There is little rhyme about tovste. Short biography of Lev Mikolayovich Tovstoy
Lev Mikolayovich was born on September 28 (May 9) 1829 in the garden of Yasna Polyana. Tolstoy was the fourth child of the great noble family. For the adventures of Tolstoy, he lay down to the most ancient aristocratic names of Russia. Among the ancestors of the writer from the Batkiv line - an associate of Peter I - P. A. Tolstoy, one of the first in Russia, having taken the title of count. A participant of the Vitchiznyanoy war of 1812, the father of the writer gr. N. I. Tolstoy. According to his mother's line, Tolstoy lay down to the family of the princes Bolkonsky, who became disputed with the princes Trubetskoy, Goltsinim, Odoevsky, Likoviy and other noble families. By his mother, Tolstoy was a relative of A. Z. Pushkin.
If Tolstoy is the ninth river, the father first took him to Moscow, the defeat of the zustrichi was vividly conveyed by the future writer to the childish creation of the "Kremlin". Moscow is here called "the largest and most populous city of Europe", the words of which "stood the rags and the defeat of Napoleon's irresistible regiments". The first period of young Tolstoy's Moscow life was in less than a few years.
After the death of the fathers (mother died in 1830, father in 1837), the future writer from three brothers and sister moved to Kazan, to the guardian P. Yushkovo. Having entered the Kazan University as a young man of sixteen years, he entered the Faculty of Philosophy from the category of Arabic-Turkish Literature, then started studying at the Faculty of Law (1844 - 47). In 1847, without completing the course, he left the university and settled at Clear Polyana, taking away from him the power like a Batkiv recession. Tolstoy, having traveled to Yasnaya Polyana, with a firm promise, taught the entire course of legal sciences (to make it an extern), "practical medicine", movies, strong government, history, geographical statistics, write a dissertation and "reach the highest level of perfection in music and painting."
After the summer in the countryside, the disappointment was not far off with the help of the Lord on new minds, which are viable for the krіpakіv minds (the sample was taken in the novel "Ranok a helper", 1857), in the autumn of 1847 Tolstoy went to Moscow, we'll make it to St. The way of life in this period is often changing: now I’m preparing myself and putting down my sleep, now I’m addicted to music, now I’m going to start a bureaucratic career, now I’m going to join a cadet to a film guard regiment. Religious moods, which reached asceticism, were scolded with vouchers, cards, trips to the gypsies. At this yogo, they respected "the best malim", and the smashed todi borg yoma was far away only through a lot of rocks. However, the very circles were inspired by strained introspection and struggle with oneself, which is shown by the student, like Tolstoy, who stretches out his life. At the same time, the new viniclo had a serious need to write and the first unfinished mystic handwriting appeared.
1851 - Leo Tolstoy works on the story "Childhood". At this fate, as a volunteer, go to the Caucasus, where his brother Mikola will serve. Here wine is stored and sleeps on the rank of cadet, zarahovuetsya for military service. Yogo rank - fireworker of the 4th class. Tolstoy takes the fate of the Chechen war. This period is taken into account by the beginning of the literary activity of the writer: you write impersonal excuses, stories about war.
1852 - "Childhood" was instructed by "Suchasnik", the first of the publications of the writer's works.
1854 - Tolstoy was promoted to the rank of ensign, he filed a prohannya about being transferred to the Crimean army. Ide Russian-Turkish war, and Count Tolstoy took the fate of the defense of taxed Sevastopol. Awarded with the Order of St. Annie with the inscription "For goodness", medals "For the defense of Sevastopol". Write "Sevastopol opovidnya", as if to celebrate its unforgetable hostility in the Russian society, as if it lived far from the war.
1855 - return to St. Petersburg. Leo Tolstoy to enter near Russian writers. Among the new acquaintances Turgenev, Tyutchev, Nekrasov, Ostrovsky and many others.
Nezabar "people stogidli yomu and stogidnuv themselves", and on the cob in 1857, having flooded St. Petersburg, having broken through the cordon. In Germany, France, England, Switzerland, Italy, the Tolstoy Province is close to the second fate (1857 and 1860 - 1861). The feedback was more negative.
Turning to Russia, following the wave of the villagers, becoming a mediator of light and taking over the power of school at his Yasniya Polyana and in the Usy Krapivena district. The Yasnaya Polyansk school belongs to the most original pedagogical tests, be it broken: the only method of teaching is that learning, having recognized wine, it was the one that does not require ordinary methods. Everything in vikladan may be individually - and teacher, and student, and stosunki. At the Yasnaya Polyansk school, children sat, some de hot, some skilky hot, and some like hot. There was no daily singing program. The only head of the teacher poked at the one who got the class. Regardless of this extreme pedagogical anarchism, the employment went miraculously. Їх centuries Tolstoy himself, for the help of a number of senior teachers and a number of vipadkovyh, from the closest acquaintances and those who came.
In 1862, Tolstoy began to see the pedagogical magazine "Yasna Polyana". Received at once, Tolstoy's pedagogical statutes put together a whole volume of collections of his works. Warmly judging Tolstoy's debuts, recognizing in the new great hope of Russian literature, criticism later on 10-12 years later.
At the spring of 1862, Tolstoy made friends with the 19th century doctor Sophia Andriivna Bers and, after the wedding, sent a squad from Moscow to Yasna Polyana, de povinistu in the family life and the state turbot. Already in the autumn of 1863, the fate of the floods of new literary ideas, which for a long time was called "Thousand and eight hundred five rivers".
The hour of the creation of the novel was a period of spiritual resurrection, family happiness and a calm resurrection. Tolstoy, having read the name of the listing of people of the Oleksandrovsky epoch (including the materials of Tolstykh and Volkonsky), having worked in the archives, having studied Masonic manuscripts, having traveled to the Borodino field, poking through the robot properly, through the anonymous editors zhartoma friends, she’s still so young, nibi play in lyalki), and less than on the cob 1865, having overruled the first part of “Winter and the world” at the Russian Visnik. The novel was read haltingly, yelling silent remarks, startling the days of a wide epic canvas with subtle psychological analysis, with a lively picture of private life, organically inscribed in history.
