhov came to life ale rehearsals of the Moscow Art Theater "The Seagull" and "Tsar Fedir Ioannovich". Chekhov was not a witness to the triumph of his "The Seagulls" in the Art Theater, but all those who wrote about it in Yalta thought about the victorious Knipper's role of Arkadina as about the greatest success of the vista.
Knipper occupied a vignette place in Chekhov's spiritual life of the rest of the rock, and the leaf before her best inspires this inner light in the rock - in this world, which Chekhov vowed to people for the need for their inner light, to our neighbors
Kolo podіy artistic life, about the likes of Chekhov and Knipper write one to one, even wider; The first period of the history of the Art Theater is like a part of the global cultural panorama of Russia and the border of the century. From the sides of their leaves, the voices of Tolstoy, Gorky, Stanislavsky, Nemirovich-Danchenko, Bunin, actors of the Moscow Art Theater, young writers sound. Riven judgement about literature and mysticism is determined by whom A.P. Chekhiv.
All tse little їhnyu special spiritual closeness. Chekhov's list to Knipper, in order of yoga works of the rest of the fates, became the most reliable reflection of this inner life - that life, about which Knipper wrote all the time: rokіv passed to supervichity completely, thickened, cіkavo that smoothly.".
Zustrichni and leaves of Chekhov's and Knipper's speeches are connected by a single dramatic plot, it is read like a literary reminder of the great human interest, like one of the greatest tales about zustrіchi and separation.
Olga Leonardivna was destined to outlive Chekhov and 55 years. Її talent is known to be a little evil, it creates significant images in the works of Turgenev, Gogol, Dostoyevsky, Gorky. Ale, the tops of the actress's creativity were її Masha, її Ranevska. In 1924, Chekhov's sheets were published abroad, and in 1934 and 1936, A.B. Dermon saw two first sheets of Chekhov and Knipper.
1.5.3 Listuvannya A.P. Chekhov z L.S. Mizinova
Liszt to Lidії Stakhіїvni Mіzinovї – friends of M.P. Chekhov, occupies a place in the epistolary region of Chekhov. Її specialness, share, more like Chekhov, have deprived the life and creativity of the writer.
The acquaintance of Chekhov with Mizinova became fateful in the autumn of 1889, if they began to work at the gymnasium L.F. Rzhevsky, approached M.P. Chekhov and began to visit Chekhov's house. Z birch 1890 zustrіchі melt parts. Mizinova to make for Chekhov the transcripts from books about Sakhalin at the Rum'yantsev Museum. On the second half of the month, right up to the very exit of Chekhov, the wines and Mizinov are constantly running.
The style of their creations is Chekhov's humor and that atmosphere of unimpressed merriment, which blamed Lika for the time being in Chekhov's sim's. Chekhov’s words of suffocation, having observed what is appropriate, and to that very people themselves gostroty, teasing, puns, puns, spoofing the situations of the names of Likinih chanuvalniks, parodies and love leaves of unknown osibs. Everything at once formed such a thick imitated middle that, having shown a true sense, they drowned in it and filled with an unreal character.
Listuvannya 1892 fate to talk about the great friendship between Chekhov and Mizinov. Vіn share with the fritters of a good life in Melіkhovі, and with serious podіyami all in a friendly and trusting way. Well, up to the stage of suffocation, they are one by one - the sheet of them will sound like bi "alo raznoi whvili". In this case, the blame is often unreasonable: Chekhov is angry - Mizinova is angry and wondering, asking him to re-read the sheet.
In the autumn of 1802, the sheets of Mizinova show a motif of propelling life, which changes the amount - zamіzhzhya. "Ah, lie to me and come!" - write away from the rose. Chekhov calls out this call without a reply. Farther Perebіg Podіy Vіdomiy: Lika's novel with Potapenkom, the people of Donka. At that very hour, when Mizinovo, in a quiet place in Switzerland, the people of the child were taken for granted, Chekhov, having written his word, slandered like a kayattya, it’s a pity, knowing his pardon: “I don’t know my health. 'I lost it just like you' (February 18 (30), 1894). Alas, there was nostalgia for the hour, which Chekhov did not break at the right time. rocky, maybe, stronger, lower sound, expressed the need for the presence of Lika - often, maybe, from the nudgi of the Yalta life.
The listing of Chekhov with Mіzіnova is one of the largest and longest cycles in the yogo epistolary fall. Vіdomo 67 leaves of Chekhov to Mіzіnova and 98 leaves to the new one. Chekhov's sheet was repeatedly friended, vibirkovo the same. The sheet of Mіzіnov was victorious often, in the comments to the list of Chekhov; The deacons were cited in Yu. Sobolev's book "Chekhov" (M., 1934), included by L.P. Grossman at yoga "The novel of Nina Zarichnaya".
1.5.4 Listuvannya A.P. Chekhov with K.S. Stanislavsky
Kostyantyn Sergiyovich Stanislavsky ( help call- Aleksiev) - artist and director, one of the founders and directors of the Moscow Art Theater, since 1936 people's artist of the USSR. Having put at spіvpratsi z V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, the first Czech performances at the Moscow Art Theater, playing the roles of Trigorin in "The Tea", Astrov in "Uncle Von", Vershinino in "Three Sisters", Gaeva in "The Cherry Orchard", Shabelsky in "Ivonov".
The first singer of Stanislavsky and Chekhov looked like the year 1888. Before the vindication of the art theater, stench was heard in theaters, but in other business meetings and anniversaries. From the work of Chekhov, Stanislavsky began to know in a right way, if Nemirovich-Danchenko was spontaneous, taking up the production of "The Seagull".
In the process of the work of the theater on two of the first Chekhov performances, the playwright and the director practically did not come into contact. The first sheet one to one (17 leaves of Chekhov to Stanislavsky and 37 leaves of Stanislavsky to Chekhov were saved) do not reflect a few important moments of the work. Only during the production of "Three Sisters" the listing of Chekhov and Stanislavsky became regular. Although the stench rose up near the bachelor-like scenes, the staging of "Three Sisters" at the Art Theater screamed the greatest satisfaction from the author of the p'esi. The director, together with the actors, managed to capture the "Czech mood" and infect the hall for the peeps.
The sheet of devotions to the rest of the song, "The Cherry Orchard", reflects that great closeness, "simply see the blue", as they stood between Stanislavsky and Chekhov. A letter dedicated to Stanislavsky at the head of the work on the song, and then reportedly discussing the distribution of roles, especially the stage solution.
At his famous book, written maybe two decades after Chekhov's death, if the Chekhov performers of the Art Theater had long been playing for an hour, they were talking about Chekhov's "incomprehensibility" and "richness" of Chekhov, even though they had not yet mastered the first Mkhatov productions. Chekhov, who always moves forward, having overtaken, in his words, the development of the theater. As a director and actor of the future, the words of the great stage reformer will sound at the book "My Life in Mystery": rozkriyut anew, wove and daughter to the end.
Chekhov's sheet of the sheet of change and literature, which from urivkiv and citations can be combined into a linking text, which can make a high artistic level. Already an hour, in such a way, the bula p'esa L.A. was arranged. Molyugin with a miraculous name "Mocking my happiness."
Chapter 2. Epistolary single sheets of A.P. Chekhov
At the representations of the robot, a systematic analysis of the lists was carried out to the following addressees: A.S. Suvorin (180 sheets), O.L. Knipper (216 sheets), L.S. Mіzіnova (67 sheets) and K.S. Stanislavsky (17 leaves). We have written 480 sheets of different books, written in the period from September 1890 to March 1903.
2.1 Start list
Missabout that date is written on the sheet
At the sheets of A.P. Chekhov's date of writing the sheet most often includes the date of that month. With whom, the name of the month may be short-lived. There are 300 leaves with such written dates (63% of all leaves). There are 128 trojans written like this on the sheets up to A.S. Suvorin, 132 - to O.L. Knipper, 40 - to L.S. Mizinova. For example:
In six sheets of this type, the number of that month is indicated for example:
The beginning of the name of the month and the date of the appointed month are victorious on sheets of 22 trojans (5% of all leaves), with 5 sheets of the month, that date of writing is marked in French language:
Krasnoyarsk, 28 herbs. (A.S. Suvorin; May 28, 1890 Krasnoyarsk),
Melikhovo, 23 lime. (L.S. Mіzіnovoi; 23 linden 1893 r. Melіkhovo), 4 Marz Moskau. (to A.S. Suvorin; 4 birch, 1893, Moscow),
Zhovt. Abbazia. (L.S. Mizinovoi; 21 spring (3 days) 1894 r. Abbatsiya), Rome, 20 lute. (O.L. Knipper; (7 (20) fierce 1901 Rome).
