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Nekrasov to whom in Russia to live well. ON THE

Illustration by Sergiy Gerasimov "Superchka"

Once on a stovpovіy road converge with sіm cholovіkiv - not long ago krіpakіv, and nіnі timchasovo goiter "from the summіzhnyh forces - Zaplatova, Diryavina, Razutov, Znobishina, Gorelova, Neyolova, Nevrozhayka tazh". As a substitute for going your own way, the peasants are repairing a super-girl about those who live happily and freely in Russia. Kozhen can be judged in his own way by someone who is the head of the happy in Russia: assistant, official, pip, merchant, noble boyar, minister of the sovereign and king.

They don’t stink for a super little stench that they gave a check for thirty miles. After slacking off, to get home, turn around, the peasants breed a bagattya and carry a super-pot over a bottle - yak, zrozumіlo, the giblets overgrow at the biyka. Ale and biyka do not help the virishity of nutrition, which praise the peasants.

The decision was not made: one of the peasants, Pakhom, to catch a bird of a chick, and for the sake of it, to call a bird, a chick rose to the peasants, so you can know a tablecloth self-branded. Now the peasants are provided with bread, burnt, sturgeon, kvass, tea - in a word, we must, what is necessary for them to travel far. That same tablecloth will be self-assembled, and it will be good to wear your clothes! Taking away these blessings, the peasants give a vow to recognize, "whoever lives happily, freely in Russia."

The first possible “happy man”, who is following him along the way, appears pip. (It’s not for the peasant soldiers and the zhesbrakiv that they ate about happiness!) Ale, let the priest go on food about those who have a licorice of his life, rozcharovu muzhikiv. The stench will be happy with the priest at the one who is happy - at peace, wealth and honor. But we can’t wait for these blessings. At sіnokіs, at stubble, at the deaf autumn night, at the bitter frost, you can go there, de є ailments, dying that people. And soon the soul hurts in a new one, having pumped the tombstone ridan and the Syrian sadness - now, the hand does not rise to take the middle pennies - a zhalugidna fee for the demand. Well, the helpers, when they lived in ancestral gardens and got married here, christened children, resurrected the dead, - now they were spread not only in Russia, but also in distant foreigners; on їhnyu vіdplatu spodіvatis not brought. Well, about those, like a priest poshana, the peasants themselves know: їm nіyakovo staє, if nіp narіkaє for obscene songs, then image them at the address of the priests.

Realizing that the Russian pope can not lie up to happiness, the peasants go to the Christmas fair near the merchant village of Kuzminske, so that the people will drink about happiness there. In that rich village, there are two churches, tightly crowded houses with the inscription "school", a paramedic's hut, and a hotel. Ale, there are more food deposits in the village, and in the skin, it’s easier to cope with them. Old Vavila could not buy his granddaughter goatskins, because he had drunk himself a penny. Good, Pavlusha Veretennikov, a lover of Russian songs, whom I call "master", buys him a memorable hotel.

People-mandrivniki marvel at the prankster Petrushka, posterize how they pick up bookish goods - but not even Belinsky and Gogol, and no one knows portraits of those generals and create about "my lord the bad." To stink and stink, as the trading day will end: with a mass drinking, with beats on the way home. Vtіm, the peasants are overwhelmed by the trial of Pavlusha Veretennikov, the peasant's death in the pansky world. It’s impossible to live in Russia, hard people in Russia: they don’t show neither excessive work, nor peasant dashing; without drinking from the angry peasant soul, the crooked board spilled. These words are confirmed by Yakim Nagoy from the village of Bosovo - one of the quiet ones, who "practices to death, to death p'є". Yakim vvazha, that only pigs walk the earth and do not churn the sky forever. He himself, for an hour later, did not accumulate pennies for all his life, but only those beloved pictures that hung in the hut; Vіn upevneniya, scho z pripinennyam piatstva to Russia will come great turmoil.

People-mandrivniki do not waste hope to know people, like in Russia it is good to live. Ale navіt for obіtsyanka for nothing to scare happy people, they do not dare to reveal such. For the sake of gratuitous booze, happy people are ready to vomit for themselves and the worker, who has overstrained himself, and beaten by paralysis of many yards, forty fates licked pan’s plates with the best French truffle, and wind up torn zhebraki.

Nareshti tell him the story of Yermila Girina, burmist at the patrimony of Prince Yurlov, who deserved a great honor with his justice and honesty. If Girina needed pennies in order to buy the mlin, the muzhiks paid their due, not longing for a receipt. Ale y Ermil is now unhappy: after the peasant revolt to sit at the edge.

About the misfortune that spitted the nobles after the peasant reform, rozpovida to peasants-mandrivniki Rum'yanenky assistant Gavrilo Obolt-Obolduev. Vin guesses, as if for the old hours, everything amused the pan: villages, foxes, nivi, krіpaki, musicians, myslivtsі, which shamelessly lay on you. Obolt-Obolduev, with rozchulennyam rozpovida about those, like the twelve saints, having asked their krіpakіv to pray to the lady's booth - without respect for those who, after all, had a chance to banish women from the estate of the estate, to make a pidlog.

And wanting the peasants to know for themselves that life in krіpaki was far away in the painted idyllic idyllic, the stench still understands: the great lancet of the krіpatstva, having torn, having struck at once and on the pan, as if at once calling the sonorous way of life, and on the peasant.

Angered at knowing the happy middle of the peasants, the mandriving men try to feed the women. Now the villagers guess that Motrona Timofievna Korchagina is alive in the village of Klin, as they respect a happy woman. But Motrena herself thinks otherwise. On confirmation, she will tell the mandrinniks the history of her life.

Before zamіzhzhya Motrona lived in a non-violent and distant village family. The foreigner went out for a baker from a foreign village, Philip Korchagin. Aleina was a happy bula for her and nothing, if she begged Motrona to marry a new one; then began a wonderfully hopeless life of a strong woman. True, the man loved її and beaten more than once, and without a bar of guilt virushing the work to St. Petersburg, and Motren was embarrassed to endure the image of her father-in-law in this. We are united, who took pity on Motren, but was Savely, who lived out his hundred years after penal servitude, having spent a lot of wine for driving in the hated German-kerry. Saveliy told Motren what such a Russian heroism is: it is impossible to overcome a peasant, more wine "and bend, she does not break."

The People's Pervestka of the Girl brightened up Motroni's life. Ale, without any difficulty, the mother-in-law hounded the child in the field, and the old father, Savely, did not wake up for his incompetence, making the pigs happy. In the eyes of Motroni Suddivska, who came from the place, roztin and children were robbed. Motrona could not forget her first book, even though she had five blues in a year. One of them, the shepherd Fedot, once allowed the shepherd to take the sheep. Motrona took the wine early, recognized the blue. Then, being the vagit son of Liodor, she was embarrassed to violate justice to the place of justice: this man, omitting the law, was taken to the soldiers. The governor Olena Oleksandrivna helped Motroni, now the whole motherland is praying for the yak.

For all the village worlds of life, Motroni Korchagina can be happy. Ale about an invisible spiritual storm, as a woman passed by, it’s impossible to tell - just like that, as if about unpaid death, and about the blood of the first. Motrona Timofievna is overwhelmed, because the Russian village woman could not be happy, because the keys to happiness are given to that free will from God himself.

At the rozpal sіnozhatі mandrіvniki come to the Volga. Here the stench melts into evidence of a wondrous scene. On three chovniki to the shore, the pan's motherland is sailing. Kostsi, who only a little but crouched down, are immediately conspiring to show the old pan their diligence. It seems that the villagers of the village of Vahlachina help the scumbags to adopt the name of Utyatina's helper, who, having seen from the mind, speaks of the strong law. Relatives of the Posledish-Kachenya for tse obіtsyat zaplavnі bows to the peasants. And after a long-awaited death, the last of the recession forget their obitsyanki, and the whole village performance is marnim.

Here, near the village of Vakhlachyna, mandriners hear village songs - panshchina, hungry, soldier's, salty - that story about a strong hour. One of these stories is about the serf of the illustrious Yakov the Verny. The only joy of Yakov was the satisfaction of his master, Polivanov's dribbling assistant. Samodur Polivanov beat Yakov in the teeth with a pick, which called out to the lackey's soul even more kohanna. Until old age, Polivanov had legs, and Yakiv began to follow him, like a child. And if Yakov's nephew, Grisha, thought of making friends with the pretty Arisha of the forte, Polivanov was jealous of recruiting a lad. Yakiv drank it down, but suddenly turned to pan. And all the same, win zoom to take revenge on Polivanov - the only one accessible to you, in a lackey way. Curling the pan in the forest, Yakiv hung over him on the pine. Polivanov provіv nіch under the corpse of his virnogo serf, haystacks zhahu vіdganyayuchi birds and vovkіv.

One more story - about two great sinners - was told to the peasants by God's mantra Iona Lyapushkin. The Lord awakened the conscience of the otaman of the robbers Kudeyar. The rozbeynik had long covered sins, but all the stinks were released to you only after that, like a wine in a tide of anger, having beaten the zhorst Pan Glukhovsky.

Men-mandrivniki hear the story of one more sinner - Glіba-old age, who for a penny prihovat the rest of the will of the late admiral-widow, who vindicated his villagers.

Ale, not only men-mandrivniki think about people's happiness. In Vakhlachin live a blue man, seminarist Grisha Dobrosklonov. Yogo's heart of love to the late mother was angry with love to all Vakhlachin. For fifteen years, Grits knew for sure who he was ready to live, for whom he was ready to die. I think about the whole mystery of Russia, as if about a miserable, bright, mighty and powerless mother, and checks, that that unshakable power will still appear in it, like a wine in a powerful soul. Such strong souls, like those of Gritsk Dobrosklonov, the yangol of mercy cry on the honest way. The share of Gritsya is "a glorious path, I'm a rich people's intercessor, dryness and Siberia."

Yakby men-mandrivniki knew what was going on in the soul of Gritsk Dobrosklonov - they would sing melodiously realize that they could turn around, even if it was more expensive.

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Mykola Oleksiyovich Nekrasov
Who in Russia should live well

* * *

Y. Lebedev
Russian odyssey

In "Schodennik pisnik" for 1877 F. M. Dostoyevsky pomitiv characteristic feature what the Russian people have in the post-reform hour, - "these are impersonal, supra-virtually impersonal of the new people, the new root of the Russian people, who need the truth, one truth without mental nonsense, and yak, in order to reach this truth, give everything smartly." Dostoyevsky sighed at them "the advancing future of Russia."

At the very beginning of the 20th century, another writer, V. G. Korolenko, was blamed for a summer trip to the Urals: Pole, - at the distant Ural villages there were a few things about the Belovodsk kingdom and prepared their own religious and scientific expedition. The middle of the simple Cossacks has expanded and zmіtsnіlo perekonannya, scho "here there," beyond the rascals "," beyond the valleys, beyond the mountains, beyond the wide seas "is the "blessed country", in a way of God's providence, that vipadnosti history was preserved and prospered in all the shortcomings and the whole formula of grace. This is the right place of the Cossack country of all those peoples, it was only poached by the Old Believer mood. With her, planted by the Apostle Thomas, the right faith is blooming, with churches, bishops, the patriarch and pious kings ... I don’t know the kingdom, nor the slander, nor the slanderousness of the kingdom, for the right faith will give rise there and the right piety.

It seems that, like in the 1860s, the Don Cossacks were written off from the Ural Cossacks, they chose to collect a significant amount of money and spent it for poshukіv tsієї inhabited lands of the Cossack Varsonofiy Barishnіkov with two comrades. Having broken Barishnkov along the road through Constantinople to Asia Minor, farther - to the Malabar coast, along the coast, to the East Indies ... The expedition turned with an unfortunate sound: Bilovoddy did not know in the distance. Thirty years later, in 1898, a dream about the kingdom of Bilovodsk was saved with new strength, cats were found, a new pilgrimage was organized. "Deputation" of the Cossacks on May 30, 1898 boarded a steamboat that sailed from Odessa to Constantinople.

“From the first day, in the sky, and it began to be more expensive than the deputies of the Urals to the Belovodsky kingdom, and in the midst of the international attack of merchants, military, scholars, tourists, diplomats, like roses, zhzhdzhayut in the world of flowers, or in jokes of pennies, glory and glory, hushed up three vykhіdtsі like a biz of the other world, like joking paths near the Cossack Bіlovodsk kingdom. Korolenko, having reportedly described all the vicissitudes of the journey of unimaginably expensive, in which, with all the curiosity and wonder of the planned undertaking, the same, marked by Dostoevsky, Russia of honest people, indestructible, and for the word of truth, the skin of them will give their life and all their troubles.

The great spiritual pilgrimage was drawn in until the end of the 19th century as the top of the Russian society, until the new all Russia, all the people. “Those Russian homeless mandrivers,” after respecting Dostoevsky in his talk about Pushkin, “continue and do their mandriving and, it’s safe to say, not to appear again.” For a long time, “because the Russian mandriva needs all-world happiness to calm down, it’s not cheaper than wine to reconcile.”

“It was about such a vipadok: having known one person, I believed in a righteous land,” said the black mandrinnik in our literature, Luka, from M. Gorky’s “On the Days”. - Maє, having said, be a righteous country in the world ... in this, moving, land - special people inhabit ... good people! One stink to one, one to one - quite easily - help ... and everything is good with them! And the axis of the people kept trying to go ... shukati the righteous land. Buv vin - vile, alive - nasty ... and if you happened to be so important, if you want to lie and die, - you didn’t waste the spirit of vin, but that’s all, bovalo, chuckling just a bit and vislovlyuvav: “Nothing! I will endure! Another sprat - I'm budding ... and then I'll throw all my life and - I'll go to the righteous land ... "One new joy was bula - the earth tsya ... І axis at the place - at Siberia on the right bula - they sent a message from a nobleman ... with books, with plans for wines, teachings, and with all sorts of things ... Lyudina, and it seems to him: "Show me, mercy, where is the righteous land and how is the road there?" At the same time, the readings of the book are opened, plan the opening ... marveling, marveling - nowhere on the righteous earth! "Everything is true, all the lands are shown, but the righteous - no!"