Hot supergirls provoked such parts of the novel, like Tolstoy developing a fatalistic philosophy of history. Throwbacks were made in the fact that the writer "transferred" to people the cob of a century of intellectual knowledge of his era: he conceived a novel about Vytchiznyanoi war sravdi buv vіdpovіddu on the problems that were praised by the Russian post-reform society. Tolstoy himself characterizes his ideas as an attempt to "write a history of the people" and respects the nature of the genre for the impossibility ("do not follow the same form, nor the novel, nor the story, nor sing, nor the history").
In 1877, another writer completed his other novel, Anna Karenina. At the post editorial office of wines, bearing the ironic name "Well done woman", and Golovna heroine the bula was depicted as an unspiritual and immoral woman. Ale zadum changed, and in the residual version of Hann - the nature is thin and wide, with the Kohanian її pov'yazuє sravzhnє, more strongly. Prote, in the eyes of Tolstoy, is all the same fault of the mother's wives' confessions. To that її death - having shown the court of God, but the court of man will not come out.
At the top of literary glory, not without delay after the completion of Anna Karenina, Tolstoy entered a period of deep doubts and moral bullshit. The history of moral and spiritual torment, like ice, did not bring Yogo to self-destruction, if he had consciously tried to know the sense of life, is told by Spovid (1879–1882). Then Tolstoy turned to the Bible, especially to the New Testament, and changed, knowing that he knew his own question. In the skin of us, having strengthened the wines, it is good to recognize the good. Vaughn є we live with the core of the mind and conscience, and the meta of our Svidomo life - in the submissive, to the creation of goodness. Tolstoy, having formulated five commandments, as if, as if he had taken into account, they were the true covenants of Christ and such people can look after their lives. Briefly stink like this: do not fall into anger; do not give in to greed; do not bind yourself with oaths; do not resist evil; be equally good with the righteous and the unrighteous. The first vchennya of Tolstoy, that yoga life of vchinki so chi іnakshe spіvvіdnosya z tsimi commandments.
The writer of all his life was painfully experiencing the hardship and suffering of the people. Vin was one of the organizers of the community assistance to the starving villagers in 1891. Special work and vіdmova vіd wealth, vіd vlasnostі, acquired zavdyaks robotіnshih, Tolstoy vvazhav moral ob'yazkom skin people. Some of the ideas of the socialist are guessing, but on the vіdmіna vіd socialіstіv vіn buv we will kill the opponent of the revolution, as if it were violence.
Twisting, depravity of human nature and suspense is the main theme of Lev Mikolayovich's creative work. AT other creations("Kholstomer" (1885), "The Death of Ivan the Illich" (1881-1886), "The Lord and Practitioner" (1894-1895), "Resurrection" (1889-1899)) replacing it with direct author's judgments and assessments.
AT stay rocky The writer worked on his life on the story "Hadji Murad" from 1896 to 1904. He Tolstoy wants to equalize "two poles of sovereign absolutism" - the European one, the ideas of Nicholas I, the Asian one, the ideas of Shamil.
So loudly sounded released in 1908. article “I can’t speak,” de Lev Mikolayovich, protesting against the persecution of participants in the revolution of 1905-1907 pp. Until what time do Tolstoy's poems "To the ball" and "For what?" lie.
The way of life in Yasniy Polyana, having covered Tolstoy, and that more than once, he wanted to and for a long time did not have the courage to drink a new one.
In the late autumn of 1910, fate, at night, taєmno vіd sim'ї, 82-year-old Tolstoy, who was accompanied only by a special doctor D. P. Makovitsky, having flooded Yasna Polyana. The road turned out to be unbearable for him: in Tolstoy's illness and turmoil, he would get off the train at the small railway station of Astapovo (Nine Lev Tolstoy, Lipetsk region). Here, at the booth of the head of the station, spent the rest of these days of his life. 7(20) leaf fall Lev Mikolayovich Tolstoy died.
Lev Mikolayovich Tolstoy- a prominent Russian prose writer, playwright and a huge playwright. Born on September 28 (May 9), 1828, in the garden of Yasna Polyana, Tulsk region. On the mother's line, the writer lay down to the eminent family of princes Volkonsky, and from the father's line - to the old family of counts Tolstykh. Great-grandfather, great-grandfather, grandfather and father of Leo Tolstoy were viysky. Representatives of the ancient family of Tolstykh, even for Ivan the Terrible, served as voivods at rich cities of Russia.
Died of a writer from his mother's side, "Rurik's bait", Prince Mykola Sergiyovich Volkonsky, from seven years of insurance for military service. Vіn was a participant in the Russian-Turkish war and viyshov at the rank of General-Anshef. The father of a writer from the Batkiv side - Count Mykola Illich Tolstoy - served in the Navy, and then in the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. The writer's father, Count Mykola Illich Tolstoy, volunteered for the service of the seventeenth century. Vіn took part in the Vitchiznyanіy vyynі 1812, having spent a lot of time before the French and the Russian soldiers, who entered Paris after the defeat of Napoleon's army. On his mother's line, Tolstoy changed his mind with Pushkins. I.M. Golovin, an associate of Peter I, who took charge of the ship's department with him. One of his daughters is the great-grandmother of the poet, and the other is the great-grandmother of Tolstoy's mother. In this rank, Pushkin fell to Tolstoy as a choti-juridical uncle.
The childishness of a writer passed in Yasniy Polyana - an old family maetka. Tolstoy's interest in history and literature was born in children's lives: living in the countryside, vin bachiv, how the life of the working people passed, in the face of the new vine feeling impersonal folk tales, bilin, song, legends. The life of the people, yogo pratsya, look at that interest, sleepy creativity - all alive and wise - Yasna Polyana told Tolstoy.
Maria Mikolayivna Tolsta, the mother of a writer, was a kind and splendid person, a sensible and illumined woman: she knew French, German, English and Italian music, played the piano, took up painting. Tolstoy didn't get mad for two years, since Yogo's mother died. The clerk did not forget її, but he felt so richly about her in the form of otochyuchih, which clearly and vividly showed her image and character.
Mykoli Illich Tolstoy, his father, was loved by the children for his humane attitude to the kripakiv. Krіm to take the reign of the children, vin rich reading. For his life, Mykola Illich has collected a rich library, which contains books of French classics, historical and natural-historical creations, rare at that time. To the very first, remembering the strength of the young son to the living adoption of the artistic word.