Sometimes the name of the place is mentally indicated, the stars are written on the sheet. There are 13 such leaves (3% of all leaves). For example:
spring. Steamboat "Baikal". (To A.S. Suvorin; 11 spring 1890, the river Tatarska protoka, steamboat "Baikal"). In one sheet, the name of the place is written in French language:
21 chests 1900. Pension Russe, Nice or: 9 rue Gounod, Nice. (O.L. Knipper; 21 March 1900 (3 September 1901) Nice).
For some sheets, the date of writing includes the date of writing and the month of the statement, and ale r_k - 98 leaves (20% of all leaves). There are 11 trojans written in this way on sheets up to A.S. Suvorin, 70 - to O.L. Knipper, 17 - to K.S. Stanislavsky), for example:
grass 91 rub. (To A.S. Suvorin; May 13, 1891, Oleksin),
The sheets may sometimes show the hour to finish that day. This type of writing data is recorded in 17 trojans (4% of all leaves). For example:
grass. 4 years early. (A.S. Suvorin; May 27, 1891 Bogimovo), Friday. (L.S. Mіzіnovої; 14 chervnya 1896 r. Melіhovo),
In seven of the analyzed leaves (1% of all leaves), the month is indicated by a Roman numeral, for example:
In his sheets A.P. Chekhov won a non-standard statement on that date:
In the rest of the butt, there was a non-standard statement on the date of the date connected with the birthday of O.S. Suvorina - 17 birch.
In 21 sheets (in 3 sheets to A.S. Suvorin, 6 - to O.L. Knipper, 12 - to L.S. Mizinova), the date of writing is not indicated (4% of all leaves), for example:
Ringing at the leaf
In the analyzed sheets of the largest width, there were figurative expressions of animality, as if they were especially trusting, friendly schilnist to the addressee. Tse reach for the help of unimaginable epithets, equals. There are 277 - 58% of such words in the number of animals (7 leaves to A.S. Suvorin, 214 - to O.L. Knipper, 56 - to L.S. Mizinova), for example:
Sweet actress, exploiter of my soul. (O.L. Knipper; 20 September (2 February) 1901, Nice),
Gold, mother-of-pearl and Fildekosova Face! (L.S. Mizinovoy; 17 May 1891, Oleksin).
It is possible to indicate what is the current turnover of the most taman leaves to O.L. Knipper and L.S. Mizinova.
In 24 sheets (6 sheets to A.S. Suvorin, 5 - to L.S. Mizinova, 13 - to K.S. Stanislavsky) A.P. Chekhov is sent to the addressee on behalf of his father (5% of the total number of letters):
Dear Oleksiy Sergiyovich! (To A.S. Suvorin; May 20, 1890, Tomsk),
Shanovna Lydia Stakhivna! (L.S. Mіzіnovoi; 23 May 1891 Bogimovo),
In 179 (167 sheets to A.S. Suvorin, 2 - to O.L. Knipper, 6 - to L.S. Mizinova, 4 - to K.S. Stanislavsky) 37% in dry leaves).
Vitanny at the leaf
Rich in his sheets A.P. Chekhov after the introduction of the date, the time of writing to pass without delay before the informational part. There are 61 trojans - 13% of all leaves (in 10 sheets up to A.S. Suvorin and in 51 - up to O.L. Knipper; in sheets up to L.S. Mizinova and K.S. Stanislavsky similar stereotyped formulas per day ). For example:
…Good day! (O.L. Knipper; May 20, 1900, Yalta),
Good day! Greetings to you ... (A.S. Suvorin; May 20, 1890 Tomsk),
For 419 (170 sheets up to A.S. Suvorin, 165 - up to O.L. Knipper, 67 - up to L.S. Mizinova, 17 - up to K.S. % of all leaves).
2.2 Information part
Stereotyped introduction of awareness
The most common way to introduce information is such turnovers, as if to take revenge on the word of the addressee and to forego the mirkuvannya, explaining or recognizing. There are 124 trojans in the sheets - 76% of all current circulations of the introduction of the introduction (39 trojans to A.S. K.S. Stanislavsky). Tse takі, yak:
In the sheets there are such phrases for introduction to remind, how to avenge the word shodo, for example:
Shodo "trom-tam-tam" work, as you know ... (O.L. Knipper; 21 September (3rd fierce) 1901, Nice),
There are 13 such viruses (8%).
Virazіv vvodennya voіdomlennya in sheets (7%) mіstjat either the current turnover with the word novelty (when it is different, the nature of the novelty is indicated), or the theme of the subject of the novіdomlennya is indicated in them. For example:
One-by-one depressions in the treatment of advancing viruses:
I'll start from the cob. (To A.S. Suvorin; May 20, 1900 Tomsk), I confirm the food that is shown from your sheet. (O.L. Knipper; 18 September 1900, Yalta),
And what else is new in them? And nothing else ... What is my p'esi worth ... (O.L. Knipper; 15 spring 1900, Yalta).
15 trojans (9%) are similar to the virus.
Stereotypeabout e visnovok information
The current turns of the stereotypical arrangement of information are rarely found in the sheets - a total of 51 trojans (in 10 sheets up to A.S. Suvorin, in 30 - up to O.L. Knipper, in 11 - up to L.S. Mizinova), for example:
Price novelty ... Ale, everything went wrong ... Everything is stupid. There is not much more to write about. (L.S. Mіzіnovoi; 13 serpny 1893 r. Melіhovo),
Violins, types for informationabout th part of leaves about
Most often in the sheets of A.P. Chekhov vikoristovuyu creaking-zagalnennya. There are 134 of them (43% of the last number of creaks). Scrіpi-zagalnennya 62 vicorist trojans on sheets up to A.S. Suvorin, 46 - to O.L. Knipper, 22 - to L.S. Mіzіnova, 4 - to K.S. Stanislavsky).
Skripi-zagalnennya successive ordinal pererakhuvannya with phrasal elements of the type: first, differently, 53 trojans are victorious, with more than five ordinal roundings, the writer does not live, for example:
First. Ale, your sheet, I’m looking forward to it, ... in a different way, your character is similar to sour aґrus, in a third way, if you forgot the German language, then you could have learned it in one month, and in a fourth, you have nothing good do the shit. What the fuck are you doing for? (L.S. Mіzіnovої; 7 serpn 1892 r. Melіhovo),
... I will not be at Tolstoy's, in a first way, through those that are cold and cold to go to the new one, and in a different way - now to go? The life of Tolstoy is a jubilee, and there is no reason to see it one day; in a third way, I have Menshikov, who came right from Yasniy Polyani, and saying that L.M. grimacing and quacking for one thought, what can come before the new vіtachі. (To A.S. Suvorin; 24 September 1898 Melikhovo).
trojand vikoristovuyutsya skripi-zagalnennya of this type:
Father, don’t write to me, and you won’t be able to write soon. (O.L. Knipper; September 22, 1900, Yalta).
Significantly less - 12 trojans - phrasal phrases are victorious, like "to be able to contain all the information of the same type in one word":
Everything dried up, everything was covered in water, in a word, after your entry, it became filthy here. Without you, I will rise (O.L. Knipper; 13 September 1900, Yalta),
In a word, Vishnevsky regotati will be rich - and, obviously, unknowingly, for some reason. (To K.S. Stanislavsky; February 5, 1903, Yalta).
Other skripi-zagalnennya (28 skrip) do not conform to the standards of classification: they are vicorated in single vistas or in an insignificant number, for example:
So full of new things, so rich that you don’t know neither at home, nor in the garden, nor in the street. (O.L. Knipper; February 14, 1900, Yalta),
Zagalom, be kind, don't spoil the decorations. (To K.S. Stanislavsky; 10th leaf fall, 1903, Yalta).
We see the same creaking-reflection. 105 trojans - 34% of the vikorists are vicorated by the addressee - 34% of vikoristovuyutsya in sheets to A.S. Suvorin, 65 - to O.L. Knipper, 8 - to L.S. Mіzіnova, 1 - to K.S. Stanislavsky ). Most of these creaks take up phrasal turns with the help of the union ale:
All the same, after the 20th of the fierce rozrakhovu zasisti for p'yesu (K.S. Stanislavsky; 5th of February 1903, Yalta).