Lyudina - do not believe ... May, it seems, buti ... joke more quickly! And then, it seems, the books of that plan of yours are not up to anything, as if there is no righteous land ... Views - to be formed. Mine, it seems, are the best plans, but there is no righteous land. Well, here a man got angry - how so? Alive-lived, patient-tolerant and all viriv - є! and behind the plans to go out - dumb! Robbery! .. I seem to blame the scientist: “Oh, you ... such a bastard! You’re a wretch, not a scholar…” That wuho youmu – once! So even! .. ( having prayed.) And after that, pishov home - and pressed in!

The 1860s marked a sharp historical turning point in the parts of Russia, which now broke with legal, "home-grown" reasons and all the world, the common people violated in the old way of spiritual shukan, designations with evils and falls, fatal peaces, the rightful deaths with the breadth of your non-searchable exercise to know the truth. I, perhaps, first looked at the whole deep process, which shoveled not only the "tops", but also the "lowers" of the suspense, Nekrasov's poetry.

1

He sings the work over the grandiose idea of the “people's book” in 1863, and having ended in mortally ill in 1877, with a strong acknowledgment of the unsatisfactory, incompleteness of the conceived: live well". She "maw take all the news, tributes to Mykoli Oleksiyovich to the people, have learned about the new, accumulated" for the word "for twenty years", - having made a rozmovi with Nekrasov G. I. Uspensky.

However, the message about the “incompleteness” of “Who in Russia should live well” is even more poignant and problematic. First, the knowledge of the poet himself is subjectively overblown. It seems that you can see the dissatisfaction with the writer for ever, and the larger the idea, the better. Dostoyevsky wrote about "The Brothers Karamazov": "I myself know that one tenth part did not dare to say what I wanted." Ale chi navazhimos on tsіy pіdstavі vvazhat Dostoevsky's novel with a fragment of an unimagined idea? Te same i z "To whom in Russia to live well."

In a different way, the poem “To Whom in Russia to Live Good” was conceived as an epic, that is an artistic tvir, which, with the maximum degree of completeness and objectivity, is the whole era in the life of the people. Shards of people's life are bezbezhne and nevicherpne in inconspicuous її manifestations, for the epic in whatever її varieties (poem-epopee, novel-epopee) is characterized by incompleteness, incompleteness. In this polygaє її species recognition in other forms of poetic art.

"Tsyu pіsenku cunning
That up to the word dospіvaє,
Who is the whole earth, Russia is goddamned,
From end to end to pass.
Himself її Christ's saint
Did not reach - sleep in an eternal dream -

so having spoken of his epic idea, Nekrasov sang "Pedlars". You can continue the epic to the point of inconsistency, or you can put an end to some high vdrіzka її way.

Dosіdniks of Nekrasov's creativity are talking about the sequence of roztashuvannya parts of "To whom in Russia live well", shards sing, scho in the world, did not reach the end of the residual orders from the first drive.

It is noteworthy that this super girl herself mimicously confirms the epic character of “Who in Russia should live well.” The composition of this creation will follow the laws of the classical epic: it is made up of eight distinctly autonomous parts and divisions. The sounds of part of the story are connected with the theme of the road: these peasants-pravdoshukachiv mandruyut in Russia, chanting food, but do not give them peace: who in Russia should live well? “Prolozі” has a more expensive scheme - zustrіchі with an assistant, an official, a merchant, a minister and a tsar. However, the epic is spared by a clear and unambiguous purposefulness. Nekrasov is not forcing the cause, he is not in a hurry to bring yoga to a perfect result. Like an epic artist folk character, all indirectness, all loopy folk stitches, paths that road.

The light in the epochal explanation stands as such, like a fault, - unordered and inconsistent, let us spare a straightforward rumble. The author of the epic admits "to step in, come in at the end, haircuts curl up, kill, kill." According to the appointment of the contemporary theorist of literature G. D. Gachov, “the epic is similar to a child, walking along the Kunstkammer of Svetobudov. Having turned the axis of yoga respect on one hero, chi wakefulness, chi thought - and the author, having forgotten about everything, gets bored with him; potim yogo vіdvolіk іnshiy - i vіn so very povno vіddaєtsya yomu. But it’s not just a compositional principle, not just the specifics of the plot in the epic ... The one who rozes, robs “steps”, does not dwell on that other subject for a long time; to the one who dares to describe calmly and those who are choking in greed, I sin against the pace of the opiate, - we ourselves will talk about marnotism, the prosperity of the buttya, about those who youmu (buttya) have no way to hurry up. Otherwise: I hang on to the idea that buttya panu over the principle of the hour (the same way the form is dramatic, on the other hand, vivaying the power of the hour - it was not without reason that such a thing was born there, it would have been better, it was less “formal” than the unity of the hour)”.

Introduced into the epic “To whom in Russia to live well” the kazkovi motifs allow Nekrasov to freely and unimpressedly behave with the hour and space, easily transfer the day from one kintsya of Russia to the next, and encourage him to mourn the hour for the kazkovy laws. The epic is not united by a familiar plot, not by a definitive result, but by an internal plot: it’s right, step by step it becomes clearer in this super-cheerful, but irrevocable growth of people’s self-confidence, but I haven’t come to the bottom of my bag yet, I’m still on some roads. In this sense and plot-composition, the fluffiness is not vipadkovy: you will show your own undefeated lineage and the diversity of the people's life, which in a different way faints to itself, in a different way evaluates its own place in the world, its recognition.

Pragnuchi to make the panorama of the people's life in the whole world, Nekrasov vikoristova and all the richness of the traditional folk art. And the folklore element in the epic expresses the steps of the growth of the people's self-confidence: the kazkovi motives of the "Prologue" are changed by a bilinear epic, then by the lyrical folk songs in the "Selyantsi" and, nareshti, the songs of Gritsk Dobrosklonov in the "Banquetіn_yatіnіatіtі svіt" sensible people. The peasants listen until the end of the song, sometimes nod their heads, and then stop the song, “Rus”, they haven’t smelled the stink yet: they haven’t fallen asleep yet. And to that end, sing it to the future, it is not allowed.

Bout our mandrivniks in one fell swoop,
The yakbies could have known what was going on with Grisha.

Ale mandrіvniki did not smell the song “Rus”, and then, they still did not understand why they say “inner happiness of the people”. To go out that Nekrasov, without sleeping his song, is not only to the one who was wounded by death. The songs of yoga did not ripen in the years of the very life of the people. More than a hundred years have passed since that hour, and the song, sung by the great poet about the Russian peasantry, is still filling up. In "Benketya" there is less than a glimpse of future happiness, he sings about how the world is, what he sees, how many roads are very dear in front to his real inspiration. The inconsistency of “Who in Russia should live well” is important and artistically significant as a sign of the folk epic.

“To whom in Russia to live well” and in general, and in the skin of its parts, guess the villager’s worldly gathering, as the most important viraz of the democratic people’s self-regulation. On such a meeting, the inhabitants of one village or a few forces that were part of the "world" lied all the nourishment of a sleeping worldly life. The gathering is not small for anything worthy of today's gatherings. There is a head on him, as if he had gone through the discussion. Kozhen, a community member for the bazhanny, entered into a skirmish with Rozmov, arranging his own thought. The deputy voter deviates the principle of good luck. Dissatisfied, they changed their minds and stepped forward, and for an hour of discussion they looked at the “worldly virok”. As if there was no such thing as a hot day, the gathering was postponed until the next day. Postupovo, in the course of the screeching super-cats, a one-way thought glimpsed, joking and bala zgoda.

Spivrobitnik of Nekrasov's "Vitchiznyakh notes", the writer-populist H. M. Zlatovratsky described the spontaneous village life in this way: You marveled at the windows, then in one, then in another village, the masters, old people, detlahi hung around: some sit, others stand in front of them, putting their hands behind their backs and respectfully listening to someone. Tsey htos waving his arms, squirming with all the toulub, shouting even more hurriedly, zamovka on a sprat of quills and then we will change again. Ale raptom to yoma roar, roar as if at once, voices rise higher and higher, shout at the throat, as if they are suitable for such a great hall, like more bows and fields, they seem mustache, do not hesitate to anyone and nothing, like I are suitable for a free trade . Zhodnoi signs of officialdom. Sergeant Major Maxim Maksimovich himself is standing here on the side, like the most visible member of our community ... Here everyone is going clean, standing on edge; For example, for cowardice, or for rozrahunka, you will think of getting locked up, and you will ruthlessly lead to clean water. Those faint-hearted tsikh, especially important gatherings, are already few. I am a bachelor of the most peaceful, the most diverse peasants, yakі<…>at the gatherings, at the whilini of the infamous zbudzhennya, they absolutely changed and<…>they recruited such goodness that they caught up with the triumph of good peasants. At the height of its apogee, the skhid becomes simply open to mutual support and mutual vikritt, showing the widest publicity.

The whole epic poem of Nekrasov is a secular gathering, step by step gaining strength. Vіn reach your peak at the final "Benquet for the whole world". Prote zagalny "worldly virok" still does not wine. There are only a few more ways to the new one, a lot of the first crossings have been sunk, for a lot of points the rush to sleep has been marked. But there is no result, life is not stupefied, gatherings are not pinned, the saga is open to the future. For Nekrasov, the process itself is important here, it is important that the peasantry seemed to think about the sense of life, and that they violated the important, long way of telling the truth. Let's try to take a closer look at the new one, collapsing in the Prologue. Parts of the First" to "Selyanka", "Follow" and "Benchet for the Whole World".

2

In "Proloz" about the zustrich of seven peasants, it is told as if it were about a great epic podium.

In which turn - rozrakhovuy,
In the yakіy land - guess
On the stovpovіy road
Zіyshlis sim cholovіkіv.

So the biblins converged fairytale heroes to the battle of chi to the honors benquet. Epichny roses swell at the window of the hour and space: the whole of Russia will wine. New province, Terpigoriv district, Pustoporozhnya volost, the villages of Zaplatov, Diryavino, Razutov, Znobyshyn, Gorilovo, Neyolovo, Nevrozhayna can be brought up to be from Russian provinces, cities, volosts and forces. Skhopleno zagalnu prikmet post-reform ruinuvannya. The very food that swindled the peasants is stoked by all Russia - peasant, noble, merchant. That's why welding, which vinekla between them, is not an obvious podia, but great super girl. At the soul of the skin harvester, with its own private share, with its life interests, food has flowed, which is worthy of all, all people's world.

At the right skin at your own
Until pivdnya viyshov іz home:
That way trimav to the smithy,
Toy ishov near the village of Ivankove
Call Father Prokofy
Baptize the child.
Pahom stylists honey
Carried to the market near Velika,
And two brothers Gubin
So simple with a halter
Catch a stuck horse
They left their flock.
It's been a long time since bi dermal
Turn your way -
Go ahead!

The skin man had his own way, and the stench knew the common way: food about happiness uniting the people. Therefore, before us is no longer the zvichayní muzhiks with their individual share and special interests, but for the whole rural world, truth-tellers. The figure "sim" in folklore is magical. Sim mandrivnikov- An image of a great epic scale. The kazkovy coloring of the "Prologue" evokes an apology for everyday life, for a villager's pobuty and nada epichnu zagalnist.

Kazkov's atmosphere in "Proloz" is rich in meaning. Nadayuyuschie podіyam national sounding, won't change into a succulent way for the poet to accept the characteristics of the people's self-confidence. It is respectful that Nekrasov merrily behaves with a Cossack. In vzagali yogo occasion with folklore in vіlnіshe i rozkutishe porivnyа with poems "Peddlers" and "Frost, Chervoniy nis". That and before the people of the wine is put differently, often hot for the peasants, pidburyuє chitachіv, paradoxically brightens up the people's look at the speech, pіdsmіyuєtsya from the coziness of the village light-gazer. The intonational mood of the poem in “To Whom in Russia to Live Good” is even squishy and rich: there is a good-natured author's smile, and indulgence, and a slight irony, and a bitter heat, and a lyrical pity, and sorrow, and thought, and a cry. The intonational and stylistic rich sonority of the opposit in its own way evokes a new phase of people's life. Before us is the post-reform peasantry, which has broken from the unshakable patriarchal foundations, from centuries of life and spiritual strength. Tse vzhe vzhe vzhe vagrant Rus z samosvіdomistyu, sho prokinulasya, galasliva, raznogolosa, prickly and intransigent, shy to welds and super-cheek. And the author does not stand aside from her, but transforms into an equal participant in her life. Vіn it rises above the rivals, then it goes over to one of the sides, which they cross, then they grow up, then they become overwhelmed. Like Rus lives in super-girls, in searches of truth, so the author is resting in a strained dialogue with her.

Literature about “To Whom in Russia to Live Good” can be said to be firm, that the super girl of the seven mandrivniki, which excites him, confirms the cob compositional plan, which he sings with good luck. Already in the first part, there was a revival of the planned plot, and the deputy of zustriches from the rich and noble truth-shukachi began to oppose the people's natovp.

Ale ce vіdkhilennya vіdrazu vіdbuvaєtsya and on the "upper" level. The deputy of the assistant is that official, appointed by the peasants for indoctrination, why should I be called a priest. Chi tse vipadkovo?

We respectfully, that the “formula” of the super-girl is voted by the peasants is not so pochatkovy conceived, how much of the people’s self-confidence, for whom the super-echoes appear. I Nekrasov is impromptu to show the readiness of the community: the peasants understand happiness in a primitive way and lead him to a good life, material security. Why, for example, such a candidate for the role of a “merchant”, such a candidate for the role of a “merchant”, dragging “tovstopuzy”! And for the super-girl of peasants - who can live happily, freely in Russia? - once again, but still step by step, muffled, more, significantly more important and more important food, as if to make the soul eat-epopee, - as a reason for people's happiness, de yoga shukati and why is it wrong?

At the final distribution "Banquet for the whole world" by Gritsk Dobrosklonov, such an assessment of the current state of national life is given: "The Russian people are selected with the strength and become a gromad".

Vlasne, at this formula - take the head pathos. It is important to show Nekrasov how the people see the strength, what to unite them, and how the stink of the gromadyansky directness swells. I’ve been thinking about not even getting to the point where I’m going to instruct the mandrivniks in the future to follow the program they have planned. More importantly, there is more important food here: what is the happiness of the peaceful, Orthodox-Christian yogo rozuminn and the Russian people of the building to adopt the peasant "politics" of Christian morality?