If Tolstoy has his ninth birthday, the father will take him to Moscow. The first hostilities of the Moscow life of Lev Mikolayovich served as the basis for rich paintings, scenes and episodes of the hero’s life in Moscow Tolstoy's trilogy "Childhood", "Adolescence" and "Youth". Juniy Tolstoy babbled as a reminder of the life of a great place, and deyakі prihovani, shadow side. During his first stay at Moscow, the writer showed the end of the early years of his life, childhood, and the transition to youth. The first period of Tolstoy's life in Moscow was not long. In the spring of 1837, having traveled to the right of Tula, Yogo Batko died like a rapt. Unexpectedly after the death of his father, Tolstoy and his sister, brothers, had a chance to go through a new misfortune: the grandmother died, as if all those close to him were respectful of their heads. Raptova's death of the son became a terrible blow for her, and less through the river took her to the grave. After a few years, the first guardian of the orphaned children Tolstikh, the father's sister, Oleksandra Illivna Osten-Saken, died. Decimal Lev, three brothers, that sister was taken to Kazan, where there lived a new opikunka - the little girl Pelageya Illivna Yushkova.
Tolstoy wrote about his friend an opikunka as if about a woman “good and godly”, but at the same time “lightweight and marnoslavna”. According to the advice of the fellows, Pelageya Illivna is not small in authority with Tolstoy and his brothers, so the move to Kazan was taken as a new stage in the life of a writer: the wiggle ended, the period of independent life began.
Tolstoy lived near Kazan for six years. Tse buv hour molding yoga to character and choice way of life. Living with his brothers and sister at Pelageya Illivna, young Tolstoy was preparing for two years to enter Kazan University. Virishivshi to join the skhіdne vіddіlennyа to the university, especially respect vin adding preparations to іspіtіv zіnozemnyh mov. On the tests of mathematics and Russian literature, Tolstoy took four marks, and from foreign languages - five marks. During the experience of history and geography, Lev Mikolayovich experienced bad luck - he took away unsatisfactory signs.
The failure at the entrance exams became a serious lesson for Tolstoy. Having dedicated all the years to the primordial education of history and geography, having added to them the supplements to sleep and sleep in the spring of 1844, they were insured for the first year of graduation from the Faculty of Philosophy of Kazan University in the category of Arabic-Turkish literature. Tolstoy's protest didn't suffocate, and after the summer holidays at Yasniya Polyana, he transferred from the junior faculty to the law faculty.
And yet, university occupations did not arouse Lev Mikolayovich's interest in the sciences that develop. For more than an hour, I independently took up philosophy, becoming the “Rules of Life” and carefully making notes in my student’s book. Until the end of the third year, Tolstoy's primary occupation was leftover in that which the current university mode is no longer respected by self-sufficiency. creative robots, and win wins from the University. Prote universitetsky diploma youmu buv is needed, sob otrimati right to enter the service. І schob otrimati diploma, Tolstoy vytrimav universitetsky _spit externally, vytrativshi on pіdgotovki before them two years of life in the countryside. Having taken away, for example, the date of 1847, the chancery of the university documents, the most student Tolstoy left Kazan.
After leaving Tolstoy University, I went back to Yasnaya Polyana, and then to Moscow. Here, for example, in 1850, the fate of the wines was engaged in literary creativity. At this hour of the night, having thought of writing two poems, I didn’t finish one of them. In the spring of 1851, the fate of Lev Mikolayovich at once with his older brother, Mikola Mikolayovich, who served in the army as an artillery officer, arrived in the Caucasus. Here Tolstoy lived for three years, changing the head rank of the village of Starogladkovsky, roztashovanoy on the left birch of the Terek. Zvіdsi vіn vіїzhdzhav near Kizlyar, Tiflіs, Vladikavkaz, buvav near rich villages and villages.
Rose in the Caucasus military service of Tolstoy. Vіn taking part in the combat operations of the Russian troops. Tolstoy's hostility is seen in his descriptions of "Nabig", "Cutting the fox", "Complaints", in the story "Cossacks". Later, having turned to hell until the end of his life, Tolstoy created the story of Hadji Murad. At the birch tree in 1854, Tolstoy arrived in Bucharest, and the administration of the chief of the artillery troops was de-roztashovuvalos. Zvіdsi as a staff officer vin zdіysnyuvav trips to Moldova, Wallachia and Bessarabia.
Hanging that windfall in 1854, the writer took part in the cover of the Turkish fortress of Silistria. Proté the main officer of the military for that hour, Krymskiy Pivostrіv. Here the Russian military was under the cerebration of V.A. Kornilova and P.S. Nakhimov for eleven months heroically defended Sevastopol, under the Turkish and Anglo-French troops. The fate of the Crimean war is an important stage in the life of Tolstoy. Here we are close to recognizing simple Russian soldiers, sailors, residents of Sevastopol, ignoring what the heroism of defending the city was, understanding especially the character, the power defender of the Motherland. Tolstoy himself showed goodness and masculinity in the defense of Sevastopol.
At the fall of the leaves 1855 Tolstoy from Sevastopol to Petersburg. Until this hour, you already deserve to be recognized in the leading literary stakes. At the same time, the respect of Russia's hu- man life was full of food about the krіpatstvo. Rozpovіdі Tolstoy this hour (“Wound of the helper”, “Polykushka” and іn.) are also related to these problems.
In 1857, a roci writer was created zakordonna more expensive. I have visited France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. Mandruyuchi different places, the writer with great interest knowing the culture and social structure of Western European lands. A lot of things that, having drunk wine, have been marked for years on yoga creativity. In 1860 Tolstoy made one more trip across the cordon. Across the river from Yasniya Polyana, they opened a school for children. Rising in price with the places of Nіmechchini, France, Switzerland, England and Belgium, the writer saw schools and developed the peculiarities of national education. At the greater school, like seeing Tolstoy, there was a great discipline and there were heavy punishments. Having turned to Russia and curled up to a number of shkils, Tolstoy revealed that there were a lot of teaching methods that they worked in the Western European lands, worked in Nimechi, and penetrated into Russian schools. At the same time, Lev Mikolayovich wrote a number of articles, in which he criticized the system of public education both in Russia and in Western European lands.