There are 76. Also, the butts are attached to the sheets for the implantation of the offensive creak-protest (20 creaks):
As if it didn’t happen, I still cherish you and wish you happiness ... (L.S. Mizinovoy; September 5, 1899, Yalta),
Yak bi not bulo, p'єsa bude, ale grati її th season will not happen. (O.L. Knipper; July 4, 1900, Yalta),
One by one, living (9 creaks) of offensive creaking:
71 trojans - 23% of all creaks (27 creaks are vicorous in sheets up to A.S. Suvorin, 36 - up to O.L. Knipper, 8 - up to L.S. Mizinova). The middle violin of this type is seen as follows:
To the speech, ... To the speech, who is watching you now? (L.S. Mіzіnovoi;.2 (14) leaf fall 1897 r. Nice),
Before the speech, May is on the verge, but in St. Petersburg you will not have the desired success (O.L. Knipper; 21 September (3rd fierce), 1901, Nice).
Similar words in the sheets of A.P. Chekhov is present 54.
In 17 vipadkas there are the following single standard moves:
There were no leaves yet for you, and I don’t know how you live. Live more fun. (O.L. Knipper; 18 September 1902 Yalta).
2.3 Sheet termination
Signature y toabout no listings about
The largest typical signature for A.P. Chekhov is like this:
This type of signature is signed by a writer of 239 trojans - 50% of the number of leaves (in 174 sheets to A.S. . S. Stanislavsky).
But in another place for living (130 vikoristannya - 27% of all leaves) there are signatures, like A.P. Chekhov saw himself (in 6 sheets up to A.S. Suvorin, in 104 - up to O.L. Knipper, in 20 - up to L.S. Mizinov); often the stench may have a hot, ironic character:
Mongrel pooch Golovin-Rtishchiv. (L.S. Mizinova; earthworm-linden 1891 r. Bogimovo),
Signature Tviy A. was written by a writer 109 trojans - 23% of the number of leaves. It is noteworthy that such a signature is less typical for lists before O.L. Knipper, for example:
Less than two sheets of A.P. Chekhov did not put his signature (sheet before L.S. Mіzіnova):
(L.S. Mizinova; earthworm-linden 1891 r. Bogimovo),
Singing at the povazі, friendship, kokhanni
Before the signature, as a rule, the stereotyped formulas for the title of love, friendship, kohanna are put together. Vіdpovіdno to tsogo the most coexisting formula will be:
There are 254-54% of similar formulas in all leaves (in 176 sheets up to A.S. Suvorin, in 14 - up to O.L. Knipper, in 47 - up to L.S. Mizinova, in 17 - up to K.S. Stanislavsky).
The current formula Tvіy wins in sheets of 200 trojans (41% of all sheets). Vono pritamanno less leaves to O.L. Knipper, for example:
Deyakі formulas for love, friendship, love, one by one, there are 16 such viraziv (3%), for example:
Your familiar friend. (L.S. Mіzіnovoi; 17 May 1891, Oleksin),
In 10 sheets (before L.S. Mіzіnova) - 2% of all sheets - no formulas for love, friendship, kohanna.
Itabout Gabout stereotyped phrases that endedbut leaves that front farewell
In leaves similar to modern formulas, there are a total of 52 trojands - 11% of the total number of leaves (17 trojands up to A.S. Suvorin, 27 - up to O.L. Knipper, 8 - up to L.S. Mizinova). Tse phrasal turns of this kind:
In 428 sheets (in 163 sheets up to A.S. Suvorin, in 189 - up to O.L. Knipper, in 59 - up to L.S. Mizinova, in 17 - up to K.S. Stanislavsky) there are no similar formulas (89 % of total number of leaves).
Etcabout feel free to write
Vislovlyuvannya, scho to avenge the prohannya to write, vikoristovuyutsya in sheets of 205 trojans - 43% of the total number of sheets (in 46 sheets up to A.S. Suvorin, in 130 - up to O.L. Knipper, in 29 - up to L.S. Mіzіnova) . In whom you can name, that the adoption of these two singles is growing, the period of A.P. Chekhov in Melikhovo, if the wines were in a bad way, and you didn’t especially get into contact. Tse vyslovlyuvannya of this nature:
Write to me, give birth to God, otherwise, let’s say, I’m self-sufficient. (to A.S. Suvorin; 2 sick days, 1893, Melikhovo),
My dear Olya, do not swear, my angel, write to your old part ... Write to me, darling, do not swear. You have a bunch of my leaves, I have my own. Why am I so angry with you? (O.L. Knipper; 17 (30) December 1900, Nice).
It is significant that the sheets before O.L. Knipper prohannya pisati may have a more trusting, intimate character. In 275 sheets (134 - up to A.S. Suvorin, in 86 - up to O.L. Knipper, in 38 - up to L.S. Mizinova, in 17 - up to K.S. Stanislavsky) - 57%, similar Vikoristovuyutsya.
Admission, Thuabout listing will be regular about th
These singles appear on sheets of 42 trojans (in 3 sheets up to A.S. Suvorin, in 28 - up to O.L. Knipper, in 11 - up to L.S. Mizinova).
Not large number similar formulas are related to this, that, perhaps, there is no need to add a phrase to the phrase, the listing of the addresser and addressees has already been formed, so that before that, they should be supported by friendly letters. Deyakі apply tsikh viraziv:
Let me check for you for a long, long time. (L.S. Mizinova; 18 (30) spring 1897, Biarritz),
Repabout stereotypical vibachennya, congratulationsbut favor is goodabout darn about sti
These stereotyped phrases are not typical for A.P. Chekhov. There are no examples of such virazivs being applied. Less than once a writer is sent from a repeated fold for a sheet to his squad O.L. Knipper:
Farewell is that vislovlyuvannya that accompanies farewell
For example, the leaves of forgiveness, which are accompanied by forgiveness, the most frequent - the introduction of forgiveness of the combined type, as it is the synthesis of various combinations of blessings of health, happiness, well-being, viraziv іz blessings in heaven There are 181 - 38% of such viruses in all leaves (in 19 leaves up to A.S. Suvorin, in 138 - up to O.L. Knipper, in 12 - up to L.S. Mizinova, in 12 - up to K.S. Stanislavsky) . For example:
Be happy, healthy and truly work success ... Chronicle God is rising. (L.S. Mіzіnova; 21 spring 1898, Yalta),
Be healthy and happy. Don't forget your old lover. (L.S. Mizinovoy; 24th of July 1898, Yalta),
My dear, I kiss your hand - to the right, and to the lion. Be great and don't be boring, don't think that everything is unclear to you. Goodbye, Olya my garna, crocodile of my soul! (O.L. Knipper; 8 spring 1900 Yalta),
Be healthy and cheerful, gain strength and energy. I press my hand. (To K.S. Stanislavsky; 18 lime, 1902, Lyubimivka).
Ale, in another place, for living in, stand for the care of health. There are 131 - 27% of such singles (in 70 sheets up to A.S. Suvorin, in 27 - up to O.L. Knipper, in 34 - up to L.S. Mіzіnova), for example:
Likewise, at the farewell leaf, the vicorist is cherished with blessings of happiness, well-being. There are 61 - 13% of such viruses (in 50 sheets up to A.S. Suvorin, in 11 - up to L.S. Mizinova). For example:
The sheets also have victorious virazi farewell with a description of the gesture of chi dії. Such current turnovers are 50-10% (in 40 - up to O.L. Knipper, in 5 - up to L.S. Mizinova, in 5 - up to K.S. Stanislavsky). For example:
A total of 1000 trojans! (L.S. Mizinova; end of lime tree 1891 Bogimovo),
I kiss you, hug you, bite your ear, then bite your shoulder, stroke your back ... (O.L. Knipper; 20 September 1902, Yalta),
Wislovlyuvannya farewell, for those who want a writer, so that "heavenly forces interceded" for the addressee and її relatives get used to 44 trojans - 9% (in 33 sheets to A.S. Suvorin, 10 - to O.L. Knipper, 1 - to L.S. . Mіzіnovoї), for example:
Let angels and archangels, cherubs and seraphim take care of you. (To A. Z Suvorin; 25 September 1894 Melikhovo),
Farewell, so that the powers of heaven took care of you, guardian angels. Farewell, garna girl. (O.L. Knipper; 9 September 1900, Yalta).
Moreover, for example, a sheet Vikoristovuyutsya farewell to the frequency look without accompanying phrases. There are 13-3% of such viruses (in 8 sheets up to A.S. Suvorin, in 1 - up to O.L. Knipper, in 4 - up to L.S. Mizinova), for example:
Hello and welcomeabout please send greetings
It should be noted that the most common form of transmission of grafting has become the need to describe the gesture, bow itself. There are 106 trojans similar to the expressions - 74% of the total number of similar viruses (in 20 sheets up to A.S. Suvorin, in 46 - up to O.L. Knipper, in 34 - up to L.S. Mizinova, in 6 - up to K. S. S. Stanislavsky). Tse, for example, like this:
I bow to the knees, kiss, hug and again bow to the knees ... (O.L. Knipper; 17 (30) sichnya 1901 Nice),
Do the sheets up to O.L. Knipper and L.S. Mіzinova podіbnі vyslovlyuvannya є priority. Less than 11 (8%) sheets are transmitted without intermediary graft itself, for example:
Hanni Ivanovna, Nastya and Boris are the most serious greetings. (A.S. Suvorin; April 15, 1890, Moscow),
In 24 (17%) sheets, there is a charge for the formula: uklin + privit. For example:
Two sheets (1%) O.P. Chekhov speaks his honor to the next addressee:
Hanni Ivanovna and Oleksiy Oleksiyovych with the children of the greatest love. (To A.S. Suvorin; 8 April 1891, Moscow).