Therefore, folklore motifs in "Proloz" play a double role. From one side, he sings vikoristovuє їх, to give the beginning to the creation of a high, epic sound, and from the other side, to raise the house of the svіdomostі svіdomosti svіdomosti, like they wilt at their own manifestations of happiness from the righteous on the crafty way. Guess what about Nekrasov talking more than once a long time ago, for example, in one of the versions of “The Song of Yeromushki”, created back in 1859.

Change your salt,
To live does not mean - to drink that їsti.
The world has better exercise,
Noble blessings.
Don't care the ways are cunning:
There is a lot of trash and trash there.
Shanuy zaviti forever right
I take it from Christ.

These two paths, sung over Russia by an angel of mercy in "Benquet for the whole world", now open up before the Russian people, as a holy commemoration of the funeral and stand before the choice.

Middle of the world of valley
For the free heart
Є two ways.
Call the strength of pride
Sound the will is firm:
Yakim iti?

Tsya song resound over Russia reviving from the voice of the messenger of the Creator himself, and the share of the people is directly stale, depending on which way mandrivniki will see after long blukans and loops along Russian routes.

As long as the poet is happy, it’s more than enough for the people to tell the truth. And directly tsikh poshukіv, spokus wealth on the very cob of the way, you can’t help shouting harsh irony. That is why the kazkovy plot of the "Prologue" characterizes the low ribbing of the rural community, spontaneous, unpredictable, which forcibly breaks through to the outrageous pits. The thought of the people has not yet gained clarity and clarity, it is still angry with nature and it is often expressed differently in the words, like in the devil, in the vchinka: instead of thinking, the fists are let loose.

People still live for the fairy formula: "Go there - I don't know where, bring those - I don't know what."

Go, start chasing
Behind them are the wolves,
What was given is better.
…
Mabut, never mind
So they went - where, I don’t know ...

For this reason, the disturbing demonic element grows in Proloz. "Baba zustrіchna", "clumsy Durandіha", in the eyes of the peasants transform into the witch, which is more pronounced. And Pakhom has been roaming for a long time, trying to figure out what was trapiling with him and yoga companions, until he comes to the visnovka, that the “glorious hustler” fired over them.

We sing the blame for the comical division of the super-girls of the peasants from the battles of the bugs at the peasant herd. And in the evening the cow went astray, came to the fire, fixed her eyes on the peasants,

Shalene promo listened
І beginning, heart,
Mikati, mukati, mukati!

On the ruins of the super river, which grows into a scourge, nature is watching, moreover, in the individual there are not good spirits, but rather evil forces, representatives of folk demonology, protected from the category of forest evil spirits. At the mandrіvnіkh mandrіvnіkіv zlіtayutsya marvel at this fіlіnіv: from the seven great trees "speak beer".

I raven, intelligent bird,
Rest, sit on a tree
Beal of the fire itself,
Sit and pray between
Shchob blurted out to death
Yakogos!

The commotion is growing, expanding, suffocating the whole fox, and, it seems, the “spirit of the fox” itself is louder, laughing at the peasants, watching the squabble and the battle with evil spirits.

The moon of the boom has thrown,
It’s time to walk, take a walk,
It started to scream, shout,
Nibi pіdburyuvati
Upright men.

Obviously, the author's irony in "Proloz" is good-natured and indulgent. He sings that he does not want to judge muzhiks severely for their wretchedness and extreme obmezhenіst їх manifestations of happiness and happiness of a happy people. Vіn know that the shozanіstvo povyazana z suvorim everyday life of a peasant, z such material misunderstandings, in which the very suffering is filled with an hour of spiritless, connivingly twisted forms. Tse trapleyaetsya shoraza, if the people are allowed to eat their daily bread. Let's guess the song "Hungry", which sounded in "Pir":

Stand man -
kolivaetsya,
Go man -
Chi do not breathe!
Z kori yoga
Fooled,
Tuga-bida
Vysnazhila…

3

And in order to create a community of rural rozumіnnya happiness, Nekrasov does not have mandrivniki in the first part of the epic sing-along with a helper and an official, and a priest. The priest, disguised spiritually, for the way of living closer to the people, and for the obligatory service, calling for the protection of a thousand-year-old national shrine, indeed, for sure, he grasps the innocence for the mandrivniks themselves about being happy in my formula.

- Why is it lucky, in your opinion?
Calm, wealth, honor -
Chi wrong, friend miles? -
The ponies said: Yes...

Zvichayno, in view of the formula, the priest himself ironically suvaetsya: “Tse, friend, happy in your way!” And then, with the initial controversy of the simplicity of all life, the presence of the skin incarnation of trinity formulas: neither “calm”, nor “wealth”, nor “honor” can be put into the basis of a truly human Christian mind.

Rozpovіd butt zmushuє muzhiks over bagatma think. The broad, ironically indulgent assessment of the clergy reveals its own untruth here. Behind the laws of epical apology, the priest sings trustingly, who will be in such a way that, with the special lives of one priest, he rises and stands for the whole life of the entire spiritual life. He sings without haste, without haste with the insufficient development of the spirit, giving the hero the opportunity to express everything that lies in the new soul. For the life of the priest, one can see on the sides of the epic-epoch of the life of all Russia in the past and present, in different countries. Here are dramatic changes at the noble gardens: old patriarchal-noble Rus, who lived as an ass, is close to the people in the past. After the reform, the prostitution of life and the ruination of the nobles blew up for centuries, and the old pretense was reduced to a tribal strongman's nest. “Like a Jewish tribe”, helpers from the white world rose up, acquired new sounds, far from the Russians moral traditions that retelling.

In an apology, the butt roars in front of the eyes of the handsome peasants “great lancer”, in which all the lanks are militantly tied: if you hit one, you will turn into something else. The drama of the Russian nobility draws in itself the drama of the spiritual life. In this world, the drama will be strengthened by the post-reformation of the peasant's life.

The villages are our days,
And in them the villagers are sick
So the women of the mischief,
Anniversaries, sweatshirts,
Slaves, pilgrims
І workers of the century,
Lord give them strength!

The clergy cannot be calm, if the people are alive, yogi sang the anniversary. And on the right, there are not only in the material surplus of the peasantry and the nobility, which I drag behind me the evil of the spiritual camp. A smut is famously a priest in another. It’s unfortunate for a peasant to bring deep moral suffering to strange people from the clergy: “It’s important to live with such money!”

Traplyatsya until sick
You will come: not dying,
Terrible Sim'ya villager
Todi, how to be brought
Spend your year old!
Punish the dead
I pіdtremati in reshti
In the world you gain strength
The spirit of badyori! And here to you
Stara, mother of the deceased,
Marvel, stretch with the bony,
Callused hand.
Soul turn over
How to splash at your hand
Two mid-heels!

The priest's spy has more than enough to say about those sufferings, as if they were connected with the suspension "unexplained" in the country, as if they were going through a deep national crisis. Qi "nebuduvannya", which lie on the surface of life, may be tired, against them it is possible and necessary to inspire a righteous wrestling struggle. And yet more and more, glibshi rubbing, tied to the imperfection of human nature itself. Itself tsі protirіchchya reveal the vanity and slyness of people, like pragmatic to show life like succumbing contentment, like thoughtlessly hoarded by wealth, ambition, self-complacency, which wraps up baiduism to the neighbor. Pіp at his own spoіdі zavdaє nischіvny blow tіm, hto spoіduє similar morality. Rozpovidayuschie about the waywardness of the sick and the dying, the priest to speak about the impossibility of peace of mind on this earth for a person who does not reach his neighbor:

Go - where to call!
You go without a trace.
І hi bi tіlki tassels
One broke, -
Hi! shorazu namaetsya,
Break the soul.
Do not lie, Orthodox,
Zvichkoy є boundary:
No heart, what to blame
Without any thrill
Before death wheezing,
Tombstone Ridannya,
Syrian sum!
Amen!.. Now think
What kind of ass is calm?

To go out, which is absolutely free in the face of suffering, “freely, happily” a person, as if he is alive, - this person is stupid, baiduzh, zbitkov in moral terms. Life is not holy, but an important work, not only physical, but also spiritual, which makes self-revelation visible to people. Even Nekrasov himself made such an ideal at the verse of "In Memory of Dobrolyubov", the ideal of high agility, proving that it is impossible not to sacrifice oneself, not to see the "worldly people". For the wrong reason, having lowered myself, feeling far away in the Christian truth of the life of the peasants’ nourishment - “for the licorice of life popivske”, - and from the hymn of an Orthodox minister, I turned to mandrivniks:

... Orthodox!
Narіkat God grіh,
I carry my cross for patience.

And all the explanations of yoga are, in fact, a sign of how a skin person can bear the cross, as if he is ready to lay down his life "for his friend."

Lesson, giving to the mandrivniks by the priest, not yet pishov їm on melancholy, but brought turmoil into the village community. The men unitedly took up arms against Luka:

- What, taking it? head is up!
Dubina is strong!
There you go to the super girl!
"Nobles dzvіnitsi -
Popi live like a prince.
…
Well, you are praised
Popivske life!

The irony of the author is not vipadical, even with such success, it was possible to “make” not only Luke, but also the skin from them all at once. Behind the muzhik's like here again follow the shadow of Nekrasov, which is inspired by the first appearance of the people about happiness. And it’s not outrageous, because after the priest, the nature of the behavior and the way of thinking mandrivniki are changing daily. The stinks become active daedals in dialogues, daedals become more energetic in life. That respect of the mandrivniks of the daedal, the ruler, begins to hoot not the light of the pani, but the people's middle.

* * *

Y. Lebedev
Russian odyssey

The “Schodennik pisnik” for 1877, written by F.M. mental nonsense, and yak, so that you can reach the truth, you will give everything smartly. Dostoyevsky sighed at them "the advancing future of Russia."

The great spiritual pilgrimage was drawn in until the end of the 19th century as the top of the Russian society, until the new all Russia, all the people.

“Those Russian homeless mandrivers,” after respecting Dostoevsky in his talk about Pushkin, “continue and do their mandriving and, it’s safe to say, not to appear again.” For a long time, “because the Russian mandriva needs all-world happiness to calm down, it’s not cheaper than wine to reconcile.”

1

"Tsyu pіsenku cunning
That up to the word dospіvaє,
Who is the whole earth, Russia is goddamned,
From end to end to pass.
Himself її Christ's saint
Did not reach - sleep in an eternal dream -

so having spoken of his epic idea, Nekrasov sang "Pedlars". You can continue the epic to the point of inconsistency, or you can put an end to some high vdrіzka її way.

It is noteworthy that this super girl herself mimicously confirms the epic character of “Who in Russia should live well.” The composition of this creation will follow the laws of the classical epic: it is made up of eight distinctly autonomous parts and divisions. The sounds of part of the story are connected with the theme of the road: these peasants-pravdoshukachiv mandruyut in Russia, chanting food, but do not give them peace: who in Russia should live well? “Prolozі” has a more expensive scheme - zustrіchі with an assistant, an official, a merchant, a minister and a tsar. However, the epic is spared by a clear and unambiguous purposefulness. Nekrasov is not forcing the cause, he is not in a hurry to bring yoga to a perfect result. As an epic artist, he is guilty of a new life, showing all the diversity of folk characters, all indirectness, all loopholes of folk stitches, ways and roads.

Bout our mandrivniks in one fell swoop,
The yakbies could have known what was going on with Grisha.

2

In "Proloz" about the zustrich of seven peasants, it is told as if it were about a great epic podium.

In which turn - rozrakhovuy,
In the yakіy land - guess
On the stovpovіy road
Zіyshlis sim cholovіkіv.

So the biblical and fairy-tale heroes converged on the battle to honor the benket. Epichny roses swell at the window of the hour and space: the whole of Russia will wine. New province, Terpigoriv district, Pustoporozhnya volost, the villages of Zaplatov, Diryavino, Razutov, Znobyshyn, Gorilovo, Neyolovo, Nevrozhayna can be brought up to be from Russian provinces, cities, volosts and forces. Skhopleno zagalnu prikmet post-reform ruinuvannya. The very food that swindled the peasants is stoked by all Russia - peasant, noble, merchant. That's why welding, which vinekla between them, is not an obvious podia, but great super girl. At the soul of the skin grain grower, with its own private share, with its life interests, food has flowed, which is worthy of all, of the entire people's world.

At the right skin at your own
Until pivdnya viyshov іz home:
That way trimav to the smithy,
Toy ishov near the village of Ivankove
Call Father Prokofy
Baptize the child.
Pahom stylists honey
Carried to the market near Velika,
And two brothers Gubin
So simple with a halter
Catch a stuck horse
They left their flock.
It's been a long time since bi dermal
Turn your way -
Go ahead!

The skin man had his own way, and the stench knew the common way: food about happiness uniting the people. That is why before us is no longer the zvichayní muzhiks with their own individual share and special interests, but for the whole village world, true-shukachi. The figure "sim" in folklore is magical. Sim mandrivnikov- An image of a great epic scale. The kazkovy coloring of the "Prologue" evokes an apology for everyday life, for a villager's pobuty and nada epichnu zagalnist.

Change your salt,
To live does not mean - to drink that їsti.
The world has better exercise,
Noble blessings.
Don't care the ways are cunning:
There is a lot of trash and trash there.
Shanuy zaviti forever right
I take it from Christ.

These two paths, sung over Russia by an angel of mercy in "Benquet for the whole world", now open up before the Russian people, as a holy commemoration of the funeral and stand before the choice.

Middle of the world of valley
For the free heart
Є two ways.
Call the strength of pride
Sound the will is firm:
Yakim iti?

Twir of Russian literature of the 19th century is consuming its relevance. You can continue to ask for a happy one. Trochy changed in the sounds of modern Russia. Short zmist sing Nekrasov "To whom in Russia to live well" for parts and parts to help you know the necessary episode and learn about the plot.