Arriving in the Batkivshchyna after a foreign trip, Tolstoy dedicated to himself the work at the school and the history of the pedagogical magazine Yasna Polyana. The school, founded by a writer, was built not far from the yogo booth - at the outbuilding, which has been saved until our hour. On the cob of the 70s, Tolstoy clave saw a number of assistants for post school: "ABC", "Arithmetic", chotiri "Books for reading" More than one generation of children has been following these books. Opovіdannya їх іz zahoplennyam to read children th at our hour.
In 1862, when Tolstoy was at the sight, assistants came to Yasnaya Polyana and ransacked the writer's booth. In 1861, the king's manifesto denounced the statement of the kripatstv. Under the hour of the reform, between the helpers and the villagers, they salvaged super rivers, the pledge of which was entrusted to the so-called intermediaries of the world. Tolstoy was appointed as a light intermediary in the Krapivno district of the Tulsk province. Razbirayuchi spirnі vіdnosini between the nobles and the villagers, the writer most often took a position on the greed of the villagers, which called out the dissatisfaction of the nobles. Tse i became a drive for obshuku. Through this, Tolstoy had the opportunity to establish the activity of a light intermediary, to close the school in Yasniya Polyana, and to look at the appearance of a pedagogical magazine.
At 1862 Tolstoy making friends on Sofia Andriivna Bers, daughter of a Moscow doctor. Arriving with a man in Yasna Polyana, Sophia Andriivna with all her strength set out to create such a situation, for which nothing would have called a writer in the strained work. In the 60s, Tolstoy's life is self-sufficient, having devoted himself more and more to work on "War and Peace".
After the end of the epic "War and Peace" Tolstoy wrote a new tvir - a novel about the era of Peter the Great. post-reform life of Russia. So the vinic novel "Anna Karenina" works on the likeness of Tolstoy, dedicating chotiri rocky.
On the cob of the 80s, Tolstoy moved from his family to Moscow, to take care of the enlightenment of his children, who grew up. Here the writer, well known from the silly villains, became a witness to the misery of the city. At the beginning of the 90s of the 19th century, half of the central provinces of the country had died of hunger, and Tolstoy joined in the struggle against the people's dash. Zavdyaki yogo call was fired up with a donation, I will buy that delivery of food from the village. At this hour, under Tolstoy's ceremonial work in the villages of Tulsk and Ryazan provinces, about two hundred catty-free distances were opened for the starving population. Until this period, there are a number of articles written by Tolstoy about the famine, in which the writer truthfully portrayed the grave camp of the people and condemned the politics of the noble classes.
In the mid-80s, Tolstoy wrote drama "The Power of Drinks", which depicts the death of the old ambushes of patriarchal-peasant Russia, that story “The Death of Ivan Illich”, dedicated to the share of the people, less than before death, she saw the empty and stupidity of her life. In 1890, Tolstoy wrote the comedy “Fruits of the Sanctifier”, which shows the right camp of the villagers after the story of the kripatstva. It was created on the cob of the 90s novel "Week", over which the writer worked from interruptions for ten years In all creations that lie up to the last period of creativity, Tolstoy clearly shows whom he sympathizes with, and whom he condemns; depicts the hypocrisy and worthlessness of the “lords of life”.
The novel "Nedilya" is more for other works of Tolstoy, having recognized censorship. Most of the chapters of the novel were published and shortened. The rulers of the stake ignited an active policy against the writer. Afraid of the people's bewilderment, the authorities did not dare to zastosovuvat against Tolstoy with reprisals. For the sake of the tsar, and on the present day, the chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod of Pobedonostsev, the synod adopted a decree on the admission of Tolstoy to the church. A police guard was placed behind the writer. The worldly bulk was overwhelmed by the repetitions of Lev Mikolayovich. The villagers, the leading intelligentsia and the simple people, were on the side of the writer, jumped to show their honor and encouragement to you. Kokhannya and those who spoke to the people served as an inspiration to the writer of the rock, if the reaction started to stop and shut it up.
However, regardless of all the efforts of the reactionary forces, Tolstoy with his skin fate was all sharper and more merciful, violating the nobility-bourgeois suspіlstvo, vociferously speaking out against the autocracy. Create this period ( "To the ball", "For what?", "Hadji Murad", "Living corpse") proynyat deep hatred to the tsar's power, fringed and ambitious ruler. At journalistic articles, which should lie down until the hour, the writer sharply sued the victims of the war, calling out to a peaceful conclusion of all superechok and conflicts.
In 1901-1902, Tolstoy suffered a severe ailment. With the help of doctors, the writer had a chance to go to Krim, de vin proving over the river.
At Krim, he got acquainted with writers, artists, artists: Chekhov, Korolenko, Gorky, Shalyapin and others. If Tolstoy turned around at home, hundreds of ordinary people hovered at the yoga stations. In the autumn of 1909, the fate of the writer rose up and made a trip to Moscow.
The pupils and sheets of Tolstoy's remaining ten years of life had hard experiences, viklikanі discord writer z sim'єyu. Tolstoy wanted to hand over the land to the villagers, and he wanted to do it freely and see everything he wanted for free. Sim'ya same writer repaired opir tsomu, not bazhayuchi vіdmovlyatisya neither in the rights to the land, nor in the rights to create. The old housekeeper's way of life, which he saved in Yasniya Polyana, fitting Tolstoy.
Vletka 1881 Tolstoy, having made the first taste of drinking from Yasnaya Polyana, but I feel sorry for the squad and the children, he was embarrassed to turn around. With the same result, another sample of the writer ended up leaving the old maetok. On July 28, 1910, the fate of the wines, mysteriously in the light of sim'ї, having once again abandoned Yasna Polyana, having overcome the crimes for the day and spend the excess of their life in the village hut among the simple Russian people. However, dear Tolstoy was seriously ill and embarrassed to leave the train at the small station Astapovo. The rest of these days of his life, the great writer of the clerk, spent at the booth of the head of the station. The news about the death of one of the great thinkers, a miraculous writer, a great humanist deeply struck the hearts of all progressive people at this hour. Tolstoy's creativity can be significant for secular literature. Over time, the interest in the creativity of the writer is not weak, but instead, it grows. Yak rightly respecting A. France: “I will vote for my life of guilt with breadth, directness, integrity, firmness, calm and constant heroism, blame that you need to be truthful and you need to be strong ... buv truthful!