Stereotypical introduction of postscript beforeabout no listings about
At the sheets of A.P. Chekhov's postscripts are entered without special signs (PS), for example:
How are your baby horses doing? Good boulo b proїhatisya go where. (To A.S. Suvorin; close to February 20, 1890, Moscow),
Did you get the stars, what am I drinking a lot of burners? I can't drink more than three cups at a time. (to A.S. Suvorin; 15 September 1894 Melikhovo),
On the way to Nice, maybe I’ll stop by Milan and Genoa. (L.S. Mіzіnovoi; 21 spring (3 days) 1894 Abbatsiya),
Vishnevsky do not write to me. May be angry. For tse I will write youma filthy role. (O.L. Knipper; 18 September 1900, Yalta),
I don't like "Ale Days", "Stovpi Suspіlstvo" and "Julius Caesar". So, you have a shovechora at the theater. (A.S. Suvorin; 10th leaf fall, 1903, Yalta).
Only three of the necessary additions are made out in the analyzed sheets with the sign P. S .:. S. Vi spit ... (L.S. Mіzіnova; worm-linden 1891 Bogimovo),. S. Tolstoy love you. Loving you and Shakespeare, like a living one ... (A.S. Suvorin; 1 sickle, 1893, Melikhovo),. S. I check the most obvious. (L.S. Mіzіnovої; 26 sіchnya 1893 Moscow).
In total, there are 147 postscripts in sheets - 31% of the total number of sheets (in 66 sheets up to A.S. Suvorin, in 47 - up to O.L. Knipper, in 24 - up to L.S. Mizinova, in 10 - up to K.S. .Stanislavsky).
Later, not all etiquette-epistolary units realize themselves the same way (on the sheets to different addressees) and the whole world. Ale, the character of the etiquette-epistolary units in the analyzed sheets before A.S. Suvorin, O.L. Knipper, L.S. Mizinova and K.S. Stanislavsky is also embracing the gender aspect. Zokrema, in sheets up to A.S. Suvorina and K.S. Stanislavsky Suvoro receives epistolary etiquette. "Women" leaves significantly rise from the leaves to the people with their insensitivity, freedom of choice of singing etiquette-epistolary loneliness. Some writers themselves need to know the needs (not necessarily fit into the etiquette norms) of communicative solutions.
Visnovok
The sheet is a non-intermediate expression of a natural communicative act, which is realized in the most direct form and not covered by genre obstructions, as if superimposed with a grate of various creative activities. The appearance of the addressee zooms in on a wide choice for obtaining various contacts and restoration services. Before such zasobіv i lay etiquette-epistolary singles.
For many robots, we performed a systematic analysis of these individuals in the sheets of A.P. Chekhov to a number of addressees: A.S. Suvorin, O.L. Knipper, L.S. Mizinova and K.S. Stanislavsky. At whom we looked at the data alone as a compositional structure of the sheet. We have written 480 sheets of different books, written in the period from September 1890 to March 1903.
Seems natural, dotsilnym and natural, as a whole at the heart of the hour, doslіdzhuvati dosvіd, accumulations of epistolary genres until the end of the 20th century, marvel at how wine shows itself at the final stage of its foundation. The mustache was mindful of the meta burden of work - to reveal the peculiarities of the etiquette-epistolary singles in the sheets of A.P. Chekhov to resurrect more addressees.
Vykhodyachi іz meti, we conducted a systemic analysis of etiquette-epistolary units; they saw the peculiarities of their functioning fallow in the form of the addressee and the nature of the sheet.
The compositional sheet is composed of three parts: the beginning, the informational part and the ending.
At the beginning, there are such warehouses:
The date is written on the sheet.
For leaves A.P. Chekhov is characterized by the writing of dates with the meaning of the date of that month. With whom, the name of the month may be short-lived. There are 300 leaves with such written dates (63% of all leaves). But in another place for living there is a sheet, for which the date of writing includes the date of the date of writing and the date of the month of the statement on the river. There are 98 such leaves (20%). It is noteworthy that such writing is most characteristic of leaves before O.L. Knipper - 70 sheets show the same date of writing. In 21 leaves of the place written that date is not indicated.
Zvernennya.
At the analyzed sheets of the largest width, there were figurative beasts, as if they were especially trusting, friendly to the addressee. Tse reach for the help of unimaginable epithets, equals. There are 277 such viruses (58%). It is also significant that similar animals are more importantly characteristic of leaves to women. The style of these creations is Chekhov's humor and the atmosphere of unimpressed merriment. By themselves, the leaves are filled with animal-guests, piddrazhnennya, puns, prizviska. Similar animals to O.L. Knipper 214, and to L.S. Mіzinovoї - 56 (significant figures, which are generally combined with the private number of leaves to tієї and other women). In the sheets up to Stanislavsky and Suvorin, the writer does not allow himself such freedoms in the animals.
Vitannia.
Bagato sheets of A.P. Chekhov, after the introduction of the date, should be passed without forwards to the informational part. Possibly, it is connected with it, that the listing should be of a full character of fatigue. The letter is not a victorious letter, knowing that it would not be possible to depict the addressee in a similar way, shards between the participants of the listing already formed dovirch stosunki. More than 61 trojands (13%) are found in vicorous leaves, while in their own 51 - up to O.L. Knipper - squads of a writer. Have sheets up to L.S. Mizinova and K.S. To Stanislavsky so stereotyped formulas are called daily.
Informational part of the sheet O.P. Chekhov notes that the new introduction of information is practically based on a new paragraph. To that, povіdomlennya mіzh itself is practically not connected and zdatnі іsnuvati okremo one vіd one. Prote, deaky zv'yazyok pіdtrimuyut creaks, typical for the informational part of the sheet. Most often in the sheets of A.P. Chekhov vikoristovuyu creaking-zagalnennya. There are 134 - 43% of the used creaks (62 vicory trojans are found in sheets up to A.S. Suvorin, 46 - up to O.L. Knipper).
For example, a sheet of rich warehouse elements per day. So, the epistolary helpers of the greater world are dignified at will:
signature (The largest typical signature for the leaves of A.P. Chekhov is the following: Yours A. Chekhov. This type of signature is victorious by a writer of 239 trojans (50% of all leaves). It can be characterized as a signature of a neutral type. A universal character. A significant part (174 sheets) of these sheets is folded to be addressed to A.S.
Ale, in another place for living (130 vipadkiv vikoristannya - 27%), there are signatures, yak O.P. Chekhov sees himself. Similar signatures are most commonly used on sheets up to O.L. Knipper (104 sheets) and L.S. Mizinova (20). Often the stench has a hot, ironic character: The mongrels' guide Golovin-Rtishchev, Archimandrite Anthony, Your Paperworker, Toto, Your man. The reason for the adoption of such signatures is still the same: the sheet to women is free from the normative framework.
Signature Tviy A. was written by a writer 109 trojans (23%). It is noteworthy that such a signature is less typical for lists before O.L. Kniper. The change of yours and yours will surely speed up the distance between the participants of the listing. For a similar signature, one can judge how many relatives and friends were formed between a writer and an actress).
Forgiveness is the way that accompanies farewell (usіх) virazіv) The main part of similar virazіv is found in sheets up to O. L. Knipper (138 movni revov), which is connected with it, so that A. P. Chekhov did not say goodbye to his friend, don't tremble turbo. , I can’t stand the tightness without a dear heart of a person).
To instill that prohannya to convey to instill (The necessary form of transmission to instillation has become the need to describe a gesture, but to bow itself. 106 trojans - 74% - 106 trojans are similarly virazed).
Postscripts (There are 147 postscripts (31% of all lists). In case of A.P. Chekhov’s sheets, postscripts are entered without special signs (P. S.)).