1 piece

Prologue

These peasants from different forces climbed the road and began to compete with those who live in Russia cheerfully and freely. Misce zustrіchі and the name of the force was selected by the author zі zmіst. Povit - Terpіgorev (grief is tolerable), volost - Pustoporozhnya (empty and empty). Villages with names that convey the main characteristics of the life of the villagers:

clothes made of patches - Zaplatovo;
wild words - Diryavina;
without vzuttya - Razutov;
shiver in sickness and fear - Znobishine;
gorili budinki - Horilov;
nemaє їzhi - Neєlove;
postіyni nevrozhaї - Nevrozhayka.

Whoever is on the road, how to call the heroes sing: Roman, Demyan, Luke, Ivan, Mitrodor, Pakhom, Prov. Skin from them vysuvaє their version, but until a single thought, the peasants do not come. Who can live happily in Russia:

helper;
official;
merchant;
boyar;
minister;
king

The peasants are so contrite, as if they were Russian people. The stench of leather came from their right, but they forgot about the meta. They didn’t remember the super girl, as the day ended, nothing came. Old Pakhom, having called out the zupinity and the dawn of the coming day, shobi continue the way. The people sat down near the fire, ran for the burner, smashed the bottles from the birch bark and continued the super river. The screams turned into a beat, as if the whole forest was crying out. Filini, cow, raven, fox, zozulya have mercy on the battle. The bird of the chickweed blew from the nest and rose to the top. Roaring in the groin to the birds, explaining their weakness and strength. May the hand of a hopeless bird rise, but there is no krill among the villagers, so that they fly around all of Russia. Other companions began to think about their own: burner, stubs, kvass and hot tea. Pіnochka-mother spun and listened to the promos of the interlocutors. Pichuga asked for help, she rozpovila, de know the tablecloth self-assembly. Having learned about the wisdom of the bird, the villagers began to ask to be robed so that the shirts would not be worn out, the legs would not be rubbed, the louse would not start.

"We all work the tablecloth"

Promised a kick. The bird is ahead, so you can’t ask the tablecloth for more, it’s livelier, and the burners are less than 1 bucket each. Yakshcho tsi mind not to win, three times the bazhannya brought to bіdi. The peasants knew the tablecloth, ruled the banquet. They said that they know who will live happily on Russian land, and then turn back home.

1 split. Pip

The villagers continued the way. The stench snarled a lot of people, but they didn’t squawk at anyone’s lives. Mustaches were close to them: lapotnik, maistrovy, zhebrak, coachman. Not a moment to be happy soldier. Vіn shingle with an awl, warming yourself with dim. Closer to the night, they will be quiet. The villagers stood in a row and bowed the holy people. Luka, having become a priest, let him live freely. The priest became thoughtful and began to speak. About the fates of the navchannya of the wines, I simply spoke. There is no peace with the priest. Yogo shout to the sick, scho is dying. My heart does not hurt for the orphaned people who go to another world. There is no such thing as a priest. They call Yogo with figurative words, swear at the cost, put together fairy tales. Do not love neither the priest's donka, nor the popad. Not in favor of all stations. Are the priests wealthy? Earlier in Russia there were a lot of nobles. Children grew up among the sadibahs, they played the merry-go-round. Everyone went to priests, wealth grew and multiplied. Nina in Russia, everything has changed. The helpers spread out in foreign countries, having left the fatherland with less supplies of volodin. Don't swear at the rozkolniks who have appeared, like living among the Orthodox. The life of the popiv becomes all important, the income is given only to the poor peasants. What can they give? Less than a dime that pie is holy. The priest finished the tedious rozpovid and moved the distance. The men pounced on Luka, trying to prove that they should live freely.

2 split. Silska Fair

Brudny hotel with garni vivian and a carrier with crockery.
Two churches: Orthodox and Old Believers.
School.
Feldsher's hut, de sick let in shelter.

Mandrivniki came to the square. There stood an impersonal list of various goods. People walk among the trading rows, marvel, laugh, look at the grasslands. Htos trades in virobs, the other one revises the offense and takes it on the forehead. Babies bark French fabrics. One drunk and do not know how to buy an obіtsyany gift onuchtsi. Yoma is assisted by Pavlusha Veretennikov, a man without a rank. Win having bought slippers for onuka. The villagers left the village, so they did not spy on the one they were joking. On the hillock it happened that Kuzminska hangs out of the church at once.

3 divisions P'yana nich

The people collapsed along the road, sounding drunk. pong

"Lifted up, lay down, rode, wrestled."

Tverezі mandrіvniki went, glancing at all the sides and hearing the sound. The deyaki were filthy on the floor, it becomes scary, like the Russian people are drinking. By the ditch there are women who live more importantly. One go like a penal servitude, and then get a son-in-law.

Mandrivniki smell the familiar voice of Pavlusha Veretennikov. Vіn praise the sensible Russian people for sending that song, but zasmuchuєtsya through p'yanka to the point of stupefaction. But I don’t let you write down the thought of a person. Vіn becoming bring, scho the villagers drink for an hour. Do people have a passion for the field, who works and lives the whole country? On sіm'yu, scho p'є - unfeeding sіm'ya. And bіda come to all the same. The ugly hmilny men are not terrible for the quiet, whom the midge ate, the swamp rocks swept. One of the p'yanih becoming Yakim Nagoyu. The worker virishiv competes with the merchant and drank to the vyaznitsa. Yakim loved pictures, through them a little did not burn for an hour later. Knowing the pictures, I didn’t catch the victorious karbovantsiv. The stinks were angry in the chest, they spent their value. The peasants said that they could not heal the drunkenness of the Russian people.

4 divisions Happy

Mandrivniki whisper the lucky one to the Svyatkovy Natovpі in the bazaar. But all the arguments of the ordinary ones seem stupid to them. There are no truly happy people. The peasant is happy not to oppose mandrivniks. Їx straight to Yermila Gіrіn. Win a penny from people for a year. The mustache of the villagers chipped in and helped Yermil to buy the mlin, to resist the merchants Altinnikov. Through tyzhden Yermil turning everything to the penny, not hankering for a new zayvogo, did not lose his image. Without taking one ruble from Girina, we’ll blind you. The muzhiks wrote about it, with a kind of chaklunism of Volodya Yermil. Girin honestly served as a headman. Ale did not manage to send his brother to the army, replacing Yogo with a peasant. Vchinok saved Yermila's soul. Vin turned the villager home, and sent his brother to the service. Pishov from planting old age and taking mlyn for rent. The share all the same played out on a man, he was put in jail. Mandrіvniki go far, rozumіyuchi, scho is not the happiest person in Russia.

5 divisions Helper

Mandrіvniki zastrіchayut assistant. The ruddy helper was 60 years old. And here the author tried. Vin having created a special nickname for the hero - Obolt-Obolduev Gavrilo Opanasovich. The helper lied about what they were robbing. Vіkhopiv pіstolet, but the peasants calmed him down and explained the essence of their superchki. Gavrilo Opanasovich cheered up at the food of the villagers. I laughed out loud and began to tell about my life. Vin soil from the genealogical tree. The people suddenly realized what was going on. The ancestor of the helper buv Oboldui, who already needed 2 out of a half a century. Vіn tіshiv gospodar thunder with animals. From the other side, I took the cob from the prince, who was trying to burn Moscow and the spent price. The helper is famous for the ancient tree, Tim is the name of the river. The wealth of this time was such that it was given, you can not think about the future. The foxes are like hares, the rivers are ribey, the rilla is filled with a grain ear. Budinki were built with greenhouses, gazebos and parks. The assistants were celebrating Christmas and walking. Loved by the rozvagoy, there was a shower of love. And then, step by step, the strength of the Russian helper came out of her. The villagers are like noble hotels from the other cities of the majestic country. Shvidko retired from his life. The budinki rozіbralis on tseglinі, everything began to fall. The land has been lost, for which it is necessary to practice. The helper is not able to practice, he is guilty of all life

"Living by someone else's practice."

The villagers understood - the assistant is not the one who is being joked.

2 part. rest

Chapter 1

Mandrivniki got away from the Volga. For a while, mowing was more fun. Mandrіvniki chimed, like a wonderful old swagger over the villagers. Vіn zmusiv rozkidati bogatyrsky haystack. Youmu was lucky that the blue was not dry. Prince Utyatin showed up. Mandrivniki wondered why the villagers behaved like that, since they had long been given the freedom and patrimony to lie not with the princes, but with them. Vlas explains to his comrades why the river.

Partition 2

The helper was rich and respectful. I didn’t believe what they said strong right. Yogo snorted a blow. Children arrived, their squads. Everyone thought that the old one would die, but he would wear his wine. The decay of the Batkiv's anger was angry. One lady said that the castle had been turned. I had a chance to persuade the krіpakіv to continue to behave as before, until lvlnoї. They promised to pay for all the miracles of the father. The prince's punishments were ridiculous, stupid stupid. One of the old ones didn't show off and spoke to the prince. Yogo Bulo is punished by punishment. They urged Agapa to drink and shout so, why yogo b'yut. They drunk the old man to death, he died early.

Partition 3

The villagers, turning into obіtsyanki spadkoєmtsіv, behave like kripaki. Prince Afterglow is dying. Ale obіtsyanki nіhto not vykonuє, lands, obіtsyanі, do not pass to the villagers. Go judge's call.

3 parts. Selyanka

People virishi poshukat happy people middle grandma. We were pleased to know Motrona Timofiev Korchagin. Mandrivniki go through the fields, having mercy on the living. Do not quiet the wheat, it is not good for everyone. Dishli to the consumer settlement - Klin. The villagers marveled at the skin coat. The marvelous stupidity of the robot went through the whole village. All of a sudden, they all fell down, lamali chi psuvali. Nareshti, the stench succumbed to the women of that woman. Beautiful girls changed the situation. Among them was Motrona Timofievna, nicknamed the governor by the people. The fate of the woman was about 37 - 38. The beauty of the woman is added by beauty:

great suvori eyes;
wide opening;
rich vії;
swaggering skin.

Motrona is neat in clothes: there was a shirt and a short sundress. At the request of the mandrivniks, the woman could not give a reply. Vaughn thought, reproached the people, not at that hour they chose the stench for roses. Ale, the villagers propagandized their help to the deputy of the witness. The "Governor" was fine. The self-branded tablecloth infuriated and made the peasants drunk. The hostess was good enough to open her soul.

1 split. Until winter

Motrona bula is happy in to the father's house. Before her, everyone was good: father, brother, mother. The girl grew up pracial. Vaughn helped the state for 5 years. Virosla good pracіvnitsa, lover of sleep and dance. Motrona didn't hurry to get abroad. And then Pilip Korchagin, a baker, showed up. The girl thought the whole thing through, wept, but, surprised at the respectful lad, she waited. Happiness was less than in the night of marriage, as Motrona said.

2 split. Pіsnі

Mandrivniki and the woman sing songs. They tell about a hard time in someone else's booth. Motrona continues to tell a story about her life. The girl drank to the great motherland. A person virushav on earnings, having pleased the squads of mothers and patience. Motrona took care of her older sister-in-law, the devout Marfa, kept an eye on her father-in-law, and gratified her mother-in-law. Pilip's mother fell asleep on the thought that life could be born better than the stolen one. The father-in-law broke the krust, yogo was drunk, beaten and thrown into the barn for dead. Motron to praise the person, and mandrivniki feed, without beating the guilt of її. The woman rose. Philip, having beaten him for a coat, was given food, if the squad lifted an important korchag and could not speak. Mandrivniki sang a new song about a man batig and day. Motrona gave birth to son Demushka, if a person is new to earn money. Bida came anew: the woman was worthy of the pansky cheruyuchiy - Abram Gordiyovich Sitnikov. Vіn not giving a pass. From the strength of the motherland, only the grandfather Saveliy stumbled upon Motron. Vaughn went to the new for joy.

3 divisions Saveliy, Holy Russian Bogatyr

Did Saveliy buv is similar to a bear. I didn’t cut my hair for 20 years, zignuvsya in the past years. Behind the documents didovі it was already over 100 years. Vin is alive at the hut - in a special light. Without allowing themselves members of this, they disliked the stench of Yogo. Navit a dear son barking dad. They called the dida tavrovanim. Ale Saveliy without looking:

"Taurian, she is not a slave!"

Did gladiov nedachas sіm'ї: checks of matchmakers - zhebraki came under vіkna, father-in-law was beaten in a tavern. Did pick mushrooms and berries, catch birds. The bribe is paid by itself on the stove. The old impersonal orders have such beloved words. Motrona with blue went to the old one. Dіd rozpoіv zhіntsi, why yogo was called in this brand. Vin was a convict, having buried the German Vogel near the ground. Saveliy rozpovidaє zhіntsi, like the stench lived. The hours for the villagers were gracious. Pan did not reach the village in a moment, for there were no roads. The meshkans were more anxious than the vedmedi, but the peasants coped with them easily without towels:

"with a knife and a horn."

Dіd rozpovidaє, if he snarled, in the presence of which his back was healed. Vіn stepping on the sleepy vedic medicine, not snarling, stealing her horn and lifting it like a curl. The back crunched in the form of heaviness, in youth it hurt a little, and before old age it buckled. At the neuropathic rіk, Shalashnіkov got to them. Pomіshchik becoming a fighter from the villagers "three skins". If Shalashnikov died, they led the Germans to the village, that wondrous quiet people. Vіn zmushuvav pratsyuvati, unremembered by themselves, the villagers cut through a clearing to the village, a road appeared. With her hard labor came at once. German grip - let the light go. The Russian heroes endured, did not break. peasants

"Sokori lay until pori."

Nіmets velіv riti kolodyaz and came to bark for not crying. Hungry peasants stood and listened to the yogoglennya. Saveliy quietly shoved Yogo with his shoulder, and others smashed them themselves. They carefully threw him into the pit. Shouting, hankering for a sack and a drabin, Ale Saveliy said:

"Give it up!".

Youmu was buried shvidko, why didn’t it. Next came penal servitude, jail, flogging. The skin of the old one has become like a warped, hot fid, that th to be worn already a hundred years, which has worn out the insoles. Did turn to the fatherland, the docks were pennies, they loved him, then they began to hate him.