To be one of the best writers in world history is more honorable, and Lev Mikolayovich Tolstoy deserved it, depriving himself of the majestic creative work of the past. Opovіdannya, povisti, novels, presented by a whole series of volumes, were duly rated as the writer's fellows, and th patches. What is the secret of which brilliant author, what kind of mind can find in his life that ""?
In contact with
The childishness of a writer
Where was the future writer born? Meister of the pen appearing in the world 1828 roku 9 pm at his mother's mother Yasna Polyana, Tula province. The Sim of Lev Mikolayovich Tolstoy was great. Batko mav county title, and mother was born Princess Volkonskaya. If youmu blew up two years, the mother died, and after 7 years the father died.
The lion was the fourth child of the noble family, so there was no deprivation of respect for the relatives. Literary genius never thought about his expenses from heart pain. Navpaki, save yourself more warmly, tell about the child's time, and mothers and fathers were even more affectionate with him. In one-named creation, the author idealizes his children's fates and writes about those who have a wonderful hour of life.
Sanctifying the little count, having taken home, where they asked French and German readers. After finishing school, Lev was free to learn three languages, as well as having a wide knowledge in various fields. In addition, young man choking on musical creativity, for a long time create your favorite composers: Schumann, Bach, Chopin and Mozart.
Junior Rocks
In 1843 a young people flock student of the Imperial Kazan University, choose the faculty of similar mov, protely change the specialty through low success and begin to engage in jurisprudence. Finish the course, do not hesitate. The junior count turns to his mother in order to become right farmer.
Ale, and here we are chatting bad luck: parts of the roses are more often vindicated by the Lord in the important rights of the mother. Keeping your boyfriend- The only thing busy, as if shying away from the sly scrupulousness: the star, as it was saved for all life and became the foundation of greater future creations.
Important! Do not die for a long time unfortunate student without becoming. Having let your brothers tempt you, you should serve as a cadet for a full day, after which, having spent an hour in the Caucasian mountains, having finished your transfer to Sevastopol. There, from the leaf fall of 1854 to the serpen of 1855, the young count took the fate of.
Early creativity
Rich dosvid, nabutiy on the battlefields, as well as in the era of the Junkers, spurring the future writer to the creation of the first literary works. Even in the years of service as a cadet, looming over a great hour of free time, the count began to work on his first autobiographical story "Childhood".
Natural caution, especially sensitively clearly marked on styles: the author, writing to someone who was close, understood only you alone. Life and creativity rage together.
In the story "Childhood" the skin boy chi youngak recognized himself. The story was later published in the journal "Suchasnik" 1852 rock. It is noteworthy that already the first rose was miraculously accepted by critics, and the young fiction writer was Turgenevim, Ostrovsky and Goncharov, what was the correct knowledge. All these maistri words have already been reached in the house and loved by the people.
What do you do by writing Leo Tolstoy at that hour?
The young count, wise, that you know your calling, continue the work. One by one, glimmering explanations appear, in fact, as if to remember, the zavdyaks of self-promotion and the naked realistic approach to action become popular: "Cossacks" (1852), "Otrotstvo" (1854), "Sevastopol opovidnya" (1854 - 1855), "Youth" (1857).
AT literary world new writer Lev Tolstoy, which opposes the reader’s attention with detailed details, does not accept the truth and zastosovuyu new sheet technique: a friend’s selection "Sevastopol Confessions" spellings in the name of soldiers, so that it is even more possible to bring the word closer to the reader. The young author is not afraid to openly, openly write about zhakhittya and protirichchya war. Characters are not heroes from paintings and canvases of artists, but simple people, like building mend feats of good deeds for the sake of saving the lives of others.
lie down to yagogo not Bulo literary break otherwise, be an adherent of a particular philosophical school, Lev Mikolayovich was moved, having voiced himself anarchist. For the time being, the master of the word, at the hour of the religious search, will stand on the necessary path, but for the time being, before the young, successful genius, lying in the weight of the world, I didn’t want to be one of the wealthy.
Family camp
In Russia, de alive and born, Tolstoy turns after a roaming trip to Paris without a penny in the gut. Here I saw fun at Sophia Andriivna Bers, the doctor's daughter. What woman is bula life's chief companion Tolstoy, became his support until the end.
Sophia showed her readiness to be a secretary, a squad, a mother of one of the children, a friend and a tidy-keeper, wanting maetok, for which servant she was a great right, having avenged herself at the order of the day.
Count's title is postіyno goitre, yazuvav household dotrimuvatisya singing status. In the course of time, the people from the retinue grew up in religious glances: Sophia did not understand and did not accept the attempt of the kohan people to create their own philosophical faith and follow the Yoma.
Respect! Only the eldest daughter of the writer Oleksandr supported the initiative of the father: in 1910, the stinks of the stench made a pilgrimage trip at once. Other children loved tat, like a miraculous opisve, wanting to finish off a hard dad.
For the sake of good fortune, the father instantly picked a little kaposnik, and then for a moment put him on his knee, blowing, writing a story on the go. The literary arsenal of the famous realist has a lot of childish creations, recommended to the preschool and young schoolchildren for education. "Book for reading" that "Abetka". In the first creation, L.M. Tolstoy for the 4th grade of the school, as a bula was organized at the school of Yasna Polyana.
How many children did Lev and Sophia have? Usy was born 13 children, three of them died in childhood
Maturity and creative development of the writer
From the thirty-year century, Tolstoy began work on his main work - the epic novel. The greatness of the 1860s was dedicated to this monumental practice, as the count repeatedly rewrote, corrected, added, and, for example, the life of the flooring, having sunk into it, calling "War and peace" - "a richly glorious rubbish". A novel of spellings at Yasniya Polyana.
Tvir, zavdovzhki chotiri tomi, viyshov, truly, unique. How do they vilify yoga? Tse nasampered:
- historical truthfulness;
- dіyu in novels as realistic, so i Vygadany characters, The number of yakyh has exceeded a thousand for the philologists' faggots;
- interspersed in the plot of three historical essays about the laws of history; the accuracy in the description will depend on the generality.