Otzhe, at the listing of A.P. Chekhov with A.S. Suvorinim, O.L. Knipper, L.S. Mizinova and K.S. Stanislavsky can prostegize that not all etiquette-epistolary units realize themselves the same way (on the sheets to different addressees) and the whole world. "Women" leaves significantly rise from leaves to people with their insensitivity, freedom of choice of singing etiquette-epistolary units. Some writers themselves need to know the needs (not necessarily fit into the etiquette norms) of communicative solutions. I have my own line, I have sheets up to A.S. Suvorina and K.S. Stanislavsky Suvoro receives epistolary etiquette.
Ozhe, we can state that the epistolary etiquette, when it is done strictly, is not known. The sheet of yoga does not fit the traditional look, but is less visible. However, this fact does not mean a new mutation, it is possible, it is more attached to new technical minds.
The development of these processes is an undoubted interest and allows the prospects of new forms of expression of human minds to be explored.
Literature
1. Akishin A.A., Formanovska N.I. Etiket of the Russian sheet. M: 1983.192 p.
Andreev V.F. Modern etiquette and Russian traditions. M: 2005.400s.
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As it was appointed, the vineyard was able to communicate before our time. In Greece, the local philosopher and the inhabitants victorious, as if they were engaged in the ablutions of the population. In order to convey the acquired knowledge, the scientists added information to the forms of the sheets. In this case, data were taken not only about the conduct of research, but also about people's thoughts. Although the education of the navkolishny world was most often shown in the form of the description, then the internal information was transmitted as a special animal. The senders could be scholars, residents, who saw the philosopher, and other spe- cialists could be seen.
Such a manner of the sheet before us was the work of Aristotle. This is also attributed to yoga by the followers of Plato. However, it’s mildly, even a philosopher, having learned less and less in a dream form, and not at all trying to take notes. Crime of Aristotle, the letter mova was victorious by Epikur. One of the manuscripts addressed to Herodotus, the other to Menekey, the third to Pifocles.
Our hour
Philosophical creations were created in a free form. The sense of ambition was often conveyed at once from the emotional strain, and the leaf itself had a little intimate character. Іstotnі zmіni having recognized the style from the appearance of didactics. Tse razdіl pedagogical science, scho deals with the methods of learning. Vinyl didactics in the 16th-17th centuries. Z її appearance of the elements of the sheet began to contain deaki standards. In the general language order, the addressees began to add the structure of writing:
- intro (includes the addresser's name and greeting);
- the informational part of the sheet (a collection of the rest of the news, otherwise it is relevant for the observance of the information);
- visnovok (the writer says goodbye to the obedience, write to the court of authority, write to you, show your name, the number of writing that place of your rebuking).
Actual normatives were already established by Kievan Rus. The rules for writing leaves were laid out in birch bark letters, and then in special “scripts”.
Emotional zabarvlennya sheet nabula zavdyaki French. Here the writers of the greater world described the feelings of guilt and the experiences of the heroes, but what emerge from it, think about it. The prose leaves were written by Vincent Voiture, Honore de Balzac. In England, Charles Dickens, Walter Scott, John Locke worked in the epistolary style. In English prose, the style is often shown in the introduction, lower in the robotic writer.
Among the Russian writers in the works of F. Dostoyevsky "Notes from the Pidpill", M. Berdyaev "Self-Knowledge", M. Karamzin "Leaves of the Russian Mandriving", A. Pushkin "Roman at the Sheets". Also in the epistolary style N. Gogol, I. Turgenev.
Today, the letter form of communication is used for additional social measures and official sheets sent by e-mail.
GOU Gymnasium №000
"Moscow City Pedagogical Gymnasium-Laboratory"
Diploma
Epistolary style on sheets of paper
Sargsyan Milena
Kerivnik: kpn
Moscow 2013
Entry……………………………………………………………………………...3
Chapter 1. Epistolary genre
§1.1.History of the epistolary style…………………………..5
§1.2. The main features of the epistolary style…………………………...6
§1.3.Idiostyle………………………………………………………………………….8
Chapter 2. Analysis of the leaves of Pushkin and Zhukovsky from a glance of the epistolary style……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….........23
References………………………………………………………...….........24
Entry
In our time, the culture of leafing is the subject of great respect for the followers. Leaves in the home of children of science, literature and the history of the cicka in the vocational plan, to that they show the rich sides of the life of the epoch and give the opportunity to take a look at both the addressee and the addressee. Listing, which was saved, can also give information about the epistolary culture in general and about the individual style of listing a particular author.
Relevance Dosledzhennya believes that in our time of digital technologies, communicative communication between people is established online, whether it be SMS on telephones, e-mail on a computer, or communication in social networks. The process of vitiating the leaves with these species is especially intense. Whom aphids know such an understanding, like an epistolary style. People stop writing on one sheet, start to convey feelings, emotions in words, the vocabulary of people changes, the logic of the text disappears. It’s impossible to become a human being at that moment, if you write a reminder, then it’s more universal. At the sheets there are individual peculiarities of quiet, who writes, that of the addressee and addressee.
Today, a generation of holon to the artistic literature of the XIX-XX centuries, young people do not chirp with the inner light of the great writers in the past fates, so we can see the importance of interest in the epistolary decline of Russian classics. On the sheets of Russian writers, it is revealed as their rich inner light, spiritual camp, creative aspirations, and the hour, if the stench lived. At zv'yazku z tsim mi it is important that the topic of our last work is relevant.
Tsіl of our accomplishment - to signify the role of the epistolary style in the sheets of Pushkin and Zhukovsky.
Wandering from the above-named mark, we set before ourselves such manager, yakі transfer virіshity pіd hour dolіdzhennya:
Appreciate the peculiarities of the epistolary style
Analyze the leaves of Pushkin and Zhukovsky from a glance of the epistolary style
Appreciate the infusion of poetry one on one at the listing (interpenetration of styles)
The theme of our study turned the attention of the rich scholars of the various galleries of literary studies: A, M, Friedman, and others of them to our work.
The structure of the work is determined by the logic of follow-up and the set tasks. The work includes an introduction, two divisions, a visnovok and a bibliography.
Chapter 1
Epistolary style
§1.1. History of the epistolary style
Epistolary style(type of Greek epistola- sheet (message) - this is the style of the movie, which is celebrated when writing sheets in private listing. This style can be a warehouse of other styles, for example, artistic literature, journalism.
Mova in the epistolary style is expanded in various spheres of activity and communication. Іsnuє more diplomatically, businesslike, commercial listing. So you see the listing of the listing to the listing of the official character. Before the listing of an unofficial character, there should be a private listing. In the scientific sphere, the sheet is not only a special compilation of scientists, but a form of exchange of information, a variety of scientific prose. In journalism, the epistolary style is victorious as a special genre of the open sheet, the assignments are rather not to a specific person, but to a wide audience.
The epistolary style is familiar to Old Russia. Birch-bark letter - true people's correspondence. Vaughn was victorious both for private leaves, and for leaves from business and butt food, and for scarg on the order. Even then, the laws of the budding of the sheet were finished. The sheet “From the Guest to Vasilva” has an author and addressee. The leaf of the Guest, creations of the XI century is the first sign of the private leaf of Old Russia. The longest-standing epistolary style is also well known for the listing of Ivan the Terrible and Kurbsky in the 16th century.
Formation of the epistolary style in various types of sovereignty and private listing is observed in the era of the Moscow state. From time to time, the development of the epistolary style in literature is being developed: epistolary prose, poetry, journalism are being introduced.
Step by step, the development of the listing of a business, professional and special character. It was mind-boggling to see special posіbnikіv zі folded sheets - “pismennikіv”.
With the development of the epistolary style, the most ancient in Russia is the curiosity of scribbling - “Apply, as compliments are written”.
One can see the leaves of the leading figures of science, the powers that be of science, which took away the resonance from various spheres of spiritual life:, and rich others.
§1.2. Main features of the epistolary style
One of the most important principles of the epistolary style is the readability of formal signs. Characteristics of rice epistolary style:
· Pevna the role of the addressee and the addressee, їх precisely identified;
· Vіdobrazhennya social position, showing the author's "I", іndivіdіduаnі mоvnії specificity;
· Pojdnannya monologue and dialogical movement, oral-romantic and book-written language;
So, the sheets of one author are divided to different addressees according to the subject, style, tone, to that the writer has a certain specialty, interests, look at the addressee, hang his setting up to the new one. For example, the successors of the epistolary recession showed that the style and handwriting of the great poet and the master master of the sheet changed stalely depending on the situation, depending on the one to whom he was writing.
The handwriting of yoga leaves to relatives - squads, brothers, friends - not bad and hot. Then, in a different handwriting, no longer seeming about the style, the sheets were written to the chief of the gendarmes, Benckendorff. This handwriting is cold, official, with bright curls.