Partition 4. Girl

Motrona continues to tell a story about her life. Vaughn loved the tit Demushka, she took yoga with her, but the mother-in-law longed to deprive the child of the child. Zhіnka navantazhuval stisli sheaves of zhit, if Saveliya pumped, who took her to her. Old rev. I fell asleep and did not remember, like a pig for a child. Motrona experienced terribly grief, and yet they were drunk to drink the camp. Vіn z'yasovuvav, chi did not spy Motron with Saveliy, chi did not kill the son in a snake, pissipala the mish'yak. Mother asked to pohovat Demushka for the Christian call, and they began to tear the child, “torment that plastuva”. Ledve not god-willed and grief-stricken woman out of mind, she cursed Savely. God-wishing in the thoughts, she went into oblivion, if she came to you, she sang that she was reading a prayer over a small coffin. Motrona began to persecute the old one, and asking for a vibachennya and explaining that Demushka had melted the old stone’s heart. All the same, Saveliy read a prayer over a child, and his mother held a candle in her hands.

Chapter 5

20 years have already passed, and the son died, and the woman is still at a loss about her share. Motrona ceased to practice, was not afraid of her father-in-law's vіzhka. With Father Savely, I couldn’t have been talking more. The old man spent 6 days in the midst of grief at his Svitlina, pishov at the forest. Vіn crying so that he stole the whole forest from him at once. In the autumn did virushiv at the Pisochny monastery to repent for the scoène. Life began to go its own way: children, work. The fathers died, Motrona went to cry on the grave before Demushka. Saveliya was there. Vіn prayed for Demu, Russian suffering, for the villagers, asking them to take anger out of the mother's heart. Motrona reassured the old man, saying that she had been doing yoga for a long time. Saveliy asked to marvel at the new one, like before. The kind look of the woman pleased the grandfather. The death of the “bogatyr” is hard: 100 days are not alive and dried up. Having lived 107 years, asking for Yogo to be honored in order from Demushka. The bastard was vikonali. Motrona worked for the whole family. Sina was seen at 8 rokiv at the paska. Vіn not vstezhiv for sheep, and її took the shepherd. Didn't give mother natovpu vіdshmagati sina. Fedot rose, that the majestic shepherd stole a sheep and died. The lad rushed after her, graciously looking at the orphan creature, but pitying her. The she-wolf was covered in blood, her nipples were cut with grass. She wailed so pitifully, like a crying mother. The lad, having entered his life, came to the village and rose all honestly. The headman ordered to vibachiti pidpaska, and punish the woman with sharp cuts.

Section 6. Important river

Priyshov to the village of Hungry River. The villagers joked about the reasons of their neighbors; The man was taken to the army, the duty became practically unbearable. Motrona sends children to ask for mercy. Do not see the woman and leave the house at night. Vaughn sing a song to mandrivers, as it suits me.

Chapter 7

Begla at night Motron ask for help from the governor's office. The woman walked all night, pray to God for yourself. Vranci was far from the cathedral square. I recognized that the porter's name was Makar and began to check. That promise to let the years go by. The woman went to the mist, marveled at the monument to Susanin, who guessed it was Saveliy, scoffed at the cry of the spleen that she ate the bottom. She turned early at the governor's booths and caught up to talk to Makar. A lady in a sable coat descended down the stairs, Motrona threw herself at her feet. Vaughn asked so much that she began to serve the people in the governor's hut. The lady christened the boy, took away his name Liodor. Olena Oleksandrivna (lady) turned Pilip around. Motrona bazhaє gentlemen only joys and kindness. This man is a young woman, with a man at the house the hunger is not so terrible.

Rozdіl 8. Babin's parable

The woman was glorified in the neighborhood, they began to call new names - the governor. Matrona maє 5 blues, one is already in the army. Korchagina pidsumova her rozpovid:

"... It's not good - I'm happy to joke among the women! ...".

Mandrivniki are trying to find out, chi told everything about her life, a woman, but they won’t talk only about that grief:

Siberian Virazka;
Robot instead of a horse;
Batogi and vtrata pervistka.

The woman did not know more than "the rest of the litter." Motrona, it seems that the keys to women's happiness were spent by God. She will tell a parable, I will feel the sight of the holy old woman. Having thrown the keys to God, they joked about them, they lied about what the fish had wrapped. The warriors of the Lord have passed through the whole of God's world, they have known the story. The world passed like a relief for women. Ale appeared that they were the keys to slavery. Nobody knows the dossi, where the ribin is walking.

4 parts. Benket for the whole world

Mandrіvniki roztashuvalis in the village village under the willow. The stench is guessing pan - Pіslyadisha. Start sleeping and dility with stories.

Song of Vesela. Її sing like dancing priests and yard people. Not sleeping more than a wolf. A song about a hard part of a Russian peasant.

"It is glorious for the people to live in Holy Russia":

From a new one, there is no milk - they put a cow on a litter, there are no chickens - they are judges of the zemstvo government, they take away children: the king - lads, pan - daughters.

Panshchina song. Another song is sumptuous and lingering. Hero of the Opovid - unkempt Kalinushka. The back is painted on a new tіlka in the form of a rіzki and batogіv. Woe to drown Kalinushka in a tavern, to sack a squad only on Saturday, "goes around" from the pan's staid.

For the serf of the srazkovy - Yakov Virny. Rozpovid vede yard yard Vikentij Oleksandrovich. head hero opovіdannya - sir, zhorstoy and evil. For habarі wines, having added their own village and having established their own law. Zhorstok_st pan bula not only to the yard. Having seen my daughter abroad, my daughter’s whiskey, and “chasing away (children) a beggar.” Polivanov's serf is Yakiv. Vіn serving the Lord like a virny dog. Dbav about pan serf, pleasing, like a moment. The old one, having begun to hurt, inspired his feet. Yakiv wearing yoga in his arms, like a child. Yakov has a virus nephew Gritsko. Yakiv asked permission to make friends with the maiden Arish, and Alepanov himself befitted the maidenly, having put Grigory in recruitment. The serf became embarrassed. 2 tyzhnі beer, vіdchuv pan, like youmu without help. Yakiv turned and again looked at the helper. They went to see their sister. Without a turbo, the helper at the carriage, Yakiv povіz yogo to the fox. The gentleman snarled, if he screeched, that the stench turned from the road to the ravine. Zlyakavsya, virishiv, scho checks on yoga death. Ale evil laughing serf:

"Know the soul-killer!",

Don't want Yakiv

"... hands by driving in brudniti ...".

Vіn robbed a hank and hung in the eyes of the pan. All night I lay at the ravine, waving birds and vovkiv. On the morning of yoga, know the thought. Zrozumіv sir, having committed some sin to a vicious serf.

Rozpovid "About two great sinners". Jonushka began to tell the story of Father Pitirim from Solovkiv. Twelve robbers with Otaman Kudeyar were beshketov in Russia. Unexpectedly, the robber Kudeyar had a flurry of confusion. Vіn becoming with her, trying to get the mountain. Having cut off the beautiful head, having killed the osavul. Ale conscience won. Having released the otaman, I will pray, pray. For a long time we sat under the oak tree, asking God. The Lord felt the sinner. Having urged you to cut down a tree with a knife. Otaman proceeded to pratsi, but the oak did not give way to you. Priyshov to the New Pan Glukhivsky. Starting to boast that it is easy to drive in and sleep peacefully, without restoring the sum. Not seen Kudeyar, having built a knife in the heart of the pan. Oak having fallen at that very hvilina. God allowed sins to one sinner, bringing light to another evil.

Village villain. Ammiral-vdіvets took 8 thousand souls for service in the state of the sovereign. Leave the amiral command of old age. At the screen, zakhovanі vіlnі. A kinsman after the death of the ammiral, he saw Glib, de zberigaetsya vіlna that sleeping order. The peasant's sin is the evil of one's own. Vin is not forgiven by God.

Song Hungry. The peasants sing in chorus, like a karbovany march, the words are worn out in a gloomy way and drag the soul. A song about hunger, a post-bazhannya їzhi at a peasant. Vіn is ready to eat all alone, mriє about the cheesecake from the great table. The song is sung not with a voice, but with a hungry gut.

Grisha Dobrosklonov arrives before the mandrivniks. Vіn kazhe muzhiks, scho scho for new reach a good life for the villagers. They sing a song about a part of the people's and working life. It is not enough to ask the people of God - the light of that freedom.

Epilog. Grisha Dobroskloniv

Grigoriy lives with this poor, scrawny peasant. Vіn buv sinom dyak, like boasting of children, but not thinking about their eating. Grigory remembered the song, as if his mother was sleeping on it. Song "Salt". The essence of the song is that mother zumila salted a piece of blue bread with her tears. The lad rose from love to the mother at the heart. Already at 15 years of wine I know for whom I give life. Two roads stretch before a person:

Space, de unhuman people fight among themselves for the sake of addictions that sin.
It's true, why do people suffer and fight for the rotten ones.

Dobrosklonov thinks about the Fatherland, he goes his own way. Zustrichaє barge haulers, singing songs about the great and mighty country. Grigory write a song "Rus". To believe, to help the villagers with a song, to add optimism, to replace the summation of the saying.

Unfinished poem, yakіy Nekrasov formulating one eternal Russian food and putting folklore at the service of revolutionary democracy.

comments: Mikhailo Makiev

What is the book about?

The kingdom in Russia has been settled. Sim "timchasovoobov'yazanih" After the Selyansky reform, the villagers were called so, if they bought the land as a helper, they were going to pay her dues for the panshchina. ⁠ (therefore, due to the fact, they are not yet free) peasants (“The New Guberniya, / Terpigorev’s Povita, / Pustoporozhny Volost, / From summіzhnyh sil: / Zaplatova, Diryavina, / Razutova, Znobishina, / Gorelova, Neyolova - / Nevrozhayka, too”) begin. for someone who "has a fun, free life in Russia." To break the chain of food, the stench breaks at the mandrivka at the jokes of a happy person. According to the price, all peasant Russia stands: the stench of the priests and soldiers, the righteous and the monks, the helper, who does not know about the saying of the clergy, and the future people's intercessor, who writes the anthem "wretched and ryasna, downtrodden and all-powerful" mother.

Mikola Nekrasov. Lithograph by Peter Borel. 1860s

When is it written?

If you definitely conceived a wine, eat it, it's installed. Іsnuє svіdchennya Gabriel Potanina Gavrilo Mikitovich Potanin (1823-1911) - writer. Serving as a teacher at Simbirsk. Having gained popularity for the novel “Growing Old, Growth Young”, published in “Suchasnik” in 1861. Nekrasov helped Potanin to move to St. Petersburg and take over the service. On the cob of the 1870s, the blueprints from Nekrasov were lost, and the writer turned to Simbirsk. Potanin wrote on the graves of the rockies about Nekrasov, but the truth is, the deacons in their episodes do not show the facts. ⁠ , what a nibito of the autumn of 1860, the fate of Nekrasov’s bachelor on the table was a manuscript (black?) Eat. Fully trust, however, Potanin is not possible. Nekrasov himself dated the first part of the 1865 sem: probably, it was mostly completed before the end of the year. With breaks (sometimes they played out a few years), Nekrasov worked on “To whom in Russia to live well” there was enough life left. The poem was left unfinished. In the rest of the written parts, "Benket for the whole world," he sings, making changes to the fate of the year 1877, which may be until death itself. Not long before his death, Nekrasov was shoddy, so that he could not complete the poem: Tse taka rіch, yak only in a rage you can mother your own meaning. And the further you write, the more clearly you reveal yourself further away, sing new characters, pictures. Behind the poet's drawings, one can remember the thoughts of a number of unwritten chapters: for example, the shooting of heroes from an official, for the sake of which the peasants could not come to St. Petersburg.

Torn great lanceug,
Torn - jumped:
One touch on the pan,
Inshim for a man!

Mikola Nekrasov

How is it written?

“To whom it is good to live in Russia” is stylized according to Russian folklore. The encyclopedia of its own kind of "new selections" of genres in folk poetry - from small (sentences, orders, riddles and other - it is improved, there are more than a hundred such interspersed) to the largest (bilena, kazka, legend, historical song Liroepichny folklore genre that tells about historical legends. For example, songs about Yermak, Pugachev, or the capture of Kazan. ⁠ ). In the part "Peasant", "folklorized" in the poem, it is straight, less easily adapted to the position of folk songs. Mova Nekrasov is inspired by variegated suffixes, typical for folk rhythm poetry 1 Chukovsky K. I. Nekrasov's mastery // Chukovsky K. I. A selection of works in 15 volumes. T. 10: Nekrasov's Mastery. Articles. M: Terra, 2012. C. 515-524. ⁠ , And imagine often sagayut її formulas: “Spikelets have already poured. / Stand guard, / Gilded heads...”, “You only, dark blacks, / You can’t be evil - hug!”

On the other hand, Nekrasov does not copy as much as he does, but he quotes folklore texts, as if he is inspired by folk poetry, creating an original tvir in the "people's soul". On the thought of Korney Chukovsky, Nekrasov inspired a moment to “modify” neutral folklore images in such a way that “the stench could serve the purposes of the revolution. wrestle" 2 Chukovsky K. I. Nekrasov's mastery // Chukovsky K. I. A selection of works in 15 volumes. T. 10: Nekrasov's Mastery. Articles. M: Terra, 2012. C. 398-399. ⁠ - despite the fact that the thought itself looks biased, it is fair in the sense that folklore for Nekrasov was a material, and not an end in itself: wine, one might say, editing folklore, combining elements of other texts, achieving with this authentic sound that vivi logic.

In the plot, take an important role in playing typical kazkova fantasy: charіvnі pomіchniki Behind Volodymyr Propp, the enchanting helper is one of the key elements of the fairy tale, helping the main character to reach the head. ⁠ (bird-pіnochka) that charіvni zasobi In view of the presence of a hero who is enchanting, he can most often lay down the result of a fairy tale. As a rule, the Kazakhs also have the figure of a gift-maker (for example, Babi-Yagas), the zavdyaks of which the hero wins. Volodymyr Propp writes about this in the book "Morphology of a Charming Fairy Tale". ⁠ (the tablecloth is self-branded), as well as the items of the villager's butt, endowed with enchanting powers (Armenians, yak, do not wear out, do not shelter "onuchki", legs, shirts do not "break", in which fleas "do not breed"). Everything is necessary, so that the mandrivniki, yak, deprived the houses of the squads and the “little lads”, could rise in price, not having to worry about turboti about clothes that zhu. Already the very number of mandrivniks - sіm - to talk about the connection with Russian folklore, for which the sіmka is special, sacral and with whom the svidshe is "friendly" the kіlkіst.