The whole basis of the novel is the path of the people, and the camp of that sensational life is formed by itself from these remarkable vchinkіv.
Following the success of the military-historical epic, the author begins to work on the novel "Anna Karenina", taking as a basis a lot of his own autobiographies. Zokrema, Vіdnosini Kittі ta Levina- Tse chastkovi tell the life of the author himself from the retinue of Sophia, as a short biography of the writer, as well as the canvas of real under the Russian-Turkish war
The novel was published in 1875 - 1877 years, and may have become the most talked about literary story of that hour. Annie's story, written with exuberant warmth, respect for woman's psychology, called a furore. Until recently, Ostrovsky in his poems turned to a woman’s soul revealing the rich inner light of the beautiful half of humanity. Surely, the high fees for television did not hurt the checks, even if the skin was illuminated by a person who read Tolstoy's Karenina. When the author decides to finish a worldly novel, the author is not happy, but having rested in the post-yny mental anguish.
Change of light-gazer and literary success
Rich fates of life were consecrated search for the sense of life, Which brought the writer to the Orthodox faith, however, this little one is more than a deceiver of the count. Lev Mikolayovich succumbed to corruption in the church diaspora, according to the order of special reconciliations, which confirmed that creed, which his soul longed for.
Respect! Leo Tolstoy became a viro-adherent and found a victorious magazine Poserednik (1883), through which they inspire the church and ring at the “jeresi”.
However, the Lion does not succumb to what he wants and tries to go along the path of purification, the roblyachs to reach the sweetness of the crumbs. For example, handing out all your own to the poor, which was categorically repaired by Opir Sofia Andriivna. The person reluctantly rewrote everything on it, and gave copyright to create, but still did not leave his confession.
This period of creativity is characterized majestic religious celebrations- Treatises and moral rhetoric are being created. How do you create from a religious subtext written by the author? Among the most important jobs in the period from 1880 to 1990 were:
- the story "The Death of Ivan III" (1886), which describes a person at death, as it helps to comprehend and comprehend their "empty" life;
- the story "Batko Sergiy" (1898), direct criticism of his religious shukan;
- the novel "Resurrection", which tells about the moral life of Katyusha Maslova and the path of moral purification.
Completion of life path
Having written impersonal creations for his life, the count stood in front of the fellows and bastards as a strong religious leader and spiritual mentor, such as Mahatma Gandhi, with such a listing. The life and creativity of a writer is permeated by the idea of those that are necessary shogodini repair evil with all the strength of your soul, while demonstrating humility, she saves thousands of lives. Meister of the word, becoming a right teacher among lost souls. Countless pilgrimage trips were held in the days of Yasna Polyana, the scholars of the great Tolstoy came to “know themselves”, for years without interruption listening to their ideological guru, becoming like a writer on the scales of fate.
The author-mentor, having taken the dermal one, who, having come from the problems of nourishment and the inspiration of the soul, is ready to give out his blessings and give the mandrinniks an apron for any term. It’s a pity that it raised the degree of tension among the soldiers from the retinue of Sophia and, the need for the great realist to live at his own home. Together with his daughter, Lev Mikolayovich destroyed the pilgrimage to Russia, trying to raise the price incognito, but often it was to no avail - they were recognized skrіz.
Where did Lev Mikolayovich die? Falling leaves in 1910 became fatal for the writer: already being ill, he chimed in the hut of the head of the railway station, de and died on the 20th leaf fall. Lev Mikolayovich was a good idol. On the eve of the funeral of this, indeed, the people's writer, for the wishes of the fellows, people wept in front of them and went for the string of rich thousands of natovp. There were so many people, they covered the tsar.
Suspіlstva on the depths of human pіdsvіdomostі, neosvedomleni and vtoncheni motives of character, and also on the great role of everyday life, which signifies the whole day of specialness.
Russian cultural recession nineteenth century includes a rich all-world view create music, the achievement of choreographic art, masterpieces of poets of genius The creativity of Leo Tolstoy, the great writer-prose writer, philosopher-humanist, borrows not only from the Russian, but from the world culture especially.
The biography of Lev Mikolayovich Tolstoy is super eloquent. Vaughn to speak about those who are not guilty of coming to their philosophical glances. And the creation of artistic literary creations, which were created by the all-world famous Russian writer, was far from being the main kind of activity. That cob of yoga life path is not bezkhmarim. Main axis biography of the writer:
- Children of the fates of Tolstoy's life.
- Army service is the cob of a creative path.
- The European is more expensive and pedagogical activity.
- Friendship and family life.
- Romani "War and Peace" and "Hanna Karenina".
- Thousand vіsіmsot vіsіmdesatі roki. Moscow census.
- Roman "Voskresinnya", vіdluchennya vіd church.
- The final fates of life.
Childhood and youth
The birth date of the writer is the 9th of spring 1828. Born in the noble aristocratic family, at the mother's mother "Yasna Polyana", de and the childhood of Leo Tolstoy passed until the age of nine. The father of Leo Tolstoy, Mykola Illich, resembling the ancient count family of Tolstoy, who was born in the middle of the fourteenth century. Mother Leva, Princess Volkonska, died in 1830, a day after the birth of her only daughter, whose name was Mariya. For this fate, my father also died. Vіn having left under the guardianship of relatives five children, among them Leo was the fourth child.
Having changed the sprat of guardians, little Lyova settled in the hut of Kazansky, his titon Yushkova, the father's sister. Life in the new world turned out to be happy, which brought the tragic undertones of early childhood to another plane. For the last time, the writer guessed as one of the best in his life, which appeared on the yoga story "Childhood", as it is possible to take into account a part of the autobiography of the writer.
Having obtained, as it was adopted at that time from the greater noble families, home-made enlightenment, Tolstoy joined in 1843 as a student at the Kazan University, having completed the education of similar mov. Vybіr vyyavivsya not far off, through the weak success of the wines change the same faculty for employment in jurisprudence, but with this very result. As a result, after two years, Leo turns to his fatherland to Yasnskaya Polyana, having decided to take up a strong state.
Ale vitіvka, which vimagala monotonous uninterrupted practice, failed, and Leo went to Moscow, and then to St. Petersburg, began to re-prepare before entering the university, chasing the training with gamblers and gambling, more and more and more and more borgos musical activities that vednyam schodenika. Who knows what could have ended it all, yakby did not arrive until the new in 1851, brother Mikoli, an army officer, who encouraged him to enter military service.