In sheets, as in the epistolary genre, clarity and style are especially valued. Like all kinds of genres, sheets of a special character of power:
· Invisibility, naturalness to the wind;
· Freedom to choose your deposit;
Private lists, vaguely recognized, carry various information: avenge thoughts, be careful, speak, express emotions, feel, give positive and autobiographical insights. The sheets show a lack of lightness in the middle, which puts the reader all the way with the thought, feelings, moods of the writer. The leaves allow the author to go through the life of the author, step by step, illustrating the character, a wide range of interests, and even special stature to the bottom. The stench reflects the changes in the share, glances, and spiritual ingenuity of the author.
Leaves of writers to become a part of the їhnої recession. The stench knows the reader not only about the life and work of the author, but also about his spiritual life, the breadth of interests. For this, listing may be of great importance in cultural and historical development, and in modern, the shards are revealed by the laboratory, in those who are mastered and observed by the current trends.
Peculiarities appear in the sheets of the writers idiostyle, a special cob is manifested and emotionally zabarvlene staging to the point that it is shown.
§1.3. Idiostyle
Idiostyle(In a different way іndivіdualny style) - tse system of replacements and formal linguistic characteristics, the author's author's powerful creations, as a way to create unique influences in these works the author's way of moving expression.
The term "idiostyle" is similar to the term "idiolect". Prote, between the understandings, the important thing is discretion. Under the idiolect of the song author, the entire sequence of texts created by him is understood in the final chronological sequence. Under the idiostyle, the sequence of dominants and constants of the song author is understood, as they marked the appearance of these texts in themselves in such a sequence.
The understanding of the idiostyle and the idiolect is known for the rest of the hour at the center of the interest of linguistic poetics. Interest in the “modern specialty” suprozhuvav modern creativity stretching a large part of its history, but dominating wines, becoming the era of romanticism, if that specific description of idiostils appeared. In Russian studies of the 20th century. Understanding the "individual style" that "movnoї individual" we will be told to name them.
Ninі look at those scho, scho such an idiostyle, vary even more widely. Among the different points of understanding of such understanding, as a poetic language, a poetic text, a poetic idiostyle and idiolect, we can name two main approaches:
Idiolect and idiostyle are respected by such that they coexist with each other like superficial and glybin structures in the descriptions of the type “Sens Text” or they establish the triad “Theme of Priyomi Virality Text”
· poetic idiolect can be described as a system of interconnected dominants of those functional areas
However, insanely, it is essential to induce the greatest global model of idiom, which allows an organic transition from form to zmist and from zmist to form. In the creativity of the songwriter, creations are seen, as they are evaluated by different textual parameters: the structure of the situation, the unity of the concept, the compositional principles, the similarity of sound and the rhythmic-syntactic organization. Statement, as if blaming among the works of one author, by analogy with the statements, which blames between the works of different authors (intertextuality) is called auto-intersectional . Ring out among such texts as one, who acts in the role metatext (additional, explaining text), or autointertext by extension to others.
The main unit of the metatext is metatrop. They see situational, conceptual, compositional-functional and operational metatropies, which establish a closed system of fallows in the totality, which give rise to the author's model of the world.
Spivvіdnoshnja mіzh different types metatropiv (MTR) can be schematically represented by an upcoming baby:
31 Zhovtnya 31 Zhovtnya 1824 From Mikhailovsky and Trigorsky
at Petersburg.
My dear, I come to you. Judgment about my camp. Arriving here, I’m all the more sharp, but all of a sudden everything changed: father, snarling at my strengths, repeating incessantly that I’m checking the same share; Peshchurov, I’m amazed at my appointments, I’m able to insinuately propagate my father to my settlement, rozdrukovuvat my leafing, in short - be my spy; the ardor and drastic sensibility of the father did not allow me to be arrogant with him; I'm obsessed with movchat. Batko sang dorikati brothers for those that I swear to you godless. I mumbled everything. Take away paper, which is worth it to me. Nareshti, I’m trying to get myself out of a difficult camp, I’ll come to the father, I ask him to be allowed to think at the door ... The father got angry. I bowed, sіv tops and poїhav. Father calls his brother and orders you not to be known avec ce monstre, ce fils dénaturé. My head boiled. I'm going to my father, I know yoga and matir'yu and I speak everything that I have in my heart for three months. I will conclude by saying that I say to you rise up. My father, having hurried to the day of witnesses, vibrated and deafened the whole house, that I had beaten him, wanted to beat him, swung, beaten him in a moment ... I’m not being true to you. What else do you want for me with my criminal calls? mines in Siberian that consolation of honor? lie to me like a fortress, want a Solovetsky monastery. I don’t tell you about those who endure my brother and sister for me - lie to me again.
Hurry up: the father is calling to the whole house. Don't believe anything, just repeat yoga. Judge to know. I don’t want to get arrogant with them - go to the order, judge what you will be. It is greedy for me to bring the father's hardening to court, but there is no judgment on me. I am hors la loi (Div. translation).
PS You need to know that I have already written a paper to the governor, in which I ask you about fortress, for reasons. , In the same way I write to you in rows, I was inspired by you and your confidence. I know, I covered my trochs on myself, so, my soul, my head is spinning around.
Letter to Zhukovsky on January 1, 2001, write to the fate of Pushkin, chatting with Mikhaylovskiy sent to his mother’s father. Written out in Russian my, but in French words, that vislovlyuvannya. At the list of wines, they tell their other tragic story of the conflict between them and their father. Pushkin expresses his experience through those who, while calling out to the father, were very observant.
The leaf begins with a sloping inwardness - “dear”, and ends with the words “my soul”. We understand that Pushkin is warmly placed before his mentor. The sender turns to help a friend: "I go to you." This is the proof of the trustworthiness of two great poets. Reading the sheet, we give respect to those who Pushkin speaks with Zhukovsky on “ti”, without regard for the great difference between them (16 years) and for those that in the XVIII-XIX centuries it was customary to use “vi” to nearest relatives. Such a journey from Pushkin to Zhukovsky shows us the lack of intermediary between the two and the one-to-one.
At his sheet to Zhukovsky, telling about the family drama, Pushkin sings a friend, who, having trimmed himself in his hands, does not care about the hot and ignited vdacha: "I've got the idea of movcha". The turning post-fiction of the discourse in the direct language shows that Pushkin, having marked his behavior to the father.
Batka, Pushkin, fighting against the enemies, giving a break to anger, awakening, to other strong feelings, heaps of synonyms. So yoga promotes a gradual gradation, which shows the growing whiff of emotions in the soul: “I got tired of moving”, “I kept talking”.
And then there comes a moment (write Pushkin) that you can ask for permission in the father to be arrogant at the door. He sings after acknowledging the reaction of the father: "The father got angry." Pushkin is good for Zhukovsky: "Zhukovsky, think about my camp and judge." To tell the addressee about his feelings, the author of the victor's metaphor: “My head boiled” and phraseological unit: “Hanging everything, I had three months on my heart”, “I go head”. Pіdkreslyuyuchi zbudzheny camp father, new victorist gradation only now at promotional father: "I beat him, wanted to beat, swung, beat him in a moment." They gave the phrase: “I don’t tell the truth before you.” It’s not worth talking about those that Zhukovsky was kindly educated on Pushkin’s family waters and didn’t believe bi, that he could sing a hand to the father.
Turning up to Zhukovsky, Pushkin vigukuє: “lie to me”, “lie to me again”, vicorist repetition. Tse cry of the soul. The dear father cannot understand Pushkin, but Zhukovsky can’t understand him, he helps him in the most complicated, confusing life situations.
The syntax of Pushkin's sheet helps Zhukovsky to understand the internal station of the addressee, to that in the text one can know a great number of singing-special speeches: "I'm going to the father, I know yoga from the mother, I hang everything that I have on my heart for three months"; “I don’t tell you about those who endure for me brother and sister - once again bury me.” Vividly-special propositions encourage the mood of a roman expression, dynamism, insensitivity. Such propositions resonate with naturalness, energy and emotion.
The text has a rhetorical innuendo, which further strengthens the tragic camp of Pushkin.
At the leaf one can feel a roar, a spiritual inspiration, that blessing for help.