Composition sing freely: in the mandras of Russia, seven peasants become witnesses of numerous colorful scenes, mingle with various її bagmen (it is more important with such villagers, as they themselves stink, and with representatives of other social beliefs - helpers, priests, courtyards, lackeys). Vidpovіdі on smut food sing folded in a short story (they are rich in the first part: at the branches "Silska yarmonka", "P'yana nіch" and "Happy"), and sometimes they turn into independent plots: for example, such an inserted story takes up a large part fragment of "Selyanka" dedicated to the life of Yermila Girin. This is how a kaleidoscopic picture of the life of Russia is formed in the era of the Peasant reform (Nekrasov called his poem "the epic of the current village life").

The poem was written in a light white tristop iambic. Focusing on the folk verse, Nekrasov draws out of order dactylic Rhyme with a voice to the third in a warehouse. ⁠ completion human Rhyme with a voice in the rest of the language. ⁠ - Tse I create a vigilant mov, scho flow:

That way I didn’t run them,
And know the judgments
On the mountain - a stranger!
Philip Korchagin - peter,
There is a baker for the master.
Father cried:
"Like a fish in the blue sea
Yurknesh you! yak nightingale
Flutter the nest!
Alien side
Chi is not tsukrom sipana,
Not watered with honey!

However, “To whom in Russia ...” has fragments written in different verses, as if they were white, so rimmed with verses. For example, the song “Hungry”: “Warty man - / Colise, / Ide man - / Don’t move! // Z measles yogo / Raspuchilo, / Tuga-bida / Tortured" - abo the famous hymn "Rus", written by the seminarian Grish Dobrosklonov:

The army rises
Indistinct,
Strength in him to be appointed
Unshakable!
You are poor
You are bright,
You are full
You are omnipotent
Mother Russia!..

Reaper. Photo from the album "Types of the Podilsk province". 1866 rіk

Villagers for a meal. Photo from the album "Types of the Podilsk province". 1866 rіk

What got into her?

Nasamped - Peasant reform of 1861. Vaughn called out ambiguous remarks at the stake, like Nekrasov laying down. Before her, a lot of yogo spivrobitnikiv and one-thinkers, including the wise critic of "Suchasnik" Mykola Chernishevsky, who assessed the reform as unfair in terms of promoting the villagers and skoen "to the mereness" of the helpers, were sharply negatively viewed. Nekrasov himself, before the reform, was strimano, but signifi- cantly more optimistic. The bachelor sings with her no less than injustice due to the promise to the people, “bearer and saver” of the land, who now had to win the land from the helper, and new opportunities. At the leaf of Turgenev on April 5, 1861, Nekrasov wrote: “Now we have a ticking hour - to the right itself and the whole share of yoga in front.” Maybe, it’s more blatantly kindly pronounced in the same short verse “Freedom” written:

Fatherland mother! for your peers
I don't travel like this again!
I feed the child in the arms of a relative,
The heart is praised by the thought of Kohanoi:
Good hour, the child was born,
Merciful God! you don't know your tears!
From the children of no one zalyakany, vіlniy,
Viberesh on the right, to the point of adventitious,
If you want, you will be left with a pov_k man,
You can - under the sky you sound like an eagle!
These fantasies have a lot of pardons:
The human mind is thin and gnuchky,
I know, on the spot there are kripakiv
People saw a lot of others,
So! .. but it's easier to swindle them to the people.
Muse! with hope, make your will!

Recognize, Nekrasov doubting that the people's life is radically changing. The very sight changed the order with thoughts about those who are ready for the Russian peasant to strive for freedom, rich in which it became an impulse for writing sing.

From those literary infusions first - folklore, for the help of which people talk about their lives, turbot and hope. Interest in folklore among rich Russian poets of the first half of the 19th century; better for everything, bezperednіm opednik Nekrasov slid to respect Oleksiy Koltsov, the author of popular verses, as if imitating the style of folk poetry. Nekrasov himself was chomping on folklore in the mid-1840s (for example, at the verse "Ogorodnik"), and the poem "To whom in Russia to live well" became the culmination of his interest. Folk sleep creativity Nekrasov, choosing independently for a decade, and victorious and selections of folk poetry, seen by professional folklorists. So, having a strong hostility to Nekrasov, having completed the first volume Elpidifor Barsovim Elpidifor Vasilovich Barsov (1836-1917) - ethnographer. The author of the trivolum practice "Hours of the Pivnіchnogo krai". The heir of old Russian writing and the master of one of the best paleographic collections of his time. In 1914 he transferred the wine to the Historical Museum. ⁠ (mostly the cries of that voice, recorded in the Irina Fedosova Irina Andriivna Fedosova (1827-1899) - people's confessor. Originally from Karelia. Popularity gained like a mourner. For example, in the 1860s, for a long time, Elpidifor Barsov, having recorded її voices, yakі took it to the ethnographic record “Lachennya Pivnіchnogo krai”. Around 30,000 texts were written down by various ethnographers. Fedosova performed at Moscow, St. Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod, a small faceless chanuvalnik. ⁠ ), as well as the third and fourth parts of “Song, zbranih P. N. Ribnikov Pavlo Mikolayovich Ribnikov (1831-1885) - ethnographer. Graduate student of the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow University. Vyvchav split the Old Believers in the Chernigiv province, and suspected participation in the revolutionary group of "vertepniks", after sending messages to Petrozavodsk. In 1860, the Rivniki’s rozіbnіkov increased the Russian Pvnіchchyu dearly, collecting and recording unique folklore. After seeing the results of the trip, I saw the book “Writings, Chosen by P. M. Ribnikov”, which became familiar with Russia, and there. ⁠ ". Offenses from the book are sung by the victorist most importantly at the part of the "Peasant" for the creation of the image of Matrona Timofievna Korchagina. A lot of history, told by the characters sing, feel Nekrasovim in the sight of people who know from the life of the people (for example, in the sight of a leading lawyer Anatoly Koni Anatoly Fedorovich Koni (1844-1927) - lawyer and writer. Having served as a prosecutor, having been the head of the St. Petersburg District Court, we honor the judge of the St. Petersburg and Peterhof districts. Under the horse’s head, the jury praised the true blowing virok Viri Zasulich, as if she shot at the St. Petersburg mayor Trepov. Leo Tolstoy wrote the novel "Resurrection" on the basis of the horse's guess for one of the documents. After the revolution, I read lectures on criminal justice, writing a commentary on the Criminal Code of the RRFSR in 1922. He is the author of the books “On the Way of Life”, “Sudov Promotion”, “Fathers and Children of the Ship Reform”. ⁠ ), It is possible to see the villagers-myslivtsiv. “Don’t spice up the old serviceman’s confessions with such tricks, don’t twist the words so warmly, you still won’t be able to match the soldiers’ explanations with such tricks, as you yourself didn’t smell the soldiers’ confessions,” Nekrasov wrote to the 1845 year; folklore layer in the field of foundations on deep special knowledge of folk traditions 3 Chukovsky K. I. Lenin about Nekrasov // Chukovsky K.I. People and books. M: GIHL, 1960. C. 380-386. ⁠ .

The plot is “priority”, suitable for a large-scale reflection of national life, vindicated, for example, by Mikola Gogol. Gogol is one of the writers, such Nekrasov was honored with the most praise for the new one: “the people’s protector” (another such writer is Belinsky, the books of which, for the dream of Nekrasov, the peasant once “carried from the bazaar” at once from Gogol, and in black Nekrasov calls and Pushkin).

Grigory M'yasoidov. The earth is offended. 1872 rec. Derzhavna Tretyakov Gallery

Poema was part of the creation of the world. "Prologue" No. 1 publications "Suchasnik" Literary magazine (1836-1866), founded by Pushkin. Since 1847, Nekrasov and Panaev were cherishing the “Suchasnik”, later Chernishevsky and Dobrolyubov came to the editorial office. In the 60s, “Suchasnik” became ideologically divided: the editorial board of the editorial board discussed the need for a peasant revolution, just like a lot of authors in the magazine (Turgenev, Tolstoy, Goncharov, Druzhinin) spoke out for more steps of reform. Five years later, after the announcement of the krіpatstva, “Suchasnik” closed its eyes at the special orders of Oleksandr II. ⁠ for 1866, and from 1869 to the year of the poem, with several divisions, it was published in the journal Vitchiznyani Zapiski.

"Benket to the whole world" for the life of Nekrasov, there were no publications: for many reasons, the text was brought to the warehouse of the leaf-fall (11th) issue of the "Vitchiznyanykh Zapiski" for 1876, but the verses of censorship were called; publication, planned in 1877, was also due to the appeals to the “illness of the author”. First, this fragment of viyshov was okremo in 1879 in an illegally seen version of the St. Petersburg Vilna drukarny, and a legally incorrect version of the "Feast" was entrusted in the "Vitchiznyaniye Zapiski" only in 1881.

The first ever seen "To whom in Russia to live well" appeared in the 1880s. roci 4 "To whom in Russia to live well": Poema N. A. Nekrasova. SPb: Type. M. Stasyulevich, 1880. ⁠ , prote crim of the first part, as well as "The Peasants" and "The Last One" included an extra short fragment of "Grishin's Song"). Mabut, the first new publication of “To whom in Russia to live well” should be included in the one-volume “Virshi N. A. Nekrasov”, visions Mikhail Stasyulevich Mikhailo Matviyovich Stasyulevich (1826-1911) - historian and publicist. Professor of history at St. Petersburg University, professor of history of ancient Greece and Western European Middle Ages. 1861 roku pishov at a protest sign against the strangulation of student protests. Author of the three-volume work "History of the Middle Ages, in її dzherelakh and modern writers". From 1866 to 1908 he was the editor of the journal "Visnik Evropi". ⁠ 1881 rock; vtіm, and here "Benquet for the whole world" of ideas from the created look.

From 1869, the poem was published in the “Vitchiznyani Zapiski” magazine

Obkladinka sing "To whom in Russia to live well." Drukarnya M. M. Stasyulevich, 1880 rіk

Yak її accepted?

Accepting publications of new parts, the critics stunned them most importantly negatively. Viktor Burenin Viktor Petrovich Burenin (1841-1926) - literary critic, publicist, playwright. In his youth, he was friends with amnesty Decembrists and radical democrats (having helped Nekrasov with the collection of materials for the “Russian Women” sing), being friends in Herzen’s “Dzvoni”. From 1876 to the year and before the revolution, he was promoted by Suvorin's "New Hour", a conservative version of the right-wing directive. Through frequent attacks and rudeness in his statutes, Burenin gradually acquired a scandalous reputation - for a new sprat, they once filed a court call for calls at the naklepi. It was said that the very sharp article of Burenin brought the poet Semyon Nadson to death - having read the invocation that we were more likely to pretend to be ill, Nadson felt worse and died without a hitch. ⁠ having respected that the heads of the first part are “weak and prosaic in general, without fault give vulgarity and only represent deeds wins" 5 Saint-Petersburg vіdomosti. 1873, 10 birch. No. 68. ⁠ , Vasyl Avseenko Vasil Grigorovich Avseenko (1842-1913) - writer, publicist. Contributed to the Kiev University a deep history, was a co-editor of the newspaper "Kiyanin", a certifier of the governor's office. After moving to St. Petersburg in 1869, he served at the Ministry of National Education, publishing critical articles in the Russian Bulletin, Russian Word, and Zori. From 1883 to 1896 he saw "St. Petersburg Vіdomosti". Writing fiction: the novels "The Evil Spirit", "The Milky Way", "Grinding of Teeth" and others. ⁠ calling “Who in Russia should live well” “long that watery richly" 6 Russian thought. May 13, 1872 No. 122. ⁠ and navit vіdnosiv її "before not far away creations" Nekrasov 7 Russian thought. 1873, 21 fierce. No. 49. ⁠ . More prihilno Burenin zustrіv "The Follower" thought" 8 Saint-Petersburg vіdomosti. 1873. No. 68. ⁠ . However, Burenin, and Avєєnko, which was sharply negatively placed before “The Last”, recounted the wickedness, the actuality of the second part: the stench called Nekrasov in the fact that he “vikrivaє kіpatstvo exactly after 12 years after the new one. skasuvannya" 9 Russian Bulletin. 1874. No. 7. S. 454. ⁠ . "The villager" barked for "false, roblen vulgarity" 10 Burenin; Saint-Petersburg vіdomosti. 1874. No. 10. ⁠ , great stretches, rudeness, dissonance 11 Son of the fatherland. 1874. No. 30. ⁠ . Characteristically, attacking specific places of poetry, critics often did not suspect that Nekrasov's own authentic folklore text was here.

Criticism was friendly, so I felt more sympathetic to simple people, "love for the "unfortunate Russian people" that spy poet yogo citizens" 12 Syaivo. 1873. No. 17. ⁠. Zagalom fortune teller to Nekrasov Evgen Markov Evgen Lvovich Markov (1835-1903) - writer, critic, ethnographer. Serving as a teacher at Tula, then director of the Simferopol gymnasium. Spivpratsyuvav іz the magazines "Vitchiznyanі zapiski", "Delo", "Bulletin of Europe". Author of the novels "Black Earth Fields" (1876), "Seashore" (1880), travel notes "Draw Krim" (1872), "Draw the Caucasus" (1887), "Move Serbia and Chornogoria" (1903). ⁠ writing about “The Villager”: “The language of the best mist of yoga the best we sing either as a characteristic melody of the right Russian song, or as the laconic wisdom of the Russian prislіv'ya" 13 Voice. 1878. No. 46. ⁠.

Buli and directly buried comments: critic Prokofy Grigor’ev called “To whom it is good in Russia” “because of the power of genius, for the mass of life, in their minds, nebuvalo in the literature of the native people sing" 14 The library is cheap and readily available. 1875. No. 4. Z. 5. ⁠ .