The army is the cob of the creative path
The army service has taken a further re-evaluation by a writer of suspile notes, which is used in the country. There was a lot of yoga here writing career, which was formed from two important stages:
- Viyskov service in the Pivnichny Caucasus.
- The fate of the Crimean war.
For three years L. N. Tolstoy is alive among the Terek Cossacks, taking part in the battles - on the back as a volunteer, and then officially. Emotions about life were born from the work of a writer, from works dedicated to the life of the Pivnichnokavkaz Cossacks: "Cossacks", "Hadji Murad", "Nabig", "Cutting a fox".
Himself in the Caucasus, at breaks between military essences and highlanders, and in the recruitment for an official military service, Lev Mikolayovich wrote his first publication on TV - the story "Childhood". From it began the creative growth of Leo Mikolayovich Tolstoy as a writer. Published in "Suchasnik" under the pseudonym L.N., it immediately brought popularity and recognition to the author of the beginning.
Having tried two fates in the Caucasus, L. N. Tolstoy, with an ear of the Crimean war, transferred to the Danube army, and then to Sevastopol, serving in artillery troops, commanding a battery, taking part in the defense of Malakhov Kurgan and fighting at Chorniy. For the fate of the battles for Sevastopol, Tolstoy was repeatedly rewarded, awarded the Order of St. Annie.
Here the writer begins work on the "Sevastopol opisaniya", as if completing in St. Petersburg, where the first translations were made in the fall of 1855, and publishing them already under their own names in "Suchasnik". This publication covers the name of a representative of a new generation of writers.
For example, in 1857, the fate of L. N. Tolstoy went to the post, looming the rank of lieutenant, and virushaya at his European price.
Europe and pedagogical activity
Persha is more expensive than Leo Tolstoy, up to Europe it was conscious, touristic. Vіn vіdvіduє mіsії, mіstsya, pov'yazanі z zhittyam i diyalnistyu Rousseau. I want to start thinking about social freedom, dominating the European way of life, blatantly attacking Europe in the new, it was a negative, leading rank through the rise between wealth and wealth, protected by cultural flare. The characterization of today's Europe is given by Tolstoy in the description "Lucerne".
After the first European trip, Tolstoy, for a long time, is engaged in public education, opening up village schools on the outskirts of Yasnaya Polyana. The first dosvіd at tsomu vin already buv, if leading in his youth to achieve a chaotic way of life, at the jokes її sensu, for an hour not far off busy farming vin vіdkriv first school at his maєtku.
For the whole hour, the robot is being worked on "Cossacks", the novel "Family Happiness". And in the years of 1860-1861 Tolstoy's fate was renewed to Europe, which once again, with the help of the method, helped to ensure the promotion of national enlightenment.
After turning back to Russia, you will expand your pedagogical system, founded on freedom of specialty, write anonymous stories and explanations for children.
Friendship, family and children
In 1862 roci writer making friends with Sofia Bers, yak bula was young for a new one for eighteen years. Sophia, as a small university education, gave a lot of help to people in yoga writing robots, including copying clean black manuscripts. Although the stoks of the sіm'ї weren't always ideal, the stench lived at once for forty years. This family gave birth to thirteen children, of whom less than the eighth lived to adulthood.
The way of life of L. N. Tolstoy, having coped with the growth of problems in family life. The stench was especially remembered after the completion of Anna Karenina. Pismennik having fallen from depression, becoming vimagati in this way to lead a way of life, approaches to the peasant's pobutu, which led to permanent welding.
"War and Peace" and "Hanna Karenina"
Twelve years went by Lev Mikolayovich to work on the most popular yoga creations “War and Peace” and “Anna Karenina”.
The first publication of the verse from “War on the World” appeared as early as 1865, and already at the sixty-eighth, three first parts were overruled. The success of the novel was great, that it needed additional knowledge of the parts, which already appeared, before the completion of the work on the remaining volumes.
No less successful was the success of Tolstoy's offensive novel - "Anna Karenina", which appeared in 1873-1876. Any writer's work shows signs of a spiritual crisis. We saw the main characters of the book, the development of the plot, and the dramatic finale witnessed the transition of L. N. Tolstoy to the third stage literary creativity, which intensifies the writer's dramatic look at the butt
1880s and Moscow census
For example, the seventy years of L. N. Tolstoy get to know V. P. Shchegolenok, on the basis of folklore descriptions of which the writer creates his own deeds “Chim people live”, “Prayer” and others. The change of the light-gazer until the eighteenth century was observed in the creations of "Speak", "What is my faith in?", "The Kreutzer Sonata", which are characteristic of the third stage of Tolstoy's work.
Trying to improve the life of the people, the writer in 1882 took part in the Moscow census, vvayuchi, that official data on the hardship of the camp of ordinary people will help to reach the change of their share. For seeing the Duma plan for a few days, we collect statistical information about the largest folding plot near the Protochny wire. Under the indignation of the ill-treated man in the netry of Moscow, he wrote the article “About the census in Moscow”.
The novel "Resurrection" and the sight of the church
In the nineteenth century, a writer writes a treatise “What is the art of?”, in which way I can bring my own look at the recognition of the art. Ale, the pinnacle of Tolstoy's writing practice in this period is the novel "Resurrection". The image of the new church life as a mechanical routine of life became the main reason for Leo Tolstoy's appearance of the church.
The note of the writer at the head of the bula yogo “Vidpovіd synod”, which confirmed the rise of Tolstoy with the church, and in a way he defended his position, pointing out the opposition to church dogmas and his own Christian faith.
Suspіlna reaction to tsyu podіyu was super-cheerful - a part of the suspіlstvo hung on L. Tolstoy spontaneously that podtrimka, in the case of others, that husky threatened to threaten.
The final fates of life
Having lived a life that has been lost, do not supersede his perekonannyam, L. N. Tolstoy on the cob of leaf fall in 1910 secretly went from Yasnaya Polyana, who would be accompanied by a special doctor. Singing kіntsevoi meti sight at the sight. Moved to Bulgaria and the Caucasus. Ale, after a few days, having seen the illness, the writer of the letter of the zmushheniya zupinitsya at the station Astapovo, the doctors were diagnosing at the new burning of the legends.