The listing among the poets was often, all the bad problems of the stench were discussed in their sheets. Zhukovsky's message to Pushkin on 1 chernya 1824, the fate of the year comes first, we analyze the sheet.
|
You sing to me, Tsvirkun of my heart, what you wrote before me, wrote and wrote - but I didn’t take off, didn’t take off and didn’t take off your leaves. Father, God judge the one who has enjoyed them. On the rest and single sheet of yours, I will say two words, more than three. Im'ya Safianos is more beautiful and sacred to me as well as to Greece. Ale, I don’t know what to do with me to do yoga the way I want to. I'll talk to you, who knows what's on the right and who can do it on the right. If you don’t reject any kind of call to me, then know that it didn’t go away. Well, if I go into it, then I’ll molt, and I’ll write a report. Hug you for your "Demon". To bіsa bіsa! The axis is still your motto. Eat these creatures to the gods - ahead of time. Crila at the soul є! Don't be afraid of the heights, there is a right element! give free rein to these wings and your sky. Axis is my faith. If I think about how you can prepare your own future, then my heart will rise with hope for you. Probach, asshole, be an angel. And tomorrow is your angel. Yours called me before me, but I can’t be in them: I’ll send them only a recompense to drink a healthy cup for me and for me to say: “Be a Tsvirkun eagle and fly you to sleep.” Zhukovsky. |
At the leaf of Zhukovsky obіtsyaє to help Pushkin, as if asking for an apron of the octagonal Rodois Sofianos, the Don of the Greek, who perished at the vicious war for the independence of Greece. So Zhukovsky chomps on Pushkin's work "The Demon" (1823) and read it to the great future.
I am again respectful that Zhukovsky also communicates with a friend in a trusting manner, turns to the new on the “tee”. Zhukovsky affectionately calls Pushkin "the flower of my heart." Tse prezvisko young sings otrimav, being a member of the literary association Arzamas.
The addresser's promo has a gradation. Words are spread out so that the skin comes to revenge with the greatest possible significance, the veins of which grow fiercely hostile, Viroblene with a group of words: “I wrote before me, wrote and wrote - but I didn’t take off, didn’t take off and didn’t take off your leaves.” In addition, there is a victorious rendition, as if showing praise for the presence of evidence.
The uninterrupted interplay of poets is especially noted in Zhukovsky’s sheet through the presence of hot phrases: “for the rest and one of your sheets, I will say two words, more than three times.”
Zhukovsky to praise his friend for the verse "Demon". In each verse, the lyrical hero appears under the infusion of the "evil genius". The strength that the hero pours in is unknown, unknown, unknown and alien to you, not built-in from it, and, therefore, to bring the shy to the vice. The light of the light of the hero is interrupted by a threat, the demon is trying to bring in his inner light of turmoil, anger, flour, clouding his soul. Afraid of what is described in the vіrshі maybe the spirit of Pushkin himself, Zhukovsky vigukuє: "Damn it to the bіsa!" Vіn namagaєtsya pіdbadjoriti comrade, to talk about yogo great future: To consume these creations in the gods - go ahead.
Guessing that Pushkin's day is the angel of the coming day, Zhukovsky does not waste time on fire: "Damn the devil, be an angel," and the victorist changes the affectionate suffix to talk about the addresser's lower position to the addressee.
Zhukovsky's walk is metaphorical: "The wings are in the soul! ... give free rein to these wings, and your sky." I finish my sheet of Zhukovsky with a miraculous metaphor: "Be a tsvirkun eagle and fly you to the sun."
The emotionality of the text underpins the syntax. The small text has three hail words.
The logic and clarity of writing in the sheets of Zhukovsky is reinforced by the presence of collaborative words: If you can prepare your future, then your heart will grow with hope for you.”
Zhukovskiy's superbly monstrous animal to Pushkin's: "Tsvirkun my heart", "devil, be an angel".
The sheet of Zhukovsky is neimovirno lagidny, friendly, proynyaty turbot and love and faith in the brilliance of a future friend.
Don't forget that Pushkin spoke to different people in different ways. Insanely, before Zhukovsky wines, putting heat and low. But love for a friend cannot be compared with love for a woman. Later, let's look at Pushkin's sheet to his squad in 01.01.01 year.
N. N. Pushkin.
Angel my squad! I immediately took off your leaf from Bronnitsy - and heartily to you. With impatience, I'll send a call from Torzhok. I hope that your journey will pass safely and that you will be healthy, cheerful and beautiful in Moscow. I sent a sheet of yours, but I didn’t see it myself, but I’m reporting I’m sick and I’m afraid of spying the king. All holy things stay at home. Until the recession, but with shelters, that with shelters does not come to us; the realm of yoga in front; and me, maybe, yogo don’t bachiti. I ran into three kings: the first having punished my captivity and scolded my nanny for me; the other me not shanuvav; the third wish and having locked me up in the chamber-pages for old age, but I don’t miss yoga on the fourth; do not joke about goodness. We marvel that our Sashko is well-to-do with his namesake of porphyry; I don't get along with my namesake. God forbid you to follow my footsteps, write verses and weld with the kings! At the tops of the wines, the father does not change his mind, but you can’t break the butt with a butt. Now it's all bullshit; let's talk about the right; be kind, take care of yourself, especially the ear; I do not like the holy day near Moscow; do not listen to the sisters, do not compete in the festivities from early in the morning until night; do not dance at the ball until morning. Walk quietly, go to bed early. Don't let the old man reach the children, they may be evil and little else. Take better care of yourself during regular hours - in the countryside, don’t read the filthy books of the library didi, don’t wander yourself, retinue. I allow you to coquette, how many souls are welcome. Riding not on crazy horses (I ask Dmitri Mikolayovich for everything). I beg you not to spoil Mashka, or Sasha, if you won’t be satisfied with your nimken chivalry, I ask you to drive away negainno, don’t be shy and don’t stand on ceremony.
Under the hour of writing a sheet of Pushkin, he stays at home, and the yoga team is at the door. He sings affectionately to Natalia Mykolaivna: "Angel of my team!" In these words one can see the neimovirne kokhannya and the lowerness of Pushkin to the squad.
The text has a special borrower “ty”, which speaks about the spiritual closeness of friends. Pushkin talks about Natalia, worrying that she didn’t fall ill in the long run: “I hope that your journey will pass safely and that you will be healthy, cheerful and beautiful in Moscow.”
Pushkin is honest with his retinue, he seems to be his mustache, like: “I sent your leaf to you, but I didn’t see it myself, to that I report ill and I’m afraid of the king of wisdom.”
Let Pushkin sink into history and it seems that he has three kings, and none of them has done anything good for the new one. Guess you don’t follow your feet, more, you don’t lead to anything: “God forbid you to follow my footsteps, write verses and weld with the kings! At the tops of the wines, the father does not get over, and you can’t break the butt with a butt.”
After lyric approach, Pushkin turns to the butt pits. For whom, all the texts of Pushkin's victorious words are written in a commanding way, as if they do not express themselves correctly, but ideally, they are presented only to the speaker's thoughts. For example, "do not let", "do not walk", "do not dirty", "take care" and so on. Giving remarks to his squad, Pushkin’s victorious songs have special propositions: “walk in the dark”, “dad don’t let the children in”, “don’t listen to the sisters” and so on. Zavdyaki tsomu is promoted to the role of the head member, all the respect of the reader is to look at the diy. In the rows, de є straight up to the squad, Pushkin's victorious simple propositions with the same adjectives: "Walk quietly, kick early." In philosophical thoughts about the future of the son, the poet’s language is cleared up with collapsible propositions: I don't get along with my namesake."
At the parting words of Natalia Goncharova, Pushkin speaks as the head of this family, a strict father and a man who talks about his family. Reader bachit, scho sіm'ї Pushkin's word - the law.
Let's look at the sheet of Zhukovsky Protasovskaya in the birch tree of 1815.