In a singsong voice, he sings to the most insightful of the contemporary (and one of the creators of Kozmi Prutkov) Oleksiy Zhemchuzhnikov Oleksiy Mikhailovich Zhemchuzhnikov (1821-1908) - sings, satirist. Serving at the Ministry of Justice and the Sovereign Chancellery, in 1858 he was appointed to the post office. Together with brothers Volodymyr and Oleksandr and cousin Oleksiy Tolsty, having created a literary pseudonym Kozma Prutkov. Author of a number of books virshiv. ⁠ : I highly appreciated the scale of Nekrasov’s idea and saw “Who in Russia should live well” among the works of the poet To Nekrasov’s private list on February 25, 1870 from Wisbaden Zhemchuzhnikov wrote: place in the advanced ranks. The main thought is more than happy; the frame is large, on kshtalt rami. You can place a lot of money with him.

Viktor Burenin. 1910s. Critic Burenin vvazhav that the first part of the sing "to give vulgarity"

Oleksiy Zhemchuzhnikov. 1900 rec. Perlin sings, navpaki, vvazhav, scho sing "є rich capital"

expert Lev Oborin

The current status of "To whom in Russia to live well" as the most important work of Nekrasov was not praised. One of the first critics, who reported to the first susilly, buv Sergei Andriivsky Sergiy Arkadiyovich Andriivsky (1848-1918) - singer, critic, lawyer. Pratsyuvav under the kerіvnitstvom lawyer Anatoliy Koni, bvіdomim judicial orator, the book with yogo promos vitrimala vidan. At Vіtsі 30 rokіv Andriyivsky soil to write and translate verses. Having released the first translation into Russian verse by Edgar Poe "The Raven". From the beginning of the 1880s critical sketches about the work of Baratinsky, Lermontov, Turgenev, Nekrasov ⁠ , Chiї statti about the poet Mali is a significant influx on the spriynyattya of vile critics. At the article “The Virgin of Rome” (1900), Andriivsky voiced therefore one of the greatest achievements of Nekrasov.

Away from the canonization, let's not say anything more than the work of critics-nekrasoznavtsiv (we are before Korney Chukovsky and Vladislav Evgen'eva-Maksimova Vladislav Evgenovich Evgeniv-Maksimov (1883-1955) - literary scholar. Having worked as a teacher at the Tsarskosilsky real school, he was called for the organization of a literary evening, in which they read Nekrasov's Zaliznytsia. Nadali pratsyuvav at independent people's primary mortgages. Having created Nekrasov's exhibition, the Nekrasov's museum-apartment near St. Since 1934, he made a speech at the Leningrad University. Taking part in the preparation of the new collections of works by Nekrasov. ⁠ ), ale and about those who shove a strangely slightly gromadyansky, revolutionary pathos: “The skin peasant / The soul is dark black - / Anger, formidable, - and it was necessary to b / Thunders grimity svіdti, / Crooked pouring wood ... "The censorship of the share of the semi-poem only seemed to show that Nekrasov, having propagated a direct revolutionary program and spoke out against liberal incitements, and the posting of Gritsk Dobrosklonov, a future revolutionary, was opposing the central sustenance of poem - in short, not enough. Poema bula is popular among kolakhs People's Volunteers "Narodna Volya" is a revolutionary organization that was founded in 1879. There were close to 500 registrations among the participants. The People's Volunteers campaigned among the villagers, saw proclamations, ruled demonstrations, zokremas carried out terrorist activities - they organized the assassination of Oleksandr II in 1881. For participation in the activities of the "Narodnaya Volya" 89 cases were sentenced to death. ⁠ , the revolutionaries were entrusted with illegal literature by Im'ya Nekrasov figured in the texts of the leading theorists of Russian Marxism - Lenina and Plekhanov Georgy Valentinovich Plekhanov (1856-1918) - philosopher, politician. Having enchanted the populist organization "Land and Will", the local partnership "Chorniy peredil". In 1880, they emigrated to Switzerland, de falling asleep "Union of Russian Social Democrats abroad". After the Second Star of the RSDLP, Plekhanov rose up at the sight of Lenin and sang the Menshovite party. Turning to Russia in 1917, the roci, supporting the Timchas order and condemning the Zhovtnev revolution. Plekhanov died a second time after turning back from acute tuberculosis. ⁠ . At the feet of Nadiya Krupskaya, Lenin became the right expert on Nekrasov's verses. Lenin’s statutes were transcribed with Nekrasov’s quotes: zokrema, in 1912 Lenin’s roci made rows about that “bazhan hour”, if the peasant “Belinsky and Gogol / From the bazaar is carried”, and state that the hour is coming, and in 1918 put rows of songs Grisha Dobrosklonova (“You are wretched, you are bright ...”) as epigrapher to the article “The head of our days" 15 Chukovsky K. I. Lenin about Nekrasov // Chukovsky K.I. People and books. M: GIHL, 1960. ⁠ . Plekhanov, the leading middle of the Marxists fakhivets іz esthetics, before the 25th day of the death of Nekrasov, wrote about the new great article. A significant fragment in the dedications of “To whom in Russia it is good to live”: Plekhanov rozmirkovuє in that, as if Nekrasov was put up to the people’s rebellion, and diyshov vysnovka, which yogi was “strongly unstoppable”. Pesimistic moods sing Plekhanov, having awakened from the stormy fall of the revolutionary turmoil, for example, the 1870s: Nekrasov, not having lived to see the new generation of revolutionaries come to the fore, “but having recognized and understood these, new in Russia, people, wines, perhaps, having written bi on the new, nathnennu "song", not "hungry" and not "salt", a fighting, - the Russian Marseillaise, in the same, as before, sounds would be heard avenge, then the sounds "sumuvali" would have been replaced by the sounds of a radio sound at the bridge.” Irrespective of the fact, Marxist literary studies had no doubt that Nekrasov in “To whom in Russia ...” was the leader of the revolution - apparently, after the revolutionary literary canon of the yogic poet was introduced to the high ground. We take care of our sing and today: the latest development of Nekrasov's creativity at school cannot be seen without report analysis"Who in Russia should live well."

From the archive "Gogol-center". Photo by Iri Polyarnaya

Vistava "To whom in Russia to live well" at the "Gogol Center". Directed by Kirilo Serebrennikov. 2015 rіk

From the archive "Gogol-center". Photo by Iri Polyarnaya

Vistava "To whom in Russia to live well" at the "Gogol Center". Directed by Kirilo Serebrennikov. 2015 rіk

From the archive "Gogol-center". Photo by Iri Polyarnaya

Why do men turn on the jokes of a happy person?

From one side, before us is intelligence: the peasants begin to have a super girl, so as to reach the epicly described beat, and then we fall into the idea of going around all of Russia, the docks of the stink will not come out, - a typical kazkovy quest, folklore of which is supported by the appearance of a charming bird self-assembled tablecloths (there are not a single fantastic element in Nekrasov's poem, but a realist one: put the speakers, nachebto, toponyms on the bed of Gorelov and Neyolova were very real).

From the other side, no matter how expensive the motives were, it would be necessary to grow up, why the mandrivers themselves wanted to know and why the stench robbed such spivrozmovniks themselves. The very concept of happiness is even wider and more ambiguous. Possibly, mandriving people do not just want to recognize who is happy, let us forgive and understand happiness - as if it were out there. Possibly, the stench is whispering that they are so lucky, as if they see happiness, which makes happy people happy. And the stench really sticks with a whole gallery of people, as if they feel happy, and with a whole set of different happiness.

Nareshti, from the third side, do not varto overbіlshuvati kazkovy cob nekrasіvskoї superechki: disputes on the important those in the post-reform peasant middle of the right were seen - tse bulo pov'yazano with the cob of the displacement of the villagers from Russia, vzagalіm znoviruіy Radyansky literary scholar Vasil Bazanov, having sung the heroes of “Who in Russia should live well” with the appearance of “a new type of peasant - a gambler, a screamer, a “chewing man” balacuna" 16 Comments // Nekrasov N. A. Refill works and lists: U 15 vol. T. 5: S. 605; div: Bazanov. ⁠ .

Velikorosi. Little L. Belyankin from the album “Russian people. Part 1. European Russia. 1894 rіk

How lucky can you be at the house of Nekrasov?

It became clear that it’s so lucky - following the principle “it could be better”, but if you apply it, you can clarify your statement about good luck. It’s not only possible to be militant, it’s step by step vimalovuetsya like its own, specifically. Obviously, wealth is also important: the deputies of their “Reclaimed province, / Terpigorev’s county, / Pustoporozhnoi volost” peasants joke “Neporotoi province, / Ungutted volost, / Nadlishkovo village.” Ale is not the contentment of a sieve slave, not prosperity in the gentleman's manner. Happily, a lackey, who, having seen through all his life plates of truffles, fell ill with the “pan’s ailment” (like “it’s called a thunder!”), - not “people happy”, it’s not acceptable for the peasant. "Correct" happiness in some other way. A succession of happy people in the first part of the sing the image of the burmistra Keruyuchy with a landowner's maetk, looking after the villagers. ⁠ Yermila Girina: Vіn, as the villagers think, happy to those who are honored with the love of the people for their honesty, the gentry and justice at the expense of the villagers. Ale, the hero of the day himself - to sit by the edge (for what - he doesn’t get to the end of his mind; calling on everything, he was inspired to stifle the people’s revolt), - and his candidacy falls.

Having succumbed to misfortune, mandriving people do not waste interest until their food, expanding between the manifestations of good luck. History, how they stink they know what they learn. For example, when talking about a rural priest, the villagers recognize that he is practically as unfortunate as the villagers. The statements of the villagers about popіvske happiness ("Popov's porridge - with olive, / Popov's pie - with stuffing, / Popov shchi with smelt!") are unverifiable: it is impossible to get any income due to the service of the underprivileged ("The peasant himself will demand, / I radii bidav, that nothing...”),
that reputation among the "priests" among the people is unimportant - they are laughed at, they are told about them "fairy tales of jokes, / Іsnі obscene songs, / І all kinds of blasphemy." Unfortunate navit sir, with a tight zgadu kolishnіy, pre-reform hour:

Whom I want - I have mercy,
Whom I want - a stratum.
The law is my bazhannya!
The fist is my police!
Blow іkrosipalny,
Teething blow,
Cheekbone blow!

Nareshti, we have a marvelous history of the Last - Prince Utyatin, who lives his life, who was fooled, that the tsar, having spoken about the reform and turning the kripaktvo: a lot of kripaks play a comedy, for all that everything is left in the old way. What a story, like Nekrasov's critics respected with a stupid, fantastic anecdote, there really is little precedent; the stench was in the house of Nekrasov. The plot of the “Last One” is also guarded: in the wake of the tug for the past (it was greedy, it’s not varto magatisya yogo remembrance, it’s like being right not in the truth of the future hopes) and in the wake of voluntary slavery in whose interests this performance is played, invariably fooling the big kripakiv). It’s not in the crippling past that you need to joke about happiness: they were happy only Pan and Yogo Virniy footman Ipat, whom the prince once inadvertently crossed over with a sleigh, but then all the same tsomu, Іpat inevitably weeping in rozchulennya).

How can a happy woman appear in Russia?

“Not everyone is among people / Look at the happy one, / Help the women!” - to reconcile at some moment of mandrivniki. Fragment "Peasant" Golovna heroine fragment Matrena Timofievna Korchagina, whose history is filled with more important losses and sufferings (important camp in the house of a man, the cost of sin, corporal punishment, post-yni hardships and relief), prote not without stating how lucky you can be:

And є in the village of Klin:
Kholmogory cow,
Chi is not a woman! do good
And smoother - the woman is mute.
Ask for Korchagina
Matryona Timofiev,
Vaughn: Governor...

Vaughn changed her lot: she vryatulyala cholovіka, arranging for the vow that in fact the supremacy in sim'ї. Tsya “a dignified woman, / Wide and wide”, corytes with an unfailing authority for a “baby” in her village. You can safely enter: cey female image If you show me that it’s not for happiness, then change your hot share to lie through a strong, daring veneer. This thought becomes sensible, as if to look at the antipode of Matryona in the "Selyants": here I am Savely, "the hero of the holy Russian." Wins a famous monologue, a kind of anthem of patience, colossal building of such a man and to rob a Russian peasant with a right hero:

Hands twisted with lancers,
Forged feet with a zipper,
Back... foxes are dreamy
We walked through it - we were angry.
What about breasts? Іllya-prophet
Make up and ride on them
On the chariot of fire...
All endure the rich!

Matryona tsya apologia terpіnnya zovsіm do not oppose:

“You are hot, hot, didusyu! -
- I said. - So-and-so
The bagatir of the mighty,
Tea, bears come!

The old Saveliy (for whom blame the dying son of Matryona) seems to be: “Be patient, rich rich! / Be patient, rich-suffering! / We don’t know the truth”; Zrozumіlo, tsia thought їy gidka, і out zavzhd jukaє justice. For Nekrasov, the most important thing is the name itself, the lower result: Matryona Korchagina is not happy, but in this case, those who in other environments can become the foundation of happiness - courage, intransigence, strong will. Vtіm, tsikh іnshih obstuvani nі Matryona, nі suchasnі їy villagers do not check - for good luck, it seems like there are mandrivniks,

Go to the official
To the noble boyar,
Go to the king
And don't chip the woman,
Axis God! go through with nothing
Down to the trunk!

Irpin. Photo from the album "Types of the Podilsk province". 1886 rіk

Three old women. Photo from the album "Types of the Podilsk province". 1886 rіk

Why is the role of the fragment “Benquet for the whole world” special?

To change the food about those in which happiness and chi is already at the same time happy people in Russia (or a group of people), come more food: how to change the camp of the Russian peasant? Tsim i zumovleniya unseen nature of the rest of the hour of the creation of a fragment of the meal - "Benket for the whole world."

Navіt on superficial glance tsia part vіdіznyaєtsya vіnshih. Nasampered, nіbi still pripinyaєєє rukh: mandrіvniki no longer go through Russia, the stench is left in the tree Velikі Vakhlaki on the banquets of death The last - take the fate of their own commemoration of krіpatstva. In a different way, here the mandrіvniki do not sound anything new - all the characters are the same, whom we already played at the fragment “Look after”. We already know that the middle ones are not happy about the senses (and those who appear in this fragment in the past, the mandrills do not try to put food, which praises them). This is the kind of hostility that the pursuit of happiness and happiness is either pinned, or it is put in, and the plot is sung by recognizing the changes that were not transferred to the її post program.