Try likarіv vryatuvati yogo not far away, and the great writer died on the 20th leaf fall of 1910. The news of Tolstoy's death rang out in praise throughout the country, even as the funerals of proishovs were useless. Burial of wine at Yasniya Polyana, on the beloved mist of the childish igors - on the edge of the forest ravine.
Spiritual Whispers of Leo Tolstoy
Ignorance literary decline writer in the whole world, himself Tolstoy, putting himself before writing his works from the unknown. In a fair way, we respect the expansion of our philosophical and religious views, the basis of which was the idea of “non-resistance to evil by violence”, known as “Tolstoyism”. At the search for advice on yoga nutrition, I had a lot of conversations with people of the spiritual ranks, reading religious treatises, having learned the results of the exact sciences.
At the bottom, it was expressed step by step, in the view of the luxurious life of the landlord, in view of his own rights, the transition to vegetarianism, - "forgiveness." In the biography of Tolstoy, it was the third period of his creativity, stretching out some of the wines, there were enough left to list all the current supple-state and religious forms of life.
Svіtove vyznannya that vvchennya spadshchina
In our time, Tolstoy is considered one of the greatest writers in the world. I want to vіn vvazhav his occupation with literature on the right in a different row, and instill in the songs of life period worthless, mary, the very reason, in fact, that novels made yogo im'ya vіdomim, shriveled the breadth of the religion created by him, as a home for the moral Mikolayovich was the main result of his life.
In Russia, a project to promote Tolstoy's creativity is being launched already among the younger classes sacred lighting school. The first presentation of the writer's work is given to the third class, if there is an early acquaintance with the biography of the writer. Nadali, from the development of yoga works, learn to write abstracts on the topic of the creativity of the classics, to explore additional facts like a biography of a writer, and from other works of yoga.
Vivchennuyu creativnosti pisnik, cherishing the memory of the new spriya impersonal museums at the monumental places of the country, which are in the name of L. M. Tolstoy. In front of such a museum is the museum-reserve Yasna Polyana, where the writer was born and honored.
short biography Leo Mikolayovich Tolstoy. Born in 1828 in an aristocratic family. Batko, Count Mykola Illich Tolstoy - senior lieutenant colonel of the Pavlograd hussar regiment, participant in the Vitchiznyan war. Mother - Prince Maria Mykolaivna Volkonska.
The fathers of the future writer died early, the mothers - if youmu had 2 years, the father - at 9 years. Orphaned children were raised by relatives-guardians.
In 1844-46 pp. Lev Mikolayovich Tolstoy tried to study at the university, but the education was given to him by force, and he left the initial pledge of wine. After that, Count Chotiri Roki lived at his mother's bed, trying to make a new way of being women from the villagers; having adopted new schools of thought from the villages.
At one hour in an hour, having come to Moscow, de going into gambling, which more than once boosted his material camp. After the great black program, I’m going to join the army in the Caucasus in 1851, while serving as my elder brother.
In the Caucasus, Lev Mikolayovich himself needed to be creative. Having created the autobiographical novel "Childhood", she sent the manuscript (simply signed: "LNT") to the court of Mikoli Nekrasov, the famous poet who saw the authoritative literary journal "Suchasnik". That published a story, calling Tolstoy "a new and superior talent" in Russian literature.
Five years of Tolstoy as an artillery officer. We take a part in the Chechen campaign, then in the battles with the Turks on the Danube, then at Krimu, de vin heroically showing ourselves the first hour of the defense of Sevastopol, for which we were rewarded with the Order of St. Gunny.
All the free time of the service is the hour of the wine of creativity. "Adolescence" and "Youth", such parts of the autobiographical trilogy, were also instructed in "Suchasnik" and became even more popular. Few of the writers have been able to so subtly capture the soulful life of a person and, with whom, convey everything with such a simple, easy warehouse.
Yaskravі and tkіkavі scenes from the army and the military life of Tolstoy were known in the yoga "Cossacks", "Hadji-Murati", "Rubtsі fox", "Nabіgu", and especially - in the miraculous "Sevastopol opіdannyakh".
Following the introduction of Tolstoy, having broken the old age is more expensive than Europe. Turning back to the house, I dedicate myself to the people's enlightenment. He added 20 schoolchildren to the school in the Tulsk province, at the school in Yasniya Polyana he wrote himself, making abets and first-hand books for children. At 1862 p. vin made friends with the 18th Sophia Bers, and in 1863. turning to literary activity and beginning to work on his greatest work - the epic novel "War and Peace".
Tolstoy was superbly pompously pissed to work, having wove thousands of gerels about the Vitchiznyanu war of 1812: memoirs, leaves of fellows and participants of the subdivision. The first part succumbed to the light of 1865, and after finishing the novel, the writer was no more than 1869.
The novel impresses and continues to impress the readers of epic pictures of historical images from the living shares of people, to deep insights in the spiritual experience of that metannia of people. Another universally recognized work of the writer was the novel Anna Karenina (1873-77).
The rest of the decade of the nineteenth century. Tolstoy richly philosophized on the theme of faith and sense of life. Tsі poshuki knew svіy vіdbіtok іn yogo religious treatises, from yоmahavsya to give joy to the essence of Christianity and to convey yogo principle zrozumіloy mine.
On the other hand, Tolstoy put moral purification and self-perfection of specialty, as well as the principle of non-resistance to evil by violence. Pismennik criticizing the official Orthodox Church for dogmatism and tight ties with the state, for which the Synod recognized this type of church.
Ale, no matter what, until the end of life before Tolstoy, the followers of the religious and moral movement came from the Ukrainian lands. Not attaching a writer and his work to the support of the strong schools.
In the rest of his life, Lev Mikolayovich Tolstoy vyrivishiv vіdmovity in vіd ієї privatії vlastnostі, chimlikav dissatisfied druzhina that children. Having formed on them, 82 years later, having sprung from the house, sіv on the draft, but not without a hitch, he caught a cold and died. Tse became in 1910 roci.
Lev Mikolayovich uvіyshov into history no less than a brilliant all-world vodomy pisnik, but like a great teacher, theologian and preacher of Christianity.