Zhukovsky - Protasovy-birch 1815 near Muratov. |
Dear Masha, we need to think. Just as earlier I saw you alone, I was vimahav and in the air and hardness, so now I am vimahav hardness in goodness. We need to know those visconati who we were named for. On the right, go not about those who want to be at once, but about those who want to koshtuvati. Henceforth, for one ringing, the word wins, and the hearts of buti believe it. Otherwise, you won’t be calm, otherwise you won’t be able to feel like a mother to me. Having said їy sharply that I am my brother, I can not be with him in just words, not for that alone, so that they can win the right to be with them at once. Even though I’ve spoken broadly about my pretentiousness before you, even if I’ve written about it, then in order not to wear a mask, I want only freedom and confidence. We were separated from her. Now, if everything, I feel like it, is donated, if it has changed to something better, lower, we will not be separated from her. Ale, my dear friend, I want you to be good for me, to be my butt and support; I want to know that little bit of your thoughts. As before, you gave me in one word - goodness, and support, so now give me and all the honesty I need. What do I want? Be happy with you! From now on, you can only write one word, so that you can replace everything. Let me be happy with you! Indeed, for me everything is the same - your happiness and our happiness. Having set yourself as a rule, all surround yourself alone, believe that they all work for me. My favoritism to you now is definitely without a wet house and looking like it is alive and beautiful. Already I tried it on the spot, marveling at you, I don’t think the same as before; if an old thought catches fire on a whil, then start it with your filthy old comrade, a sum; varto drink to myself, so that I will know myself again such as I need; but even now, if I can’t see anything with my mother, if I’m not my brother yet - what else, if I’m out of my side to do everything for me. I am crying that the sum of the troubles will disappear and the place will take over clear, quiet, more pure pretentiousness to you. Yesterday after the evening, a lot of crumbs stuck in my heart - but turning around to myself, I began to think about your happiness, like about my current turbota. My God, how did I get drunk! How much more I have lost! Not sparing me some good luck! Work it out for yourself thoroughly and be it me goiter! Think, unturbulently to yourself, do everything for yourself, why should I be sick? I know that I am a participant in someone's dear happiness! Yake life will be dear to me! Tim, for an hour, I can use the meta-robot for glory! Chi will not be easy to practice? Everything comes from the heart and everything will be wise for the good! Write about your thoughts - I'm wondering what you can do and bring and harden my mustache, I feel like that. I immediately opened the mother's sheet. I don't know what will be. In both vipadas - Perseverance!< Упорство, настойчивость - (фр.) >. Call me! marvel - the heart does not even beat. Tse means that I'm obsessed ... |
Maria Protasova was a great niece and a student of Zhukovsky. Thirty rokas were sung, if the wines suffocated at the thirteenth girl. Mother Masha was against the future of the future, vvahayuchi, that this controversy is near. Not having permission to go to the school, Zhukovsky and Masha gave an ob_tyanka to replace their kohannya with mіtsnoy friendship. In 1817, the rozі won zamіzh for Moyer - the doctor, whom Zhukovsky respected for a good person. In 1823, near the birch, Zhukovsky received a call from Dorpat - Masha died under other canopies. Maria Protasova-Moyer lived for more than thirty years. Patriarch of Russian Romance and Poetry Vasyl Zhukovsky, who is sadly sad for them, having erected a cross with roses on the grave in Derpt.
At the leaf before Masha, the romantic Zhukovsky talks about his kokhannya, humility, about fidelity in friendship and about those who are ready to sacrifice their own for the sake of happiness.
Zhukovsky, who passionately loves his niece, turns to her: "dear", "dear friend". The promo of the addressee has a repetition of the group of words “we need”. Repeat the guilt of the strength of Yogo Kohanoi, help to repent with the decisions of the mother. In addition, the Vicorist's borrower sings "mi", "us", "ours", which he shows to the readers, as the addresser unites Masha and himself in one single whole.
Zhukovsky often has a victorious gradation in his promotions, such a rank emphasizes the significance of the words that appear, and the seriousness, for which wines come to the climax of the problem: “ Otherwise don't be calm otherwise no matter how you feel about me, that mother can’t be.”
Before us is a rosemary sheet, Zhukovsky does not just tell about his feelings about Masha, but he also tries to grow up in them and vreshti-resht come to the vines: This means that I have firmly decided ... ”The composition of the sheet is mirkuvannya: at the poet’s thesis, the poet’s nephew is arrogant about the nephew of the door, vin to induce evidence, with some method you need an explanation, and at the visnovka again explain Masha, that the stench is guilty of dying. . . Zasoby zv'yazku part mirkuvannya є introductory word "here".
Zhukovsky vikorist's epithets, describing his feelings to Masha: "pure pretentiousness", "clear, quiet whims". Yoga language is poetic, lyrical and romantic.
There are 17 hails in the presence of the sheet, as if they add emotion to the text, and 6 rhetorical meals, which allow us to know about those thoughts and almost, like they praised the poet when writing the sheet.
Visnovok:
We looked at the vocabulary and grammar of the leaves, revealed the individual features of the style of the speech of the skin addresser, as if they gave them the power to indulge, as thoughts and feelings of great poets are formed.
Visnovok
The result of the recent activity is new knowledge about the history of the epistolary style, about its features and characteristics, and about the understanding of the style.
Otrimani knowledge made it possible to analyze the leaves and look at the features of the epistolary style.
The result of the analysis showed that the leaves are transmitted internally as if through the text, and the vocabulary and grammar were seen as well.
Our analysis of the leaves to the squad showed that a thought is formed by a person's emotions, that it is reflected in vocabulary, grammar and syntax.
And in the sheets up to Mary Protasova, the theme and manner of the movie characterize him as a romantic poet, a daring friend and a faithful bastard.
On the basis of the analysis of the texts, we were able to sing out the famous poets from the new side.
List of references
Literature:
2. Semenko and Zhukovsky's poetry. - M.: Art literature, 1975
3. Panov dictionary of a young philologist.-M.: Pedagogika, 1984
4. Friend - sings, wihovatel, mentor. M .: Preschool education, 2006
5. Kunina Pushkina: listing, tell me, students. - M.: Pravda, 1984
Internet resources:
1. Pushkin. Collection of works in 10 volumes. – Access mode: http://www. *****/pushkin/toc. htm. - Data confirmed 02.05.2013
2. Website Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of Russian language - Access mode: http://. - Data confirmed 02.05.2013
At the school for an hour of literature lessons, we were told about literary genres: a story, an explanation, a song, a short story. Genre is one of the ways to explore topics. Choosing the next one, the author of the singing world becomes his handcuff, the shards of the leather genre propagate their canons: they oblige the work, the style of the viklad, the number of leading heroes.
The world of literature is beautiful in its own diversity. Skin Reader can choose a genre that is closest to the new style. One should love the long-awaited porinati in the world of rich volumes of novels, one should love short, ale єmnі rozpovidі, and one who painted the staging of scenes in p'єsakh to the soul in detail.
In this article, we refer to genres that are called epistolary. The term is similar to the Greek word "epistola", which means "leaf". If you can say about the new two in words, then the whole world has looked like leaves of the komus. Tobto, It is important to know the addressee, inodі navіt vigadanogo.
In our hour of technology, paper leaves have become rare. They replaced various messengers and e-mail. Ale protyag bagatioh century right up to the twentieth century, the leaves were the main way to splurge people on the road. Before writing, they approached in a primal way: they wagged their souls at the sheets, told about their own problems, felt, experienced, and hurt that dream. The end of the sheet rang out with food, in response to the yak it would be desirable to take into account the addressee.
Misce yak artistic genre the leaf was far from clear. In the course of time, people realized that it was necessary for didactic morality with the elements of journalism or philosophical mirkuvan. Application can be found in the ancient treatises of Plato and Aristotle.
Then the epistolary genre is known to zastosuvannya in rhetoric as a folding of leaves on a given topic in the name of someone else. Zavdyaki rhetoric sheets have become a kind of verbal art.
Europe is vindicated by the Batkivshchyna for this genre. Among the English, French and German authors and founders: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Jonathan Swift, Walter Scott, Jean-Louis Gez de Balzac and others. Russia has not been left behind and declined European traditions. Pushkin, Dostoyevsky, Gogol, Turgenev, Karamzin and others create in this genre.
The basis of the epistolary genre
The basis of the creation of the epistolary genre can be the special experience of the author. In this format, it is possible to chronologically and reliably convey the essence of the subdivisions. The form of cladding in the form of the first individual allows concentrating on the podia, which praise the author. Vіn himself can be the main hero of the story, or you can describe what life is like, for example, in “Young Werther’s Struggles” I. W. Goethe.
The epistolary genre is easily guessed by such signs as:
- Putting a date on the cob of a leaf;
- Fell the creation on the leaves, but not on the head;
- Beginning from the beginning to the addressee and ending with a farewell phrase.
Features of the epistolary genre
A genre sheet can have spellings such as a novel, and a special student, memoirs, autobiography. The style of the essay can also be changed: dramatic, humorous, lyrical, and all the same. Aje oskіlki the author plays the role of an acknowledgment, his mood is not in the opposite direction and without any intermediary vіdbivaєtsya at the vikladі. By stretching the novel, the character of the leaves can be changed from a hot tone to a dramatic one.
The form of the message can be completed. For example, in the novel "Eugene Onegin" by A. S. Pushkin, there are main characters of the main characters. The lyric form is the shortest and least help to speak a little. She has no vipadkovyh and zayvih phrases.
The scribes victoriously wrote the epistolary genre, abysmally revealing the inner world of the heroes of their specialties. Prior to that, the leaves often served as a way of getting to know something hidden, which is easy to say in a special way. I recognition of them can be changed: help, recommendation, judgmental praise.
Until the end, the list will never waste its popularity. Do not go about the business of listing. Vaughn is demanded. And the artistic message and schodennikov's notes in a unique way of expressing the feelings of those topics.