Poshuk happiness and happy change discussed, pink. Formerly, in the poem, the characters-villagers do not just tell their stories, but they themselves begin to explain the causes of their camp, their important life. How many more than one character among the people testified as his own "people's intellectual" - Yakim Nagoy, an amateur of "pictures" (tobto robit, which are hanging on the walls for children's enlightenment and for the joy of the spring) and people, building sensibly and incompetently competently explain the right reasons for the real expansion of the folk party: wine seems to be wine is a kind of substitution for folk anger: “A skin peasant / Soul is dark black - / Angry, formidable, - and it’s necessary / To make thunders sound, / Crooked rain of wood, / And everything ends with wine. / An enchantment went through the veins - / I smiled goodness / The peasant soul! (This “theory”, which is not true, was shown in rows of rows earlier by unacceptable practice.) In the rest of the fragment, eat such a subject that reflects, speaks the celestial “light”, its kind of elemental folk viche.

With any discussion, deep and serious, everything is conducted in the same folklore forms, in the form of a parable and legends. Take, for example, food about those who are guilty among the suffering people. Guilt in bulk, obviously, is laid on the nobles, helpers, whose zhorstokіst svіdomo turn over whether the people's fault and mischief. The song “About two great sinners” is famous for the illustration. Її the hero of the robber Kudeyar, whose conscience has slipped through, becomes a schemer; there is a saint at the bachelor’s house and it seems that for the peace of his sins Kudeyar is guilty of sawing down “with the very knife that cut” the old oak. Tsya work borrows a lot of years, and once Kudeyar sack the local rich helper, Pan Glukhovsky, who boasts before him of his empty and declares that his conscience does not torment him.

“You need to live, old man, in my thought:
I'm ruining skolki kholopiv,
I torment, roll and hang,
And looking at the bi, I’m sleeping!”
It became a miracle with the deserter:
Naughty anger vudchuv,
Rushing to Pan Glukhivsky,
Embedding you in your heart!
Choyno pan of curls
Falling head down on the seat,
The majestic tree collapsed
The whole forest was shocked.
The tree collapsed
Good luck tyagar grihiv!
Let us pray to the Lord God:
Have mercy on us, dark slaves!

People's holiness is depicted to the helper of sin (in this part, images of "God's people" appear, whose feat in serving God, but to help the villagers at important times). However, the blame here is the thought that the people are often guilty at their camp. A great sin (very terrible for the helper) to lie on the old age of Glib: yogo lord, the old “ammiral-vdіvets”, before his death, letting his villagers go free, ale Glib selling the vilna of yoga to the degenerates and, by the same token, depriving the kriposny of slavery of his brothers (kіvіv "Virshem song" Peasant grіkh "). The very expression of the strong right is described as being on a catastrophic scale: “The great lancer broke” and hit “One hit on the pan, / The last one on the peasant! ..”

It’s not the author, but the other characters-villagers who are trying to understand why their life is changing on a better day after the end of the kіpatstva. Here the main idea is to lie on the old age of Vlas, who feels like the leader of the people's world in his family: on his shoulders there is great support for the future. Itself vin, turning to the “voice of the people”, raising hope that it will be easier for the villagers to speak out short life, then it falls, usvіdomlyuyuchi, scho krіpatstvo deeply rooted in the souls of the villagers. A new character is helping Vlas to find important summaries, who will bring new notes to TV at once. Tse Yunak is a seminarian named after Grigory Dobrosklonov, the son of a villager of that poor deacon:

Although Dobrolyubov is also similar to the clergy, Grigory Dobrosklonov has no great special similarities with him. Nekrasov didn’t even think about it: even in Nekrasov’s lyrical poetry, the image of Dobrolyubov was recreated in the form of a specific person, becoming the rank of revolutionary-lover of the people, ready to live the life of the people. In “To whom in Russia to live well” the type of populist is added to the new nibi. Tsej ruh, which is already the culprit of the 1860s, rich in what has declined ideas, look at the principles of the revolutionaries of the 60s of the rokiv, but at the same time breezed in them. Leaders of this movement (deacons from them, yak Mikhailivsky Mykola Kostyantinovich Mikhailovsky (1842-1904) - publicist, literary scholar. Since 1868, he was a friend in the "Vitchiznyaniye Zapiski", and in 1877 he became one of the editors of the journal. For example, in the 1870s, he became close to the organization "Narodna Volya", through a connection with the revolutionaries, he once hung from St. Petersburg. Mikhailovsky, having respected for the meta progress the promotion of svіdomosti among the society, criticizing Marxism and Tolstoyism. Until the end of his life, he became widely known as a public intellectual and a cult figure among the populists. ⁠ і Lavrov Petro Lavrovich Lavrov (1823-1900) - sociologist, philosopher. One of the leading ideologists of populism. Become a member of the revolutionary partnership "Land is the will." After the arrest of buv in the administration for sending, de writing to my own vіdomy tvіr- "Historical leaves". In 1870, roci big for the cordon: taking the fate of the Parisian commune, editing the magazine "Forward". The author of the verses to the song "Robitnicha Marseillaise", as in the first month after the Lute Revolution, was victorious as an anthem. ⁠ , spіvpratsyuvali in Nekrasov's journal "Vitchiznyani zapiski") voted the idea of binding before the people. According to these ideas, the “feeling of a minority” of goiter is due to its possibilities, the benefits of civilization and the culture of the people’s practice - that majestic mass of the peasants, yak, creating material goods, they themselves do not corrode, prodzhuyuchi life, to be able to access could help them change their lives to a better place. Young people, no less than Chernishevsky, Dobrolyubov, and Lavrov, Mikhailovsky, Bervy-Flerovsky Vasil Vasilovich Bervi-Flerovsky (reference name Wilhelm Vilhelmovich Bervi; 1829-1918) - sociologist, publicist. One of the leading ideologists of populism. In 1861, arrests were made at the “right Tver light intermediaries” and sent to send to Astrakhan, and then to Siberia. By writing a revolutionary proclamation "About the Martyr Mykola." Spivpratsyuvav іz the magazines "Delo", "Slovo" and "Vitchiznyani Notes". Koristuvavsya great band of young revolutionaries. ⁠ , Pragnuli vіddati tsey obov'yazok people. One of these samples was famous for "going to the people", crushed by these people in 1874 in response to the call of their ideologists. The youth virulas to the village not just to propagate revolutionary ideas, but to help the people, to show them the reasons for this important camp, to give them the best knowledge (and Nekrasov’s tricks from the land of Nekrasov could їx up to tsgogo pіdshtovhuvat). Lack of luck, which ended his own feat, was less likely to show off the sacrifices that young people were caring for - richly who paid for them for their blows with heavy punishments.

Dobroslonіv not think of your happiness otherwise, like through the underlay of someone else's national grief. Yogo zv'yazok іz the people - blood: Grits'ka's mother was a peasant woman. Tim is not less, like Dobrosklonov and incorporating the author’s, Nekrasov’s concept of happiness, which became the fruit of the poet’s thoughts, but it doesn’t mean that I’m finishing it: I’m deprived of food, that the villagers can understand such happiness and recognize the people, let’s correct Grisha - especially in that mood, as if on the new truth, “I’m more rich / people's protector, / Dryness and Siberia ”(rows, like Nekrasov vikresliv z poemi, perhaps from censorship reasons). We remember that the candidacy of the burmist Yermila Girina for the role of a rightful happy person falls at the same time, if you are talking, you should sit in jail.

At the end, when Grisha Dobrosklonov folds his ecstatic hymn to the mother of Russia, Nekrasov declares: “Be good for our mandrivers, / Yakby nobility could stink that blew for Grisha.” Mabut, a self-confident youngster, who wrote a “divine” song about Russia, - go close to good luck; maybe, it zbigalosya and z pochuttymi right author of the hymn - Nekrasov himself. Ale, after all, the food of the people's happiness, the happiness of the roman people is overwhelmed by the poet's voice.

"p'yanoy" 17 Bjola. 1878. No. 2. ⁠: “Not knowing a happy man in Russia, mandriving peasants turn to their seven strengths ... They sat down and “summіzhni”, and in the leather stitch went up to the shank. The axis at this tavern smells of the stench of a man who has drunk himself with a stake ... and behind him, behind a glass, they know who should live well. Writer Oleksandr Shklyarevsky Oleksandr Andriyovich Shklyarevsky (1837-1883) - writer. Serving as a parafial teacher. Zdobuv popularity as the author of criminal detectives. He is the author of the books “An Investigation of a Ship's Sentence”, “Pieces of a Non-Troublesome World”, “Murder without Traces”, “Samovivtsya chi won?” and rich others. ⁠ guessing that it sounded like "to no one" 18 Tizhden. 1880. No. 48. S. 773-774. ⁠ , - at such a time, the food is rhetorical and on the new one it is possible to give a less nevshnu opinion. Cіdchennya merits for respect, prote superechka about Nekrasov's idea is not virіshena dosi.

From the very cob you fall into the eye of a divin: how could the villagers really admit that the representatives of the greater camps are happy (assistant, official, pip, merchant, minister, king), now the stench is repairing the shukati of the happy among their brothers? Adzhe, as having respected the literary scholar Boris Bukhshtab, “there was nothing for the villagers to deprive their Razutovi, Gorelovi, Neylovi, to know, to be happy. villagers" 19 Bukhshtab B. Ya. N. A. Nekrasov. Problems of creativity. L: Glad. pis., 1989. C.115. ⁠ . According to the Bukhshtab, having begun an early idea, I wanted to show the happiness of the “greater classes” of the suspense and the anguish of the people’s grief, like Nekrasov. However, having recognized the change, the shards hung on the foreground even more lucid happiness - in the light of happiness, as pleased with the special and hisstical Nekrasov, to move to the idea of impossibility, but we are happy then, if the grief of that misfortune is gone.

Youmu's share prepared
Way glorious, im'ya guchne
people's protector,
Dryness and Siberia.

In some examples, rows are included in the main text as if they were self-censoring, who became a victim, protesting for an unambiguous vysnovka about the price (like in other cases). The "censored" version of the exclusion of these famous rows was repeatedly challenged by philologists. As a result, in the rest of the academic competitions of creative Nekrasov 20 Nekrasov N. A. More than a selection of works and lists: In 15 volumes. Artistic creation. Volumes 1-10. Criticism. Publicism. Leaves. T. 11-15. Leningrad, St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1981-2000. ⁠ - the most authoritative view of Nekrasov's texts - they are published in the distribution "Other editions and options".

One more dosіnі іn іnіshene nutrition - in thе order tо drоkuvat the next completed fragments. Do not say sumnivu that “Who in Russia should live well” may say “Prologue” and “Part of the first”. From the trio of offensive fragments, options are possible. From 1880 to 1920, in all the literature, fragments of the poem were in order, in some way they created and published (or prepared for each other) Nekrasov: 1. “A part of the first”. 2. "Last". 3. "Peasant". 4. "Benquet for the whole world." 1920, Korniy Chukovsky, who prepared the first Radyansk collection of Nekrasov's works, changing the order, basing on the author's inscriptions in the manuscripts: Nekrasov in the notes, having added the next fragment. The order in Chukovsky's vision is as follows: 1. "Part of the first." 2. "Last". 3. "Benquet for the whole world." 4. "Peasant". Such an order is run, krіm іnshoy, on the sіlskogospodarskomu calendar cycle: zgіdno with him, diya "Peasants" may be released for two months after "Last" and "Benquet for the whole world."

Chukovsky’s decision was subject to criticism: it seemed that “The Peasant Woman” would complete the whole story, without giving a supernaturally gloomy sensation. In such a variant, the wonna ended (shaved) on a pessimistic note - the rose of the “holy old woman”: “Keys to the happiness of the woman, / To our free will / Zanedbani, spent / God Himself!” Poema, in such a rank, gave power to Nekrasov (as was traditionally respected in Radian hour) historical optimism, faith in the best future for the people. Chukovsky accepted criticism and in 1922 overruled, destroying the chronology of the author's work on the text, fragments in a different order: 1. “Part of the first”. 2. "Peasant". 3. "Last". 4. "Benquet for the whole world." Now the poem swelled to perfection on an optimistic note - Grisha Dobrosklonov sang euphoria at the finale of "A Feast for the Whole World":

The feeling of guilt at the breasts of one’s own strength is unassailable,
The sounds of grace filled the ears of Yogo,
Sounds of the promeniste anthem of the noble
Spivav vіn vіlennya happiness of the people!

With such a look, the poem was in agreement until 1965, but the discussions of literary scholars were trival. In the rest of the academic collections of Nekrasov’s works, it was decided to turn to the order in which “To whom in Russia to live well” was taken until 1920 rock 21

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Nekrasov to whom in Russia to live well. ON THE

Mykola Oleksiyovich Nekrasov Who in Russia should live well

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Y. LebedevRussian odyssey

1

2

3

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Y. LebedevRussian odyssey

1

2

1 piece

Prologue

1 split. Pip

2 split. Silska Fair

3 divisions P'yana nich

4 divisions Happy

5 divisions Helper

2 part. rest

Chapter 1

Partition 2

Partition 3

3 parts. Selyanka

1 split. Until winter

2 split. Pіsnі

3 divisions Saveliy, Holy Russian Bogatyr

Partition 4. Girl

Chapter 5

Section 6. Important river

Chapter 7

Rozdіl 8. Babin's parable

4 parts. Benket for the whole world

Epilog. Grisha Dobroskloniv

comments: Mikhailo Makiev

expert Lev Oborin

Vistava "To whom in Russia to live well" at the "Gogol Center". Directed by Kirilo Serebrennikov. 2015 rіk

Vistava "To whom in Russia to live well" at the "Gogol Center". Directed by Kirilo Serebrennikov. 2015 rіk

Mykola Oleksiyovich Nekrasov
Who in Russia should live well

Y. Lebedev
Russian odyssey

Y. Lebedev
Russian odyssey